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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization and procedures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization_and_procedures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization and procedures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commissioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Commissioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bureaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bureaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bureaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bureaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headquarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headquarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Headquarters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headquarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communications_Act_of_1934" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications_Act_of_1934"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Communications Act of 1934</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications_Act_of_1934-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Report_on_Chain_Broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Report_on_Chain_Broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Report on Chain Broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Report_on_Chain_Broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freeze_of_1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freeze_of_1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Freeze of 1948</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freeze_of_1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications_Act_of_1996"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Telecommunications Act of 1996</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications_Act_of_1996-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernization_of_the_FCC's_information_technology_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernization_of_the_FCC's_information_technology_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Modernization of the FCC's information technology systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernization_of_the_FCC's_information_technology_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_reorganization_and_Space_Bureau_establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_reorganization_and_Space_Bureau_establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>2023 reorganization and Space Bureau establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_reorganization_and_Space_Bureau_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commissioners_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissioners_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commissioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissioners_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Media policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broadcast_radio_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_radio_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Broadcast radio and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_radio_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cable_and_satellite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cable_and_satellite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cable and satellite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cable_and_satellite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_regulation_and_indecency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_regulation_and_indecency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Content regulation and indecency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_regulation_and_indecency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Media ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Localism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Localism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_television_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_television_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Digital television transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_television_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireline_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireline_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wireline policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wireline_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wireline policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wireline_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telephone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Telephone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_monopoly_to_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_monopoly_to_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>From monopoly to competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_monopoly_to_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Net_neutrality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Net_neutrality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Net neutrality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Net_neutrality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NSA_wiretapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NSA_wiretapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>NSA wiretapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NSA_wiretapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Wireless policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wireless_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wireless policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wireless_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial_mobile_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_mobile_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Commercial mobile service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_mobile_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spectrum_auctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectrum_auctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Spectrum auctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectrum_auctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unlicensed_spectrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unlicensed_spectrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Unlicensed spectrum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unlicensed_spectrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-White_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>White spaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amateur_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Amateur radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcasting_tower_database" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcasting_tower_database"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Broadcasting tower database</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcasting_tower_database-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_for_use_of_proprietary_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_for_use_of_proprietary_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Criticism for use of proprietary standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_for_use_of_proprietary_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_consultation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_consultation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Public consultation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_consultation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public consultation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_consultation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>History of the issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1927_Radio_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1927_Radio_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>1927 Radio Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1927_Radio_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_hearings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_hearings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Public hearings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_hearings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media_policy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_policy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Media policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_policy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireline/broadband_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireline/broadband_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Wireline/broadband policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireline/broadband_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_policy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_policy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Wireless policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_policy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هيئة الاتصالات الفيدرالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيئة الاتصالات الفيدرالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Kommunikasiya_Komissiyas%C4%B1" title="Federal Kommunikasiya Komissiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Federal Kommunikasiya Komissiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Федерална комисия по далекосъобщения – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Федерална комисия по далекосъобщения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comissi%C3%B3_Federal_de_Comunicacions" title="Comissió Federal de Comunicacions – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comissió Federal de Comunicacions" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Federal Communications Commission" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Federal Communications Commission" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Federal_de_Comunicaciones" title="Comisión Federal de Comunicaciones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comisión Federal de Comunicaciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacia_Komisiono_pri_Komunikado" title="Federacia Komisiono pri Komunikado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Federacia Komisiono pri Komunikado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کمیسیون فدرال ارتباطات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمیسیون فدرال ارتباطات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_des_communications" title="Commission fédérale des communications – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commission fédérale des communications" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9_%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0_%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C" title="연방 통신 위원회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연방 통신 위원회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisi_Komunikasi_Federal" title="Komisi Komunikasi Federal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komisi Komunikasi Federal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissione_federale_per_le_comunicazioni" title="Commissione federale per le comunicazioni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commissione federale per le comunicazioni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רשות התקשורת הפדרלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רשות התקשורת הפדרלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suruhanjaya_Komunikasi_Persekutuan" title="Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Persekutuan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Persekutuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Federal Communications Commission" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A" title="連邦通信委員会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="連邦通信委員会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Federal Communications Commission" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalna_Komisja_%C5%81%C4%85czno%C5%9Bci" title="Federalna Komisja Łączności – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Federalna Komisja Łączności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiss%C3%A3o_Federal_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Comissão Federal de Comunicações – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comissão Federal de Comunicações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Федеральная комиссия по связи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федеральная комиссия по связи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Federal Communications Commission" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feder%C3%A1lna_komisia_pre_komunik%C3%A1ciu" title="Federálna komisia pre komunikáciu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Federálna komisia pre komunikáciu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94" title="Комисија за комуникације САД – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Комисија за комуникације САД" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalna_komisija_za_komunikacije" title="Federalna komisija za komunikacije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Federalna komisija za komunikacije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC" title="FCC – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="FCC" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_telehallintovirasto" title="Yhdysvaltain telehallintovirasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain telehallintovirasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Federal Communications Commission" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC" title="FCC – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="FCC" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Федеральна комісія зі зв'язку США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федеральна комісія зі зв'язку США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A6y_ban_Truy%E1%BB%81n_th%C3%B4ng_Li%C3%AAn_bang" title="Ủy ban Truyền thông Liên bang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ủy ban Truyền thông Liên bang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="联邦通信委员会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="联邦通信委员会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Federal_Communications_Commission&params=38_54_12_N_77_0_26_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°54′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°0′26″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.90333°N 77.00722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.90333; -77.00722</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Independent U.S. government agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"FCC" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/FCC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="FCC (disambiguation)">FCC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Federal Communications Commission</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/210px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/280px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Official seal</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCC_New_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FCC_New_Logo.svg/120px-FCC_New_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FCC_New_Logo.svg/180px-FCC_New_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FCC_New_Logo.svg/240px-FCC_New_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="420" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">June 19, 1934<span class="noprint">; 90 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1934-06-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">45 L Street NE, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Federal_Communications_Commission&params=38_54_12_N_77_0_26_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°54′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°0′26″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.90333°N 77.00722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.90333; -77.00722</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">1,482 (2020)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>388 million (FY 2022, requested)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rosenworcel" title="Jessica Rosenworcel">Jessica Rosenworcel</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission">Chairwoman</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/">fcc.