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<li id="toc-2005–2009:_Falcon_1_and_first_orbital_launches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005–2009:_Falcon_1_and_first_orbital_launches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 2005–2009: Falcon 1 and first orbital launches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005–2009:_Falcon_1_and_first_orbital_launches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010–2012:_Falcon_9,_Dragon,_and_NASA_contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010–2012:_Falcon_9,_Dragon,_and_NASA_contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 2010–2012: Falcon 9, Dragon, and NASA contracts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010–2012:_Falcon_9,_Dragon,_and_NASA_contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013–2015:_Commercial_launches_and_rapid_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013–2015:_Commercial_launches_and_rapid_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 2013–2015: Commercial launches and rapid growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013–2015:_Commercial_launches_and_rapid_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015–2017:_Reusability_milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015–2017:_Reusability_milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 2015–2017: Reusability milestones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015–2017:_Reusability_milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017–2018:_Leading_global_commercial_launch_provider" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017–2018:_Leading_global_commercial_launch_provider"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 2017–2018: Leading global commercial launch provider </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017–2018:_Leading_global_commercial_launch_provider-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_2019:_Starship,_first_crewed_launches,_Starlink_and_general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_2019:_Starship,_first_crewed_launches,_Starlink_and_general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Since 2019: Starship, first crewed launches, Starlink and general </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_2019:_Starship,_first_crewed_launches,_Starlink_and_general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2024_headquarters_move_from_California_to_Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_headquarters_move_from_California_to_Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.1 2024 headquarters move from California to Texas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_headquarters_move_from_California_to_Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.2 Starship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crewed_launches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crewed_launches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.3 Crewed launches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crewed_launches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starlink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starlink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.4 Starlink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starlink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_of_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Summary of achievements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Hardware </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hardware subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Launch vehicles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocket_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocket_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Rocket engines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocket_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dragon_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dragon_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Dragon spacecraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dragon_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Autonomous spaceport drone ships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starlink_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starlink_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Starlink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starlink_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Other projects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other projects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hyperloop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperloop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Hyperloop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperloop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_antibody-testing_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_antibody-testing_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 COVID-19 antibody-testing program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_antibody-testing_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Facilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Facilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hawthorne,_CA:_Falcon_and_Dragon_manufacturing,_mission_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawthorne,_CA:_Falcon_and_Dragon_manufacturing,_mission_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Hawthorne, CA: Falcon and Dragon manufacturing, mission control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawthorne,_CA:_Falcon_and_Dragon_manufacturing,_mission_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boca_Chica,_TX:_Starship_manufacturing,_launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boca_Chica,_TX:_Starship_manufacturing,_launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Boca Chica, TX: Starship manufacturing, launch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boca_Chica,_TX:_Starship_manufacturing,_launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-McGregor,_TX:_Rocket_Development_and_Test_Facility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McGregor,_TX:_Rocket_Development_and_Test_Facility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 McGregor, TX: Rocket Development and Test Facility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McGregor,_TX:_Rocket_Development_and_Test_Facility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starlink_manufacturing_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starlink_manufacturing_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Starlink manufacturing facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starlink_manufacturing_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Launch facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Contracts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contracts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contracts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cargo_to_ISS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cargo_to_ISS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cargo to ISS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cargo_to_ISS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crewed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crewed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Crewed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crewed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 National defense </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_market_competition_and_pricing_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_market_competition_and_pricing_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Launch market competition and pricing pressure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_market_competition_and_pricing_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Corporate affairs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Corporate affairs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Business trends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_of_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Board of directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Leadership changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workplace_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Workplace culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">SpaceX</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" > 99 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3" title="سبيس إكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبيس إكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ایسپئیس ایکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسپئیس ایکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="স্পেসএক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্পেসএক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="स्पेसएक्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्पेसएक्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Спейс Екс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спейс Екс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3" title="سپيس إيكس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سپيس إيكس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="اسپیس‌اکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپیس‌اکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4X" title="스페이스X – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페이스X" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="स्पेसएक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेसएक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്പേസ് എക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്പേസ് എക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="स्पेसएक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्पेसएक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="سبيس اكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سبيس اكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%81" title="ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="स्पेसएक्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्पेसएक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9X" title="スペースX – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペースX" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਸਪੇਸਐਕਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਪੇਸਐਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%90%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="سپېس‌اېکس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سپېس‌اېکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ස්පේස් එක්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්පේස් එක්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="سپەیس ئێکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سپەیس ئێکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Space" title="X-Space – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="X-Space" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacex" title="Spacex – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spacex" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="எசுபேசுஎக்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எசுபேசுஎக்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="สเปซเอ็กซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สเปซเอ็กซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="اسپیس ایکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسپیس ایکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%87%D9%82_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3" title="بوشلۇق ئەكىس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بوشلۇق ئەكىس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American private spacecraft company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the rocket and spacecraft manufacturer. For the British art gallery, see <a href="/wiki/Spacex_(art_gallery)" title="Spacex (art gallery)">Spacex (art gallery)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Space Exploration Technologies" redirects here. For the general topics, see <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Space Exploration Technologies Corp.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_logo_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SpaceX_logo_black.svg/255px-SpaceX_logo_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SpaceX_logo_black.svg/383px-SpaceX_logo_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SpaceX_logo_black.svg/510px-SpaceX_logo_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="64" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Starbase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Starbase.jpg/250px-Starbase.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Starbase.jpg/375px-Starbase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Starbase.jpg/500px-Starbase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6960" data-file-height="4640" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Company headquarters, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a> near <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">Trade name</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">SpaceX</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">Space</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry" title="Telecommunications industry">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">March 14, 2002 (22 years ago) (2002-03-14) in <a href="/wiki/El_Segundo,_California" title="El Segundo, California">El Segundo, California</a>, U.S.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a>, <div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (<a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chair</a> & <a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">CTO</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell" title="Gwynne Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a> & <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">COO</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_vehicles" title="SpaceX launch vehicles">Launch vehicles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon capsules</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starshield" title="SpaceX Starshield">Starshield</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>4.6 billion (2022)<a href="#cite_note-wsj-fr-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$−559 million (2022)<a href="#cite_note-wsj-fr-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Elon Musk (42% equity; 79% voting control)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,000+<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> (September 2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a><a href="#cite_note-StarlinkServices-7">[7]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_Technologies" title="Swarm Technologies">Swarm Technologies</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacex.com/">spacex.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:lavender;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk,_2018_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Elon_Musk%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Elon_Musk%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Elon_Musk%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Elon_Musk%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Elon_Musk%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Elon_Musk%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1155" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:lavender;color:black;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Personal</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Elon_Musk" title="List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Elon_Musk" class="mw-redirect" title="Family of Elon Musk">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_filmography" title="Elon Musk filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Elon_Musk" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Elon Musk">Legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk" title="Wealth of Elon Musk">Wealth</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Companies</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zip2" title="Zip2">Zip2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.com_(bank)" title="X.com (bank)">X.com</a> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SpaceX</a> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Energy" title="Tesla Energy">Energy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc." title="Criticism of Tesla, Inc.">criticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lawsuits_involving_Tesla,_Inc." title="List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.">litigation</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink">Neuralink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boring_Company" title="The Boring Company">The Boring Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thud_(media_company)" title="Thud (media company)">Thud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Corp." title="X Corp.">X Corp.</a> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk" title="Twitter under Elon Musk">Twitter under Elon Musk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter, Inc.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk" title="Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk">acquisition</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">In popular culture</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_(Isaacson_book)" title="Elon Musk (Isaacson book)"> Elon Musk (Isaacson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk:_Tesla,_SpaceX,_and_the_Quest_for_a_Fantastic_Future" title="Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future">Elon Musk (Vance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludicrous:_The_Unvarnished_Story_of_Tesla_Motors" title="Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors">Ludicrous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Play:_Tesla,_Elon_Musk,_and_the_Bet_of_the_Century" title="Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century">Power Play</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Members_Only_(South_Park)" title="Members Only (South Park)">Members Only</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Platonic_Permutation" title="The Platonic Permutation">The Platonic Permutation</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Musk_Who_Fell_to_Earth" title="The Musk Who Fell to Earth">The Musk Who Fell to Earth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Crew_over_the_Crewcoo%27s_Morty" title="One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty">One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Crash_Course" title="Elon Musk's Crash Course">Elon Musk's Crash Course</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Second presidency of Trump</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency" title="Department of Government Efficiency">Department of Government Efficiency</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Related</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_PAC" title="America PAC">America PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boring_Test_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Boring Test Tunnel">Boring Test Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SolarCity" title="SolarCity">SolarCity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster" title="Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster">Tesla Roadster in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSLAQ" title="TSLAQ">TSLAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter_Files" title="Twitter Files">Twitter Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2022_Twitter_suspensions" title="December 2022 Twitter suspensions">2022 Twitter suspensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_and_unions" title="Tesla and unions">Tesla and unions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk's signature"><img alt="Elon Musk's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Elon_Musk_Signature.svg/120px-Elon_Musk_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Elon_Musk_Signature.svg/180px-Elon_Musk_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Elon_Musk_Signature.svg/240px-Elon_Musk_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="64" /></a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elon_Musk_series" title="Template:Elon Musk series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elon_Musk_series" title="Template talk:Elon Musk series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elon_Musk_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elon Musk series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Space Exploration Technologies Corp., commonly referred to as SpaceX, is an American <a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">space technology</a> company headquartered at the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a> near <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>. Since its founding in 2001, the company has made numerous advancements in <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket propulsion">rocket propulsion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch vehicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">satellite constellation</a> technology. By the late 2010s, SpaceX had become the world's dominant <a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">space launch</a> provider, its launch cadence rivaling that of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and eclipsing all those of its private competitors.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> SpaceX, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> work closely together by means of <a href="/wiki/Government_contractor" title="Government contractor">governmental contracts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> SpaceX was founded by <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> in 2001 with a vision of decreasing the costs of space launches, paving the way to <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_ambition_of_colonizing_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX ambition of colonizing Mars">a sustainable colony on Mars</a>. In 2008, when SpaceX was almost bankrupt, <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a> successfully launched into orbit after three failed launch attempts. The company then pivoted towards the development of the larger <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rocket and the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">Dragon 1</a> capsule to satisfy <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">COTS contracts</a> for deliveries to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. By 2012, SpaceX finished all COTS test flights and began delivering <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a> missions to the International Space Station. Also around that time, SpaceX started developing hardware to make the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program" title="SpaceX reusable launch system development program">Falcon 9 first stage reusable</a>. The company demonstrated the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_flight_20" title="Falcon 9 flight 20">first successful first-stage landing in 2015</a> and <a href="/wiki/SES-10" title="SES-10">re-launch of the first stage in 2017</a>. <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a>, built from three Falcon 9 boosters, <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy_test_flight" title="Falcon Heavy test flight">first flew in 2018</a> after a more than decade-long development process. As of October 2024, the company's Falcon 9 rockets have landed and flown again <a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches">more than 330 times</a>, reaching 1–2 launches a week. These milestones delivered the company much-needed investment and SpaceX sought to <a href="/wiki/Diversification_(finance)" title="Diversification (finance)">diversify</a> its sources of income. In 2019, the first operational satellite of the <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> internet <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">satellite constellation</a> came online. In subsequent years, Starlink generated the bulk of SpaceX's income and paved the way for its <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starshield" title="SpaceX Starshield">Starshield</a> military counterpart. In 2020, SpaceX began to operate its <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a> capsules to deliver crewed missions for NASA and private entities. Around this time, SpaceX began building test prototypes for <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a>, which is the largest launch vehicle in history and aims to fully realize the company's vision of a fully-reusable, cost-effective and adaptable launch vehicle. SpaceX is also developing its own <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space suit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> via its <a href="/wiki/Polaris_program" title="Polaris program">Polaris program</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> as well as developing the <a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">human lander for lunar missions</a> under NASA's <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sn202104162-12">[12]</a> SpaceX is not publicly traded; a space industry newspaper estimated that SpaceX has a revenue of over $10 billion in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_SpaceX" title="History of SpaceX">History of SpaceX</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches">List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001–2004:_Founding">2001–2004: Founding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2001–2004: Founding">edit</a>]</div> In early 2001, <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> met <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zubrin" title="Robert Zubrin">Robert Zubrin</a> and donated $100,000 to his <a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a>, joining its board of directors for a short time.