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physics</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: plasma physics"> <meta name="keywords" content="plasma physics"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="plasma physics"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1525</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: plasma physics</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1525</span> A Unification and Relativistic Correction for Boltzmann’s Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lloyd%20G.%20Allred">Lloyd G. Allred</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The distribution of velocities of particles in plasma is a well understood discipline of plasma physics. Boltzmann’s law and the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution describe the distribution of velocity of a particle in plasma as a function of mass and temperature. Particles with the same mass tend to have the same velocity. By expressing the same law in terms of energy alone, the author obtains a distribution independent of mass. In summary, for particles in plasma, the energies tend to equalize, independent of the masses of the individual particles. For high-energy plasma, the original law predicts velocities greater than the speed of light. If one uses Einstein’s formula for energy (<em>E=mc<sup>2</sup></em>), then a relativistic correction is not required. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cosmology" title="cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EMP" title=" EMP"> EMP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20physics" title=" plasma physics"> plasma physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relativity" title=" relativity"> relativity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84272/a-unification-and-relativistic-correction-for-boltzmanns-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84272.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1524</span> Electron Beam Effects on Kinetic Alfven Waves in the Cold Homogenous Plasma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaya%20Shrivastava">Jaya Shrivastava </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The particle aspect approach is adopted to investigate the trajectories of charged particles in the electromagnetic field of kinetic Alfven wave. Expressions are found for the dispersion relation, growth/damping rate and associated currents in the presence of electron beam in homogenous plasma. Kinetic effects of electrons and ions are included to study kinetic Alfven wave because both are important in the transition region. The plasma parameters appropriate to plasma sheet boundary layer are used. It is found that downward electron beam affects the dispersion relation, growth/damping-rate and associated currents in cold electron limit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetospheric%20physics" title="magnetospheric physics">magnetospheric physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20waves%20and%20instabilities" title=" plasma waves and instabilities"> plasma waves and instabilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electron%20beam" title=" electron beam"> electron beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20plasma%20physics" title=" space plasma physics"> space plasma physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave-particle%20interactions" title=" wave-particle interactions"> wave-particle interactions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5551/electron-beam-effects-on-kinetic-alfven-waves-in-the-cold-homogenous-plasma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5551.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1523</span> Teaching Physics: History, Models, and Transformation of Physics Education Research</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Didi%C5%9F%20K%C3%B6rhasan">N. Didiş Körhasan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Kaltak%C3%A7%C4%B1%20G%C3%BCrel"> D. Kaltakçı Gürel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many students have difficulty in learning physics from elementary to university level. In addition, students' expectancy, attitude, and motivation may be influenced negatively with their experience (failure) and prejudice about physics learning. For this reason, physics educators, who are also physics teachers, search for the best ways to make students' learning of physics easier by considering cognitive, affective, and psychomotor issues in learning. This research critically discusses the history of physics education, fundamental pedagogical approaches, and models to teach physics, and transformation of physics education with recent research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedagogy" title="pedagogy">pedagogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physics" title=" physics"> physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physics%20education" title=" physics education"> physics education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=science%20education" title=" science education"> science education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53785/teaching-physics-history-models-and-transformation-of-physics-education-research" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53785.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1522</span> Stimulated Raman Scattering of Ultra Intense Hollow Gaussian Beam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prerana%20Sharma">Prerana Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Effect of relativistic nonlinearity on stimulated Raman scattering of the propagating laser beam carrying null intensity in center (hollow Gaussian beam) by excited plasma wave are studied in a collisionless plasma. The construction of the equations is done employing the fluid theory which is developed with partial differential equation and Maxwell’s equations. The analysis is done using eikonal method. The phenonmenon of Stimulated Raman scattering is shown along with the excitation of seed plasma wave. The power of plasma wave and back reflectivity is observed for higher order of hollow Gaussian beam. Back reflectivity is studied numerically for various orders of HGLB with different value of plasma density, laser power and beam radius. Numerical analysis shows that these parameters play vital role on reflectivity characteristics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hollow%20Gaussian%20beam" title="Hollow Gaussian beam">Hollow Gaussian beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relativistic%20nonlinearity" title=" relativistic nonlinearity"> relativistic nonlinearity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20physics" title=" plasma physics"> plasma physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raman%20scattering" title=" Raman scattering"> Raman scattering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15768/stimulated-raman-scattering-of-ultra-intense-hollow-gaussian-beam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15768.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">638</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1521</span> Magnetic Field Generation in Inhomogeneous Plasma via Ponderomotive Force</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Shahi">Fatemeh Shahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Sharifian"> Mehdi Sharifian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laia%20Shahrassai"> Laia Shahrassai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elham%20Eskandari%20A."