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Footnotes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2022_Budget_Estimates_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_Budget_Estimates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kang2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kang2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Federal Communications Commission</b> (<b>FCC</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Independent_agency_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agency of the United States government">independent agency of the United States government</a> that regulates communications by <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a>, wire, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television_in_the_United_States" title="Satellite television in the United States">satellite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">cable</a> across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdiction over the areas of <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">broadband access</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">fair competition</a>, radio frequency use, <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">media</a> responsibility, public safety, and <a href="/wiki/Homeland_security" title="Homeland security">homeland security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Federal_Communications_Commission_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Federal_Communications_Commission-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FCC was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> to replace the radio regulation functions of the previous <a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCC took over <a href="/wiki/Wired_communication" title="Wired communication">wire communication</a> regulation from the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a>. The FCC's mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories of the United States</a>. The FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries in North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees. It has an estimated fiscal-2022 budget of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US $</a>388 million.<sup id="cite_ref-2022_Budget_Estimates_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_Budget_Estimates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has 1,482 federal employees as of July 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_and_agency_objectives">Mission and agency objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission and agency objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FCC's mission, specified in Section One of the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> and amended by the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> (amendment to 47 U.S.C. §151), is to "make available so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex, rapid, efficient, nationwide, and world-wide wire and radio communication services with adequate facilities at reasonable charges." </p><p>The act furthermore provides that the FCC was created "for the purpose of the national defense" and "for the purpose of promoting safety of life and property through the use of wire and radio communications."<sup id="cite_ref-Federal_Communications_Commission_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Federal_Communications_Commission-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consistent with the objectives of the act as well as the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Government_Performance_and_Results_Act" title="Government Performance and Results Act">Government Performance and Results Act</a> (GPRA), the FCC has identified four goals in its 2018–22 Strategic Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are: Closing the Digital Divide, Promoting Innovation, Protecting Consumers & Public Safety, and Reforming the FCC's Processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_procedures">Organization and procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization and procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioners">Commissioners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commissioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FCC is directed by five commissioners appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> and confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> for five-year terms, except when filling an unexpired term. The U.S. president designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman. No more than three commissioners may be members of the same <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business.<sup id="cite_ref-kang2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kang2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FCCwebsite_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCCwebsite-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements. However, they may not serve beyond the end of the <i>next</i> session of Congress following term expiration.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, this means that commissioners may serve up to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years beyond the official term expiration listed above if no replacement is appointed. This would end on the date that Congress adjourns its annual session, generally no later than noon on January 3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bureaus">Bureaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bureaus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FCC is organized into seven bureaus,<sup id="cite_ref-org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each headed by a "chief" that is appointed by the chair of the commission. Bureaus process applications for licenses and other filings, analyze complaints, conduct investigations, develop and implement regulations, and participate in <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(law)" title="Hearing (law)">hearings</a>. </p> <ul><li>The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau (CGB) develops and implements the FCC's <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumer policies</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">disability access</a>. CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through its Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains collaborative partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness and implementation of new technologies.</li> <li>The Enforcement Bureau (EB) is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, and terms and conditions of station authorizations. Major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and <a href="/wiki/Homeland_security" title="Homeland security">homeland security</a>.</li> <li>The Media Bureau (MB) develops, recommends and administers the policy and licensing programs relating to <a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">electronic media</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a>, and radio in the United States and its territories. The Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">direct broadcast satellite</a> service.</li> <li>The Space Bureau (SB) leads policy and licensing matters related to satellite and space-based communications and activities. It will also serve as the commission's liaison to other agencies engaged in space policy. It was created in April 2023 after the former International Bureau (IB) and its functions were divided between the Space Bureau and a new Office of International Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, including licensing. The bureau also implements competitive bidding for spectrum auctions and regulates wireless communications services including mobile phones, public safety, and other commercial and private radio services.</li> <li>The Wireline Competition Bureau (WCB) develops policy concerning <a href="/wiki/Plain_Old_Telephone_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain Old Telephone Service">wire line</a> telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureau's main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in wireline technology infrastructure, development, markets, and services.</li> <li>The Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau was launched in 2006 with a focus on critical communications infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offices">Offices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FCC has twelve staff offices.<sup id="cite_ref-org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCC's offices provide support services to the bureaus. </p> <ul><li>The Office of Administrative Law Judges (OALJ) is responsible for conducting hearings ordered by the commission. The hearing function includes acting on <a href="/wiki/Interlocutory" title="Interlocutory">interlocutory requests</a> filed in the proceedings such as petitions to intervene, petitions to enlarge issues, and contested discovery requests. An administrative law judge, appointed under the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Procedure Act (United States)">Administrative Procedure Act</a>, presides at the hearing during which documents and sworn testimony are received in evidence, and witnesses are cross-examined. At the conclusion of the evidentiary phase of a proceeding, the presiding administrative law judge writes and issues an initial decision that may be appealed to the commission.</li> <li>The Office of Communications Business Opportunities (OCBO) promotes telecommunications business opportunities for small, <a href="/wiki/Minority_business_enterprise" title="Minority business enterprise">minority-owned</a>, and women-owned businesses. OCBO works with <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneurs">entrepreneurs</a>, industry, public interest organizations, individuals, and others to provide information about FCC policies, increase ownership and employment opportunities, foster a diversity of voices and viewpoints over the airwaves, and encourage participation in FCC proceedings.</li> <li>The Office of Economics and Analytics (OEA) is responsible for expanding and deepening the use of economic analysis into Commission policy making, for enhancing the development and use of auctions, and for implementing consistent and effective agency wide-data practices and policies. It was created in 2018<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by merging staff from the now defunct Office of Strategic Planning & Policy Analysis with economists dispersed throughout various other offices.</li> <li>The Office of Engineering and Technology (OET) advises the commission concerning engineering matters. <ul><li>Its chief role is to manage the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, specifically frequency allocation and spectrum usage. OET conducts technical studies of advanced phases of terrestrial and space communications and administers FCC rules regarding radio devices, experimental radio services, and industrial, scientific, and medical equipment.</li> <li>OET organizes the <a href="/wiki/Technical_Advisory_Council" title="Technical Advisory Council">Technical Advisory Council</a>, a committee of FCC advisors from major <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_company" title="Telecommunications company">telecommunications</a> and media corporations.</li> <li>OET operates the Equipment Authorization Branch, which has the task of overseeing equipment authorization for all devices using the electromagnetic energy from 9 kHz to 300 GHz. OET maintains an electronic database of all Certified equipment that can be easily accessed by the public.</li></ul></li> <li>The Office of General Counsel serves as the chief legal adviser to the commission. The general counsel also represents the commission in litigation in <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">United States federal courts</a>, recommends decisions in adjudicatory matters before the commission, assists the commission in its decision-making capacity and performs a variety of legal functions regarding internal and other administrative matters.</li> <li>The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) recommends policies to prevent fraud in agency operations. The inspector general recommends corrective action where appropriate, referring criminal matters to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> for potential prosecution.</li> <li>The Office of International Affairs (OIA) is responsible for the commission's engagement in foreign and international regulatory authorities, including multilateral and regional organizations. OIA will also facilitate through rulemaking and licensing the commission's development of policies regarding international telecommunications facilities and services as well as submarine cables, and advise the commission on foreign ownership issues.</li> <li>The Office of Legislative Affairs (OLA) is the FCC's liaison to the United States Congress, providing lawmakers with information about FCC regulations. OLA also prepares FCC witnesses for congressional hearings, and helps create FCC responses to legislative proposals and congressional inquiries. In addition, OLA is a liaison to other federal agencies, as well as state and local governments.</li> <li>The Office of the Managing Director (OMD) is responsible for the administration and management of the FCC, including the agency's budget, personnel, security, contracts, and publications.</li> <li>The Office of Media Relations (OMR) is responsible for the dissemination of commission announcements, orders, proceedings, and other information per media requests. OMR manages the FCC Daily Digest, website, and Audio Visual Center.</li> <li>The Office of the Secretary (OSEC) oversees the receipt and distribution of documents filed by the public through electronic and paper filing systems and the FCC Library collection. In addition, OSEC publishes legal notices of commission decisions in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a> and the FCC Record.</li> <li>The Office of Workplace Diversity (OWD) develops policy to provide a full and fair opportunity for all employees, regardless of non-merit factors such as race, religion, gender, color, age, disability, sexual orientation or national origin, to carry out their duties in the workplace free from unlawful discriminatory treatment, including <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a> and retaliation for engaging in legally protected activities.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headquarters">Headquarters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Headquarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FCC_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FCC_HQ.jpg/220px-FCC_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FCC_HQ.jpg/330px-FCC_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FCC_HQ.jpg/440px-FCC_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Former Federal Communications Commission Office in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The FCC leases space in the Sentinel Square III building in northeast <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to moving to its new headquarters in October 2020, the FCC leased space in the Portals building in southwest Washington, D.C. Construction of the Portals building was scheduled to begin on March 1, 1996. In January 1996, the <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a> signed a lease with the building's owners, agreeing to let the FCC lease 450,000 sq ft (42,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of space in Portals for 20 years, at a cost of $17.3 million per year in 1996 dollars. Prior to the Portals, the FCC had space in six buildings at and around 19th Street NW and M Street NW. The FCC first solicited bids for a new headquarters complex in 1989. In 1991 the GSA selected the Portals site. The FCC had wanted to move into a more expensive area along <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Pennsylvania Avenue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Communications_Commission_1937_10_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Federal_Communications_Commission_1937_10_6.jpg/220px-Federal_Communications_Commission_1937_10_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Federal_Communications_Commission_1937_10_6.jpg/330px-Federal_Communications_Commission_1937_10_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Federal_Communications_Commission_1937_10_6.jpg/440px-Federal_Communications_Commission_1937_10_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Federal Communications Commission seen in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in 1937. Seated (l-r) Eugene Octave Sykes, <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._McNinch" title="Frank R. McNinch">Frank R. McNinch</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission">Chairman</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Atlee_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Atlee Walker">Paul Atlee Walker</a>, Standing (l-r) <a href="/wiki/T.A.M._Craven" class="mw-redirect" title="T.A.M. Craven">T.A.M. Craven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thad_H._Brown" title="Thad H. Brown">Thad H. Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_S._Case" title="Norman S. Case">Norman S. Case</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Payne" title="George Henry Payne">George Henry Payne</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FCC_Commissioners_inspect_latest_in_television_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FCC_Commissioners_inspect_latest_in_television_1939.jpg/220px-FCC_Commissioners_inspect_latest_in_television_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FCC_Commissioners_inspect_latest_in_television_1939.jpg/330px-FCC_Commissioners_inspect_latest_in_television_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FCC_Commissioners_inspect_latest_in_television_1939.jpg/440px-FCC_Commissioners_inspect_latest_in_television_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5007" data-file-height="3963" /></a><figcaption>FCC commissioners inspect the latest in television, December 1, 1939.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications_Act_of_1934">Communications Act of 1934</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Communications Act of 1934"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1934, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act</a>, which abolished the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a> and transferred jurisdiction over radio licensing to a new Federal Communications Commission, including in it also the telecommunications jurisdiction previously handled by the Interstate Commerce Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Title II of the Communications Act focused on telecommunications using many concepts borrowed from railroad legislation and Title III contained provisions very similar to the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927" title="Radio Act of 1927">Radio Act of 1927</a>. </p><p>The initial organization of the FCC was effected July 17, 1934, in three divisions, Broadcasting, Telegraph, and Telephone. Each division was led by two of the seven commissioners, with the FCC chairman being a member of each division. The organizing meeting directed the divisions to meet on July 18, July 19, and July 20, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Reno_19_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reno_19-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Report_on_Chain_Broadcasting">Report on Chain Broadcasting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Report on Chain Broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1940, the Federal Communications Commission issued the "Report on <a href="/wiki/Chain_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain Broadcasting">Chain Broadcasting</a>" which was led by new FCC chairman <a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Fly" title="James Lawrence Fly">James Lawrence Fly</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Telford_Taylor" title="Telford Taylor">Telford Taylor</a> as general counsel). The major point in the report was the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">National Broadcasting Company</a> (NBC), which ultimately led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a> (ABC), but there were two other important points. One was network option time, the culprit here being the <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">Columbia Broadcasting System</a> (CBS). The report limited the amount of time during the day and at what times the networks may broadcast. Previously a network could demand any time it wanted from a <a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a>. The second concerned artist bureaus. The networks served as both agents and employers of artists, which was a conflict of interest the report rectified.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freeze_of_1948">Freeze of 1948</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Freeze of 1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/330px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/440px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="143" /></a><figcaption>FCC seal prior to 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>In assigning television stations to various cities after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the FCC found that it placed many stations too close to each other, resulting in interference. At the same time, it became clear that the designated <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> channels, 2 through 13, were inadequate for nationwide television service.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the FCC stopped giving out construction permits for new licenses in October 1948, under the direction of Chairman <a href="/wiki/Rosel_H._Hyde" title="Rosel H. Hyde">Rosel H. Hyde</a>. Most expected this "Freeze" to last six months, but as the allocation of channels to the emerging <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> technology and the eagerly awaited possibilities of color television were debated, the FCC's re-allocation map of stations did not come until April 1952, with July 1, 1952, as the official beginning of licensing new stations. </p><p>Other FCC actions hurt the fledgling <a href="/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network" title="DuMont Television Network">DuMont</a> and ABC networks. <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T)</a> forced television coaxial cable users to rent additional radio <a href="/wiki/Long_line_(telecommunications)" title="Long line (telecommunications)">long lines</a>, discriminating against DuMont, which had no radio network operation. DuMont and ABC protested AT&T's television policies to the FCC, which regulated AT&T's long-line charges, but the commission took no action. The result was that financially marginal DuMont was spending as much in long-line charge as CBS or NBC while using only about 10 to 15 percent of the time and mileage of either larger network.<sup id="cite_ref-Boddy_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boddy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FCC's "Sixth Report & Order" ended the Freeze. It took five years for the US to grow from 108 stations to more than 550. New stations came on line slowly, only five by the end of November 1952. The Sixth Report and Order required some existing television stations to change channels, but only a few existing VHF stations were required to move to UHF, and a handful of VHF channels were deleted altogether in smaller <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">media markets</a> like <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a> and Fort Wayne, Indiana to create markets which were UHF "islands." The report also set aside a number of channels for the newly emerging field of <a href="/wiki/Public_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Public television">educational television</a>, which hindered struggling <a href="/wiki/ABC_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Television Network">ABC</a> and <a href="/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network" title="DuMont Television Network">DuMont</a>'s quest for affiliates in the more desirable markets where VHF channels were reserved for non-commercial use. </p><p>The Sixth Report and Order also provided for the "intermixture" of VHF and UHF channels in most markets; UHF transmitters in the 1950s were not yet powerful enough, nor receivers sensitive enough (if they included UHF tuners at all - they were not formally required until the 1960s <a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a>), to make UHF viable against entrenched VHF stations. In markets where there were no VHF stations and UHF was the only TV service available, UHF survived. In other markets, which were too small to financially support a television station, too close to VHF outlets in nearby cities, or where UHF was forced to compete with more than one well-established VHF station, UHF had little chance for success. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver</a> had been the largest U.S. city without a TV station by 1952. Senator <a href="/wiki/Edwin_C._Johnson" title="Edwin C. Johnson">Edwin Johnson</a> (D-Colorado), chair of the Senate's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science_and_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation">Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee</a>, had made it his personal mission to make Denver the first post-Freeze station. The senator had pressured the FCC, and proved ultimately successful as the first new station (a VHF station) came on-line a remarkable ten days after the commission formally announced the first post-Freeze construction permits. KFEL (now <a href="/wiki/KWGN-TV" title="KWGN-TV">KWGN-TV</a>)'s first regular telecast was on July 21, 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications_Act_of_1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Telecommunications Act of 1996"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a></div> <p>In 1996, Congress enacted the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a>, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">breakup</a> of AT&T resulting from the U.S. Department of Justice's antitrust suit against AT&T. The legislation attempted to create more competition in local telephone service by requiring <a href="/wiki/Incumbent_local_exchange_carrier" title="Incumbent local exchange carrier">Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers</a> to provide access to their facilities for <a href="/wiki/Competitive_Local_Exchange_Carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive Local Exchange Carrier">Competitive Local Exchange Carriers</a>. This policy has thus far had limited success and much criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of the Internet, cable services and wireless services has raised questions whether new legislative initiatives are needed as to competition in what has come to be called 'broadband' services. Congress has monitored developments but as of 2009 has not undertaken a major revision of applicable regulation. The <a href="/wiki/Local_Community_Radio_Act" title="Local Community Radio Act">Local Community Radio Act</a> in the <a href="/wiki/111th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="111th Congress">111th Congress</a> has gotten out of committee and will go before the house floor with bi-partisan support,<sup id="cite_ref-111-h1147_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111-h1147-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and unanimous support of the FCC.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By passing the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Congress also eliminated the cap on the number of radio stations any one entity could own nationwide and also substantially loosened local radio station ownership restrictions. Substantial radio consolidation followed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restrictions on ownership of television stations were also loosened.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public comments to the FCC indicated that the public largely believed that the severe consolidation of media ownership had resulted in harm to diversity, localism, and competition in media, and was harmful to the public interest.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernization_of_the_FCC's_information_technology_systems"><span id="Modernization_of_the_FCC.27s_information_technology_systems"></span><span id="David_A._Bray"></span>Modernization of the FCC's information technology systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modernization of the FCC's information technology systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David A. Bray joined the commission in 2013 as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Information_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Information Officer">chief information officer</a> and quickly announced goals of modernizing the FCC's legacy <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (IT) systems, citing 200 different systems for only 1750 people a situation he found "perplexing".<sup id="cite_ref-FCC's_CIO_started_young_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC's_CIO_started_young-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FCC_Names_New_CIO_and_Acting_Director_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC_Names_New_CIO_and_Acting_Director-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These efforts later were documented in a 2015 Harvard Case Study.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Christine Calvosa replaced Bray as the acting CIO of FCC.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_reorganization_and_Space_Bureau_establishment">2023 reorganization and Space Bureau establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2023 reorganization and Space Bureau establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 4, 2023, the FCC voted unanimously to create a newly formed Space Bureau and Office of International Affairs within the agency, replacing the existing International Bureau. FCC chairwoman <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rosenworcel" title="Jessica Rosenworcel">Jessica Rosenworcel</a> explained that the move was done to improve the FCC's "coordination across the federal government" and to "support the 21st-century satellite industry."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to establish the Space Bureau was reportedly done to improve the agency's capacity to regulate <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite Internet access</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new bureau officially launched on April 11, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commissioners_2">Commissioners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Commissioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chairs_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission" title="List of chairs of the Federal Communications Commission">List of chairs of the Federal Communications Commission</a></div> <p>The commissioners of the FCC are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th width="150">Name </th> <th width="75">Party </th> <th>Term started </th> <th width="150">Term expires </th> <th width="150">Max. extended time </th></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Rosenworcel, Jessica"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rosenworcel" title="Jessica Rosenworcel">Jessica Rosenworcel</a></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chair)</span></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic </td> <td>May 11, 2012</td> <td>June 30, 2025</td> <td>Jan. 3, 2027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Carr, Brendan"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Carr_(lawyer)" title="Brendan Carr (lawyer)">Brendan Carr</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Republican </td> <td>August 11, 2017</td> <td>June 30, 2028</td> <td>Jan. 3, 2030 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Starks, Geoffrey"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Starks" title="Geoffrey Starks">Geoffrey Starks</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic </td> <td>January 30, 2019</td> <td>June 30, 2027</td> <td>Jan. 3, 2029 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Simington, Nathan"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Simington" title="Nathan Simington">Nathan Simington</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Republican </td> <td>December 14, 2020</td> <td>June 30, 2024</td> <td>Jan. 3, 2026 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Gomez, Anna M."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Gomez" title="Anna M. Gomez">Anna M. Gomez</a></span></span></span></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic </td> <td>September 25, 2023</td> <td>June 30, 2026</td> <td>Jan. 3, 2028 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The initial group of FCC commissioners after establishment of the commission in 1934 comprised the following seven members:<sup id="cite_ref-Reno_19_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reno_19-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fcc-commissioners_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-commissioners-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Commissioner </th> <th>State </th> <th>Party </th> <th colspan="2">Position </th> <th>Term started </th> <th>Term ended </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O._Sykes" title="Eugene O. Sykes">Eugene O. Sykes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td>Chairman </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>July 11, 1934 </td> <td>April 5, 1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thad_H._Brown" title="Thad H. Brown">Thad H. Brown</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Commissioner </td> <td>July 11, 1934 </td> <td>June 30, 1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Walker_(FCC_chairman)" title="Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)">Paul A. Walker</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td>Commissioner </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>July 11, 1934 </td> <td>June 30, 1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_S._Case" title="Norman S. Case">Norman S. Case</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Commissioner </td> <td>July 11, 1934 </td> <td>June 30, 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irvin_Stewart" title="Irvin Stewart">Irvin Stewart</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Commissioner </td> <td>July 11, 1934 </td> <td>June 30, 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Payne" title="George Henry Payne">George Henry Payne</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Commissioner </td> <td>July 11, 1934 </td> <td>June 30, 1943 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hampson_Gary" title="Hampson Gary">Hampson Gary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Commissioner </td> <td>July 11, 1934 </td> <td>January 1, 1935 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The complete list of commissioners is available on the FCC website.