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>: 30–31  He gave a <a href="/wiki/Plenary_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenary talk">plenary talk</a> at their fourth convention where he announced Mars Oasis, a project to land a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> and grow plants on Mars.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-spectrum-16">[16]</a> Musk initially attempted to acquire a <a href="/wiki/Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a> intercontinental ballistic missile for the project through Russian contacts from <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cantrell" title="Jim Cantrell">Jim Cantrell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Musk returned with his team to Moscow, this time bringing <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin">Michael Griffin</a>, who later became the 11th <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA" title="Administrator of NASA">Administrator of NASA</a>, but found the Russians increasingly unreceptive.<a href="#cite_note-A&Ssmithsonian201201-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vance_2015-19">[19]</a> On the flight home, Musk announced he could start a company to build the affordable rockets they needed instead.<a href="#cite_note-Vance_2015-19">[19]</a> By applying <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">vertical integration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-A&Ssmithsonian201201-18">[18]</a> using inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf" title="Commercial off-the-shelf">commercial off-the-shelf</a> components when possible,<a href="#cite_note-Vance_2015-19">[19]</a> and adopting the <a href="/wiki/Modular_Approach_to_Software_Construction_Operation_and_Test" title="Modular Approach to Software Construction Operation and Test">modular approach</a> of modern software engineering, Musk believed SpaceX could significantly cut launch costs.<a href="#cite_note-Vance_2015-19">[19]</a> In early 2002, Elon Musk started to look for staff for his company, soon to be named SpaceX. Musk approached five people for the initial positions at the fledgling company, including Griffin, who declined the position of Chief Engineer,<a href="#cite_note-Liftoff2021-20">[20]</a>: 11  <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cantrell" title="Jim Cantrell">Jim Cantrell</a> and John Garvey (Cantrell and Garvey would later found the company <a href="/wiki/Vector_Launch" title="Vector Launch">Vector Launch</a>), rocket engineer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mueller" title="Tom Mueller">Tom Mueller</a>, and Chris Thompson.<a href="#cite_note-Liftoff2021-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> SpaceX was first headquartered in a warehouse in <a href="/wiki/El_Segundo,_California" title="El Segundo, California">El Segundo, California</a>. Early SpaceX employees, such as <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mueller" title="Tom Mueller">Tom Mueller</a> (CTO), <a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell" title="Gwynne Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a> (COO), and Chris Thompson (VP of Operations), came from neighboring <a href="/wiki/TRW_Inc." title="TRW Inc.">TRW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> corporations. By November 2005, the company had 160 employees.<a href="#cite_note-avweek20200527-22">[22]</a> Musk personally interviewed and approved all of SpaceX's early employees.<a href="#cite_note-Liftoff2021-20">[20]</a>: 22  Musk has stated that one of his goals with SpaceX is to decrease the cost and improve the reliability of access to <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a>, ultimately by a factor of ten.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005–2009:_Falcon_1_and_first_orbital_launches">2005–2009: Falcon 1 and first orbital launches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2005–2009: Falcon 1 and first orbital launches">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falcon_1_Flight_4_liftoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Falcon_1_Flight_4_liftoff.jpg/220px-Falcon_1_Flight_4_liftoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Falcon_1_Flight_4_liftoff.jpg/330px-Falcon_1_Flight_4_liftoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Falcon_1_Flight_4_liftoff.jpg/440px-Falcon_1_Flight_4_liftoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The first successful <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a> launch in September 2008</figcaption></figure> SpaceX developed its first <a href="/wiki/Orbital_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital launch vehicle">orbital launch vehicle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a>, with internal funding.<a href="#cite_note-usat20050617-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired20070522-25">[25]</a> The Falcon 1 was an <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable</a> <a href="/wiki/Two-stage-to-orbit" title="Two-stage-to-orbit">two-stage-to-orbit</a> <a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Small-lift launch vehicle">small-lift launch vehicle</a>. The total development cost of Falcon 1 was approximately $90 million<a href="#cite_note-nasa20110427-26">[26]</a> to $100 million.<a href="#cite_note-Liftoff2021-20">[20]</a>: 215  The Falcon rocket series was named after <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Falcon" title="Millennium Falcon">Millennium Falcon</a> fictional spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 2004, SpaceX protested against NASA to the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> (GAO) because of a sole-source contract awarded to <a href="/wiki/Kistler_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kistler Aerospace">Kistler Aerospace</a>. Before the GAO could respond, NASA withdrew the contract, and formed the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">COTS program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Liftoff2021-20">[20]</a>: 109–110 <a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 2005, SpaceX announced plans to pursue a human-rated commercial space program through the end of the decade, a program that would later become the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon">Dragon spacecraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 2006, the company was selected by NASA and awarded $396 million to provide crew and cargo resupply demonstration contracts to the International Space Station (ISS) under the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">COTS program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The first two Falcon 1 launches were purchased by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> under the <a href="/wiki/DARPA_Falcon_Project" title="DARPA Falcon Project">DARPA Falcon Project</a> which evaluated new U.S. launch vehicles suitable for use in hypersonic missile delivery for <a href="/wiki/Prompt_Global_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Prompt Global Strike">Prompt Global Strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wired20070522-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The first three launches of the rocket, between 2006 and 2008, all resulted in failures, which almost ended the company. Financing for Tesla Motors had failed, as well,<a href="#cite_note-Levin2022-33">[33]</a> and consequently <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>, <a href="/wiki/SolarCity" title="SolarCity">SolarCity</a>, and Musk personally were all nearly bankrupt at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-Liftoff2021-20">[20]</a>: 178–182  Musk was reportedly "waking from nightmares, screaming and in physical pain" because of the stress.<a href="#cite_note-Liftoff2021-20">[20]</a>: 216  The financial situation started to turn around with the first successful launch achieved on <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1#Fourth_flight" title="Falcon 1">the fourth attempt</a> on 28 September 2008. Musk split his remaining $30 million between SpaceX and Tesla, and NASA awarded the first <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a> (CRS) contract awarding $1.6 billion to SpaceX in December, thus financially saving the company.<a href="#cite_note-Liftoff2021-20">[20]</a>: 217–221  Based on these factors and the further business operations they enabled, the Falcon 1 was soon retired following its <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1#Fifth_flight" title="Falcon 1">second successful, and fifth total, launch</a> in July 2009. This allowed SpaceX to focus company resources on the development of a larger orbital rocket, the Falcon 9.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell" title="Gwynne Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a> was also promoted to company president at the time, for her role in successfully negotiating the CRS contract with the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Associate Administrator <a href="/wiki/William_H._Gerstenmaier" title="William H. Gerstenmaier">Bill Gerstenmaier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liftoff2021-20">[20]</a>: 222  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010–2012:_Falcon_9,_Dragon,_and_NASA_contracts">2010–2012: Falcon 9, Dragon, and NASA contracts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2010–2012: Falcon 9, Dragon, and NASA contracts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SpaceX_Falcon_9_Flight_1_launch.ogv/220px-seek%3D18-SpaceX_Falcon_9_Flight_1_launch.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="113" data-mwtitle="SpaceX_Falcon_9_Flight_1_launch.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:SpaceX_Falcon_9_Flight_1_launch.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/SpaceX_Falcon_9_Flight_1_launch.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="512" data-height="384" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/SpaceX_Falcon_9_Flight_1_launch.ogv/SpaceX_Falcon_9_Flight_1_launch.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/SpaceX_Falcon_9_Flight_1_launch.ogv/SpaceX_Falcon_9_Flight_1_launch.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/SpaceX_Falcon_9_Flight_1_launch.ogv/SpaceX_Falcon_9_Flight_1_launch.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASpaceX_Falcon_9_Flight_1_launch.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Video of the first launch of Falcon 9</figcaption></figure> SpaceX originally intended to follow its light Falcon 1 launch vehicle with an intermediate capacity vehicle, the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 5">Falcon 5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc2005-36">[36]</a> The company instead decided in 2005 to proceed with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">heavier lift vehicle</a>. Development of the Falcon 9 was accelerated by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, which committed to purchasing several commercial flights if specific capabilities were demonstrated. This started with seed money from the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a> (COTS) program in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Lindenmoyer_quoted-37">[37]</a> The overall contract award was $278 million to provide development funding for the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon spacecraft">Dragon spacecraft</a>, Falcon 9, and demonstration launches of Falcon 9 with Dragon.<a href="#cite_note-Lindenmoyer_quoted-37">[37]</a> As part of this contract, the Falcon 9 launched for the first time in June 2010 with the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Spacecraft_Qualification_Unit" title="Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit">Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit</a>, using a mockup of the Dragon spacecraft. The first operational Dragon spacecraft was launched in December 2010 aboard <a href="/wiki/COTS_Demo_Flight_1" class="mw-redirect" title="COTS Demo Flight 1">COTS Demo Flight 1</a>, the Falcon 9's second flight, and safely returned to Earth after two orbits, completing all its mission objectives.<a href="#cite_note-BBCLaunchDec2010-38">[38]</a> By December 2010, the SpaceX production line was manufacturing one Falcon 9 and Dragon every three months.<a href="#cite_note-spacedotcom20101209-39">[39]</a> In April 2011, as part of its second-round <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Crew Development">Commercial Crew Development</a> (CCDev) program, NASA issued a $75 million contract for SpaceX to develop an integrated <a href="/wiki/Launch_escape_system" title="Launch escape system">launch escape system</a> for Dragon in preparation for human-rating it as a crew transport vehicle to the ISS.<a href="#cite_note-sdc20110418-40">[40]</a> NASA awarded SpaceX a fixed-price <a href="/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement" title="Space Act Agreement">Space Act Agreement</a> (SAA) to produce a detailed design of the crew transportation system in August 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Koenigsmann_2018-41">[41]</a> In early 2012, approximately two-thirds of SpaceX stock was owned by Musk<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and his seventy million shares were then estimated to be worth $875 million on <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private markets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IPO-43">[43]</a> valuing SpaceX at $1.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc20120427-44">[44]</a> In May 2012, with the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_C2%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon C2+">Dragon C2+</a> launch, Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to deliver cargo to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cbcnews-45">[45]</a> After the flight, the company private equity valuation nearly doubled to $2.4 billion or $20/share.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> By that time, SpaceX had operated on total funding of approximately $1 billion over its first decade of operation. Of this, private equity provided approximately $200 million, with Musk investing approximately $100 million and other investors having put in about $100 million.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> SpaceX's active reusability test program began in late 2012 with testing low-altitude, low-speed aspects of the landing technology.<a href="#cite_note-qz_2017-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_prototypes" title="Falcon 9 prototypes">Falcon 9 prototypes</a> performed vertical takeoffs and landings (<a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a>). High-velocity, high-altitude tests of the <a href="/wiki/Booster_(rocketry)" title="Booster (rocketry)">booster</a> atmospheric return technology began in late 2013.<a href="#cite_note-qz_2017-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013–2015:_Commercial_launches_and_rapid_growth">2013–2015: Commercial launches and rapid growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2013–2015: Commercial launches and rapid growth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_(16601442698).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_%2816601442698%29.jpg/170px-Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_%2816601442698%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_%2816601442698%29.jpg/255px-Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_%2816601442698%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_%2816601442698%29.jpg/340px-Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_%2816601442698%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Launch of Falcon 9 carrying <a href="/wiki/Orbcomm-OG2" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbcomm-OG2">ORBCOMM OG2</a>-M1, July 2014</figcaption></figure> SpaceX launched the first commercial mission for a private customer in 2013. In 2014, SpaceX won nine contracts out of the 20 that were openly competed worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-sn20150112-50">[50]</a> That year <a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a> requested that European governments provide additional <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a> to face the competition from SpaceX.<a href="#cite_note-aw20140211-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-sn20140414-52">[52]</a> Beginning in 2014, SpaceX capabilities and pricing also began to affect the market for launch of U.S. military payloads, which for nearly a decade had been dominated by the large U.S. launch provider <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a> (ULA).<a href="#cite_note-lat20141125-53">[53]</a> The monopoly had allowed launch costs by the U.S. provider to rise to over $400 million over the years.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In September 2014, NASA's Director of Commercial Spaceflight, Kevin Crigler, awarded SpaceX the Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contract to finalize the development of the Crew Transportation System. The contract included several technical and certification milestones, an uncrewed flight test, a crewed flight test, and six operational missions after certification.<a href="#cite_note-Koenigsmann_2018-41">[41]</a> In January 2015, SpaceX raised $1 billion in funding from <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fidelity_Investments" title="Fidelity Investments">Fidelity Investments</a>, in exchange for 8.33% of the company, establishing the company valuation at approximately $12 billion.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The same month SpaceX announced the development of a new satellite constellation, called <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a>, to provide global broadband internet service with 4,000 satellites.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The Falcon 9 had its first major failure in late June 2015, when the seventh ISS resupply mission, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-7" title="SpaceX CRS-7">CRS-7</a> exploded two minutes into the flight. The problem was traced to a failed two-foot-long steel strut that held a <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessel</a>, which broke free due to the force of <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a>. This caused a breach and allowed high-pressure helium to escape into the low-pressure <a href="/wiki/Propellant_tank" title="Propellant tank">propellant tank</a>, causing the failure.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015–2017:_Reusability_milestones">2015–2017: Reusability milestones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2015–2017: Reusability milestones">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CRS-8_(26239020092).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/CRS-8_%2826239020092%29.jpg/220px-CRS-8_%2826239020092%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/CRS-8_%2826239020092%29.jpg/330px-CRS-8_%2826239020092%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/CRS-8_%2826239020092%29.jpg/440px-CRS-8_%2826239020092%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Falcon 9 first stage on an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship" title="Autonomous spaceport drone ship">autonomous spaceport drone ship</a> (ASDS) <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> after the first successful landing at sea, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-8" title="SpaceX CRS-8">SpaceX CRS-8</a> mission</figcaption></figure> SpaceX first achieved a successful landing and recovery of a first stage in December 2015 with <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Flight_20" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 9 Flight 20">Falcon 9 Flight 20</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In April 2016, the company achieved the first successful landing on the autonomous spaceport drone ship (ASDS) <a href="/wiki/Of_Course_I_Still_Love_You" class="mw-redirect" title="Of Course I Still Love You">Of Course I Still Love You</a> in the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> By October 2016, following the successful landings, SpaceX indicated they were offering their customers a 10% price discount if they choose to fly their payload on a reused Falcon 9 first stage.<a href="#cite_note-sn20161005-60">[60]</a> A second major rocket failure happened in early September 2016, when a Falcon 9 exploded during a propellant fill operation for a standard pre-launch <a href="/wiki/Static_fire_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Static fire test">static fire test</a>. The payload, the <a href="/wiki/AMOS-6" class="mw-redirect" title="AMOS-6">AMOS-6</a> communications satellite valued at $200 million, was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The explosion was caused by the <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> that is used as propellant turning so cold that it solidified and ignited with <a href="/wiki/Composite_overwrapped_pressure_vessel" title="Composite overwrapped pressure vessel">carbon composite</a> helium vessels.<a href="#cite_note-verge-sept-explod-cause-62">[62]</a> Though not considered an unsuccessful flight, the rocket explosion sent the company into a four-month launch hiatus while it worked out what went wrong. SpaceX returned to flight in January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-plarson-63">[63]</a> In March 2017, SpaceX launched a returned Falcon 9 for the <a href="/wiki/SES-10" title="SES-10">SES-10</a> satellite. This was the first time a re-launch of a payload-carrying orbital rocket went back to space.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport2017-64">[64]</a> The first stage was recovered again, also making it the first landing of a reused orbital class rocket.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017–2018:_Leading_global_commercial_launch_provider">2017–2018: Leading global commercial launch provider</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2017–2018: Leading global commercial launch provider">edit</a>]</div> In July 2017, the company raised $350 million, which raised its valuation to $21 billion.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 2017, SpaceX achieved a 45% global market share for awarded commercial launch contracts.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> By March 2018, SpaceX had more than 100 launches on its manifest representing about $12 billion in contract revenue.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The contracts included both commercial and <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">government</a> (NASA/DOD) customers.<a href="#cite_note-about-69">[69]</a> This made SpaceX the leading global commercial launch provider measured by manifested launches.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In 2017, SpaceX formed a subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/The_Boring_Company" title="The Boring Company">The Boring Company</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hawthore20180911-71">[71]</a> and began work to construct a short test tunnel on and adjacent to the SpaceX headquarters and manufacturing facility, using a small number of SpaceX employees,<a href="#cite_note-lat20171121-72">[72]</a> which was completed in May 2018,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and opened to the public in December 2018.<a href="#cite_note-wsj20181217-74">[74]</a> During 2018, The Boring Company was <a href="/wiki/Spin-out" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-out">spun out</a> into a separate <a href="/wiki/Corporate_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate entity">corporate entity</a> with 6% of the equity going to SpaceX, less than 10% to early employees, and the remainder of the equity to Elon Musk.<a href="#cite_note-wsj20181217-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_2019:_Starship,_first_crewed_launches,_Starlink_and_general">Since 2019: Starship, first crewed launches, Starlink and general</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Since 2019: Starship, first crewed launches, Starlink and general">edit</a>]</div> In 2019 SpaceX raised $1.33 billion of capital across three funding rounds.