> Elham Eskandari A.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new mechanism is reported here for magnetic field generation in laser-plasma interaction by means of nonlinear ponderomotive force. The plasma considered here is unmagnetized inhomogeneous plasma with an exponentially decreasing profile. A damped periodic magnetic field with a relatively lower frequency is obtained using the ponderomotive force exerted on plasma electrons. Finally, with an electric field and by using Faraday’s law, the magnetic field profile in the plasma has been obtained. Because of the negative exponential density profile, the generated magnetic field is relatively slowly oscillating and damped through the plasma. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20field%20generation" title="magnetic field generation">magnetic field generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser-plasma%20interaction" title=" laser-plasma interaction"> laser-plasma interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ponderomotive%20force" title=" ponderomotive force"> ponderomotive force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhomogeneous%20plasma" title=" inhomogeneous plasma"> inhomogeneous plasma</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134152/magnetic-field-generation-in-inhomogeneous-plasma-via-ponderomotive-force" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">293</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1520</span> Condition for Plasma Instability and Stability Approaches</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ratna%20Sen">Ratna Sen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As due to very high temperature of Plasma it is very difficult to confine it for sufficient time so that nuclear fusion reactions to take place, As we know Plasma escapes faster than the binary collision rates. We studied the ball analogy and the ‘energy principle’ and calculated the total potential energy for the whole Plasma. If δ ⃗w is negative, that is decrease in potential energy then the plasma will be unstable. We also discussed different approaches of stability analysis such as Nyquist Method, MHD approximation and Vlasov approach of plasma stability. So that by using magnetic field configurations we can able to create a stable Plasma in Tokamak for generating energy for future generations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jello" title="jello">jello</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20field%20configuration" title=" magnetic field configuration"> magnetic field configuration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MHD%20approximation" title=" MHD approximation"> MHD approximation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20principle" title=" energy principle"> energy principle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50172/condition-for-plasma-instability-and-stability-approaches" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50172.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">442</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1519</span> Numerical Analysis of 3D Electromagnetic Fields in Annular Induction Plasma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abderazak%20Guettaf">Abderazak Guettaf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The mathematical models of the physical phenomena interacting in inductive plasma were described by the physics equations of the continuous mediums. A 3D model based on magnetic potential vector and electric scalar potential (A, V) formulation is used. The finished volume method is applied to electromagnetic equation, to obtain the field distribution inside the plasma. The numerical results of the method developed on a basic model designed starting from a real three-dimensional model were exposed. From the mathematical model 3D spreading assumptions and boundary conditions, we evaluated the electric field in the load and we have developed a numerical code made under the MATLAB environment, all verifying the effectiveness and validity of this code. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20field" title="electric field">electric field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20magnetic%20potential%20vector%20and%20electric%20scalar%20potential%20%28A" title=" 3D magnetic potential vector and electric scalar potential (A"> 3D magnetic potential vector and electric scalar potential (A</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V%29%20formulation" title=" V) formulation"> V) formulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finished%20volumes" title=" finished volumes"> finished volumes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annular%20plasma" title=" annular plasma"> annular plasma</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31587/numerical-analysis-of-3d-electromagnetic-fields-in-annular-induction-plasma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31587.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">492</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1518</span> Mobile Games Applications Android-Based Physics Education to Improve Student Motivation and Interest in Learning Physics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rizky%20Dwi%20A">Rizky Dwi A</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mikha%20Herlina%20Pi"> Mikha Herlina Pi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Physics lessons for high school students, especially in Indonesia is less desirable because many people believe that physics is very difficult, especially the development of increasingly sophisticated era make online gaming more attractive many people especially school children with a variety of increasingly sophisticated gadgets. Therefore, if those two things combined to attract students in physics, the physics-based educational game android can motivate students' interest and understanding of the physics because while playing, they can also learn physics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title="education">education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=game%20physics" title=" game physics"> game physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interest" title=" interest"> interest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=student%27s%20motivation" title=" student's motivation"> student's motivation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39431/mobile-games-applications-android-based-physics-education-to-improve-student-motivation-and-interest-in-learning-physics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1517</span> The Effects of Spark Plasma on Infectious Wound Healing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erfan%20Ghasemi">Erfan Ghasemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammadreza%20Khani"> Mohammadreza Khani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamidreza%20Mahmoudi"> Hamidreza Mahmoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Ali%20Nilforoushzadeh"> Mohammad Ali Nilforoushzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babak%20Shokri"> Babak Shokri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pouria%20Akbartehrani"> Pouria Akbartehrani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Given