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc-commissioners_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-commissioners-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frieda_B._Hennock" title="Frieda B. Hennock">Frieda B. Hennock</a> (D-NY) was the first female commissioner of the FCC in 1948. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Party</th> <th>Term started</th> <th>Term expired </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Octave_Sykes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Octave Sykes">Eugene Octave Sykes</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td>July 11, 1934 </td> <td>April 5, 1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thad_H._Brown" title="Thad H. Brown">Thad H. Brown</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>July 11, 1934</td> <td>June 30, 1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Walker_(FCC_chairman)" title="Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)">Paul A. Walker</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>July 11, 1934</td> <td>June 30, 1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_S._Case" title="Norman S. Case">Norman S. Case</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>July 11, 1934</td> <td>June 30, 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irvin_Stewart" title="Irvin Stewart">Irvin Stewart</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>July 11, 1934</td> <td>June 30, 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Payne" title="George Henry Payne">George Henry Payne</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>July 11, 1934</td> <td>June 30, 1943 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hampson_Gary" title="Hampson Gary">Hampson Gary</a></td> <td rowspan="7" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>July 11, 1934</td> <td>January 1, 1935 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anning_Smith_Prall" title="Anning Smith Prall">Anning Smith Prall</a></td> <td>January 17, 1935</td> <td>July 23, 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/T.A.M._Craven" class="mw-redirect" title="T.A.M. Craven">T.A.M. Craven</a></td> <td>August 25, 1937</td> <td>June 30, 1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 2, 1956</td> <td>March 25, 1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._McNinch" title="Frank R. McNinch">Frank R. McNinch</a></td> <td>October 1, 1937</td> <td>August 31, 1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I._Thompson" title="Frederick I. Thompson">Frederick I. Thompson</a></td> <td>April 13, 1939</td> <td>June 30, 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Fly" title="James Lawrence Fly">James Lawrence Fly</a></td> <td>September 1, 1939</td> <td>November 13, 1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Wakefield" title="Ray C. Wakefield">Ray C. Wakefield</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>March 22, 1941</td> <td>June 30, 1947 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Durr" title="Clifford Durr">Clifford Durr</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>November 1, 1941</td> <td>June 30, 1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E._K._Jett" title="E. K. Jett">E. K. Jett</a></td> <td style="background-color:#DDDDBB"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (US)">Independent</a></td> <td>February 15, 1944</td> <td>December 31, 1947 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Porter" title="Paul A. Porter">Paul A. Porter</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>December 21, 1944</td> <td>February 25, 1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Denny" title="Charles R. Denny">Charles R. Denny</a></td> <td>March 30, 1945</td> <td>October 31, 1947 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Wills_(politician)" title="William Henry Wills (politician)">William Henry Wills</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>July 23, 1945</td> <td>March 6, 1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosel_H._Hyde" title="Rosel H. Hyde">Rosel H. Hyde</a></td> <td>April 17, 1946</td> <td>October 31, 1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_M._Webster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward M. Webster (page does not exist)">Edward M. Webster</a></td> <td style="background-color:#DDDDBB"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (US)">Independent</a></td> <td>April 10, 1947</td> <td>June 30, 1956 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franklin_Jones" title="Robert Franklin Jones">Robert Franklin Jones</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>September 5, 1947</td> <td>September 19, 1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Coy" title="Wayne Coy">Wayne Coy</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>December 29, 1947</td> <td>February 21, 1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_E._Sterling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George E. Sterling (page does not exist)">George E. Sterling</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>January 2, 1948</td> <td>September 30, 1954 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frieda_B._Hennock" title="Frieda B. Hennock">Frieda B. Hennock</a></td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>July 6, 1948</td> <td>June 30, 1955 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Bartley" title="Robert T. Bartley">Robert T. Bartley</a></td> <td>March 6, 1952</td> <td>June 30, 1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene_H._Merrill_(politician)" title="Eugene H. Merrill (politician)">Eugene H. Merrill</a></td> <td>October 6, 1952</td> <td>April 15, 1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_C._Doerfer" title="John C. Doerfer">John C. Doerfer</a></td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>April 15, 1953</td> <td>March 10, 1960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_(FCC)" title="Robert E. Lee (FCC)">Robert E. Lee</a></td> <td>October 6, 1953</td> <td>June 30, 1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_McConnaughey" title="George McConnaughey">George McConnaughey</a></td> <td>October 4, 1954</td> <td>June 30, 1957 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Ford" title="Frederick W. Ford">Frederick W. Ford</a></td> <td>August 29, 1957</td> <td>December 31, 1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_S._Cross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John S. Cross (page does not exist)">John S. Cross</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>May 23, 1958</td> <td>September 30, 1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles H. King (page does not exist)">Charles H. King</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>July 19, 1960</td> <td>March 2, 1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newton_N._Minow" title="Newton N. Minow">Newton N. Minow</a></td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>March 2, 1961</td> <td>June 1, 1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E._William_Henry" title="E. William Henry">E. William Henry</a></td> <td>October 2, 1962</td> <td>May 1, 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Cox" title="Kenneth A. Cox">Kenneth A. Cox</a></td> <td>March 26, 1963</td> <td>August 31, 1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Loevinger" title="Lee Loevinger">Lee Loevinger</a></td> <td>June 11, 1963</td> <td>June 30, 1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Jeremiah_Wadsworth" title="James Jeremiah Wadsworth">James Jeremiah Wadsworth</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>May 5, 1965</td> <td>October 31, 1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Johnson" title="Nicholas Johnson">Nicholas Johnson</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>July 1, 1966</td> <td>December 5, 1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H._Rex_Lee" title="H. Rex Lee">H. Rex Lee</a></td> <td>October 28, 1968</td> <td>December 5, 1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a></td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>October 31, 1969</td> <td>March 8, 1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wells_(FCC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Wells (FCC) (page does not exist)">Robert Wells</a></td> <td>November 6, 1969</td> <td>November 1, 1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_J._Houser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas J. Houser (page does not exist)">Thomas J. Houser</a></td> <td>January 6, 1971</td> <td>October 5, 1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Thompson_Reid" title="Charlotte Thompson Reid">Charlotte Thompson Reid</a></td> <td>October 8, 1971</td> <td>July 1, 1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Wiley" title="Richard E. Wiley">Richard E. Wiley</a></td> <td>January 5, 1972</td> <td>October 13, 1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a></td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>July 5, 1972</td> <td>July 25, 1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Quello" title="James Henry Quello">James Henry Quello</a></td> <td>April 30, 1974</td> <td>November 1, 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glen_O._Robinson" title="Glen O. Robinson">Glen O. Robinson</a></td> <td>July 10, 1974</td> <td>August 30, 1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbott_M._Washburn" title="Abbott M. Washburn">Abbott M. Washburn</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>July 10, 1974</td> <td>October 1, 1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Fogarty" title="Joseph R. Fogarty">Joseph R. Fogarty</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>September 17, 1976</td> <td>June 30, 1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Margita_White" title="Margita White">Margita White</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>September 23, 1976</td> <td>February 28, 1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Ferris" title="Charles D. Ferris">Charles D. Ferris</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>October 17, 1977</td> <td>April 10, 1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Brown_(lawyer)" title="Tyrone Brown (lawyer)">Tyrone Brown</a></td> <td>November 15, 1977</td> <td>January 31, 1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_P._Jones" title="Anne P. Jones">Anne P. Jones</a></td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>April 7, 1979</td> <td>May 31, 1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Fowler" title="Mark S. Fowler">Mark S. Fowler</a></td> <td>May 18, 1981</td> <td>April 17, 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mimi_Weyforth_Dawson" title="Mimi Weyforth Dawson">Mimi Weyforth Dawson</a></td> <td>July 6, 1981</td> <td>December 3, 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Rivera" title="Henry M. Rivera">Henry M. Rivera</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>August 10, 1981</td> <td>September 15, 1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Sharp" title="Stephen A. Sharp">Stephen A. Sharp</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>October 4, 1982</td> <td>June 30, 1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dennis_R._Patrick" title="Dennis R. Patrick">Dennis R. Patrick</a></td> <td>December 2, 1983</td> <td>April 17, 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Diaz_Dennis" title="Patricia Diaz Dennis">Patricia Diaz Dennis</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>June 25, 1986</td> <td>September 29, 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Sikes" title="Alfred C. Sikes">Alfred C. Sikes</a></td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>August 8, 1989</td> <td>January 19, 1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sherrie_P._Marshall" title="Sherrie P. Marshall">Sherrie P. Marshall</a></td> <td>August 21, 1989</td> <td>April 30, 1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_C._Barrett" title="Andrew C. Barrett">Andrew C. Barrett</a></td> <td>September 8, 1989</td> <td>March 30, 1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ervin_Duggan" title="Ervin Duggan">Ervin Duggan</a></td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>February 28, 1990</td> <td>January 30, 1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reed_Hundt" title="Reed Hundt">Reed Hundt</a></td> <td>November 29, 1993</td> <td>November 3, 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Susan_Ness" title="Susan Ness">Susan Ness</a></td> <td>May 19, 1994</td> <td>May 30, 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rachelle_B._Chong" title="Rachelle B. Chong">Rachelle B. Chong</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>May 23, 1994</td> <td>November 3, 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Kennard" title="William Kennard">William Kennard</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>November 3, 1997</td> <td>January 19, 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Furchtgott-Roth" title="Harold W. Furchtgott-Roth">Harold W. Furchtgott-Roth</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>November 3, 1997</td> <td>May 30, 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell_(lobbyist)" title="Michael Powell (lobbyist)">Michael Powell</a></td> <td>November 3, 1997</td> <td>March 17, 2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Tristani" title="Gloria Tristani">Gloria Tristani</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>November 3, 1997</td> <td>September 7, 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Q._Abernathy" title="Kathleen Q. Abernathy">Kathleen Q. Abernathy</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>May 31, 2001</td> <td>December 9, 2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Copps" title="Michael Copps">Michael Copps</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>May 31, 2001</td> <td>December 31, 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Martin_(FCC)" title="Kevin Martin (FCC)">Kevin Martin</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>July 3, 2001</td> <td>January 19, 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Adelstein" title="Jonathan Adelstein">Jonathan Adelstein</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>December 3, 2002</td> <td>June 29, 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tate" title="Deborah Tate">Deborah Tate</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>January 3, 2006</td> <td>January 3, 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._McDowell" title="Robert M. McDowell">Robert M. McDowell</a></td> <td>June 1, 2006</td> <td>May 17, 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Genachowski" title="Julius Genachowski">Julius Genachowski</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>June 29, 2009</td> <td>May 17, 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meredith_Attwell_Baker" title="Meredith Attwell Baker">Meredith Attwell Baker</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>July 31, 2009</td> <td>June 3, 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mignon_Clyburn" title="Mignon Clyburn">Mignon Clyburn</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>August 3, 2009</td> <td>June 6, 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rosenworcel" title="Jessica Rosenworcel">Jessica Rosenworcel</a></td> <td>May 11, 2012</td> <td>Present </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Pai" title="Ajit Pai">Ajit Pai</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>May 14, 2012</td> <td>January 20, 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wheeler" title="Tom Wheeler">Tom Wheeler</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>November 4, 2013</td> <td>January 20, 2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Rielly" title="Michael O'Rielly">Michael O'Rielly</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>November 4, 2013</td> <td>December 11, 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Carr_(lawyer)" title="Brendan Carr (lawyer)">Brendan Carr</a></td> <td>August 11, 2017</td> <td>Present </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Starks" title="Geoffrey Starks">Geoffrey Starks</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>January 30, 2019</td> <td>Present </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Simington" title="Nathan Simington">Nathan Simington</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> <td>December 14, 2020</td> <td>Present </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Gomez" title="Anna M. Gomez">Anna M. Gomez</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>September 25, 2023</td> <td>Present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_policy">Media policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Media policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_radio_and_television">Broadcast radio and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Broadcast radio and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FCC regulates broadcast stations, <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeater</a> stations as well as <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial broadcasting</a> operators who operate and repair certain <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">radiotelephone</a>, radio and television stations. <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast licenses</a> are to be renewed if the station meets the "public interest, convenience, or necessity".