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc20200221-75">[75]</a> By May 2019, the valuation of SpaceX had risen to $33.3 billion<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and reached $36 billion by March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> On 19 August 2020, after a $1.9 billion funding round, one of the largest single fundraising pushes by any privately held company, SpaceX's valuation increased to $46 billion.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20210216-80">[80]</a> In February 2021, SpaceX raised an additional $1.61 billion in an equity round from 99 investors<a href="#cite_note-sn20210415-81">[81]</a> at a per share value of approximately $420,<a href="#cite_note-cnbc20210216-80">[80]</a> raising the company valuation to approximately $74 billion. By 2021, SpaceX had raised more than $6 billion in equity financing. Most of the capital raised since 2019 has been used to support the operational fielding of the Starlink satellite constellation and the development and manufacture of the Starship launch vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-sn20210415-81">[81]</a> By October 2021, the valuation of SpaceX had risen to $100.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On 16 April 2021, Starship HLS won a contract to play a critical role in the NASA crewed spaceflight <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sn20210416-83">[83]</a> By 2021, SpaceX had entered into agreements with <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a> to provide on-ground computer and networking services for <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> A new round of financing in 2022 valued SpaceX at $127 billion.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In July 2021, SpaceX unveiled another drone ship named <a href="/wiki/A_Shortfall_of_Gravitas" class="mw-redirect" title="A Shortfall of Gravitas">A Shortfall of Gravitas</a>, landing a booster from <a href="/wiki/CRS-23" class="mw-redirect" title="CRS-23">CRS-23</a> on it for the first time on 29 August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Within the first 130 days of 2022, SpaceX had 18 rocket launches and two astronaut splashdowns. On 13 December 2021, company CEO <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> announced that the company was starting a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">carbon dioxide removal</a> program that would <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_utilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon capture and utilization">convert captured carbon</a> into <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket fuel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> after he announced a $100 million donation to the <a href="/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="X Prize Foundation">X Prize Foundation</a> the previous February to provide the monetary rewards to winners in a contest to develop the best <a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">carbon capture technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In August 2022, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) began initial discussions with SpaceX that could lead to the company's launchers being used temporarily, given that Russia blocked access to <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> rockets amid the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Since that invasion and in the greater war between Russia and Ukraine, Starlink <a href="/wiki/Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War">was extensively used</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 2022, SpaceX's Falcon 9 also became the world record holder for the most launches of a single vehicle type in a single year.<a href="#cite_note-Wall_2023-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] SpaceX launched a rocket approximately every six days in 2022, with 61 launches in total. All but one (a Falcon Heavy in November) was on a Falcon 9 rocket.<a href="#cite_note-Wall_2023-93">[93]</a> In November 2023, SpaceX announced it would acquire its parachute supplier <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Aerospace">Pioneer Aerospace</a> out of bankruptcy for $2.2 million.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024_headquarters_move_from_California_to_Texas">2024 headquarters move from California to Texas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2024 headquarters move from California to Texas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SAFETY_Act_(California_law)#Elon_Musk" class="mw-redirect" title="SAFETY Act (California law)">SAFETY Act (California law) § Elon Musk</a></div> On 16 July 2024, Elon Musk posted on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a> that SpaceX would move its headquarters from <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California" title="Hawthorne, California">Hawthorne, California</a>, to <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>. Musk said this was because the recently passed California <a href="/wiki/AB1955_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="AB1955 bill">AB1955 bill</a> "and the many others that preceded it, attacking both families and companies".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> This new law in California bans school districts from requiring that teachers notify parents about changes to a student’s sexual orientation and gender identity.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The headquarters officially moved to <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a> in August 2024, according to records filed with the California Secretary of State.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The move to relocate SpaceX's headquarters was seen as largely symbolic, at least in the short term. The Hawthorne facility continues to support the company's Falcon launch vehicles, which was SpaceX's workhorse product in 2024. SpaceX's <a href="/wiki/Polaris_Dawn" title="Polaris Dawn">Polaris Dawn</a> mission featured the first-ever private spacewalk, marking a major milestone in commercial space exploration.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Starship">Starship</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Starship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_full_stack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Starship_full_stack.jpg/170px-Starship_full_stack.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="530" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Starship_full_stack.jpg/255px-Starship_full_stack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Starship_full_stack.jpg/340px-Starship_full_stack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="3427" /></a><figcaption>Starship in launch position</figcaption></figure> In January 2019, SpaceX announced it would lay off 10% of its workforce to help finance the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> projects.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The purpose of the Starship vehicle is to enable large-scale transit of humans and cargo to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> SpaceX's Starship is the largest and most powerful rocket ever flown, with a payload capacity of 100+ tons.<a href="#cite_note-starship-flight-3-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-starship-press-kit-104">[104]</a> Construction of initial prototypes and tests for Starship started in early 2019 in Florida and Texas. All Starship construction and testing moved to the new <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_South_Texas_launch_site" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX South Texas launch site">SpaceX South Texas launch site</a> later that year. On 20 April 2023, Starship's <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_orbital_test_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Starship orbital test flight">first orbital flight test</a> ended in a mid-air explosion over the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> before booster separation. After launch, multiple engines in the booster progressively failed, causing the vehicle to reach <a href="/wiki/Max_q" title="Max q">max q</a> later than planned. "Max q" is the theoretical point of maximal mechanical stress which occurs during the launch sequence of a space vehicle. In the case of a rocket that must be self-destructed during its ascent, max q occurs at the point of self-destruction. Eventually, the vehicle lost control and spun erratically until the automated <a href="/wiki/Range_safety#Flight_termination_system" title="Range safety">flight termination system</a> was activated, which intentionally destroyed the rocket. Elon Musk, SpaceX, and other individuals familiar with the space industry have referred to the test flight as a success.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-berger-ift1-fail-or-success-106">[106]</a> Musk said at the time that it would take "six to eight weeks" to get the infrastructure prepared for another launch. In October 2023, a senior SpaceX executive stated the company had been ready to launch the next test flight since September. He accused government regulators of disrupting the project's progress, adding the delay could lead to China beating U.S. astronauts back to the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> On 18 November 2023, SpaceX launched its <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_Second_Integrated_Flight_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Starship Second Integrated Flight Test">second integrated Starship test</a>, with both vehicles flying for a few minutes before separately exploding.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In early March 2024 SpaceX announced that it was targeting 14 March as the tentative launch date for its next uncrewed Starship launch configuration flight test, pending the issuance of a "launch license" by the <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a>. This license was granted on 13 March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> On 14 March 2024 at 13:25 UTC, Starship launched for the 3rd time and for the first time Starship reached its planned suborbital trajectory. The flight ended with the booster experiencing a malfunction shortly before landing and the ship being lost during reentry over the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-starship-flight-3-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-starship-press-kit-104">[104]</a> On 4 June 2024, SpaceX received the launch license for Starship's 4th test flight. The licensure itself was notable in that it was the first time that the FAA included a clause that would allow SpaceX to launch subsequent test flights without a mishap investigation, provided that they met a similar launch profile and used the same specification of hardware. The provision could prove to speed the development timeline.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> On 12 October 2024, SpaceX received FAA approval for Starship's 5th test flight.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> SpaceX launched Starship on its 6th test flight on 19 November 2024.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crewed_launches">Crewed launches</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crewed launches">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KSC-20200523-PH-KLS03_0011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/KSC-20200523-PH-KLS03_0011.jpg/220px-KSC-20200523-PH-KLS03_0011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/KSC-20200523-PH-KLS03_0011.jpg/330px-KSC-20200523-PH-KLS03_0011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/KSC-20200523-PH-KLS03_0011.jpg/440px-KSC-20200523-PH-KLS03_0011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>NASA astronauts Douglas Hurley (left) and Robert Behnken (right) wearing custom-fit spacesuits designed by SpaceX.</figcaption></figure> A significant milestone was achieved in May 2020, when SpaceX successfully launched two NASA astronauts (<a href="/wiki/Doug_Hurley" title="Doug Hurley">Doug Hurley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Bob Behnken</a>) into orbit on a <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crew Dragon">Crew Dragon</a> spacecraft during <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a>, making SpaceX the first private company to send astronauts to the International Space Station and marking the first crewed orbital launch from American soil in 9 years.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200530-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-20200530-118">[118]</a> The mission launched from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A</a> (LC-39A) in Florida.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Starlink">Starlink</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Starlink">edit</a>]</div> In May 2019, SpaceX launched the first large batch of 60 Starlink satellites, beginning to deploy what would become the world's largest commercial satellite constellation the following year.<a href="#cite_note-mittr_2020-120">[120]</a> In 2022, most SpaceX launches focused on Starlink, a consumer internet business that sends batches of internet-beaming satellites and now has over 6,000 satellites in orbit.<a href="#cite_note-sn2674441-121">[121]</a> On 16 July 2021, SpaceX entered an agreement to acquire <a href="/wiki/Swarm_Technologies" title="Swarm Technologies">Swarm Technologies</a>, a private company building a <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> satellite constellation for communications with <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> (IoT) devices, for $524 million.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj-fr-4">[4]</a> In December 2022, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) approved the launch up to 7,500 of SpaceX's next-generation satellites in its Starlink internet network.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary_of_achievements">Summary of achievements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Summary of achievements">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media 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(max-width:639px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Achievement </th> <th>Flight </th></tr> <tr> <td>28 September 2008 </td> <td>First privately funded, fully liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit.<a href="#cite_note-nasa2008-124">[124]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RatSat" title="RatSat">Falcon 1 Flight 4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 July 2009 </td> <td>First privately funded, fully liquid-fueled rocket to put a commercial satellite in orbit. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RazakSAT" title="RazakSAT">Falcon 1 Flight 5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 December 2010 </td> <td>First private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_1" title="SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1">SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 May 2012 </td> <td>First private company to send a spacecraft to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS).<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20120525-125">[125]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_2" title="SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2">SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 December 2015 </td> <td>First landing of an orbital-class rocket's first stage on land. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Flight_20" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 9 Flight 20">Falcon 9 Flight 20</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 April 2016 </td> <td>First landing of an orbital-class rocket's first stage on an ocean platform. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-8" title="SpaceX CRS-8">SpaceX CRS-8</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 March 2017 </td> <td>First reuse and (second) landing of an orbital first stage.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport2017-64">[64]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/SES-10" title="SES-10">SES-10</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>First controlled flyback and recovery of a payload fairing.<a href="#cite_note-fairingrec2-126">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 June 2017 </td> <td>First reuse of a commercial cargo spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-11" title="SpaceX CRS-11">SpaceX CRS-11</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 February 2018 </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster" title="Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster">private spacecraft</a> launched into <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">heliocentric orbit</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy_test_flight" title="Falcon Heavy test flight">Falcon Heavy test flight</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 March 2019 </td> <td>First private company to send a human-rated spacecraft to orbit. </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-1" title="Crew Dragon Demo-1">Crew Dragon Demo-1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 March 2019 </td> <td>First private company to autonomously dock a human-rated spacecraft to the ISS. </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 July 2019 </td> <td>First flight of a <a href="/wiki/Full-flow_staged_combustion_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-flow staged combustion cycle">full-flow staged combustion cycle</a> engine (<a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a>).<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starhopper</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 November 2019 </td> <td>First reuse of a payload fairing.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </td> <td>Starlink 2 v1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 May 2020 </td> <td>First private company to send humans into orbit.<a href="#cite_note-30_May_2020-130">[130]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>First private company to send humans to the ISS.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 January 2021 </td> <td>Most spacecraft launched on a single mission, 143 satellites.<a href="#cite_note-132">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transporter-1_(spaceflight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transporter-1 (spaceflight)">Transporter-1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">23 April 2021 </td> <td>First reuse of a crewed <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-2" title="SpaceX Crew-2">SpaceX Crew-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Endeavour" title="Crew Dragon Endeavour">Endeavour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>First reused booster to send humans into orbit. </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 June 2021 </td> <td>First reused booster to launch a '<a href="/wiki/National_Security_Space_Launch" title="National Security Space Launch">national security</a>' mission.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GPS_Block_III" title="GPS Block III">GPS III-05</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 September 2021 </td> <td>First orbital launch of an all-private crew.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inspiration4" title="Inspiration4">Inspiration4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 November 2021 </td> <td>Longest streak of orbital launches without a mission failure or partial failure for a single rocket type (Falcon 9, 101 launches).<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">Double Asteroid Redirection Test</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 April 2022 </td> <td>First all-private crew to dock with the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_1" title="Axiom Mission 1">Axiom Mission 1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 October 2022 </td> <td>Highest number of launches of a single rocket type in a calendar year (Falcon 9, 48 launches).<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> </td> <td>Starlink 4-36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 April 2023 </td> <td>Tallest, most powerful rocket to ever launch.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amos-2021-142">[141]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_orbital_test_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Starship orbital test flight">SpaceX Starship orbital test flight</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 March 2024 </td> <td>Starship reaches intended orbital velocity for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_integrated_flight_test_3" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 3">SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 April 2024 </td> <td>A single Falcon 9 booster reused for the 20th time.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_first-stage_boosters#Booster_1062" title="List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters">Booster 1062</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 September 2024 </td> <td>First commercial spacewalk </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polaris_Dawn" title="Polaris Dawn">Polaris Dawn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 October 2024 </td> <td>First Super Heavy booster catch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_5" title="Starship flight test 5">Starship flight test 5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 November 2024 </td> <td>First in space relight of a <a href="/wiki/Full-flow_staged_combustion_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-flow staged combustion cycle">full-flow staged combustion cycle</a> engine (<a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a>).<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_6" title="Starship flight test 6">Starship flight test 6</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Excluding the passive objects launched as part of <a href="/wiki/Project_West_Ford" title="Project West Ford">Project West Ford</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hardware">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_vehicles">Launch vehicles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Launch vehicles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_vehicles" title="SpaceX launch vehicles">SpaceX launch vehicles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CRS-18_Mission_(48380511427).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CRS-18_Mission_%2848380511427%29.jpg/260px-CRS-18_Mission_%2848380511427%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CRS-18_Mission_%2848380511427%29.jpg/390px-CRS-18_Mission_%2848380511427%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CRS-18_Mission_%2848380511427%29.jpg/520px-CRS-18_Mission_%2848380511427%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The landing of a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a> first stage at Cape Canaveral in July 2019. <a href="/wiki/VTVL" title="VTVL">VTVL</a> technologies are used in many of SpaceX's launch vehicles.</figcaption></figure> SpaceX has developed three launch vehicles. The small-lift <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a> was the first launch vehicle developed and was retired in 2009. The medium-lift <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> and the heavy-lift <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> are both operational. <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a> was a small rocket capable of placing several hundred kilograms into <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>. It launched five times between 2006 and 2009, of which two were successful.<a href="#cite_note-Falcon9_overview-146">[145]</a> The Falcon 1 was the first privately funded, liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit.<a href="#cite_note-nasa2008-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">medium-lift launch vehicle</a> capable of delivering up to 22,800 kilograms (50,265 lb) to orbit, competing with the <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">Delta IV</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> rockets, as well as other launch providers around the world. It has nine <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin" title="SpaceX Merlin">Merlin</a> engines in its first stage. The <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">Falcon 9 v1.0</a> rocket successfully reached orbit on its first attempt on 4 June 2010. Its third flight, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_2" title="SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2">COTS Demo Flight 2</a>, launched on 22 May 2012 and launched the first <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">commercial</a> spacecraft to reach and dock with the International Space Station (ISS).<a href="#cite_note-cbcnews-45">[45]</a> The vehicle was upgraded to <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">Falcon 9 v1.1</a> in 2013, <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">Falcon 9 Full Thrust</a> in 2015, and finally to <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a> in 2018. The first stage of Falcon 9 is designed to retro propulsively land, be recovered, and flown again.