the global significance of treating infectious wounds, the goal of this study is to use spark plasma as a new treatment for infectious wounds. To generate spark plasma, a high-voltage (7 kV) and high-frequency (75 kHz) source was used. Infectious wounds in the peritoneum of mice were divided into control and plasma-treated groups at random. The plasma-treated animals received plasma radiation every 4 days for 12 days, for 60 seconds each time. On the 15th day after the first session, the wound in the plasma-treated group had completely healed. The spectra of spark plasma emission and tissue properties were studied. The mechanical resistance of the wound healed in the plasma treatment group was considerably higher than in the control group (p<0.05), according to the findings. Furthermore, histological evidence suggests that wound re-epithelialization is faster in comparison to controls. Angiogenesis and fibrosis (collagen production) were also dramatically boosted in the plasma-treated group, whereas the stage of wound healing inflammation was significantly reduced. Plasma therapy accelerated wound healing by causing considerable wound constriction. The results of this investigation show that spark plasma has an influence on the treatment of infectious wounds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infectious%20wounds" title="infectious wounds">infectious wounds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mice" title=" mice"> mice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spark%20plasma" title=" spark plasma"> spark plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment" title=" treatment"> treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140938/the-effects-of-spark-plasma-on-infectious-wound-healing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140938.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1516</span> Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma System and Its Applications </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waqas%20A.%20Toor">Waqas A. Toor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anis%20U.%20Baig"> Anis U. Baig</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nuaman%20Shafqat"> Nuaman Shafqat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raafia%20Irfan"> Raafia Irfan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ashraf"> Muhammad Ashraf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A 2.45GHz microwave plasma system and its few applications have been developed. Argon and helium plasma is produced by metallic nozzle and also in a quartz tube at atmospheric pressure, using WR-340 waveguide and its tapered version. The waveguide applicator is also simulated in HFSS and field patterns are analyzed for maximum power absorption in the load. The system is tuned to operate at less than 10% reflected power. Various experimental techniques are used to initiate and sustain the plasma at atmospheric pressure. Plasma of atmospheric air is also produced without using any other shielding gas. The plasma flame is also characterized by its spectrum. Spectral analyses of plasma flame can be used for online analysis of combustion gases produced in industry. The applications of the system include glass and quartz processing, vitrification, emission spectroscopy, plasma coating. Low pressure plasma applications of the system include intense UV light for water purification and ozone generation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HFSS%20high%20frequency%20structure%20simulator" title="HFSS high frequency structure simulator">HFSS high frequency structure simulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Microwave%20plasma" title=" Microwave plasma"> Microwave plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UV%20ultraviolet" title=" UV ultraviolet"> UV ultraviolet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WR%20rectangular%20waveguide" title=" WR rectangular waveguide"> WR rectangular waveguide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91066/atmospheric-pressure-microwave-plasma-system-and-its-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91066.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1515</span> Virtual Practical Work as Formation of Physics Concept for Student</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sepdiana%20W.%20Rahmawati">Sepdiana W. Rahmawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santi%20A.%20P.%20Anggraini"> Santi A. P. Anggraini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The world of education has made progress with the various new technologies with help of computer. No exception physics education, especially virtual physics practical work. By doing practical work, memory of physics concept will be more advantageous for student and they will understand the essence of actual physics, not only spiked formula. With help of computers, created a variety of applications that can be used by students to perform virtual practical work and students will start thinking systematically to be able find its own concepts and understand the application of physics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=essence%20of%20physics" title="essence of physics">essence of physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formation%20concept" title=" formation concept"> formation concept</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physics%20concept" title=" physics concept"> physics concept</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20practical%20work" title=" virtual practical work"> virtual practical work</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39435/virtual-practical-work-as-formation-of-physics-concept-for-student" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39435.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">406</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1514</span> Numerical Study on Self-Confined Plasmoid Transport Phenomena in an Electrodeless Plasma Thruster for Space Propulsion </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaodong%20Wen">Xiaodong Wen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lijuan%20Liu"> Lijuan Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xinfeng%20Sun"> Xinfeng Sun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A high power electrodeless plasma thruster is being developed at Lanzhou Institute of Physics. In this thruster, a rotating magnetic field (RMF) driven by two radio-frequency coils which dephased by 90 degrees are applied both for propellant ionization and plasma acceleration. In the ionization stage, a very high azimuthal current can be driven by RMF and then makes plasma forms a field reversed configuration, namely self-confined plasmoid. Profoundly understanding the transport characteristics of the plasmoid in the following acceleration stage is the key to improve the thruster performances. In this paper, a 3D MHD model is established and the influences of the RMF and an applied magnetic field on the self-confined plasmoid acceleration are investigated. The simulation results show that, by applying a RMF with strength and frequency of 250 G and 370 kHz, the plasmoid can be accelerated to an average velocity of 17 km/s at the exit of the thruster. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20space%20propulsion" title="electric space propulsion">electric space propulsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20reversed%20configuration" title=" field reversed configuration"> field reversed configuration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotating%20magnetic%20field" title=" rotating magnetic field"> rotating magnetic field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport%20phenomena" title=" transport phenomena"> transport phenomena</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102125/numerical-study-on-self-confined-plasmoid-transport-phenomena-in-an-electrodeless-plasma-thruster-for-space-propulsion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102125.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1513</span> Interesting Behavior of Non-Thermal Plasma Photonic Crystals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mousavi">A. Mousavi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sadegzadeh"> S. Sadegzadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, the effect of non-thermal micro plasma with non-Maxwellian distribution function on the one dimensional plasma photonic crystals containing alternate plasma-dielectric layers, has been studied. By using Kronig Penny model, the dispersion relation of electromagnetic modes for such a periodic structure is obtained. In this study we take two plasma photonic crystals with different dielectric layers: the first one with Silicon monoxide named PPCI, and the second one with Tellurium dioxide named PPCII. The effects of the plasma layer thickness and the material of the dielectric layer on the plasma photonic crystal band gaps have been illustrated in the dispersion relation and the group velocity figures. Results revealed that in such a system, the non-thermal plasma exerts stronger limit on the wave’s propagation. In another word, for the non-thermal plasma photonic crystals (NPPC), there are two distinct regions in the dispersion plot. The upper region consists of alternate band gaps in such a way that both width and length of the bands decrease gradually as the band gaps order increases. Whereas in the lower region where v_ph > 20 c (for PPCI), waves will not be allowed to propagate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=band%20gap" title="band gap">band gap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispersion%20relation" title=" dispersion relation"> dispersion relation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-thermal%20plasma" title=" non-thermal plasma"> non-thermal plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20photonic%20crystal" title=" plasma photonic crystal"> plasma photonic crystal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24618/interesting-behavior-of-non-thermal-plasma-photonic-crystals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24618.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">539</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1512</span> The Evolution of the Strategic Plasma Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Ghasemi">Zahra Ghasemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Babaei"> Fatemeh Babaei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Plasma-derived medicinal products are vital categories of biological therapies. These products are used to treat rare, chronic, severe, and life-threatening conditions, such as bleeding disorders (Hemophilia A and B), hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, severe infections, burns and liver diseases, and other diseases caused by the absence or malfunction of certain proteins. In addition, they improve the patient’s quality of life. The process of producing plasma-derived medicinal products begins with the collection of human plasma from healthy donors. This initial stage is complex and is monitored with high precision and sensitivity by global authorities to maintain the quality and safety of the final products as well as the health of the donors. The amount of manufactured plasma-derived medicinal products depends on the availability of its raw material, human plasma, so collecting enough plasma for fractionation is essential. Therefore, adopting a suitable national policy regarding plasma donation, establishing collection centers, and increasing public awareness of the importance of plasma donation will improve any country’s conditions regarding the timely and sufficient supply of these medicines. In this study, we tried to briefly examine the importance of sustainability of the plasma industry and its situation in our beloved country of Iran. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma" title="plasma">plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=source%20plasma" title=" source plasma"> source plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma-derived%20medicinal%20products" title=" plasma-derived medicinal products"> plasma-derived medicinal products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractionation" title=" fractionation"> fractionation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158132/the-evolution-of-the-strategic-plasma-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158132.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1511</span> Wear Resistance of 20MnCr5 Steel Nitrided by Plasma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Okba%20Belahssen">Okba Belahssen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Said%20Benramache"> Said Benramache</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents wear behavior of the plasma-nitrided 20MnCr5 steel. Untreated and plasma nitrided samples were tested. The morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The plasma nitriding behaviors of 20MnCr5 steel have been assessed by evaluating tribological properties and surface hardness by using a pin-on-disk wear machine and microhardness tester. Experimental results showed that the nitrides ε-Fe2−3N and γ′-Fe4N present in the white layer improve the wear resistance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma-nitriding" title="plasma-nitriding">plasma-nitriding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alloy%2020mncr5" title=" alloy 20mncr5"> alloy 20mncr5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel" title=" steel"> steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=friction" title=" friction"> friction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wear" title=" wear"> wear</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31284/wear-resistance-of-20mncr5-steel-nitrided-by-plasma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31284.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">557</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1510</span> Temperature Calculation for an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet by Optical Emission Spectroscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Lee">H. Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jr."> Jr.