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCC's enforcement powers include fines and broadcast license revocation (see FCC MB Docket 04-232). <a href="/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal burden of proof">Burden of proof</a> would be on the complainant in a petition to deny. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cable_and_satellite">Cable and satellite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cable and satellite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FCC first promulgated rules for cable television in 1965, with cable and satellite television now regulated by the FCC under Title VI of the Communications Act. Congress added Title VI in the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984, and made substantial modifications to Title VI in the Cable Television and Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992. Further modifications to promote cross-modal competition (telephone, video, etc.) were made in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, leading to the current regulatory structure.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_regulation_and_indecency">Content regulation and indecency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Content regulation and indecency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broadcast television and radio stations are subject to FCC regulations including restrictions against indecency or obscenity. The Supreme Court has repeatedly held, beginning soon after the passage of the Communications Act of 1934, that the inherent scarcity of radio spectrum allows the government to impose some types of content restrictions on broadcast license holders notwithstanding the First Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cable and satellite providers are also subject to some content regulations under Title VI of the Communications Act such as the prohibition on obscenity, although the limitations are not as restrictive compared to broadcast stations.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1981 inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> as President of the United States accelerated an already ongoing shift in the FCC towards a decidedly more market-oriented stance. A number of regulations felt to be outdated were removed, most controversially the <a href="/wiki/Fairness_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness Doctrine">Fairness Doctrine</a> in 1987. </p><p>In terms of indecency fines, there was no action taken by the FCC on the case <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission_v._Pacifica_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation">FCC v. Pacifica</a> until 1987, about ten years after the <a href="/wiki/Landmark_decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmark decision">landmark</a> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> decision that defined the power of the FCC over <a href="/wiki/Inappropriateness" title="Inappropriateness">indecent</a> material as applied to broadcasting.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1990s had passed, the FCC began to increase its <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States#Broadcast_censorship" title="Censorship in the United States">censorship and enforcement of indecency regulations</a> in the early 2000s to include a response to the <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> "<a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy" title="Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy">wardrobe malfunction</a>" that occurred during the halftime show of <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII" title="Super Bowl XXXVIII">Super Bowl XXXVIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apologeticjackson_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apologeticjackson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then on June 15, 2006, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Decency_Enforcement_Act_of_2005" title="Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005">Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005</a> sponsored by then-Senator <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a>, a former broadcaster himself, and endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_united_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the united States">Congressman</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Fred Upton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> who authored a similar bill in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. The new law stiffens the penalties for each violation of the Act. The Federal Communications Commission will be able to impose fines in the amount of $325,000 for each violation by each station that violates decency standards. The legislation raised the fine ten times over the previous maximum of $32,500 per violation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_ownership">Media ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Media ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_cross-ownership_in_the_United_States" title="Media cross-ownership in the United States">Media cross-ownership in the United States</a></div> <p>The FCC has established rules limiting the national share of media ownership of broadcast radio or television stations. It has also established cross-ownership rules limiting ownership of a newspaper and broadcast station in the same market, in order to ensure a diversity of viewpoints in each market and serve the needs of each local market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diversity">Diversity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the second half of 2006, groups such as the National Hispanic Media Coalition, the National Latino Media Council, the National Association of Hispanic Journalists, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Latino_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Latino Policy">National Institute for Latino Policy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens" title="League of United Latin American Citizens">League of United Latin American Citizens</a> (LULAC) and others held town hall meetings<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in California, New York and Texas on media diversity as its effects Latinos and minority communities. They documented widespread and deeply felt community concerns about the negative effects of <a href="/wiki/Media_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Media concentration">media concentration</a> and consolidation on racial-ethnic diversity in staffing and programming.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At these Latino town hall meetings, the issue of the FCC's lax monitoring of obscene and pornographic material in Spanish-language radio and the lack of racial and national-origin diversity among Latino staff in Spanish-language television were other major themes. </p><p>President Barack Obama appointed <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lloyd_(lawyer)" title="Mark Lloyd (lawyer)">Mark Lloyd</a> to the FCC in the newly created post of associate general counsel/chief diversity officer.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Localism">Localism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Localism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous controversies have surrounded the <a href="/wiki/City_of_license" title="City of license">city of license</a> concept as the internet has made it possible to broadcast a single signal to every owned station in the nation at once, particularly when Clear Channel, now <a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">IHeartMedia</a>, became the largest FM broadcasting corporation in the US after the Telecommunications Act of 1996 became law - owning over 1,200 stations at its peak. As part of its license to buy more radio stations, Clear Channel was forced to divest all TV stations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_television_transition">Digital television transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Digital television transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To facilitate the adoption of digital television, the FCC issued a second <a href="/wiki/Digital_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital TV">digital TV</a> (DTV) channel to each holder of an <a href="/wiki/Analog_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog TV">analog TV</a> station license. All stations were required to buy and install all new equipment (<a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitters</a>, TV antennas, and even entirely new <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast tower">broadcast towers</a>), and operate for years on both channels. Each licensee was required to return one of their two channels following the end of the digital television transition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After delaying the original deadlines of 2006, 2008, and eventually February 17, 2009, on concerns about elderly and rural folk, on June 12, 2009, all full-power analog <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial TV">terrestrial TV</a> licenses in the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television transition in the United States">were terminated as part of the DTV transition</a>, leaving terrestrial television available only from digital channels and a few low-power <a href="/wiki/LPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="LPTV">LPTV</a> stations. To help U.S. consumers through the conversion, Congress established a federally sponsored <a href="/wiki/Coupon-eligible_converter_box" title="Coupon-eligible converter box">DTV Converter Box Coupon Program</a> for two free converters per household.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wireline_policy">Wireline policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Wireline policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FCC regulates telecommunications services under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934. Title II imposes common carrier regulation under which carriers offering their services to the general public must provide services to all customers and may not discriminate based on the identity of the customer or the content of the communication. This is similar to and adapted from the regulation of transportation providers (railroad, airline, shipping, etc.) and some public utilities. Wireless carriers providing telecommunications services are also generally subject to Title II regulation except as exempted by the FCC.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telephone">Telephone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Telephone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FCC regulates interstate telephone services under Title II. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was the first major legislative reform since the 1934 act and took several steps to de-regulate the telephone market and promote competition in both the local and long-distance marketplace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_monopoly_to_competition">From monopoly to competition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: From monopoly to competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_AT%26T" title="History of AT&T">History of AT&T</a></div> <p>The important relationship of the FCC and the American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) Company evolved over the decades. For many years, the FCC and state officials agreed to regulate the telephone system as a <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">natural monopoly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCC controlled telephone rates and imposed other restrictions under Title II to limit the profits of AT&T and ensure nondiscriminatory pricing. </p><p>In the 1960s, the FCC began allowing other long-distance companies, namely MCI, to offer specialized services. In the 1970s, the FCC allowed other companies to expand offerings to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_327_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_327-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lawsuit in 1982 led by the Justice Department after AT&T underpriced other companies, resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">breakup of the Bell System</a> from AT&T. Beginning in 1984, the FCC implemented a new goal that all long-distance companies had equal access to the local phone companies' customers.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effective January 1, 1984, the Bell System's many <a href="/wiki/Bell_System#Pre-1984_breakup" title="Bell System">member-companies</a> were variously merged into seven independent "Regional Holding Companies", also known as <a href="/wiki/Regional_Bell_Operating_Company" title="Regional Bell Operating Company">Regional Bell Operating Companies</a> (RBOCs), or "Baby Bells". This divestiture reduced the book value of AT&T by approximately 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FCC initially exempted "information services" such as broadband Internet access from regulation under Title II. The FCC held that information services were distinct from telecommunications services that are subject to common carrier regulation. </p><p>However, Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 required the FCC to help accelerate deployment of "advanced telecommunications capability" which included high-quality voice, data, graphics, and video, and to regularly assess its availability. In August 2015, the FCC said that nearly 55 million Americans did not have access to broadband capable of delivering high-quality voice, data, graphics and video offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 26, 2015, the FCC reclassified broadband Internet access as a telecommunications service, thus subjecting it to Title II regulation, although several exemptions were also created. The reclassification was done in order to give the FCC a legal basis for imposing <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a> rules (see below), after earlier attempts to impose such rules on an "information service" had been overturned in court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Net_neutrality">Net neutrality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Net neutrality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States" title="Net neutrality in the United States">Net neutrality in the United States</a></div> <p>In 2005, the FCC formally established the following principles: To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet, Consumers are entitled to access the lawful Internet content of their choice; Consumers are entitled to run applications and use services of their choice, subject to the needs of law enforcement; Consumers are entitled to connect their choice of legal devices that do not harm the network; Consumers are entitled to competition among network providers, application and service providers, and content providers. However, broadband providers were permitted to engage in "reasonable network management."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 1, 2008, the FCC formally voted 3-to-2 to uphold a complaint against <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a>, the largest cable company in the US, ruling that it had illegally inhibited users of its high-speed Internet service from using <a href="/wiki/File-sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="File-sharing">file-sharing</a> software. The FCC imposed no fine, but required Comcast to end such blocking in 2008. FCC chairman <a href="/wiki/Kevin_J._Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin J. Martin">Kevin J. Martin</a> said the order was meant to set a precedent that Internet providers, and indeed all communications companies, could not prevent customers from using their networks the way they see fit unless there is a good reason. In an interview Martin stated that "We are preserving the open character of the Internet" and "We are saying that network operators can't block people from getting access to any content and any applications." Martin's successor, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Genachowski" title="Julius Genachowski">Julius Genachowski</a> has maintained that the FCC has no plans to regulate the internet, saying: "I've been clear repeatedly that we're not going to regulate the Internet."