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">heavy-lift launch vehicle</a> capable of delivering up to 63,800 kg (140,700 lb) to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) or 26,700 kg (58,900 lb) to <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_transfer_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Geosynchronous transfer orbit">geosynchronous transfer orbit</a> (GTO). It uses three slightly modified Falcon 9 first-stage cores with a total of 27 <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin" title="SpaceX Merlin">Merlin 1D</a> engines.<a href="#cite_note-sxfh2011-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-nsw20130103-149">[148]</a> The Falcon Heavy successfully flew its inaugural mission on 6 February 2018, launching Musk's personal <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Roadster (2008)">Tesla Roadster</a> into <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">heliocentric orbit</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Both the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy are certified to conduct launches for the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Space_Launch" title="National Security Space Launch">National Security Space Launch</a> (NSSL).<a href="#cite_note-NSSL1-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> As of 27 November 2024, the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy have been launched 415 times, resulting in 412 full mission successes, one partial success, and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-7" title="SpaceX CRS-7">one in-flight failure</a>. In addition, a Falcon 9 experienced <a href="/wiki/AMOS-6#Destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="AMOS-6">a pre-flight failure</a> before a static fire test in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> SpaceX is developing a fully reusable super-heavy lift launch system known as <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a>. It comprises a reusable first stage, called <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">Super Heavy</a>, and the reusable <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship second stage</a> space vehicle. As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit">[update]</a>, the system was intended to supersede the company's existing launch vehicle hardware by the early 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-nsf20170929-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rocket_engines">Rocket engines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rocket engines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_rocket_engines" title="SpaceX rocket engines">SpaceX rocket engines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg/260px-SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg/390px-SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg/520px-SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Merlin_(rocket_engine_family)#Merlin_1D" class="mw-redirect" title="Merlin (rocket engine family)">Merlin 1D engine</a> undergoes a test at SpaceX's Rocket Development and Test Facility in <a href="/wiki/McGregor,_Texas" title="McGregor, Texas">McGregor, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> Since the founding of SpaceX in 2002, the company has developed several <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engines</a> – <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin" title="SpaceX Merlin">Merlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Kestrel" title="SpaceX Kestrel">Kestrel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a> – for use in <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-raptor1-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-falcon1k-158">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Draco" title="SpaceX Draco">Draco</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a> of the Dragon series of spacecraft,<a href="#cite_note-sxF9LVPUG2009-159">[158]</a> and <a href="/wiki/SuperDraco" title="SuperDraco">SuperDraco</a> for abort capability in <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crew Dragon">Crew Dragon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nsf20140530-160">[159]</a> Merlin is a family of rocket engines that uses <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> (LOX) and <a href="/wiki/RP-1" title="RP-1">RP-1</a> propellants. Merlin was first used to power the Falcon 1's first stage and is now used on both stages of the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Kestrel uses the same propellants and was used as the Falcon 1 rocket's second-stage main engine.<a href="#cite_note-falcon1k-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-good_boy_astro-162">[161]</a> Draco and <a href="/wiki/SuperDraco" title="SuperDraco">SuperDraco</a> are <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergolic">hypergolic</a> liquid-propellant rocket engines. Draco engines are used on the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a> of the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon">Dragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a> spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-sxF9LVPUG2009-159">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/SuperDraco" title="SuperDraco">SuperDraco</a> engine is more powerful, and eight SuperDraco engines provide <a href="/wiki/Launch_escape_system" title="Launch escape system">launch escape capability</a> for crewed Dragon 2 spacecraft during an abort scenario.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Raptor is a new family of liquid oxygen and liquid <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>-fueled <a href="/wiki/Full-flow_staged_combustion_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-flow staged combustion cycle">full-flow staged combustion cycle</a> engines to power the first and second stages of the in-development <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> launch system.<a href="#cite_note-raptor1-157">[156]</a> Development versions were test-fired in late 2016,<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> and the engine flew for the first time in 2019, powering the Starhopper vehicle to an altitude of 20 m (66 ft).<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dragon_spacecraft">Dragon spacecraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dragon spacecraft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dragon_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon 1">Dragon 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragon_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iss065e162284.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Iss065e162284.jpg/220px-Iss065e162284.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Iss065e162284.jpg/330px-Iss065e162284.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Iss065e162284.jpg/440px-Iss065e162284.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">SpaceX Dragon 2</a> spacecraft, designed to deliver crew and cargo to and from the International Space Station (cargo version shown)</figcaption></figure> SpaceX has developed the Dragon spacecraft to transport cargo and crew to the International Space Station (ISS). The first-generation <a href="/wiki/Dragon_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon 1">Dragon 1</a> spacecraft was used only for cargo operations. It was developed with financial support from NASA under the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a> (COTS) program. After a successful COTS demonstration flight in 2010, SpaceX was chosen to receive a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a> (CRS) contract.<a href="#cite_note-BBCLaunchDec2010-38">[38]</a> The currently operational second-generation <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a> spacecraft conducted <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-1" title="Crew Dragon Demo-1">its first flight</a>, without crew, to the ISS in early 2019, followed by <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">a crewed flight</a> of Dragon 2 in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200530-117">[117]</a> It was developed with financial support from NASA under the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a> program. The <a href="/wiki/Dragon_2#Cargo_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon 2">cargo variant of Dragon 2</a> flew for the first time in December 2020, for a resupply to the ISS as part of the CRS contract with NASA.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> In March 2020 SpaceX revealed the Dragon XL, designed as a resupply spacecraft for NASA's planned <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a> space station under a <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">Gateway Logistics Services</a> (GLS) contract.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Dragon XL is planned to launch on the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a>, and is able to transport over 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) to the Gateway. Dragon XL will be docked at the Gateway for six to twelve months at a time.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_suit#SpaceX_suit_("Starman_suit")" title="Space suit">SpaceX designed a spacesuit</a> to be worn inside the Dragon spacecraft to protect from possible depressurization.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> On 4 May 2024, SpaceX unveiled a second spacesuit designed for <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a>, planned to be used for a <a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">spacewalk</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Polaris_Dawn" title="Polaris Dawn">Polaris Dawn</a> mission.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ships">Autonomous spaceport drone ships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Autonomous spaceport drone ships">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program" title="SpaceX reusable launch system development program">SpaceX reusable launch system development program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_first-stage_landing_tests" title="Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests">Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship" title="Autonomous spaceport drone ship">Autonomous spaceport drone ship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_(17127808431).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_%2817127808431%29.jpg/260px-SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_%2817127808431%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_%2817127808431%29.jpg/390px-SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_%2817127808431%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_%2817127808431%29.jpg/520px-SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_%2817127808431%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship" title="Autonomous spaceport drone ship">Autonomous spaceport drone ship</a> in position prior to <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-6" title="SpaceX CRS-6">CRS-6</a> mission</figcaption></figure> SpaceX routinely returns the <a href="/wiki/First_stage_(rocketry)" class="mw-redirect" title="First stage (rocketry)">first stage</a> of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets after orbital launches. The rocket lands at a predetermined landing site using only its propulsion systems.<a href="#cite_note-pm20120207-171">[170]</a> When propellant margins do not permit a return to a launch site (RTLS), rockets return to a floating landing platform in the ocean, called <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship" title="Autonomous spaceport drone ship">autonomous spaceport drone ships</a> (ASDS).<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> SpaceX also plans to introduce <a href="/wiki/Floating_launch_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating launch platform">floating launch platforms</a>. These are modified oil rigs to use in the 2020s to provide a sea launch option for their second-generation launch vehicle: the heavy-lift Starship system, consisting of the Super Heavy booster and Starship second stage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starlink_2">Starlink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Starlink">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starlink_Mission_(47926144123).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Starlink_Mission_%2847926144123%29.jpg/260px-Starlink_Mission_%2847926144123%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Starlink_Mission_%2847926144123%29.jpg/390px-Starlink_Mission_%2847926144123%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Starlink_Mission_%2847926144123%29.jpg/520px-Starlink_Mission_%2847926144123%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Sixty Starlink satellites stacked together before deployment</figcaption></figure> Starlink is an internet satellite constellation under development by Starlink Services, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of SpaceX,<a href="#cite_note-StarlinkServices-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> that consists of thousands of cross-linked <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellites</a> in ~550 km orbits. Its goal is to address the significant unmet demand worldwide for low-cost broadband capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-sn20150119-174">[173]</a> Development began in 2015, and initial prototype test-flight satellites were launched on the SpaceX <a href="/wiki/Paz_(satellite)" title="Paz (satellite)">Paz satellite</a> mission in 2017. In May 2019, SpaceX launched the first batch of 60 satellites aboard a Falcon 9.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Initial test operation of the constellation began in late 2020<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> and first orders were taken in early 2021.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Customers were told to expect internet service speeds of 50 Mbit/s to 150 Mbit/s and latency from 20 ms to 40 ms.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> In December 2022, Starlink reached over 1 million subscribers worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> The planned large number of <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> satellites has been criticized by astronomers due to concerns over <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> with the brightness of Starlink satellites in both optical and radio wavelengths interfering with scientific observations.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> In response, SpaceX has implemented several upgrades to Starlink satellites aimed at reducing their brightness.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> The large number of satellites employed by Starlink also creates long-term dangers of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_collision" title="Satellite collision">space debris collisions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> However, the satellites are equipped with <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>-fueled <a href="/wiki/Hall-effect_thruster" title="Hall-effect thruster">Hall thrusters</a> which allow them to <a href="/wiki/De-orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="De-orbit">de-orbit</a> at the end of their life. They are also designed to autonomously avoid collisions based on uplinked tracking data.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> In December 2022, SpaceX announced <a href="/wiki/Starshield_(satellite_constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Starshield (satellite constellation)">Starshield</a>, a program to incorporate military or government entity payloads on board a Starlink-derived satellite bus. The <a href="/wiki/Space_Development_Agency" title="Space Development Agency">Space Development Agency</a> is a key customer procuring satellites for a space-based <a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defense</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> In June 2024, SpaceX introduced a compact version of its Starlink antennas, the "Starlink Mini", designed for mobile satellite internet use. Offered for $599 in an early access release, it was more expensive than the base model. The Mini antenna, half the size and one-third the weight of the Standard version, featured a built-in <a href="/wiki/Wireless_router" title="Wireless router">WiFi router</a>, lower power consumption, and over 100 Mbps download speeds.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_projects">Other projects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other projects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hyperloop_pod_competition" title="Hyperloop pod competition">Hyperloop pod competition</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hyperloop">edit</a>]</div> In June 2015, SpaceX announced that it would sponsor a <a href="/wiki/Hyperloop_pod_competition" title="Hyperloop pod competition">Hyperloop competition</a>, and would build a 1.6 km (0.99 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">subscale</a> test track near SpaceX's headquarters for the competitive events.<a href="#cite_note-nbc20150615-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-spacex-competition201506-192">[191]</a> The company held the annual competition from 2017 to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_antibody-testing_program">COVID-19 antibody-testing program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: COVID-19 antibody-testing program">edit</a>]</div> In collaboration with doctors and academic researchers, SpaceX invited all employees to participate in the creation of a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> antibody-testing program in 2020. As such, 4300 employees volunteered to provide blood samples resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Peer-reviewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-reviewed">peer-reviewed</a> scientific paper crediting eight SpaceX employees as coauthors and suggesting that a certain level of COVID-19 antibodies may provide lasting protection against the virus.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">mini-submarine</a> to assist the <a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">rescue of children stuck in a flooded cavern in Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ArsTechSubmarine-196">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Richard Stanton</a>, leader of the international rescue diving team, encouraged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a backup in case flooding worsened. However, Stanton later concluded that the mini-submarine would not work and said that Musk's involvement "distracted from the rescue effort".<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Engineers at SpaceX and <a href="/wiki/The_Boring_Company" title="The Boring Company">The Boring Company</a> built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Thai authorities ultimately declined to use the submarine, stating that it wasn't practical for the rescue mission.<a href="#cite_note-ArsTechSubmarine-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facilities">Facilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Facilities">edit</a>]</div> SpaceX is headquartered at the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a> near <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>, where it manufactures and launches its Starship vehicle. However most of the company's operations are based out of its office in <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California" title="Hawthorne, California">Hawthorne, California</a> where it was previously headquartered, where it builds Falcon rockets and Dragon spacecraft, and where it houses its mission control. The company also operates a Starlink satellite manufacturing facilities in Redmond, Washington, a <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Rocket_Development_and_Test_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Rocket Development and Test Facility">rocket development and test facility</a> in <a href="/wiki/McGregor,_Texas" title="McGregor, Texas">McGregor, Texas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg2021-201">[200]</a> and maintains an office in the Washington, D.C. area, close to key government customers.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> SpaceX has two active launch sites in Florida, one active launch site in California and one active launch site at Starbase in Texas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawthorne,_CA:_Falcon_and_Dragon_manufacturing,_mission_control">Hawthorne, CA: Falcon and Dragon manufacturing, mission control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hawthorne, CA: Falcon and Dragon manufacturing, mission control">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iridium-4_Mission_(25557986177).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg/260px-Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg/390px-Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg/520px-Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>SpaceX office in Hawthorne, California at night during a Falcon 9 launch from <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a></figcaption></figure> SpaceX operates a large facility in the Los Angeles suburb of <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California" title="Hawthorne, California">Hawthorne, California</a>. The three-story building, originally built by <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Corporation" title="Northrop Corporation">Northrop Corporation</a> to build <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> fuselages,<a href="#cite_note-pm-203">[202]</a> houses SpaceX's office space, mission control, and Falcon 9 manufacturing facilities.<a href="#cite_note-arstechnica_2019-204">[203]</a> The area has one of the largest concentrations of space sector headquarters, facilities, and/or subsidiaries in the U.S., including <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>/<a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> main satellite building campuses, <a href="/wiki/The_Aerospace_Corporation" title="The Aerospace Corporation">The Aerospace Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Raytheon Technologies">Raytheon</a>, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Command" title="Space Systems Command">Space Systems Command</a> at <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AECOM" title="AECOM">AECOM</a>, etc., with a large pool of aerospace engineers and recent college engineering graduates.<a href="#cite_note-pm-203">[202]</a> SpaceX uses a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">vertical integration</a> in the production of its rockets and rocket engines.<a href="#cite_note-A&Ssmithsonian201201-18">[18]</a> SpaceX builds its <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">rocket stages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, principal <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Embedded_software" title="Embedded software">software</a> in-house in their Hawthorne facility, which is unusual for the space industry.<a href="#cite_note-A&Ssmithsonian201201-18">[18]</a> The Hawthorne facility was SpaceX's headquarters until August 2024. However, the move to relocate SpaceX's headquarters was seen as largely symbolic, at least in the short term, as the facility will remain to the company’s operations.<a href="#cite_note-Clark_2024-205">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boca_Chica,_TX:_Starship_manufacturing,_launch">Boca Chica, TX: Starship manufacturing, launch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Boca Chica, TX: Starship manufacturing, launch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Boca_Chica_Rocket_Factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Boca_Chica_Rocket_Factory.jpg/220px-The_Boca_Chica_Rocket_Factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Boca_Chica_Rocket_Factory.jpg/330px-The_Boca_Chica_Rocket_Factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Boca_Chica_Rocket_Factory.jpg/440px-The_Boca_Chica_Rocket_Factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4124" data-file-height="3005" /></a><figcaption>The Starship assembly building at <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a> in Texas</figcaption></figure> SpaceX manufactures and flies Starship test vehicles from the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Boca Chica, Texas">Boca Chica</a> near <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>, having announced first plans for the launch facility in August 2014.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) issued the permit in July 2014.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> SpaceX broke ground on the new launch facility in 2014 with construction ramping up in the latter half of 2015,<a href="#cite_note-sn20140922-209">[208]</a> with the first <a href="/wiki/Suborbital_spaceflight" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital spaceflight">suborbital</a> launches from the facility in 2019<a href="#cite_note-arstechnica_2019-204">[203]</a> and orbital launches starting in 2023. SpaceX has faced increased scrutiny over the environmental impact of its Starbase facility.