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Bo-ot"> L. Bo-ot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Tumlos"> R. Tumlos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Ramos"> H. Ramos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of the study is to be able to calculate excitation and vibrational temperatures of a 2.45 GHz microwave-induced atmospheric pressure plasma jet. The plasma jet utilizes Argon gas as a primary working gas, while Nitrogen is utilized as a shroud gas for protecting the quartz tube from the plasma discharge. Through Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES), various emission spectra were acquired from the plasma discharge. Selected lines from Ar I and N2 I emissions were used for the Boltzmann plot technique. The Boltzmann plots yielded values for the excitation and vibrational temperatures. The various values for the temperatures were plotted against varying parameters such as the gas flow rates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20jet" title="plasma jet">plasma jet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OES" title=" OES"> OES</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boltzmann%20plots" title=" Boltzmann plots"> Boltzmann plots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibrational%20temperatures" title=" vibrational temperatures"> vibrational temperatures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12879/temperature-calculation-for-an-atmospheric-pressure-plasma-jet-by-optical-emission-spectroscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12879.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">713</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1509</span> Plasma Systems Application in Treating Automobile Exhaust Gases for a Clean Environment (Case Study)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahsen%20Abdalwahab%20Ibraheem%20Albehege">Tahsen Abdalwahab Ibraheem Albehege</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Exhaust fuel purification is of great importance to prevent the emission of major pollutants into the atmosphere such as diesel particulates and nitrogen oxides and meet environmental regulations, so environmental impacts are a primary concern of Diesel Exhaust Gas (DEG) which contains hazardous substances harmful to the environment as well as human health.We can not plasma formed through directing electrical energy to create free electrons, which in turn can react with gaseous species, but we can by used to treat engine exhaust gases. . By NO that has been reportedly oxidized to HNO3 and then into ammonium nitrate, and then condensed and removed. In general, thermal plasmas are formed by heating a system to high temperatures 2,000 degrees C, however this can be inefficient and can require extensive thermal management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20system%20application" title="plasma system application">plasma system application</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20physics" title=" project physics"> project physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidizing%20environment" title=" oxidizing environment"> oxidizing environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electromagnetically" title=" electromagnetically"> electromagnetically</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150340/plasma-systems-application-in-treating-automobile-exhaust-gases-for-a-clean-environment-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150340.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1508</span> Effects of Plasma Treatment on Seed Germination</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong%20Ho%20Jeon">Yong Ho Jeon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youn%20Mi%20Lee"> Youn Mi Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong%20Yoon%20Lee"> Yong Yoon Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Effects of cold plasma treatment on various plant seed germination were studied. The seeds of hot pepper, cucumber, tomato and arabidopsis were exposed to plasma and the plasma was generated in various devices. The germination speed was evaluated compared to an unexposed control. A positive effect on germination speed was observed in all tested seeds but the effects strongly depended on the type of the used plasma device (Argon-DBD, surface-DBD or MARX generator), time of exposure (6s~10min or 1~10shots) and kind of seeds. The SEM images showed that arrays of gold particles along the cell wall were observed on the surface of cucumber seeds showed a germination-accelerating effect by plasma treatment, which was the same as untreated. However, when treated with the high dose plasma, gold particles were not arrayed at the seed surface, it seems that due to the surface etching. This may suggest that the germination is not promoted by etching or damage of surface caused by the plasma treatment. Seedling growth improvement was also observed by indirect plasma treatment. These lead to an important conclusion that the effect of charged particles on plasma play the essential role in plant germination and indirect plasma treatment offers new perspectives for large scale application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20plasma" title="cold plasma">cold plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucumber" title=" cucumber"> cucumber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=germination" title=" germination"> germination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM "> SEM </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49540/effects-of-plasma-treatment-on-seed-germination" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49540.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1507</span> Contribution of Exchange-correlation Effects on Weakly Relativistic Plasma Expansion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachid%20Fermous">Rachid Fermous</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rima%20Mebrek"> Rima Mebrek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Plasma expansion is an important physical process that takes place in laser interactions with solid targets. Within a self-similar model for the hydrodynamic multi-fluid equations, we investigated the expansion of dense plasma. The weakly relativistic electrons are produced by ultra-intense laser pulses, while ions are supposed to be in a non-relativistic regime. It is shown that dense plasma expansion is found to be governed mainly by quantum contributions in the fluid equations that originate from the degenerate pressure in addition to the nonlinear contributions from exchange and correlation potentials. The quantum degeneracy parameter proﬁle provides clues to set the limit between under-dense and dense relativistic plasma expansions at a given density and temperature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20expansion" title="plasma expansion">plasma expansion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20degeneracy" title=" quantum degeneracy"> quantum degeneracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weakly%20relativistic" title=" weakly relativistic"> weakly relativistic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=under-dense%20%20plasma" title=" under-dense plasma"> under-dense plasma</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167933/contribution-of-exchange-correlation-effects-on-weakly-relativistic-plasma-expansion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167933.