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Comcast case highlighted broader issues of whether new legislation is needed to force Internet providers to maintain <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a>, i.e. treat all uses of their networks equally. The legal complaint against <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> related to <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="BitTorrent (protocol)">BitTorrent</a>, software that is commonly used for downloading larger files.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2010, the FCC revised the principles from the original Internet policy statement and adopted the Open Internet Order consisting of three rules<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding the Internet: <b>Transparency</b>. Fixed and mobile broadband providers must disclose the network management practices, performance characteristics, and terms and conditions of their broadband services; <b>No blocking</b>. Fixed broadband providers may not block lawful content, applications, services, or non-harmful devices; mobile broadband providers may not block lawful websites, or block applications that compete with their voice or video telephony services; and <b>No unreasonable discrimination</b>. </p><p>On January 14, 2014, Verizon won their lawsuit over the FCC in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Court. Verizon was suing over increased regulation on internet service providers on the grounds that "even though the commission has general authority to regulate in this arena, it may not impose requirements that contravene express statutory mandates. Given that the commission has chosen to classify broadband providers in a manner that exempts them from treatment as common carriers, the Communications Act expressly prohibits the commission from nonetheless regulating them as such."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After these setbacks in court, in April 2014 the FCC issued a <a href="/wiki/Notice_of_proposed_rulemaking" title="Notice of proposed rulemaking">Notice of Proposed Rulemaking</a> regarding a path forward for The Open Internet Order. On November 10, 2014, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">President Obama</a> created a YouTube video<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recommending that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> service in order to preserve net neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141110-EW_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141110-EW-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141114_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141114-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20150121-DAS_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20150121-DAS-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 26, 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying <a href="/wiki/Common_carrier#Telecommunications" title="Common carrier">Title II (common carrier)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_policy_of_the_United_States#Broadband_deployment_policy_objectives" title="Telecommunications policy of the United States">Section 706</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934#Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Communications Act of 1934">Telecommunications act of 1996</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FCC-20150226_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC-20150226-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150226_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150226-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP-20150225_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20150225-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rules prompted debate about the applicability of First Amendment protections to Internet service providers and edge providers. Republican commissioner <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Pai" title="Ajit Pai">Ajit Pai</a> said the Open Internet Order "posed a special danger" to "First Amendment speech, freedom of expression, [and] even freedom of association."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic member and then-Chairman <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wheeler" title="Tom Wheeler">Tom Wheeler</a> said in response that the rules were "no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."<sup id="cite_ref-HP-20150226_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP-20150226-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a Washington Post poll, 81% of Americans supported net neutrality in 2014, with 81% of Democrats and 85% of Republicans saying they opposed allowing Internet providers to charge websites for faster speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-WPNetNeu_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPNetNeu-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 12, 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150312a_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150312a-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150312b_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150312b-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FCC-20150315_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC-20150315-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 13, 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "<a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States" title="Net neutrality in the United States">Net Neutrality</a>" regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-CNET-20150413_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNET-20150413-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FR-20150413_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR-20150413-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 27, 2017, FCC chairman Ajit Pai released a draft Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that would revise the legal foundation for the agency's Open Internet regulations. The NPRM was voted on at the May 18th Open Meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-FCC-20170501_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC-20170501-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 14, the commission voted 3–2 in favor of passing the repeal of the 2015 rules.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repeal formally took effect on June 11, 2018, when the 2015 rules expired.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NSA_wiretapping">NSA wiretapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: NSA wiretapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When it emerged in 2006 that AT&T, BellSouth and Verizon may have broken U.S. laws by aiding the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> in possible illegal wiretapping of its customers, Congressional representatives called for an FCC investigation into whether or not those companies broke the law. The FCC declined to investigate, however, claiming that it could not investigate due to the classified nature of the program– a move that provoked the criticism of members of Congress.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>"Today the watchdog agency that oversees the country's telecommunications industry refused to investigate the nation's largest phone companies' reported disclosure of phone records to the NSA", said Rep. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Markey" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Markey">Edward Markey</a> (D-Mass.) in response to the decision. "The FCC, which oversees the protection of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_privacy" title="Consumer privacy">consumer privacy</a> under the Communications Act of 1934, has taken a pass at investigating what is estimated to be the nation's largest violation of consumer privacy ever to occur. If the oversight body that monitors our nation's communications is stepping aside then Congress must step in."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wireless_policy">Wireless policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Wireless policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FCC regulates all non-Federal uses of radio frequency spectrum in the United States under Title III of the Communications Act of 1934. In addition to over-the-air broadcast television and radio stations, this includes commercial mobile (i.e., mobile phone) services, <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a>, citizen's band radio, theatrical wireless microphone installations, and a very wide variety of other services. Use of radio spectrum by U.S. federal government agencies is coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration" title="National Telecommunications and Information Administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a>, an agency within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_mobile_service">Commercial mobile service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Commercial mobile service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial mobile radio service (CMRS) providers, including all mobile phone carriers, are subject to spectrum and wireless regulations under Title III (similar to broadcasters) as well as common carrier regulations under Title II (similar to wireline telephone carriers), except as provided by the FCC.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spectrum_auctions">Spectrum auctions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Spectrum auctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_auction#United_States" title="Spectrum auction">Spectrum auction § United States</a></div> <p>Beginning in 1994, the FCC has usually assigned commercial spectrum licenses through the use of competitive bidding, i.e., spectrum auctions. These auctions have raised tens of billions of dollars for the U.S. Treasury, and the FCC's auction approach is now widely emulated throughout the world. The FCC typically obtains spectrum for auction that has been reclaimed from other uses, such as spectrum returned by television broadcasters after the digital television transition, or spectrum made available by federal agencies able to shift their operations to other bands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unlicensed_spectrum">Unlicensed spectrum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Unlicensed spectrum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normally, any intentional radio transmission requires an FCC license pursuant to Title III. However, in recent decades the FCC has also opened some spectrum bands for unlicensed operations, typically restricting them to low power levels conducive to short-range applications. This has facilitated the development of a very wide range of common technologies from wireless garage door openers, cordless phones, and baby monitors to Wi-Fi and Bluetooth among others. However, unlicensed devices — like most radio transmission equipment — must still receive technical approval from the FCC before being sold into the marketplace, including ensuring that such devices cannot be modified by end users to increase transmit power above FCC limits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_spaces">White spaces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: White spaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/White_spaces_(radio)" title="White spaces (radio)">White spaces</a>" are <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio frequency spectrum">radio frequencies</a> that went unused after the federally mandated transformation of analog TV signals to digital. On October 15, 2008, FCC Chairman Kevin Martin announced his support for the unlicensed use of white spaces. Martin said he was "hoping to take advantage of utilizing these airwaves for broadband services to allow for unlicensed technologies and new innovations in that space."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and other companies are vying for the use of this white-space to support innovation in <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> technology. Broadcasters and wireless microphone manufacturers fear that the use of white space would "disrupt their broadcasts and the signals used in sports events and concerts." <sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Cell phone providers such as <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Mobile US</a> have mounted pressure on the FCC to instead offer up the white space for sale to boost competition and market leverage. </p><p>On November 4, 2008, the FCC commissioners unanimously agreed to open up unused broadcast TV spectrum for unlicensed use.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amateur_radio">Amateur radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Amateur radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a> operators in the United States must be licensed by the FCC before transmitting. While the FCC maintains control of the written testing standards, it no longer administers the exams, having delegated that function to private volunteer organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No amateur license class requires examination in Morse code; neither the FCC nor the volunteer organizations test code skills for amateur licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcasting_tower_database">Broadcasting tower database</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Broadcasting tower database"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An FCC database provides information about the height and year built of broadcasting towers in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not contain information about the structural types of towers or about the height of towers used by Federal agencies, such as most <a href="/wiki/Non-directional_beacon" title="Non-directional beacon">NDBs</a>, <a href="/wiki/LORAN-C" class="mw-redirect" title="LORAN-C">LORAN-C</a> transmission towers or <a href="/wiki/VLF" class="mw-redirect" title="VLF">VLF</a> transmission facilities of the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>, or about most towers not used for transmission like the <a href="/wiki/BREN_Tower" title="BREN Tower">BREN Tower</a>. These are instead tracked by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> as obstructions to <a href="/wiki/Air_navigation" title="Air navigation">air navigation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_for_use_of_proprietary_standards">Criticism for use of proprietary standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Criticism for use of proprietary standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, Andrew Tisinger criticized the FCC for ignoring international <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standards</a>, and instead choosing proprietary closed standards, or allowing communications companies to do so and implement the <a href="/wiki/Anticompetitive_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticompetitive practice">anticompetitive practice</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">vendor lock-in</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Digital_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital TV">digital TV</a>, it chose the <a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a> standard, even though <a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a> was already in use around the world, including <a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite TV">satellite TV</a> in the U.S. Unlike competing standards, the ATSC system is encumbered by numerous patents, and therefore royalties that make TV sets and <a href="/wiki/DTV_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="DTV converter">DTV converters</a> much more expensive than in the rest of the world. Additionally, the claimed benefit of better <a href="/wiki/Television_reception" class="mw-redirect" title="Television reception">reception</a> in rural areas is more than negated in urban areas by <a href="/wiki/Multipath_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipath interference">multipath interference</a>, which other systems are nearly immune to. It also cannot be received while in motion for this reason, while all other systems can, even without dedicated <a href="/wiki/Mobile_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile TV">mobile TV</a> signals or receivers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">digital radio</a>, the FCC chose proprietary <a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a>, which crowds the existing <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcast_band" title="FM broadcast band">FM broadcast band</a> and even <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcast_band" class="mw-redirect" title="AM broadcast band">AM broadcast band</a> with <a href="/wiki/In-band_adjacent-channel" title="In-band adjacent-channel">in-band adjacent-channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Sideband" title="Sideband">sidebands</a>, which create noise in other stations. This is in contrast to worldwide <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB</a>, which uses unused TV channels in the <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> <a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">band III</a> range. This too has patent fees, while DAB does not. While there has been some effort by <a href="/wiki/IBiquity" title="IBiquity">iBiquity</a> to lower them,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fees for <a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a> are still an enormous expense when converting each station, and this fee structure presents a potentially high cost <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">barrier to entry</a> for <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial educational">non-commercial educational</a> stations when entering the HD Radio market.