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-20210714cnbc-faa-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> In August 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Commission_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Texas Commission on Environmental Quality">Texas Commission on Environmental Quality</a> cited SpaceX for violating environmental regulations by repeatedly releasing pollutants into water near the Boca Chica launch site.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> The <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a> fined SpaceX approximately $150,000 for allegedly discharging "industrial wastewater" and violating the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McGregor,_TX:_Rocket_Development_and_Test_Facility">McGregor, TX: Rocket Development and Test Facility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: McGregor, TX: Rocket Development and Test Facility">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Rocket_Development_and_Test_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Rocket Development and Test Facility">SpaceX Rocket Development and Test Facility</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_SpaceX%27s_Rocket_Development_facility,_McGregor,_TX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2008_SpaceX%27s_Rocket_Development_facility%2C_McGregor%2C_TX.jpg/260px-2008_SpaceX%27s_Rocket_Development_facility%2C_McGregor%2C_TX.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2008_SpaceX%27s_Rocket_Development_facility%2C_McGregor%2C_TX.jpg/390px-2008_SpaceX%27s_Rocket_Development_facility%2C_McGregor%2C_TX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2008_SpaceX%27s_Rocket_Development_facility%2C_McGregor%2C_TX.jpg/520px-2008_SpaceX%27s_Rocket_Development_facility%2C_McGregor%2C_TX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the SpaceX McGregor engine testing facility, 2008</figcaption></figure> SpaceX's Rocket Development and Test Facility in <a href="/wiki/McGregor,_Texas" title="McGregor, Texas">McGregor, Texas</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine_test_facility" title="Rocket engine test facility">rocket engine test facility</a>. Every rocket engine and thruster manufactured by SpaceX must pass through McGregor for final testing being used on flight missions.<a href="#cite_note-wired201210102-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-nsfdc20130620-216">[215]</a> The facility also serves as a testing ground for various components and engines during the <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-wt20111222-217">[216]</a> In addition to engine testing, after splashdown and recovery, <a href="/wiki/Dragon_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon spacecraft">Dragon spacecraft</a> make a stop at McGregor to have their hazardous <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolic propellant</a> fuels removed, before the capsules continue on to Hawthorne for refurbishment.<a href="#cite_note-wired201210102-215">[214]</a> SpaceX calls the facility the most advanced and active rocket engine test facility in the world, and said that as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit">[update]</a>, over 7,000 tests had been conducted at the facility since it opened, with seven engine test fires on a typical day, across more than a dozen test stands.<a href="#cite_note-shotwell201503317-218">[217]</a> Despite its low-profile compared to the company's other facilities, is a critical part of SpaceX's operations, and company president and COO <a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell" title="Gwynne Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a> maintains her primary office in McGregor.<a href="#cite_note-:0-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired201210102-215">[214]</a> Originally the site of the <a href="/wiki/Bluebonnet_Ordnance_Plant" title="Bluebonnet Ordnance Plant">Bluebonnet Ordnance Plant</a> during World War II,<a href="#cite_note-wt20111222-217">[216]</a> the facility was later used by <a href="/wiki/Beal_Aerospace" title="Beal Aerospace">Beal Aerospace</a> before being leased by SpaceX in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> The company has since expanded it significantly from 256 acres (104 ha) in 2003<a href="#cite_note-wt20111222-217">[216]</a> to 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-shotwell201503317-218">[217]</a> In July 2021, SpaceX announced plans to build a second production facility for Raptor engines at McGregor. This expansion is expected to significantly increase SpaceX's production capacity, with the goal of producing 800 to 1,000 Raptor engines per year.<a href="#cite_note-dallasnews202107-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-spacex20210710-222">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starlink_manufacturing_facilities">Starlink manufacturing facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Starlink manufacturing facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starlink_dish_01.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Starlink_dish_01.webp/170px-Starlink_dish_01.webp.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Starlink_dish_01.webp/255px-Starlink_dish_01.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Starlink_dish_01.webp/340px-Starlink_dish_01.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="3839" /></a><figcaption>Starlink user terminal on the sidewalk of a residential home.</figcaption></figure> SpaceX's <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> subsidiary operates over two main facilities. Satellite manufacturing takes place near <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington while user terminal manufacturing takes place near <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>. Starlink's satellite development and manufacturing operations campus occupies over 314,000 square feet (29,200 m2) in at least six buildings located in <a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond, Washington</a>, east of Seattle. The first building opened in early 2015,<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> and the company later expanded into five buildings on the Redmond Ridge Corporate Center.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Starlink opened a user terminal manufacturing facility in <a href="/wiki/Bastrop,_Texas" title="Bastrop, Texas">Bastrop, Texas</a>, east of Austin in December 2023. In its first nine months of operation, the one-million-square-foot (93,000 m2) facility produced one million user terminals and was on track to become the largest factory for <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_facilities">Launch facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Launch facilities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">SpaceX launch facilities</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falcon_Heavy_Side_Boosters_landing_on_LZ1_and_LZ2_-_2018_(25254688767).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Falcon_Heavy_Side_Boosters_landing_on_LZ1_and_LZ2_-_2018_%2825254688767%29.jpg/220px-Falcon_Heavy_Side_Boosters_landing_on_LZ1_and_LZ2_-_2018_%2825254688767%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Falcon_Heavy_Side_Boosters_landing_on_LZ1_and_LZ2_-_2018_%2825254688767%29.jpg/330px-Falcon_Heavy_Side_Boosters_landing_on_LZ1_and_LZ2_-_2018_%2825254688767%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Falcon_Heavy_Side_Boosters_landing_on_LZ1_and_LZ2_-_2018_%2825254688767%29.jpg/440px-Falcon_Heavy_Side_Boosters_landing_on_LZ1_and_LZ2_-_2018_%2825254688767%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Falcon Heavy Side Boosters landing on <a href="/wiki/Landing_Zones_1_and_2" title="Landing Zones 1 and 2">LZ1</a> and LZ2 at Cape Canaveral</figcaption></figure> SpaceX operates four <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">orbital</a> launch sites, at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> in Florida and <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a> in California for Falcon rockets, and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase</a> near <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a> for Starship. SpaceX has indicated that they see a niche for each of the four orbital facilities and that they have sufficient launch business to fill each pad.<a href="#cite_note-sn20130802-227">[226]</a> The Vandenberg launch site enables highly inclined orbits (66–145°), while Cape Canaveral and Kennedy enable orbits of medium inclination (28.5–55°).<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> Larger inclinations, including <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">SSO</a>, are possible from Florida by overflying Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Before it was retired, all <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a> launches took place at the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site" title="Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site">Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site</a> on <a href="/wiki/Omelek_Island" title="Omelek Island">Omelek Island</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> In April 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> approved the use of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_40" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40">Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40</a> (SLC-40) by SpaceX.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> The site has been used since 2010 for Falcon 9 launches, mainly to low Earth and geostationary orbits. The former <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_13" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 13">Launch Complex 13</a> at Cape Canaveral, now renamed <a href="/wiki/Landing_Zones_1_and_2" title="Landing Zones 1 and 2">Landing Zones 1 and 2</a>, has since 2015 been used for Falcon 9 <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_first-stage_landing_tests" title="Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests">first-stage booster landings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_(130929-F-ET475-012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_%28130929-F-ET475-012%29.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_%28130929-F-ET475-012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_%28130929-F-ET475-012%29.jpg/330px-Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_%28130929-F-ET475-012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_%28130929-F-ET475-012%29.jpg/440px-Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_%28130929-F-ET475-012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2871" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>SpaceX west coast launch facility at <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a>, during the launch of <a href="/wiki/CASSIOPE" title="CASSIOPE">CASSIOPE</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4">Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4</a> (SLC-4E) was leased from the military in 2011 and is used for payloads to polar orbits. The Vandenberg site can launch both Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles,<a href="#cite_note-nsf20110405-233">[232]</a> but cannot launch to low inclination orbits. The neighboring SLC-4W was converted to <a href="/wiki/Landing_Zone_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Zone 4">Landing Zone 4</a> in 2015 for booster landings.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> On 14 April 2014, SpaceX signed a 20-year lease for <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> The pad was subsequently modified to support <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> launches. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit">[update]</a> it is the only pad that supports Falcon Heavy launches. SpaceX launched its <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">first crewed mission</a> to the ISS from Launch Pad 39A on 30 May 2020.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> Pad 39A has been prepared since 2019 to eventually accommodate Starship launches. With delays in launch FAA permits for Boca Chica, Texas, the 39A Starship preparation was accelerated in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contracts">Contracts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Contracts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on SpaceX launches: <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1#Launches" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1 § Launches</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches">List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches" title="List of Starship launches">List of Starship launches</a></div> SpaceX won demonstration and actual supply contracts from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> for the International Space Station (ISS) with technology the company developed. SpaceX is also certified for <a href="/wiki/U.S._military" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. military">U.S. military</a> launches of <a href="/wiki/Evolved_Expendable_Launch_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle">Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle</a>-class (EELV) payloads. With approximately thirty missions on the manifest for 2018 alone, SpaceX represented over $12 billion under contract.<a href="#cite_note-about-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cargo_to_ISS">Cargo to ISS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cargo to ISS">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">Gateway Logistics Services</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg/220px-COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg/330px-COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg/440px-COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The COTS 2 Dragon is berthed to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) by <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Servicing_System" title="Mobile Servicing System">Canadarm2</a></figcaption></figure> In 2006, SpaceX won a NASA <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a> (COTS) Phase 1 contract to demonstrate cargo delivery to the ISS, with a possible contract option for crew transport.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> Through this contract, designed by NASA to provide "seed money" through Space Act Agreements for developing new capabilities, NASA paid SpaceX $396 million to develop the cargo configuration of the Dragon spacecraft, while SpaceX developed the Falcon 9 launch vehicle with their resources.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement" title="Space Act Agreement">Space Act Agreements</a> have been shown to have saved NASA millions of dollars in development costs, making rocket development 4–10 times less expensive than if produced by NASA alone.<a href="#cite_note-Zapata_2017-240">[239]</a> In December 2010, with the launch of the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_1" title="SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1">SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1</a> mission, SpaceX became the first private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-nasa2010-241">[240]</a> Dragon successfully berthed with the ISS during <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_2" title="SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2">SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2</a> in May 2012, a first for a <a href="/wiki/Private_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Private spacecraft">private spacecraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a> (CRS) is a series of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008 to 2016 for the delivery of cargo and supplies to the ISS on commercially operated spacecraft. The first CRS contracts were signed in 2008 and awarded $1.6 billion to SpaceX for 12 cargo transport missions, covering deliveries to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-spaceflightinsider_2014-243">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-1" title="SpaceX CRS-1">SpaceX CRS-1</a>, the first of the 12 planned resupply missions, launched in October 2012, achieved orbit, berthed, and remained on station for 20 days, before <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_re-entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric re-entry">re-entering the atmosphere</a> and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-nasa20121028-244">[243]</a> CRS missions have flown approximately twice a year to the ISS since then. In 2015, NASA extended the Phase 1 contracts by ordering an additional three resupply flights from SpaceX, and then extended the contract further for a total of twenty cargo missions to the ISS.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-spaceflightinsider_2014-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> The final Dragon 1 mission, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-20" title="SpaceX CRS-20">SpaceX CRS-20</a>, departed the ISS in April 2020, and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon">Dragon</a> was subsequently retired from service. A <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Resupply Services 2">second phase</a> of contracts was awarded in January 2016 with SpaceX as one of the awardees. SpaceX will fly up to nine additional CRS flights with the upgraded <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a> spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-SMSR-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-grc-planned-248">[247]</a> In March 2020, NASA contracted SpaceX to develop the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon XL">Dragon XL</a> spacecraft to send supplies to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a> space station. Dragon XL will be launched on a Falcon Heavy.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crewed">Crewed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Crewed">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_astronauts_work_aboard_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_(iss064e004754).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NASA_astronauts_work_aboard_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_%28iss064e004754%29.jpg/260px-NASA_astronauts_work_aboard_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_%28iss064e004754%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NASA_astronauts_work_aboard_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_%28iss064e004754%29.jpg/390px-NASA_astronauts_work_aboard_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_%28iss064e004754%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NASA_astronauts_work_aboard_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_%28iss064e004754%29.jpg/520px-NASA_astronauts_work_aboard_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_%28iss064e004754%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>NASA astronauts inside the Dragon spacecraft during the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-1" title="SpaceX Crew-1">Crew-1 mission</a> rendezvous with the International Space Station </figcaption></figure> SpaceX is responsible for the transportation of NASA astronauts to and from the ISS. The NASA contracts started as part of the Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program, aimed at developing commercially operated spacecraft capable of delivering astronauts to the ISS. The first contract was awarded to SpaceX in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-Space_Abort_System_20111028-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-aw20110422-251">[250]</a> followed by another in 2012 to continue development and testing of its <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a> spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-August_2012-252">[251]</a> In September 2014, NASA chose SpaceX and Boeing as the two companies that would be funded to develop systems to transport U.S. crews to and from the ISS.<a href="#cite_note-September_2014-253">[252]</a> SpaceX won $2.6 billion to complete and certify Dragon 2 by 2017. The contracts called for at least one crewed flight test with at least one NASA astronaut aboard. Once Crew Dragon received NASA human-spaceflight certification, the contract required SpaceX to conduct at least two, and as many as six, crewed missions to the space station.<a href="#cite_note-September_2014-253">[252]</a> SpaceX completed the first key flight test of its Crew Dragon spacecraft, a <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Pad_Abort_Test" title="Crew Dragon Pad Abort Test">Pad Abort Test</a>, in May 2015,<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> and successfully conducted a full uncrewed test flight in early 2019. The capsule docked to the ISS and then splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> In January 2020, SpaceX conducted an <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_In-Flight_Abort_Test" title="Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test">in-flight abort test</a>, the last test flight before flying crew, in which the Dragon spacecraft fired its launch escape engines in a simulated abort scenario.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> On 30 May 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a> mission was launched to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> with NASA astronauts <a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Bob Behnken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doug_Hurley" title="Doug Hurley">Doug Hurley</a>, the first time a crewed vehicle had launched from the U.S. since 2011, and the first SpaceX commercial crewed launch to the ISS.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> The <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-1" title="SpaceX Crew-1">Crew-1</a> mission was successfully launched to the International Space Station on 16 November 2020, with <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> astronauts <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Hopkins" title="Michael S. Hopkins">Michael Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Glover" title="Victor J. Glover">Victor Glover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a> along with <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Soichi_Noguchi" title="Soichi Noguchi">Soichi Noguchi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> all members of the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_64" title="Expedition 64">Expedition 64</a> crew.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> On 23 April 2021, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-2" title="SpaceX Crew-2">Crew-2</a> was launched to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts <a href="/wiki/Shane_Kimbrough" title="Shane Kimbrough">Shane Kimbrough</a> and <a href="/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a>, JAXA astronaut <a href="/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> The Crew-2 mission successfully docked on 24 April 2021.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resilience_after_splashdown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Resilience_after_splashdown.jpg/260px-Resilience_after_splashdown.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Resilience_after_splashdown.jpg/390px-Resilience_after_splashdown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Resilience_after_splashdown.jpg/520px-Resilience_after_splashdown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5567" data-file-height="3303" /></a><figcaption>Resilience after splashdown</figcaption></figure> SpaceX also offers paid <a href="/wiki/Crewed_spaceflight" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewed spaceflight">crewed spaceflights</a> for private individuals. The first of these missions, <a href="/wiki/Inspiration4" title="Inspiration4">Inspiration4</a>, launched in 2021 on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Shift4_Payments" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift4 Payments">Shift4 Payments</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Jared_Isaacman" title="Jared Isaacman">Jared Isaacman</a>. The mission launched the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Resilience" title="Crew Dragon Resilience">Crew Dragon Resilience</a> from the Florida <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">Launch Complex 39A</a> atop a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9</a> launch vehicle, placed the Dragon <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">capsule</a> into <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, and ended successfully about three days later when the Resilience splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean. All four crew members received commercial astronaut training from SpaceX. The training included lessons in orbital mechanics, operating in a microgravity environment, stress testing, emergency-preparedness training, and mission simulations.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_defense">National defense</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: National defense">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STP-2_Mission_(48129211908).