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1506</span> Failure Analysis of Electrode, Nozzle Plate, and Powder Injector during Air Plasma Spray Coating</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nemes%20Alexandra">Nemes Alexandra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the research is to develop an optimum microstructure of steel coatings on aluminum surfaces for application on the crankcase cylinder bores. For the proper design of the microstructure of the coat, it is important to control the plasma gun unit properly. The maximum operating time was determined while the plasma gun could optimally work before its destruction. Objectives: The aim of the research is to determine the optimal operating time of the plasma gun between renovations (the renovation shall involve the replacement of the test components of the plasma gun: electrode, nozzle plate, powder injector. Methodology: Plasma jet and particle flux analysis with PFI (PFI is a diagnostic tool for all kinds of thermal spraying processes), CT reconstruction and analysis on the new and the used plasma guns, failure analysis of electrodes, nozzle plates, and powder injectors, microscopic examination of the microstructure of the coating. Contributions: As the result of the failure analysis detailed above, the use of the plasma gun was maximized at 100 operating hours in order to get optimal microstructure for the coat. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=APS" title="APS">APS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20plasma%20spray" title=" air plasma spray"> air plasma spray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure%20analysis" title=" failure analysis"> failure analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrode" title=" electrode"> electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nozzle%20plate" title=" nozzle plate"> nozzle plate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=powder%20injector" title=" powder injector"> powder injector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151362/failure-analysis-of-electrode-nozzle-plate-and-powder-injector-during-air-plasma-spray-coating" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151362.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1505</span> Simulation Study on Spacecraft Surface Charging Induced by Jovian Plasma Environment with Particle in Cell Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meihua%20Fang">Meihua Fang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yipan%20Guo"> Yipan Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tao%20Fei"> Tao Fei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pengyu%20Tian"> Pengyu Tian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Space plasma caused spacecraft surface charging is the major space environment hazard. Particle in cell (PIC) method can be used to simulate the interaction between space plasma and spacecraft. It was proved that surface charging level of spacecraft in Jupiter’s orbits was high for its’ electron-heavy plasma environment. In this paper, Jovian plasma environment is modeled and surface charging analysis is carried out by PIC based software Spacecraft Plasma Interaction System (SPIS). The results show that the spacecraft charging potentials exceed 1000V at 2Rj, 15Rj and 25Rj polar orbits in the dark side at worst case plasma model. Furthermore, the simulation results indicate that the large Jovian magnetic field increases the surface charging level for secondary electron gyration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PIC" title=" PIC"> PIC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20plasma" title=" space plasma"> space plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20charging" title=" surface charging"> surface charging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106455/simulation-study-on-spacecraft-surface-charging-induced-by-jovian-plasma-environment-with-particle-in-cell-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106455.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1504</span> A Study on the Water and Oil Repellency Characteristics of Plasma-Treated Pet and Pet/Elastane Fabrics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehtap%20%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Fkan">Mehtap Çalışkan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nil%C3%BCfer%20Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z%20Varan"> Nilüfer Yıldız Varan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Volkan%20Kaplan"> Volkan Kaplan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> New orientations have emerged in the textile sector as a result of increasing global competition and environmental problems. Under the scope of new understandings, it is required to bring forward multi-functional, simple and environmentally friendly methods that will meet tight economic and ecological demands of today. Plasma technology has become a significant alternative in this sense. This technology may provide great advantages in case it is developed, however, it does not receive adequate consideration. In this study, plasma treatment was applied by using glow discharge plasma system to 100% polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and 95% PET/5% elastane fabrics and then the effects of plasma polymerization on fabric surface was tested and analyzed using water and oil repellent finishes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma" title="plasma">plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyester" title=" polyester"> polyester</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elastane" title=" elastane"> elastane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20repellency" title=" water repellency"> water repellency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20repellency" title=" oil repellency"> oil repellency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73125/a-study-on-the-water-and-oil-repellency-characteristics-of-plasma-treated-pet-and-petelastane-fabrics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73125.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1503</span> Effect of Pre-Plasma Potential on Laser Ion Acceleration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djemai%20Bara">Djemai Bara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Faouzi%20Mahboub"> Mohamed Faouzi Mahboub</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djamila%20Bennaceur-Doumaz"> Djamila Bennaceur-Doumaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, the role of the preformed plasma created on the front face of a target, irradiated by a high intensity short pulse laser, in the framework of ion acceleration process, modeled by Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) mechanism, is studied. This plasma is composed of cold ions governed by fluid equations and non-thermal & trapped with densities represented by a "Cairns-Gurevich" equation. The self-similar solution of the equations shows that electronic trapping and the presence of non-thermal electrons in the pre-plasma are both responsible in ion acceleration as long as the proportion of energetic electrons is not too high. In the case where the majority of electrons are energetic, the electrons are accelerated directly by the ponderomotive force of the laser without the intermediate of an accelerating plasma wave. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cairns-Gurevich%20Equation" title="Cairns-Gurevich Equation">Cairns-Gurevich Equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ion%20acceleration" title=" ion acceleration"> ion acceleration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20expansion" title=" plasma expansion"> plasma expansion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-plasma" title=" pre-plasma"> pre-plasma</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105424/effect-of-pre-plasma-potential-on-laser-ion-acceleration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105424.