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Under the <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_communications_authority" title="Subsidiary communications authority">subsidiary communications authority</a> principle, FM stations could in theory use any <a href="/wiki/In-band_on-channel" title="In-band on-channel">in-band on-channel</a> digital system of their choosing; a competing service, <a href="/wiki/FMeXtra" title="FMeXtra">FMeXtra</a>, briefly gained some traction in the early 21st century but has since been discontinued.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/SDARS" class="mw-redirect" title="SDARS">SDARS</a> by the FCC) uses two proprietary standards instead of <a href="/wiki/DAB-S" class="mw-redirect" title="DAB-S">DAB-S</a>, which requires users to change equipment when switching from one provider to the other, and prevents other competitors from offering new choices as stations can do on <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial radio">terrestrial radio</a>. Had the FCC picked <a href="/w/index.php?title=DAB-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAB-T (page does not exist)">DAB-T</a> for terrestrial radio, no separate satellite receiver would have been needed at all, and the only difference from DAB receivers in the rest of the world would be the need to tune <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">mobile telephony</a>, the FCC abandoned the "<a href="/wiki/Any_lawful_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Any lawful device">any lawful device</a>" principle<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> decided against AT&T <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landlines</a>, and has instead allowed each <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phone company">mobile phone company</a> to dictate what its customers can use.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_consultation">Public consultation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Public consultation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the public interest standard has always been important to the FCC when determining and shaping policy, so too has the relevance of public involvement in U.S. communication policy making.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/FCC_Record" title="FCC Record">FCC Record</a></i> is the comprehensive compilation of decisions, reports, public notices, and other documents of the FCC, published since 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_issue">History of the issue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: History of the issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1927_Radio_Act">1927 Radio Act</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 1927 Radio Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1927 Radio Act, which was formulated by the predecessor of the FCC (the Federal Radio Commission), section 4(k) stipulated that the commission was authorized to hold hearings for the purpose of developing a greater understanding of the issues for which rules were being crafted. Section 4(k) stated that: </p> <dl><dd>Except as otherwise provided in this Act, the commission, from time to time, as public convenience, interest, or necessity requires, shall... have the authority to hold hearings, summon witnesses, administer oaths, compel the production of books, documents, and papers and to make such investigations as may be necessary in the performance of its duties.</dd></dl> <p>Thus, it is clear that public consultation, or at least consultation with outside bodies was regarded as central to the commission's job from early on. Though it should not be surprising, the act also stipulated that the commission should verbally communicate with those being assigned licenses. Section 11 of the act noted: </p> <dl><dd>If upon examination of any application for a station license or for the renewal or modification of a station license the licensing authority shall determine that public interest, convenience, or necessity would be served by the granting thereof, it shall authorize the issuance, renewal, or modification thereof in accordance with said finding. In the event the licensing authority upon examination of any such application does not reach such decision with respect thereto, it shall notify the applicant thereof, shall fix and give notice of a time and place for hearing thereon, and shall afford such applicant an opportunity to be heard under such rules and regulations as it may prescribe.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_hearings">Public hearings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Public hearings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as 1927, there is evidence that public hearings were indeed held; among them, hearings to assess the expansion of the radio broadcast band.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At these early hearings, the goal of having a broad range of viewpoints presented was evident, as not only broadcasters, but also radio engineers and manufacturers were in attendance. Numerous groups representing the general public appeared at the hearings as well, including amateur radio operators and inventors as well as representatives of radio listeners' organizations. </p> <blockquote><p>While some speakers at the 1927 hearings referred to having received "invitations," Herbert Hoover's assistant observed in a letter at the time that "the Radio Commission has sent out a blanket invitation to all people in the country who desire either to appear in person or to submit their recommendations in writing. I do not understand that the commission has sent for any particular individuals, however" [Letter from George Akerson, assistant to Sec. Hoover, to Mrs. James T. Rourke, Box 497, Commerce Period Papers, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library (March 29, 1927)] (FN 14)<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Including members of the general public in the discussion was regarded (or at least articulated) as very important to the commission's deliberations. In fact, FCC commissioner Bellows noted at the time that "it is the radio listener we must consider above everyone else."<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though there were numerous representatives of the general public at the hearing, some expressing their opinions to the commission verbally, overall there was not a great turnout of everyday listeners at the hearings. </p><p>Though not a constant fixture of the communications policy-making process, public hearings were occasionally organized as a part of various deliberation processes as the years progressed. For example, seven years after the enactment of the Radio Act, the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> was passed, creating the FCC. That year the federal government's National Recovery Agency (associated with the New Deal period) held public hearings as a part of its deliberations over the creation of new broadcasting codes.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few years later <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, the FCC held hearings to address early cross-ownership issues; specifically, whether newspaper companies owning radio stations was in the public interest.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "newspaper divorcement hearings" were held between 1941 and 1944, though it appears that these hearings were geared mostly towards discussion by industry stakeholders. Around the same time, the commission held hearings as a part of its evaluation of the national television standard,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1958 held additional hearings on the <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">television network</a> broadcasting rules.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though public hearings were organized somewhat infrequently, there was an obvious public appeal. In his now famous "vast wasteland" speech in 1961, FCC chairman Newton Minow noted that the commission would hold a "well advertised public hearing" in each community to assure broadcasters were serving the public interest,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clearly a move to reconnect the commission with the public interest (at least rhetorically). </p><p>On September 5, 2023, commissioner Nathan Simington held a public forum on the tech-focused social news site, <a href="/wiki/Hacker_News" title="Hacker News">Hacker News</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_policy_2">Media policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Media policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Broadcast_Policy_Statement_on_minority_ownership" title="1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership">1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleep censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Standards_and_Practices_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast Standards and Practices (US)">Broadcast Standards and Practices (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_broadcasting_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of broadcasting in the United States">Censorship of broadcasting in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public,_educational,_and_government_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Public, educational, and government access">Public, educational, and government access</a> (PEG)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireline/broadband_policy"><span id="Wireline.2Fbroadband_policy"></span>Wireline/broadband policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Wireline/broadband policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Comcast_Corp._v._FCC" title="Comcast Corp. v. FCC">Comcast Corp. v. FCC</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_broadband_plans_from_around_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="National broadband plans from around the world">National broadband plans from around the world</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_policy_2">Wireless policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Wireless policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_assignment_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency assignment authority">Frequency assignment authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_spectrum" title="Open spectrum">Open spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part_15_(FCC_rules)" class="mw-redirect" title="Part 15 (FCC rules)">Part 15 (FCC rules)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">List of telecommunications regulatory bodies</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Retrieved February 1, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomery" class="citation web cs1">Gomery, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116040217/http://www.southplainscollege.edu/dub/postfreeze.htm">"Television Sweeps the Nation: The Story Behind the Pioneering Post-"Freeze" Stations" (From the W. D. "Dub" Rogers, Jr. Television Collection)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_Plains_College" title="South Plains College">South Plains College</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southplainscollege.edu/dub/postfreeze.htm">the original</a> on January 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Plains+College&rft.atitle=Television+Sweeps+the+Nation%3A+The+Story+Behind+the+Pioneering+Post-%22Freeze%22+Stations%22+%28From+the+W.+D.+%22Dub%22+Rogers%2C+Jr.+Television+Collection%29&rft.aulast=Gomery&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southplainscollege.edu%2Fdub%2Fpostfreeze.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102003149/http://www3.brookings.edu/experts/crandallr.aspx">"Robert W. Crandall"</a>. <i>The Brookings Institution</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/experts/crandallr.aspx">the original</a> on November 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.atitle=Robert+W.+Crandall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fexperts%2Fcrandallr.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111-h1147-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111-h1147_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-1147">"Local Community Radio Act of 2009"</a>. Govtrack.us. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Community+Radio+Act+of+2009&rft.pub=Govtrack.us&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbill.xpd%3Fbill%3Dh111-1147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFCC_Oversight_Hearing2009" class="citation web cs1">FCC Oversight Hearing (September 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQ4TC9Aqjfc">"FCC: Unanimous, bipartisan support for LPFM"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/CQ4TC9Aqjfc">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=FCC%3A+Unanimous%2C+bipartisan+support+for+LPFM&rft.date=2009-09-17&rft.au=FCC+Oversight+Hearing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCQ4TC9Aqjfc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel M. Stilwell, "Which Public - Whose Interest - How the FCC's Deregulation of Radio Station Ownership Has Harmed the Public Interest, and How We Can Escape from the Swamp", 26 Loy. L.A. Ent. L. Rev. 369, March 1, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxenford2011" class="citation web cs1">Oxenford, David (February 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcastlawblog.com/2011/02/articles/on-the-15th-anniversary-of-the-telecommunications-act-of-1996-the-effect-on-broadcasters-is-still-debated/">"Broadcast Law Blog: On the 15th Anniversary of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, The Effect on Broadcasters is Still Debated"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112420/http://www.broadcastlawblog.com/2011/02/articles/on-the-15th-anniversary-of-the-telecommunications-act-of-1996-the-effect-on-broadcasters-is-still-debated/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broadcast+Law+Blog%3A+On+the+15th+Anniversary+of+the+Telecommunications+Act+of+1996%2C+The+Effect+on+Broadcasters+is+Still+Debated&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.aulast=Oxenford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcastlawblog.com%2F2011%2F02%2Farticles%2Fon-the-15th-anniversary-of-the-telecommunications-act-of-1996-the-effect-on-broadcasters-is-still-debated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Rachel M. Stilwell, 26 Loy. L.A. Ent. L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Case+in+Point%3A+Building+an+Agile+Workforce+and+Enterprise+at+the+FCC&rft.atitle=Case+in+Point%3A+Building+an+Agile+Workforce+and+Enterprise+at+the+FCC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flnwprogram.org%2Fcase-point-building-agile-workforce-and-enterprise-fcc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fedscoop.com/christine-calvosa-fcc-cio/">"Christine Calvosa out as FCC CIO"</a>. <i>FedScoop</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FedScoop&rft.atitle=Christine+Calvosa+out+as+FCC+CIO&rft.date=2019-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fedscoop.com%2Fchristine-calvosa-fcc-cio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn2023" class="citation web cs1">Blackburn, Piper Hudspeth (January 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law360.com/articles/1563985/fcc-votes-to-establish-new-space-bureau">"FCC Votes To Establish New Space Bureau"</a>. <i>Law360</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305013842/https://www.law360.com/articles/1563985">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law360&rft.atitle=FCC+Votes+To+Establish+New+Space+Bureau&rft.date=2023-01-10&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Piper+Hudspeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law360.com%2Farticles%2F1563985%2Ffcc-votes-to-establish-new-space-bureau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilweil2023" class="citation web cs1">Heilweil, Rebecca (January 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2023/1/10/23548291/elon-musk-starlink-space-internet-satellites-amazon-oneweb">"The year space internet takes off"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111195634/https://www.vox.com/recode/2023/1/10/23548291/elon-musk-starlink-space-internet-satellites-amazon-oneweb">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+year+space+internet+takes+off&rft.date=2023-01-10&rft.aulast=Heilweil&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Frecode%2F2023%2F1%2F10%2F23548291%2Felon-musk-starlink-space-internet-satellites-amazon-oneweb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggerton2023" class="citation web cs1">Eggerton, John (April 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nexttv.com/news/fcc-to-christen-space-bureau-with-public-event">"FCC To Christen Space Bureau with Public Event"</a>. <i>NextTV</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NextTV&rft.atitle=FCC+To+Christen+Space+Bureau+with+Public+Event&rft.date=2023-04-07&rft.aulast=Eggerton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nexttv.com%2Fnews%2Ffcc-to-christen-space-bureau-with-public-event&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcc-commissioners-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fcc-commissioners_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fcc-commissioners_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/general/commissioners-1934-present">"FCC Commissioners 1934-present"</a>. FCC. June 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906073743/https://www.fcc.gov/general/commissioners-1934-present">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FCC+Commissioners+1934-present&rft.pub=FCC&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fgeneral%2Fcommissioners-1934-present&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commissioner from March 9, 1935</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acting Chairman Nov 3, 1947 – Dec 28, 1947, Chairman Feb 28, 1952 – Apr 17, 1953</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkretvedt2018" class="citation web cs1">Skretvedt, Randy (October 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/radio#ref301716">"Radio: The Need for Regulation"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024114723/https://www.britannica.com/topic/radio#ref301716">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Radio%3A+The+Need+for+Regulation&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft.aulast=Skretvedt&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fradio%23ref301716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/media/engineering/cable-television">"Cable Television"</a>. <i>FCC Media Bureau, Engineering Division</i>. December 15, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201082908/https://www.fcc.gov/media/engineering/cable-television">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC+Media+Bureau%2C+Engineering+Division&rft.atitle=Cable+Television&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fmedia%2Fengineering%2Fcable-television&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Red Lion Broadcasting Co. vs. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 (1969)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/media/program-content-regulations">"Program Content Regulations"</a>. <i>Federal Communications Commission</i>. December 9, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201084750/https://www.fcc.gov/media/program-content-regulations">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=Program+Content+Regulations&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fmedia%2Fprogram-content-regulations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensky1997" class="citation cs2">Bensky, Larry (June 4, 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/pz031546"><i>Living Room : Interview With Comedian George Carlin</i></a>, Pacifica Radio Archives, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204034059/http://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/pz031546">archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Room+%3A+Interview+With+Comedian+George+Carlin&rft.pub=Pacifica+Radio+Archives&rft.date=1997-06-04&rft.aulast=Bensky&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificaradioarchives.org%2Frecording%2Fpz031546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensky1997" class="citation cs2">Bensky, Larry (June 4, 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Pz0624bRadicalComediansBoxSetDiscTwo"><i>PZ0624b Radical Comedians Box Set DISC TWO</i></a>, Pacifica Radio Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PZ0624b+Radical+Comedians+Box+Set+DISC+TWO&rft.pub=Pacifica+Radio+Archives&rft.date=1997-06-04&rft.aulast=Bensky&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPz0624bRadicalComediansBoxSetDiscTwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apologeticjackson-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apologeticjackson_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNekesa_Mumbi_Moody2004" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nekesa_Mumbi_Moody" title="Nekesa Mumbi Moody">Nekesa Mumbi Moody</a> (February 3, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040203025228/http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/S/SUPER_BOWL_JACKSON?SITE=MAHYC&SECTION=BUSINESS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT">"Janet Jackson Apologizes for Bared Breast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/S/SUPER_BOWL_JACKSON?SITE=MAHYC&SECTION=BUSINESS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT">the original</a> on February 3, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Janet+Jackson+Apologizes+for+Bared+Breast&rft.date=2004-02-03&rft.au=Nekesa+Mumbi+Moody&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcustomwire.ap.org%2Fdynamic%2Fstories%2FS%2FSUPER_BOWL_JACKSON%3FSITE%3DMAHYC%26SECTION%3DBUSINESS%26TEMPLATE%3DDEFAULT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhrens2006" class="citation news cs1">Ahrens, Frank (June 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060700287.html">"The Price for On-Air Indecency Goes Up"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922210031/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060700287.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Price+for+On-Air+Indecency+Goes+Up&rft.date=2006-06-08&rft.aulast=Ahrens&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F06%2F07%2FAR2006060700287.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050916182346/http://www.congress.org/congressorg/bill.xc?billnum=S.193&congress=109">"Bill Number S. 193"</a>. <i>Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 (Introduced in Senate) from Congressional THOMAS DB</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congress.org/congressorg/bill.xc?billnum=S.193&congress=109">the original</a> on September 16, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broadcast+Decency+Enforcement+Act+of+2005+%28Introduced+in+Senate%29+from+Congressional+THOMAS+DB&rft.atitle=Bill+Number+S.+193&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.org%2Fcongressorg%2Fbill.xc%3Fbillnum%3DS.193%26congress%3D109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris2006" class="citation web cs1">Ferris, David (October 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/77496.html">"publish.nyc.indymedia.org | FCC Town Hall Meeting Marked by Concerns over Media Consolidation"</a>. Nyc.indymedia.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231094629/http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/77496.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=publish.nyc.indymedia.org+%26%23124%3B+FCC+Town+Hall+Meeting+Marked+by+Concerns+over+Media+Consolidation&rft.pub=Nyc.indymedia.org&rft.date=2006-10-20&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnyc.indymedia.org%2Fen%2F2006%2F10%2F77496.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="/wiki/El_Diario_La_Prensa" title="El Diario La Prensa">El Diario La Prensa</a></i>s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/detail.aspx?section=25&desc=Editorial&id=1512119">editorial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312100849/http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/detail.aspx?section=25&desc=Editorial&id=1512119">Archived</a> March 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on media diversity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediaresearchhub.ssrc.org/mark-lloyd/person_view">SSRC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090818000420/http://mediaresearchhub.ssrc.org/mark-lloyd/person_view">Archived</a> August 18, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/332">"41 USC 332(c)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423015949/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/332">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Television+and+the+Public+Interest&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=395-406&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Minow&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.law.indiana.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1335%26context%3Dfclj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37392676">"Ask HN: I'm an FCC Commissioner proposing regulation of IoT security updates | Hacker News"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ask+HN%3A+I%27m+an+FCC+Commissioner+proposing+regulation+of+IoT+security+updates+%26%23124%3B+Hacker+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ycombinator.com%2Fitem%3Fid%3D37392676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Communications+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32589.pdf">The Federal Communications Commission: Current Structure and Its Role in the Changing Telecommunications Landscape</a> (August 1, 2018) by the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_utilities_commissions_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_utilities_commissions" title="Template:Public utilities commissions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_utilities_commissions" title="Template talk:Public utilities commissions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_utilities_commissions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public utilities commissions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_utilities_commissions_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commissions</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Federal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">DOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">FERC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FCC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Public_Service_Commission" title="Alabama Public Service Commission">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_Commission_of_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulatory Commission of Alaska (page does not exist)">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Corporation_Commission" title="Arizona Corporation Commission">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Public_Service_Commission" title="Arkansas Public Service Commission">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="California Public Utilities Commission">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Colorado Public Utilities Commission">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Department_of_Energy_and_Environmental_Protection" title="Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Public_Service_Commission" title="Delaware Public Service Commission">Delaware</a></li> <li>District of Columbia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Public_Service_Commission" title="District of Columbia Public Service Commission">PUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Area_Transit_Commission" title="Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission">WMATC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Public_Service_Commission" title="Florida Public Service Commission">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Public_Service_Commission" title="Georgia Public Service Commission">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Hawaii Public Utilities Commission">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Idaho Public Utilities Commission">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Commerce_Commission" title="Illinois Commerce Commission">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Utility_Regulatory_Commission" title="Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Utilities_Board" title="Iowa Utilities Board">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Corporation_Commission" title="Kansas Corporation Commission">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Public_Service_Commission" title="Kentucky Public Service Commission">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Public_Service_Commission" title="Louisiana Public Service Commission">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Maine Public Utilities Commission">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Public_Service_Commission" title="Maryland Public Service Commission">Maryland</a></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Department_of_Public_Utilities" title="Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities">DPU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Department_of_Telecommunications_and_Cable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massachusetts Department of Telecommunications and Cable (page does not exist)">DTC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Public_Service_Commission" title="Michigan Public Service Commission">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Minnesota Public Utilities Commission">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Public_Service_Commission" title="Mississippi Public Service Commission">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Public_Service_Commission" title="Missouri Public Service Commission">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Public_Service_Commission" title="Montana Public Service Commission">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Public_Service_Commission" title="Nebraska Public Service Commission">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Nevada Public Utilities Commission">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="New Hampshire Public Utilities Commission">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Board_of_Public_Utilities" title="New Jersey Board of Public Utilities">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Public_Regulation_Commission" title="New Mexico Public Regulation Commission">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Service_Commission" title="New York Public Service Commission">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Utilities_Commission" title="North Carolina Utilities Commission">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Public_Service_Commission" title="North Dakota Public Service Commission">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Utilities_Commission_of_Ohio" title="Public Utilities Commission of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Corporation_Commission" title="Oklahoma Corporation Commission">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Public_Utility_Commission" title="Oregon Public Utility Commission">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Public_Utility_Commission" title="Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhode_Island_Public_Utilities_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhode Island Public Utilities Commission (page does not exist)">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Public_Service_Commission" title="South Carolina Public Service Commission">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="South Dakota Public Utilities Commission">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Regulatory_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Regulatory Authority">Tennessee</a></li> <li>Texas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Commission_of_Texas" title="Public Utility Commission of Texas">PUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_of_Texas" title="Railroad Commission of Texas">RRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_of_Utah" title="Public Service Commission of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Public_Service_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Public Service Board">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Corporation_Commission_(Virginia)" title="State Corporation Commission (Virginia)">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Utilities_and_Transportation_Commission" title="Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Public_Service_Commission" title="West Virginia Public Service Commission">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_of_Wisconsin" title="Public Service Commission of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Public_Service_Commission" title="Wyoming Public Service Commission">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=$PUC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="$PUC (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=$PUC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="$PUC (page does not exist)">Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=$PUC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="$PUC (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Telecommunications_Regulatory_Board" title="Puerto Rico Telecommunications Regulatory Board">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/28147965635684080226">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/43214-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80051251">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00697684">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35567629">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Spojené státy americké. 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