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/STP-2_Mission_%2848129211908%29.jpg/260px-STP-2_Mission_%2848129211908%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/STP-2_Mission_%2848129211908%29.jpg/390px-STP-2_Mission_%2848129211908%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/STP-2_Mission_%2848129211908%29.jpg/520px-STP-2_Mission_%2848129211908%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Launch of the <a href="/wiki/STP-2" class="mw-redirect" title="STP-2">STP-2</a> mission on a Falcon Heavy in June 2019</figcaption></figure> In 2005, SpaceX announced that it had been awarded an <a href="/wiki/IDIQ" title="IDIQ">Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity</a> (IDIQ) contract, allowing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> to purchase up to $100 million worth of launches from the company.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> Three years later, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> announced that it had awarded an IDIQ Launch Services contract to SpaceX for up to $1 billion, depending on the number of missions awarded.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_presser_20080422-264">[263]</a> In December 2012, SpaceX announced its first two launch contracts with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DoD). The United States Air Force <a href="/wiki/Space_and_Missile_Systems_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Space and Missile Systems Center">Space and Missile Systems Center</a> awarded SpaceX two EELV-class missions: <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">Deep Space Climate Observatory</a> (DSCOVR) and <a href="/wiki/Space_Test_Program_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Test Program 2">Space Test Program 2</a> (STP-2). DSCOVR was launched on a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> launch vehicle in 2015, while STP-2 was launched on a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> on 25 June 2019.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">Falcon 9 v1.1</a> was certified for <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Space_Launch" title="National Security Space Launch">National Security Space Launch</a> (NSSL) in 2015, allowing SpaceX to contract launch services to the Air Force for any payloads classified under national security.<a href="#cite_note-NSSL1-151">[150]</a> This broke the monopoly held since 2006 by <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a> (ULA) over U.S. Air Force launches of classified payloads.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> In April 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded the first such national security launch to SpaceX to launch the second <a href="/wiki/GPS_Block_III" title="GPS Block III">GPS III</a> satellite for $82.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> This was approximately 40% less than the estimated cost for similar previous missions.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> SpaceX also launched the third GPS III launch on 20 June 2020.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> In March 2018, SpaceX secured an additional $290 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch another three GPS III satellites.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a> (NRO) also purchased launches from SpaceX, with the first taking place on 1 May 2017.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> In February 2019, SpaceX secured a $297 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch another three national security missions, all slated to launch no earlier than FY 2021.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> In August 2020, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Space Force">U.S. Space Force</a> awarded its National Security Space Launch (NSSL) contracts for the following 5–7 years. SpaceX won a contract for $316 million for one launch. In addition, SpaceX will handle 40% of the U.S. military's satellite launch requirements over the period.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> SpaceX also designs and launches <a href="/wiki/Starlink#Military_satellites" title="Starlink">custom military satellites</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Development_Agency" title="Space Development Agency">Space Development Agency</a> as part of a new missile defense system in low Earth orbit.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> The constellation would give the United States capabilities to sense, target and potentially intercept nuclear missiles and hypersonic weapons launched from anywhere on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> Both China and Russia brought concerns to the United Nations about the program,<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> and various organizations warn it could be destabilizing and trigger an <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> in space.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> In March 2024, Reuters reported that, as part of a $1.8 billion contract signed with the National Reconnaissance Office in 2021, SpaceX is building a network of hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">spy satellites</a>. This new network, Reuters reported, would be able to operate as a swarm in low orbits.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_market_competition_and_pricing_pressure">Launch market competition and pricing pressure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Launch market competition and pricing pressure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></div> SpaceX's low launch prices, especially for <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellites</a> flying to <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">geostationary transfer orbit</a> (GTO), have resulted in market pressure on its competitors to lower their own prices.<a href="#cite_note-A&Ssmithsonian201201-18">[18]</a> Prior to 2013, the openly competed comsat launch market had been dominated by Arianespace (flying the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a>) and <a href="/wiki/International_Launch_Services" title="International Launch Services">International Launch Services</a> (flying the <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a>).<a href="#cite_note-bbc20131203-280">[279]</a> With a published price of $56.5 million per launch to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, Falcon 9 rockets were the least expensive in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-fp20131209-281">[280]</a> European satellite operators are pushing the ESA to reduce launch prices of the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a> rockets as a result of competition from SpaceX.<a href="#cite_note-smh20150519-282">[281]</a> SpaceX ended the United Launch Alliance (ULA) monopoly of U.S. military payloads when it began to compete for national security launches. In 2015, anticipating a slump in domestic, military, and spy launches, ULA stated that it would go out of business unless it won commercial satellite launch orders.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> To that end, ULA announced a major restructuring of processes and workforce to decrease launch costs by half.<a href="#cite_note-dbj20141016-284">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat20141212-285">[284]</a> Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 suggested that the NASA <a href="/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement" title="Space Act Agreement">Space Act Agreement</a> process of "setting only a high-level requirement for cargo transport to the space station [while] leaving the details to industry" had allowed SpaceX to design and develop the Falcon 9 rocket on its own at a substantially lower cost. According to NASA's own independently verified numbers, SpaceX's total development cost for the Falcon 9 rocket, including the Falcon 1 rocket, was estimated at $390 million. In 2011, NASA estimated that it would have cost the agency about $4 billion to develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster based upon NASA's traditional contracting processes, about ten times more.<a href="#cite_note-Zapata_2017-240">[239]</a> In May 2020, NASA administrator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridenstine" title="Jim Bridenstine">Jim Bridenstine</a> remarked that thanks to NASA's investments into SpaceX, the United States has 70% of the commercial launch market, a major improvement since 2012 when there were no commercial launches from the country.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> As of 2024, SpaceX operates a Rideshare and Bandwagon (mid inclination) programs. This provides additional competition for small satellite launchers.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_affairs">Corporate affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Corporate affairs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_trends">Business trends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Business trends">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="background:#f8f9faff;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Revenue (billion USD) </th> <th>Valuation (billion USD) </th> <th>Number of employees </th></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ca. 30<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ca. 90 (Feb.)<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> ca. 160 (Nov.)<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ca. 350 (Aug.)<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ca. 600 (Dec.)<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>> 800 (Dec.)<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>> 1,000 (June)<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ca. 1,300 (Jan.)<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td> </td> <td>2.4 (June)<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> </td> <td>ca. 1,800 (May)<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ca. 3,800 (Oct.)<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td> </td> <td>10 (Aug.)<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td> </td> <td>12 (Jan.)<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td> </td> <td>15 (Nov.)<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> </td> <td>ca. 5,000 (Nov.)<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td> </td> <td>21 (Nov.)<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> </td> <td>ca. 7,000 (Nov.)<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td>27 (Apr.)<a href="#cite_note-sn_2018-305">[304]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td> </td> <td>33 (May)<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> </td> <td>> 6,000 (July)<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>1.8<a href="#cite_note-sacra-308">[307]</a> </td> <td>36 (May)<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>2.3<a href="#cite_note-sacra-308">[307]</a> </td> <td>74 (Feb.)<a href="#cite_note-cnbc21-310">[309]</a> 100 (Oct.)<a href="#cite_note-cnbc21-310">[309]</a> </td> <td>> 9,500 (March)<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>4.6<a href="#cite_note-Umsatz_2022-312">[311]</a> </td> <td>127 (Aug.)<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> </td> <td>ca. 12,000 (April)<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>ca. 9<a href="#cite_note-umsatz24-315">[314]</a> </td> <td>137 (Jan.)<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> 180 (Dec.)<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> </td> <td>> 13,000 (Sept.)<a href="#cite_note-Mitarbeiter_2023-318">[317]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024 </td> <td>ca. 15<a href="#cite_note-umsatz24-315">[314]</a> (Forecast) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_directors">Board of directors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Board of directors">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>SpaceX board of directors as of January 2021<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Joined board </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Titles </th></tr> <tr> <td>2002<a href="#cite_note-Musk_Bio-320">[319]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> </td> <td>Founder, chairman, CEO and CTO of SpaceX; CEO, <a href="/wiki/Chief_product_officer" title="Chief product officer">Product Architect</a>, and former chairman of <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>; former chairman of <a href="/wiki/SolarCity" title="SolarCity">SolarCity</a><a href="#cite_note-Musk_Bio-320">[319]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kimbal_Musk" title="Kimbal Musk">Kimbal Musk</a> </td> <td>Board member, Tesla<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2009<a href="#cite_note-SEC_2009-323">[322]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell" title="Gwynne Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a> </td> <td>President and COO of SpaceX<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luke_Nosek" title="Luke Nosek">Luke Nosek</a> </td> <td>Co-founder, PayPal<a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jurvetson" title="Steve Jurvetson">Steve Jurvetson</a> </td> <td>Co-founder, Future Ventures fund<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> </td> <td>Antonio Gracias </td> <td>CEO and Chairman of the Investment Committee at Valor Equity Partners<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> </td> <td>Donald Harrison </td> <td>President of global partnerships and corporate development, Google<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_changes">Leadership changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Leadership changes">edit</a>]</div> In November 2022, the company announced COO Gwynne Shotwell and vice president <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Juncosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Juncosa (page does not exist)">Mark Juncosa</a> would oversee Starbase, its Texas launch facility, along with Omead Afshar, who at the time oversaw operations for Tesla in Texas. Shyamal Patel, who was senior director of operations at the site, would shift to its Cape Canaveral site. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> reported that these executive moves demonstrated "the sense of urgency within the company to get Starship flying".<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace_culture">Workplace culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Workplace culture">edit</a>]</div> According to former NASA deputy administrator <a href="/wiki/Lori_Garver" title="Lori Garver">Lori Garver</a>, the company overall has a male-dominated employee culture, similar to that of the spaceflight industry in general.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> In December 2021, claims of workplace sexual harassment from five former SpaceX employees, ranging from interns to full engineers, were published.<a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> The former employees claimed to have experienced unwanted advances and uncomfortable interactions.<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a> Additionally, the accounts included claims of a culture of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a> existing at the company and one where complaints made to executives, managers, and human resources officers went largely unaddressed.<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> In May 2022, a Business Insider article alleged that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct with a SpaceX flight attendant in a private jet in 2016 citing an anonymous friend of the flight attendant.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> In response, some employees collaborated on an open letter condemning "Elon's harmful Twitter behavior".<a href="#cite_note-verge-339">[338]</a> It also asks the company to clearly define SpaceX's "no-asshole" and "<a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">zero tolerance</a>" policies, which it says is unequally enforced from one employee to the next. The next day, Gwynne Shotwell announced that those employees who were involved with the letter had been terminated and claimed that unsponsored, unsolicited surveys were sent to employees during the work day and that some felt pressured to sign the letter.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> The company has also been described as having a work culture that pushes employees to work excessively and is described as fostering a <a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">burnout</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-theverge2021-341">[340]</a> According to a memo by <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a>, a rival aerospace company with a history of lawsuits and anti-SpaceX political lobbying,<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> SpaceX expected very long work hours, work on weekends, and limited use of holidays.<a href="#cite_note-theverge2021-341">[340]</a> In June 2024, eight ex-employees, the same who had previously been fired for penning the open letter against Elon Musk, filed a lawsuit against Musk and SpaceX alleging sexual harassment and discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icis.corp.delaware.gov/eCorp/EntitySearch/NameSearch.aspx">"Delaware Business Search (File # 3500808 – Space Exploration Technologies Corp)"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 March 2024. <q>After the auction, SpaceX assigned its winning bids to its wholly-owned subsidiary, Starlink.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+on+Review+%28FCC+23-105%29&rft.pub=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.fcc.gov%2Fpublic%2Fattachments%2FFCC-23-105A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2024" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Stephen (28 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/06/rocket-report-china-tests-reusable-rocket-tech-spacex-booster-flies-22nd-time/">"Rocket Report: China flies reusable rocket hopper; Falcon Heavy dazzles"</a>. Ars Technica. 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The Boring Co. has since given some equity to SpaceX as compensation for the help... about 6% of Boring stock, "based on the value of land, time and other resources contributed since the creation of the company".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk%27s+New+Boring+Co.+Faced+Questions+Over+SpaceX+Financial+Ties&rft.date=2018-12-17&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Felon-musks-new-boring-co-faced-questions-over-spacex-financial-ties-11545078371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnbc20200221-75"><a href="#cite_ref-cnbc20200221_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2020" class="citation news cs1">Sheetz, Michael (21 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/21/spacex-raising-250-million-elon-musks-company-valuation-36-billion.html">"SpaceX is looking to raise about $250 million, valuing Elon Musk's space company at $36 billion"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529204116/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/21/spacex-raising-250-million-elon-musks-company-valuation-36-billion.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SpaceX+is+looking+to+raise+about+%24250%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3Emillion%2C+valuing+Elon+Musk%27s+space+company+at+%2436%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3Ebillion&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F02%2F21%2Fspacex-raising-250-million-elon-musks-company-valuation-36-billion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/31/spacex-valuation-33point3-billion-after-starlink-satellites-fundraising.html">"SpaceX valuation rises to $33.3 billion as investors look to satellite opportunity"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpaceX+valuation+rises+to+%2433.3%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3Ebillion+as+investors+look+to+satellite+opportunity&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F05%2F31%2Fspacex-valuation-33point3-billion-after-starlink-satellites-fundraising.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCao2020" class="citation web cs1">Cao, Sissi (10 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2020/03/spacex-elon-musk-clarify-starlink-ipo-plan/">"As SpaceX Reaches $36 Billion Valuation, Elon Musk Clarifies Starlink IPO Rumors"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observer&rft.atitle=As+SpaceX+Reaches+%2436+Billion+Valuation%2C+Elon+Musk+Clarifies+Starlink+IPO+Rumors&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=Sissi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2F2020%2F03%2Fspacex-elon-musk-clarify-starlink-ipo-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spacex-funding-idUSKCN25E26E">"Elon Musk's SpaceX raises $1.9 billion in funding"</a>. 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CNN Business. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820201149/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/19/tech/spacex-valuation-46-billion-scn/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020. 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CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029214353/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/08/elon-musks-spacex-valuation-100-billion.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. 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CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210513202004/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/13/google-cloud-wins-spacex-deal-for-starlink-internet-connectivity.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google+wins+cloud+deal+from+Elon+Musk%27s+SpaceX+for+Starlink+internet+connectivity&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft.aulast=Novet&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F05%2F13%2Fgoogle-cloud-wins-spacex-deal-for-starlink-internet-connectivity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/05/elon-musks-spacex-raises-250-million-in-equity.html">"SpaceX raises another $250 million in equity, lifts total to $2 billion in 2022"</a>. CNBC. 5 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809204948/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/05/elon-musks-spacex-raises-250-million-in-equity.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022. 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Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=SpaceX%27s+Elon+Musk+is+going+into+the+carbon+capture+business&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft.aulast=Whittington&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fopinion%2Ftechnology%2F588784-spacexs-elon-musk-is-going-into-the-carbon-capture-business%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiland2022" class="citation news cs1">Chiland, Elijah (24 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labusinessjournal.com/manufacturing/aerospace/big-plans-spacex-2022/">"SpaceX Has Big Projects in the Works for 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Business_Journal" title="Los Angeles Business Journal">Los Angeles Business Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707190712/https://labusinessjournal.com/manufacturing/aerospace/big-plans-spacex-2022/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Has+Big+Projects+in+the+Works+for+2022&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft.aulast=Chiland&rft.aufirst=Elijah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flabusinessjournal.com%2Fmanufacturing%2Faerospace%2Fbig-plans-spacex-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford2021" class="citation news cs1">Clifford, Catherine (8 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/08/who-what-where-of-elon-musks-100-million-prize-for-carbon-capture.html">"The who, what and where of Elon Musk's $100 million prize money for carbon capture innovation"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707190714/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/08/who-what-where-of-elon-musks-100-million-prize-for-carbon-capture.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+who%2C+what+and+where+of+Elon+Musk%27s+%24100%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3Emillion+prize+money+for+carbon+capture+innovation&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F02%2F08%2Fwho-what-where-of-elon-musks-100-million-prize-for-carbon-capture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2021" class="citation news cs1">Chappell, Bill (8 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/02/08/965372754/elon-musk-funds-100-million-xprize-for-pursuit-of-new-carbon-removal-ideas">"Elon Musk Funds $100 Million XPrize For Pursuit Of New Carbon Removal Ideas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224031203/https://www.npr.org/2021/02/08/965372754/elon-musk-funds-100-million-xprize-for-pursuit-of-new-carbon-removal-ideas">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+Funds+%24100+Million+XPrize+For+Pursuit+Of+New+Carbon+Removal+Ideas&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F02%2F08%2F965372754%2Felon-musk-funds-100-million-xprize-for-pursuit-of-new-carbon-removal-ideas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/12/europe-eyes-musks-spacex-to-replace-russian-rockets.html">"Europe eyes Musk's SpaceX to replace Russian rockets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812173935/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/12/europe-eyes-musks-spacex-to-replace-russian-rockets.