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1502</span> Plasma Properties Effect on Fluorescent Tube Plasma Antenna Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20N.%20Dagang">A. N. Dagang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20I.%20Ismail"> E. I. Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Zakaria"> Z. Zakaria</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the analysis on the performance of monopole antenna with fluorescent tubes. In this research, the simulation and experimental approach is conducted. The fluorescent tube with different length and size is designed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software and the characteristics of antenna parameter are simulated throughout the software. CST was used to simulate antenna parameters such as return loss, resonant frequency, gain and directivity. Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) was used to measure the return loss of plasma antenna in order to validate the simulation results. In the simulation and experiment, the supply frequency is set starting from 1 GHz to 10 GHz. The results show that the return loss of plasma antenna changes when size of fluorescent tubes is varied, correspond to the different plasma properties. It shows that different values of plasma properties such as plasma frequency and collision frequency gives difference result of return loss, gain and directivity. For the gain, the values range from 2.14 dB to 2.36 dB. The return loss of plasma antenna offers higher value range from -22.187 dB to -32.903 dB. The higher the values of plasma frequency and collision frequency, the higher return loss can be obtained. The values obtained are comparative to the conventional type of metal antenna. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20antenna" title="plasma antenna">plasma antenna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluorescent%20tube" title=" fluorescent tube"> fluorescent tube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CST" title=" CST"> CST</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20parameters" title=" plasma parameters"> plasma parameters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52421/plasma-properties-effect-on-fluorescent-tube-plasma-antenna-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52421.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1501</span> 2D RF ICP Torch Modelling with Fluid Plasma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mokhtar%20Labiod">Mokhtar Labiod</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nabil%20Ikhlef"> Nabil Ikhlef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keltoum%20Bouherine"> Keltoum Bouherine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olivier%20Leroy"> Olivier Leroy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A numerical model for the radio-frequency (RF) Argon discharge chamber is developed to simulate the low pressure low temperature inductively coupled plasma. This model will be of fundamental importance in the design of the plasma magnetic control system. Electric and magnetic fields inside the discharge chamber are evaluated by solving a magnetic vector potential equation. To start with, the equations of the ideal magnetohydrodynamics theory will be presented describing the basic behaviour of magnetically confined plasma and equations are discretized with finite element method in cylindrical coordinates. The discharge chamber is assumed to be axially symmetric and the plasma is treated as a compressible gas. Plasma generation due to ionization is added to the continuity equation. Magnetic vector potential equation is solved for the electromagnetic fields. A strong dependence of the plasma properties on the discharge conditions and the gas temperature is obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct-coupled%20model" title="direct-coupled model">direct-coupled model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetohydrodynamic" title=" magnetohydrodynamic"> magnetohydrodynamic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modelling" title=" modelling"> modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20torch%20simulation" title=" plasma torch simulation"> plasma torch simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38779/2d-rf-icp-torch-modelling-with-fluid-plasma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38779.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">433</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1500</span> Atmospheric Plasma Treatment to Improve Water and Oil Repellent Finishing for PET and PET/Spandex Fabrics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehtap%20%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Fkan">Mehtap Çalışkan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nil%C3%BCfer%20Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z%20Varan"> Nilüfer Yıldız Varan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Volkan%20Kaplan"> Volkan Kaplan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the effects of an atmospheric plasma treatment on the durability of water and oil repellent finishes of PET and PET/Spandex fabrics were tested. Fabrics were treated with a low-frequency atmospheric pressure glow discharge. After plasma treatments, the water and oil repellent finishes were applied using pad-dry-cure method. It was observed that plasma treatments improved the durability finish for all fabrics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmospheric%20plasma" title="atmospheric plasma">atmospheric plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durable%20coating" title=" durable coating"> durable coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20repellency" title=" oil repellency"> oil repellency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PET%2Fspandex%20fabrics" title=" PET/spandex fabrics"> PET/spandex fabrics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20repellency" title=" water repellency"> water repellency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68560/atmospheric-plasma-treatment-to-improve-water-and-oil-repellent-finishing-for-pet-and-petspandex-fabrics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1499</span> Plasma Gasification as a Sustainable Way for Energy Recovery from Scrap Tyre </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gloria%20James">Gloria James</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Nema"> S. K. Nema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20S.%20Anantha%20Singh"> T. S. Anantha Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Vadivel%20Murugan"> P. Vadivel Murugan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The usage of tyre has increased enormously in day to day life. The used tyre and rubber products pose major threat to the environment. Conventional thermal techniques such as low temperature pyrolysis and incineration produce high molecular organic compounds (condensed and collected as aromatic oil) and carbon soot particles. Plasma gasification technique can dispose tyre waste and generate combustible gases and avoid the formation of high molecular aromatic compounds. These gases generated in plasma gasification process can be used to generate electricity or as fuel wherever required. Although many experiments have been done on plasma pyrolysis of tyres, very little work has been done on plasma gasification of tyres. In this work plasma gasification of waste tyres have been conducted in a fixed bed reactor having graphite electrodes and direct current (DC) arc plasma system. The output of this work has been compared with the previous work done on plasma pyrolysis of tyres by different authors. The aim of this work is to compare different process based on gas generation, efficiency of the process and explore the most effective option for energy recovery from waste tyres. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma" title="plasma">plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gasification" title=" gasification"> gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syngas" title=" syngas"> syngas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tyre%20waste" title=" tyre waste"> tyre waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103318/plasma-gasification-as-a-sustainable-way-for-energy-recovery-from-scrap-tyre" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103318.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1498</span> Feasibility of Leukemia Cancer Treatment (K562) by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mashayekh%20Amir%20Shahriar">Mashayekh Amir Shahriar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akhlaghi%20Morteza"> Akhlaghi Morteza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajaee%20Hajar"> Rajaee Hajar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khani%20Mohammad%20Reza"> Khani Mohammad Reza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shokri%20Babak"> Shokri Babak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new and novel approach in medicine is the use of cold plasma for various applications such as sterilization blood coagulation and cancer cell treatment. In this paper a pin-to-hole plasma jet suitable for biological applications is investigated, characterized and the possibility and feasibility of cancer cell treatment is evaluated. The characterization includes power consumption via Lissajous method, thermal behavior of plasma using Infra-red camera as a novel method, Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) to determine the species that are generated. Treatment of leukemia cancer cells is also implemented and MTT assay is used to evaluate viability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atmospheric%20Pressure%20Plasma%20Jet%20%28APPJ%29" title="Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (APPJ)">Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (APPJ)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Plasma%20Medicine" title=" Plasma Medicine"> Plasma Medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cancer%20cell%20treatment" title=" Cancer cell treatment"> Cancer cell treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leukemia" title=" leukemia"> leukemia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Optical%20Emission" title=" Optical Emission "> Optical Emission </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16677/feasibility-of-leukemia-cancer-treatment-k562-by-atmospheric-pressure-plasma-jet" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16677.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">659</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1497</span> Physics’s Practical Based on Android as a Motivator in Learning Physics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuni%20Rochmawati">Yuni Rochmawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luluk%20Il%20Mukarromah"> Luluk Il Mukarromah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based on the linux kerrnel and currently developed by google. With a user interface based on direct manipulation, Android is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile deviced such as smartphone and tablet computer, with specialized user interface for television (Android TV), cars (Android Auto), and wrist watches (Android Wear). Now, almost all peoples using smartphone. Smartphone seems to be a must-have object, because smartphone has many benefits. In addition, of course smartphone have many benefits for education, like resume of lesson that form of e-book. However, this article is not about resume of lesson. This article is about practical based on android, exactly for physics. Therefore, we will explain our idea about physics’s practical based on android and for output, we wish many students will be like to studying physics and always remember about physics’s phenomenon by physics’s practical based on android. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=android" title="android">android</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smartphone" title=" smartphone"> smartphone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physics" title=" physics"> physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=practical" title=" practical"> practical</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39584/physicss-practical-based-on-android-as-a-motivator-in-learning-physics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39584.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1496</span> Development of new Ecological Cleaning Process of Metal Sheets </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20M.%20L%C3%B3pez%20L%C3%B3pez">L. M. López López</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20V.%20Montesdeoca%20Contreras"> J. V. Montesdeoca Contreras</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20R.%20Cuji%20Fajardo"> A. R. Cuji Fajardo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20E.%20Garz%C3%B3n%20Mu%C3%B1oz"> L. E. Garzón Muñoz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20I.%20Fajardo%20Seminario"> J. I. Fajardo Seminario</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this article a new method of cleaning process of metal sheets for household appliances was developed, using low-pressure cold plasma. In this context, this research consist in analyze the results of metal sheets cleaning process using plasma and compare with pickling process to determinate the efficiency of each process and the level of contamination produced. Surface Cleaning was evaluated by measuring the contact angle with deionized water, diiodo methane and ethylene glycol, for the calculus of the surface free energy by means of the Fowkes theories and Wu. Showing that low-pressure cold plasma is very efficient both in cleaning process how in environment impact. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficient%20use%20of%20plasma" title="efficient use of plasma">efficient use of plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecological%20impact%20of%20plasma" title=" ecological impact of plasma"> ecological impact of plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20sheets%20cleaning%20means" title=" metal sheets cleaning means"> metal sheets cleaning means</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20cleaning%20process." title=" plasma cleaning process. "> plasma cleaning process. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30939/development-of-new-ecological-cleaning-process-of-metal-sheets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30939.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20physics&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20physics&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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