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Europe+eyes+Musk%27s+SpaceX+to+replace+Russian+rockets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F08%2F12%2Feurope-eyes-musks-spacex-to-replace-russian-rockets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetzMacias2023" class="citation web cs1">Sheetz, Amanda; Macias, Michael (1 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/01/pentagon-awards-spacex-with-ukraine-contract-for-starlink-satellite-internet.html">"Pentagon awards SpaceX with Ukraine contract for Starlink satellite internet"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915160713/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/01/pentagon-awards-spacex-with-ukraine-contract-for-starlink-satellite-internet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Pentagon+awards+SpaceX+with+Ukraine+contract+for+Starlink+satellite+internet&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Macias%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2023%2F06%2F01%2Fpentagon-awards-spacex-with-ukraine-contract-for-starlink-satellite-internet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wall_2023-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wall_2023_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wall_2023_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2023" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Mike (4 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/spacex-celebrates-2022-61-launches">"61 rocket launches! SpaceX celebrates record-breaking 2022"</a>. Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108040630/https://www.space.com/spacex-celebrates-2022-61-launches">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=61+rocket+launches%21+SpaceX+celebrates+record-breaking+2022&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacex-celebrates-2022-61-launches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaceX2022" class="citation web cs1">@SpaceX (30 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/SpaceX/status/1608888254761422851">"Falcon 9 launched the @ImageSatIntl EROS C-3 mission to orbit overnight, completing SpaceX's 61st and final launch of 2022 – nearly double our record of 31 launches set last year"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Retrieved 8 January 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Falcon+9+launched+the+%40ImageSatIntl+EROS+C-3+mission+to+orbit+overnight%2C+completing+SpaceX%27s+61st+and+final+launch+of+2022+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3Bnearly+double+our+record+of+31+launches+set+last+year&rft.date=2022-12-30&rft.au=SpaceX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FSpaceX%2Fstatus%2F1608888254761422851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musks-spacex-is-buying-a-spacecraft-parachute-company-2023-11">"Elon Musk's SpaceX is buying a company that makes parachutes for spacecraft for $2.2 million"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk%27s+SpaceX+is+buying+a+company+that+makes+parachutes+for+spacecraft+for+%242.2+million&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Felon-musks-spacex-is-buying-a-spacecraft-parachute-company-2023-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2023" class="citation web cs1">Peterson, Becky (28 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theinformation.com/articles/spacex-acquires-parachute-maker-pioneer-aerospace-for-2-2-million">"SpaceX Acquires Parachute Maker Pioneer Aerospace for $2.2 Million"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Information&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Acquires+Parachute+Maker+Pioneer+Aerospace+for+%242.2+Million&rft.date=2023-11-28&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theinformation.com%2Farticles%2Fspacex-acquires-parachute-maker-pioneer-aerospace-for-2-2-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusk2024" class="citation web cs1">Musk, Elon (16 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1813290895334383820">"Elon Musk on X: "This is the final straw. Because of this law and the many others that preceded it, attacking both families and companies, SpaceX will now move its HQ from Hawthorne, California, to Starbase, Texas.""</a>. <a href="/wiki/X_(Twitter)" class="mw-redirect" title="X (Twitter)">X (Twitter)</a>. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716164723/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/11/tech/spacex-layoffs/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SpaceX+to+lay+off+10%25+of+its+workers&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft.aulast=Wattles&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F01%2F11%2Ftech%2Fspacex-layoffs%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteveKekatos2023" class="citation web cs1">Steve, Ganyard; Kekatos, Steve (20 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/why-spacex-starship-rocket-matters-after-self-destruction/story?id=98733978">"Why SpaceX's Starship rocket matters even after self-destruction"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Why+SpaceX%27s+Starship+rocket+matters+even+after+self-destruction&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.aulast=Steve&rft.aufirst=Ganyard&rft.au=Kekatos%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fwhy-spacex-starship-rocket-matters-after-self-destruction%2Fstory%3Fid%3D98733978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-starship-flight-3-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-starship-flight-3_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-starship-flight-3_103-1">b</a> Mike Wall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-third-test-flight-objectives">SpaceX to push the envelope on 3rd Starship test flight</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307112417/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-third-test-flight-objectives">Archived</a> 7 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Space.com. 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Retrieved 20 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=SpaceX%27s+massive+rocket+Starship+explodes+4+minutes+after+liftoff&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Archie%2C+Ayana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F04%2F20%2F1170983959%2Fspacex-starship-launch-elon-musk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-berger-ift1-fail-or-success-106"><a href="#cite_ref-berger-ift1-fail-or-success_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Berger_(meteorologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Berger (meteorologist)">Berger, Eric</a> (20 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/04/so-what-was-that-was-starships-launch-a-failure-or-a-success/">"So what was that? Was Starship's launch a failure or a success?"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421123110/https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/04/so-what-was-that-was-starships-launch-a-failure-or-a-success/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=So+what+was+that%3F+Was+Starship%27s+launch+a+failure+or+a+success%3F&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2023%2F04%2Fso-what-was-that-was-starships-launch-a-failure-or-a-success%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattlesDanya2023" class="citation news cs1">Wattles, Jackie; Danya, Gainor (29 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/29/world/spacex-starship-elon-musk-whats-next-scn/index.html">"Starship could be ready to launch again in 'six to eight weeks,' Elon Musk says"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Starship+could+be+ready+to+launch+again+in+%27six+to+eight+weeks%2C%27+Elon+Musk+says&rft.date=2023-04-29&rft.aulast=Wattles&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft.au=Danya%2C+Gainor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F04%2F29%2Fworld%2Fspacex-starship-elon-musk-whats-next-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattlesFisher2023" class="citation news cs1">Wattles, Jackie; Fisher, Kristin (19 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/18/world/spacex-testimony-senate-faa-regulations-scn/index.html">"SpaceX slams regulatory 'headwinds' for holding up Starship, risking US dominance in space"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=SpaceX+slams+regulatory+%27headwinds%27+for+holding+up+Starship%2C+risking+US+dominance+in+space&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft.aulast=Wattles&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F10%2F18%2Fworld%2Fspacex-testimony-senate-faa-regulations-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/video/science/space/100000009187670/spacex-starship-explosions.html">"SpaceX Starship Launch Ends in Explosion"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SpaceX+prices+Starlink+satellite+internet+service+at+%2499+per+month%2C+according+to+e-mail&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F10%2F27%2Fspacex-starlink-service-priced-at-99-a-month-public-beta-test-begins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/spacex-starlink-internet-preorders-121427490.html">"SpaceX opens Starlink satellite Internet pre-orders to the public"</a>. 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(SpaceX)"</a> (PDF). Congressional testimony. US House of Representatives, Committee On Armed Services Subcommittee On Strategic Forces. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128041905/http://docs.house.gov/meetings/AS/AS29/20150317/103135/HHRG-114-AS29-Wstate-ShotwellG-20150317.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016. <q>SpaceX's 4,000 acre Rocket Development Facility in Central Texas includes 12 test stands that support engine component testing; design, qualification and acceptance testing of Merlin engines; structural testing of the first and second stages; and fully integrated stage testing for full mission durations. 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Event occurs at 28:23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+to+the+Texas+House+of+Representatives+Committee+on+Appropriations&rft.date=2024-09-24&rft.aulast=Shotwell&rft.aufirst=Gwynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhouse.texas.gov%2Fvideos%2F20813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (November 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/20111110%20SpaceX%20Grasshopper%20Final%20EA.pdf">"Final Environmental Assessment for Issuing an Experimental Permit to SpaceX for Operation of the Grasshopper Vehicle at the McGregor Test Site, Texas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170513140146/https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/20111110%20SpaceX%20Grasshopper%20Final%20EA.pdf">Archived</a> 13 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-dallasnews202107-221"><a href="#cite_ref-dallasnews202107_221-0">^</a> Elon Musk says SpaceX’s next Texas venture will be a rocket engine factory near Waco, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.dallasnews.com/business/technology/2021/07/10/elon-musk-says-spacexs-next-texas-venture-will-be-a-rocket-engine-factory-near-waco/">https://www.dallasnews.com/business/technology/2021/07/10/elon-musk-says-spacexs-next-texas-venture-will-be-a-rocket-engine-factory-near-waco/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a> 10 July 2021, access-date11 July 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-spacex20210710-222"><a href="#cite_ref-spacex20210710_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFelonmusk2021" class="citation web cs1">@elonmusk (10 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1413909599711907845">"We are breaking ground soon on a second Raptor factory at SpaceX Texas test site. 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Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silicon+Valley+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Funded%3A+Steve+Jurvetson+raises+%24200M+for+new+venture+fund&rft.date=2019-02-15&rft.aulast=Schubarth&rft.aufirst=Cromwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fsanjose%2Fnews%2F2019%2F02%2F15%2Fthe-funded-steve-jurvetson-raises-200m-for-new.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000118141210000001/xslFormDX01/primary_doc.xml">"SEC Form D: Notice of Exempt Offering of Securities"</a>. sec.gov. 9 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111191613/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000118141210000001/xslFormDX01/primary_doc.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. 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Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=SpaceX+employees+draft+open+letter+to+company+executives+denouncing+Elon+Musk%27s+behavior&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft.aulast=Grush&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2022%2F6%2F16%2F23170228%2Fspacex-elon-musk-internal-open-letter-behavior&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob2022" class="citation web cs1">Jacob, Nutson (17 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2022/06/17/spacex-fires-employees-criticized-musk">"Reports: SpaceX fires employees who criticized Elon Musk in open letter"</a>. Axios. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619022231/https://www.axios.com/2022/06/17/spacex-fires-employees-criticized-musk">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Reports%3A+SpaceX+fires+employees+who+criticized+Elon+Musk+in+open+letter&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Nutson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2022%2F06%2F17%2Fspacex-fires-employees-criticized-musk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theverge2021-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theverge2021_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theverge2021_341-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrush2021" class="citation news cs1">Grush, Loren (4 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/4/22704784/blue-origin-2018-memo-spacex-success-long-hours-weekends">"Blue Origin's ideas to mimic SpaceX sound pretty brutal for employees"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504190743/https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/4/22704784/blue-origin-2018-memo-spacex-success-long-hours-weekends">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Blue+Origin%27s+ideas+to+mimic+SpaceX+sound+pretty+brutal+for+employees&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft.aulast=Grush&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2021%2F10%2F4%2F22704784%2Fblue-origin-2018-memo-spacex-success-long-hours-weekends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alphr.com/blue-origin-vs-spacex/">"Blue Origin vs. SpaceX – Which is Winning the Space Race?"</a>. Alphr. 31 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518211702/https://www.alphr.com/blue-origin-vs-spacex/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alphr&rft.atitle=Blue+Origin+vs.+SpaceX+%E2%80%93+Which+is+Winning+the+Space+Race%3F&rft.date=2022-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alphr.com%2Fblue-origin-vs-spacex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/feature/SpaceX-vs-Blue-Origin-vs-Virgin-Galactic-Whats-the-difference">"SpaceX vs. Blue Origin vs. Virgin Galactic: What's the difference?"</a>. WhatIs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518211701/https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/feature/SpaceX-vs-Blue-Origin-vs-Virgin-Galactic-Whats-the-difference">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WhatIs.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX+vs.+Blue+Origin+vs.+Virgin+Galactic%3A+What%27s+the+difference%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techtarget.com%2Fwhatis%2Ffeature%2FSpaceX-vs-Blue-Origin-vs-Virgin-Galactic-Whats-the-difference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepardson2021" class="citation news cs1">Shepardson, David (16 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/blue-origin-sues-us-government-over-spacex-lunar-lander-contract-2021-08-16/">"Blue Origin sues U.S. government over SpaceX lunar lander contract"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Blue+Origin+sues+U.S.+government+over+SpaceX+lunar+lander+contract&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft.aulast=Shepardson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Faerospace-defense%2Fblue-origin-sues-us-government-over-spacex-lunar-lander-contract-2021-08-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/space-x-elon-musk-lawsuit-alleges-sexual-harassment-retaliation_n_666a5268e4b076909e1d13a6">"Former Workers Accuse SpaceX And Elon Musk Of Sex Harassment, Retaliation In Lawsuit"</a>. 13 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Workers+Accuse+SpaceX+And+Elon+Musk+Of+Sex+Harassment%2C+Retaliation+In+Lawsuit&rft.date=2024-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fspace-x-elon-musk-lawsuit-alleges-sexual-harassment-retaliation_n_666a5268e4b076909e1d13a6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/article/2024/jun/12/elon-musk-spacex-lawsuit">"Elon Musk sued by SpaceX engineers claiming they were illegally fired"</a>. The Guardian. 12 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+sued+by+SpaceX+engineers+claiming+they+were+illegally+fired&rft.date=2024-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fjun%2F12%2Felon-musk-spacex-lawsuit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Berger, Eric. Liftoff: Elon Musk and the Desperate Early Days That Launched SpaceX. William Collins (2021). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0008445621" title="Special:BookSources/978-0008445621">978-0008445621</a></li> <li>Davenport, Christian. The Space Barons; Elon Musk. Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos. PublicAffairs (2018). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610398299" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610398299">978-1610398299</a></li> <li>Fernholz, Tim. Rocket Billionaires: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the New Space Race. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2018). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1328662231" title="Special:BookSources/978-1328662231">978-1328662231</a></li> <li>Vance, Ashlee. Elon Musk: How the Billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla is Shaping Our Future. Penguin Random House UK (2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753555620" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753555620">978-0753555620</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SpaceX" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SpaceX" title="Template:SpaceX"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SpaceX" title="Template talk:SpaceX"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SpaceX" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SpaceX"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SpaceX" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SpaceX</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_SpaceX" title="History of SpaceX">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_vehicles" title="SpaceX launch vehicles">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_first-stage_boosters" title="List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters">boosters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">Super Heavy booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">upper stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">lunar lander</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li>Falcon 9 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">"Full Thrust" v1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust#Block_4" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">Block 4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 1e">Falcon 1e</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 5">Falcon 5</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 9 Air">Falcon 9 Air</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_vehicles#BFR_and_ITS" title="SpaceX launch vehicles">BFR and ITS</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/100px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/150px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/200px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="41" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cargo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">Dragon 1 Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2 Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Dragon XL">Dragon XL</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2 Crew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Endeavour" title="Crew Dragon Endeavour">C206 Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Resilience" title="Crew Dragon Resilience">C207 Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Endurance" title="Crew Dragon Endurance">C210 Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Freedom" title="Crew Dragon Freedom">C212 Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Starship prototypes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy#Development" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">first stage booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)#Development" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">upper stage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Grasshopper" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Grasshopper">Grasshopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F9R_Dev1" class="mw-redirect" title="F9R Dev1">F9R Dev1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_2_DragonFly" title="Dragon 2 DragonFly">DragonFly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starhopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Starhopper">Starhopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unflown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F9R_Dev2" class="mw-redirect" title="F9R Dev2">F9R Dev2</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_rocket_engines" title="SpaceX rocket engines">Rocket engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin" title="SpaceX Merlin">Merlin</a> <ul><li>1A</li> <li>1B*</li> <li>1C</li> <li>1D</li> <li>Vacuum</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Kestrel" title="SpaceX Kestrel">Kestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Draco" title="SpaceX Draco">Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperDraco" title="SuperDraco">SuperDraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a> <ul><li>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor#Raptor_2" title="SpaceX Raptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor#Raptor_3" title="SpaceX Raptor">3</a></li> <li>Vacuum</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:SpaceX_missions_and_payloads" title="Template:SpaceX missions and payloads">Lists of missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1#Launch_history" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches">Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2010–2019)">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2021)">2020–2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_Technologies#Satellite_constellation" title="Swarm Technologies">SpaceBEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Starlink_and_Starshield_launches" title="List of Starlink and Starshield launches">launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War">in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches" title="List of Starship launches">Starship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">Launch facilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">CCSFS</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_40" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40">SLC-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">KSC</a> <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">VSFB</a> <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4E" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4">SLC-4E</a></li> <li>VSFB <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_6" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6">SLC-6</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site" title="Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site">Omelek Island</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atmospheric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_rocket_development_and_test_facility,_McGregor,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">McGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_high-altitude_test_facility,_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">New Mexico</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_Village,_Texas" title="Boca Chica Village, Texas">Boca Chica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landing sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship" title="Autonomous spaceport drone ship">Autonomous spaceport drone ships</a></li> <li>Landing Zones <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Zones_1_and_2" title="Landing Zones 1 and 2">LZ-1 and LZ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base_Space_Launch_Complex_4#LZ-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 4">LZ-4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Headquarters,_mission_control,_manufacturing,_and_refurbishment_facilities">Headquarters and factory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California" title="Hawthorne, California">Hawthorne, California</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_Rocket_Development_and_Test_Facility,_McGregor,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">Rocket development and test facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McGregor,_Texas" title="McGregor, Texas">McGregor, Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_satellite_development_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX satellite development facility">Satellite development facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond, Washington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Regional_offices">Regional offices</a> <ul><li>Chantilly, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STARGATE" title="STARGATE">STARGATE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megan_(ship)" title="Megan (ship)">Megan</a> (recovery ship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_(ship)" title="Shannon (ship)">Shannon</a> (recovery ship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_fairing_recovery_program" title="SpaceX fairing recovery program">SpaceX fairing recovery program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contracts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">Gateway Logistics Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Human Landing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_program" title="Polaris program">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Cargo" title="Rocket Cargo">Rocket Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starshield" title="SpaceX Starshield">Starshield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R&D programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program" title="SpaceX reusable launch system development program">Reusability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_first-stage_landing_tests" title="Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests">Falcon 9 landing tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a> (canceled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">Mars transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (CEO, CTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell" title="Gwynne Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a> (President and COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mueller" title="Tom Mueller">Tom Mueller</a> (former VP of Propulsion Development)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_Federation,_LLC_v._United_States" title="Blue Origin Federation, LLC v. United States">Blue Origin Federation, LLC v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">Commercial astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countdown:_Inspiration4_Mission_to_Space" title="Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space">Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space</a> (2021 docuseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Space" title="Return to Space">Return to Space</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>* denotes unflown vehicles or engines, and future missions or sites. † denotes failed missions, destroyed vehicles, and abandoned sites. <div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:SpaceX" title="Category:SpaceX">Category</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elon_Musk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elon_Musk" title="Template:Elon Musk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elon_Musk" title="Template talk:Elon Musk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elon_Musk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elon Musk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elon_Musk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zip2" title="Zip2">Zip2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.com_(bank)" title="X.com (bank)">X.com</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SpaceX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Energy" title="Tesla Energy">Tesla Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc." title="Criticism of Tesla, Inc.">criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSLAQ" title="TSLAQ">TSLAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lawsuits_involving_Tesla,_Inc." title="List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.">lawsuits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink">Neuralink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boring_Company" title="The Boring Company">The Boring Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boring_test_tunnel" title="Boring test tunnel">Boring test tunnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SolarCity" title="SolarCity">SolarCity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thud_(media_company)" title="Thud (media company)">Thud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Corp." title="X Corp.">X Corp.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk" title="Twitter under Elon Musk">Twitter under Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk" title="Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk">Acquisition of Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter_Files" title="Twitter Files">Twitter Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2022_Twitter_suspensions" title="December 2022 Twitter suspensions">December 2022 suspensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_of_Twitter_in_Brazil" title="Blocking of Twitter in Brazil">Block in Brazil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elon_Musk_2015.jpg/80px-Elon_Musk_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elon_Musk_2015.jpg/120px-Elon_Musk_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elon_Musk_2015.jpg/160px-Elon_Musk_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1484" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk:_Tesla,_SpaceX,_and_the_Quest_for_a_Fantastic_Future" title="Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future">Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future</a> (2015)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Musk_Who_Fell_to_Earth" title="The Musk Who Fell to Earth">The Musk Who Fell to Earth</a>" (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Space_Barons" title="The Space Barons">The Space Barons</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludicrous:_The_Unvarnished_Story_of_Tesla_Motors" title="Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors">Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors</a> (2019)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Crew_over_the_Crewcoo%27s_Morty" title="One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty">One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty</a>" (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Play:_Tesla,_Elon_Musk,_and_the_Bet_of_the_Century" title="Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century">Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Space" title="Return to Space">Return to Space</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Crash_Course" title="Elon Musk's Crash Course">Elon Musk's Crash Course</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_(Isaacson_book)" title="Elon Musk (Isaacson book)">Elon Musk</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Elon_Musk" class="mw-redirect" title="Family of Elon Musk">Family of Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maye_Musk" title="Maye Musk">Maye Musk (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbal_Musk" title="Kimbal Musk">Kimbal Musk (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosca_Musk" title="Tosca Musk">Tosca Musk (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_N._Haldeman" title="Joshua N. Haldeman">Joshua N. Haldeman (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Rive" title="Lyndon Rive">Lyndon Rive (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justine_Musk" title="Justine Musk">Justine Musk (first wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talulah_Riley" title="Talulah Riley">Talulah Riley (second wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes" title="Grimes">Grimes (partner)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivon_Zilis" title="Shivon Zilis">Shivon Zilis (partner)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_PAC" title="America PAC">America PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Nova_School" title="Astra Nova School">Astra Nova School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Elon_Musk" title="List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Elon_Musk" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Elon Musk">Legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk" title="Wealth of Elon Musk">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster" title="Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster">Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_filmography" title="Elon Musk filmography">Elon Musk filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElonJet" title="ElonJet">ElonJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science" title="Texas Institute of Technology and Science">Texas Institute of Technology and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency" title="Department of Government Efficiency">Department of Government Efficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Elon_Musk" title="Category:Elon Musk">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_communications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satcomm" title="Template:Satcomm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satcomm" title="Template talk:Satcomm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satcomm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satcomm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_communications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite" title="Amateur radio satellite">Amateur satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-throughput_satellite" title="High-throughput satellite">High-throughput satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Relay satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dispute" title="Carriage dispute">Carriage dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sat-IP" title="Sat-IP">SAT>IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoblock_LNB" title="Monoblock LNB">Monoblock LNB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiSEqC" title="DiSEqC">DiSEqC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Satellites_Automatic_Location_System" title="Universal Satellites Automatic Location System">USALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Tracking_Satellite_Dish" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish">Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish#Motor-driven_dish" title="Satellite dish">Motor-driven Satellite dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish#Multi-satellite" title="Satellite dish">Multi-satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">Satellite dish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">Parabolic antennas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_modem" title="Satellite modem">Satellite modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_data_unit" title="Satellite data unit">Satellite data unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacebus" title="Spacebus">Spacebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-small-aperture_terminal" title="Very-small-aperture terminal">Very-small-aperture terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">TV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB-SH" title="DVB-SH">DVB-SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-DMB" title="S-DMB">S-DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-RCS" title="DVB-RCS">DVB-RCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2X" title="DVB-S2X">DVB-S2X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_radio_service" title="Digital audio radio service">Digital audio radio service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Digital_Radio" title="Astra Digital Radio">Astra Digital Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allente" title="Allente">Allente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1worldspace" title="1worldspace">1worldspace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relay satellite companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AST_SpaceMobile" title="AST SpaceMobile">AST SpaceMobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar" title="EchoStar">EchoStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispasat" title="Hispasat">Hispasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Network_Systems" title="Hughes Network Systems">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_Communications" title="Iridium Communications">Iridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SED_Systems" title="SED Systems">SED Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_One_(satellite_operator)" title="Star One (satellite operator)">Star One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesat" title="Telesat">Telesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooway" title="Tooway">Tooway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(satellite)" title="Türksat (satellite)">Turksat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_(American_company)" title="Viasat (American company)">Viasat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INVAP" title="INVAP">INVAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSL_(company)" title="SSL (company)">SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETSI_Satellite_Digital_Radio" title="ETSI Satellite Digital Radio">ETSI Satellite Digital Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communications_satellite_firsts" title="List of communications satellite firsts">List of communications satellite firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communication_satellite_companies" title="List of communication satellite companies">List of communication satellite companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_satellites" title="Category:Communications satellites">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Communication_satellites" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Communication satellites">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_colonization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_colonization" title="Template:Space colonization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_colonization" title="Template talk:Space colonization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_colonization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space colonization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_colonization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming" title="Terraforming">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space habitats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Ring_(habitat)" title="Bishop Ring (habitat)">Bishop Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKendree_cylinder" title="McKendree cylinder">McKendree cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder" title="O'Neill cylinder">O'Neill cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Stanford torus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonization targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point_colonization" title="Lagrange point colonization">Lagrange points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Solar System">Solar System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Titan" title="Colonization of Titan">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">Trans-Neptunian objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Free space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terraforming targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terraforming_of_Europa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terraforming of Europa (page does not exist)">Europa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_tourism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_tourism" title="Template:Space tourism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_tourism" title="Template talk:Space tourism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_tourism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space tourism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_tourism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Space" title="Axiom Space">Axiom Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space_Spaceplane" title="Airbus Defence and Space Spaceplane">Airbus D&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Aerospace_Ventures" title="Mojave Aerospace Ventures">Mojave Aerospace Ventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Technologies_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station">Orbital Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD_AeroSpace" title="PD AeroSpace">PDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwire" title="Redwire">Redwire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Adventures" title="Space Adventures">Space Adventures</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceship_Company" title="The Spaceship Company">The Spaceship Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAS_Space" title="CAS Space">CAS Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCA_Space_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ARCA Space Corporation">ARCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Autonomous_Astronauts" title="Association of Autonomous Astronauts">Association of Autonomous Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaute_Club_Europ%C3%A9en" title="Astronaute Club Européen">Astronaute Club Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Spaceflight_Federation" title="Commercial Spaceflight Federation">Commercial Spaceflight Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Suborbitals" title="Copenhagen Suborbitals">Copenhagen Suborbitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Frontier_Foundation" title="Space Frontier Foundation">Space Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Tourism_Society" title="Space Tourism Society">Space Tourism Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armadillo_Aerospace" title="Armadillo Aerospace">Armadillo Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arrow" title="Canadian Arrow">Canadian Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Spike_Company" title="Golden Spike Company">Golden Spike Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MirCorp" class="mw-redirect" title="MirCorp">MirCorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Span" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion Span">Orion Span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetSpace" title="PlanetSpace">PlanetSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RocketShip_Tours" title="RocketShip Tours">RocketShip Tours</a></li> <li>Space Island Group (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Island_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Island Project (page does not exist)">Space Island Project</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCOR_Aerospace" title="XCOR Aerospace">XCOR Aerospace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Denis Tito, Talgat Musabayev, and Yury Baturin"><img alt="Denis Tito, Talgat Musabayev, and Yury Baturin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/140px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/210px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/280px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1226" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Future <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShip_III" title="SpaceShip III">SpaceShip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Living in space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercialization_of_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercialization of space">Commercialization of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suborbital_spaceplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital spaceplane">Suborbital spaceplane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_competition" title="Space competition">Space competitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Space_Prize" title="America's Space Prize">America's Space Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansari_X_Prize" title="Ansari X Prize">Ansari X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_elevator_competitions" title="Space elevator competitions">Space elevator competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space tourists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Tito" title="Dennis Tito">Dennis Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Olsen" title="Gregory Olsen">Gregory Olsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anousheh_Ansari" title="Anousheh Ansari">Anousheh Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Simonyi" title="Charles Simonyi">Charles Simonyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garriott" title="Richard Garriott">Richard Garriott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Lalibert%C3%A9" title="Guy Laliberté">Guy Laliberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Daemen" title="Oliver Daemen">Oliver Daemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Isaacman" title="Jared Isaacman">Jared Isaacman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_Proctor" title="Sian Proctor">Sian Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayley_Arceneaux" title="Hayley Arceneaux">Hayley Arceneaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sembroski" title="Christopher Sembroski">Christopher Sembroski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusaku_Maezawa" title="Yusaku Maezawa">Yusaku Maezawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yozo_Hirano" title="Yozo Hirano">Yozo Hirano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Connor" title="Larry Connor">Larry Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pathy" title="Mark Pathy">Mark Pathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eytan_Stibbe" title="Eytan Stibbe">Eytan Stibbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shoffner" title="John Shoffner">John Shoffner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space tourism missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration4" title="Inspiration4">Inspiration4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-16" title="Blue Origin NS-16">Blue Origin NS-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-18" title="Blue Origin NS-18">Blue Origin NS-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-19" title="Blue Origin NS-19">Blue Origin NS-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-20" title="Blue Origin NS-20">Blue Origin NS-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-21" title="Blue Origin NS-21">Blue Origin NS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-22" title="Blue Origin NS-22">Blue Origin NS-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_02" title="Galactic 02">Galactic 02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_03" title="Galactic 03">Galactic 03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_04" title="Galactic 04">Galactic 04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_05" title="Galactic 05">Galactic 05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_06" title="Galactic 06">Galactic 06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_1" title="Axiom Mission 1">Axiom-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_2" title="Axiom Mission 2">Axiom-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_Dawn" title="Polaris Dawn">Polaris Dawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">dearMoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Orbital_Segment" title="Axiom Orbital Segment">Axiom Orbital Segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism on Mars">Tourism on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haven-1" title="Haven-1">Haven-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193701#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000446721890">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/306391200">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1127363964">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014023926">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=hka20211122944&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1490965463968">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007316668605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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