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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Group C: Subtropical climates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_C:_Subtropical_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_D:_Temperate_and_continental_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_D:_Temperate_and_continental_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Group D: Temperate and continental climates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_D:_Temperate_and_continental_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_E:_Boreal_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_E:_Boreal_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Group E: Boreal climates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_E:_Boreal_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_F:_Polar_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_F:_Polar_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Group F: Polar climates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_F:_Polar_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_H:_Highland_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_H:_Highland_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Group H: Highland climates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_H:_Highland_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_Thermal_Scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_Thermal_Scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Universal Thermal Scale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_Thermal_Scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>B</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>C</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>D</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>E</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-F" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#F"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>F</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-F-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="ट्रिवार्था के जलवायु वर्गीकरण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ट्रिवार्था के जलवायु वर्गीकरण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificaci%C3%B3_clim%C3%A0tica_de_Trewartha" title="Classificació climàtica de Trewartha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Classificació climàtica de Trewartha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquema_de_clasificaci%C3%B3n_clim%C3%A1tica_de_Trewartha" title="Esquema de clasificación climática de Trewartha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esquema de clasificación climática de Trewartha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A7" title="سامانه طبقه‌بندی اقلیمی تروارثا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه طبقه‌بندی اقلیمی تروارثا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="ट्रिवार्था का जलवायु वर्गीकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रिवार्था का जलवायु वर्गीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_clim%C3%A1tica_de_Trewartha" title="Classificação climática de Trewartha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Classificação climática de Trewartha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Класифікація кліматів Треварти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Класифікація кліматів Треварти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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The reason given is: <b>Unclear author-year references.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trewartha_climate_classification_world_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trewartha_climate_classification_world_map.png/350px-Trewartha_climate_classification_world_map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trewartha_climate_classification_world_map.png/525px-Trewartha_climate_classification_world_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trewartha_climate_classification_world_map.png/700px-Trewartha_climate_classification_world_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Trewartha climate types for the world (1967) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist image-key"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#900; color:white;"> </span> Ar: Tropical Wet</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F30; color:black;"> </span> Aw: Tropical Wet-And-Dry</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF3; color:black;"> </span> Bw: Desert or Arid</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F93; color:black;"> </span> Bs: Steppe or Semiarid</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#690; color:black;"> </span> Cs: Subtropical Dry Summer</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#360; color:white;"> </span> Cf: Subtropical Humid</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0F9; color:black;"> </span> Do: Temperate Oceanic</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#09F; color:black;"> </span> Dc: Temperate Continental</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#06C; color:white;"> </span> E: Boreal</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B9B9B9; color:black;"> </span> Ft: Tundra</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9FF; color:black;"> </span> Fi: Ice Cap</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FCF; color:black;"> </span> H: Highland</div></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_trewartha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/US_trewartha.svg/350px-US_trewartha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/US_trewartha.svg/525px-US_trewartha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/US_trewartha.svg/700px-US_trewartha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Trewartha climate types for the contiguous United States</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Trewartha climate classification</b> (<b>TCC</b>), or the <b>Köppen–Trewartha climate classification</b> (<b>KTC</b>), is a <a href="/wiki/Climate_classification" title="Climate classification">climate classification</a> system first published by American geographer <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Thomas_Trewartha" title="Glenn Thomas Trewartha">Glenn Thomas Trewartha</a> in 1966. It is a modified version of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen–Geiger system</a>, created to answer some of its deficiencies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trewartha system attempts to redefine the <a href="/wiki/Middle_latitudes" title="Middle latitudes">middle latitudes</a> to be closer to <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> zoning and genetic <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scheme">Scheme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trewartha's modifications to the 1884 Köppen climate system sought to reclass the middle latitudes into three groups, according to how many months have a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher: </p> <ul><li><i>C</i> (<a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a>)—8 or more months;</li> <li><i>D</i> (<a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a>)—4 to 7 months;</li> <li><i>E</i> (<a href="/wiki/Boreal_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal climate">boreal climate</a>)—1 to 3 months.</li></ul> <p>The tropical climates and polar climates remained the same as in the original Köppen climate classification. </p><p>The "highland" climate is ambiguously defined. Newer users of KTC generally omit this option.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_A:_Tropical_climates">Group A: Tropical climates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Group A: Tropical climates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> realm, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme (i.e., all 12 months average 18 °C (64.4 °F) or above). The <i>A</i> climates are the realm of the winterless frost-free zone. </p> <ul><li>Climates with no more than two dry months (defined as having less than 60 mm (2.4 inches) average precipitation, same as per Köppen) are classified <i>Ar</i>.</li> <li>Others are classified <i>Aw</i> if the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> is at the time of low-sun/short days or <i>As</i> if the dry season is at the time of high-sun/long days.</li></ul> <p>There was no specific <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoon climate">monsoon climate</a> identifier in the original scheme, but <i>Am</i> was added later, with the same parameters as Köppen's (except that at least three months, rather than one, must have less than 60 mm average precipitation). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_B:_Dry_(arid_and_semi-arid)_climates"><span id="Group_B:_Dry_.28arid_and_semi-arid.29_climates"></span>Group B: Dry (arid and semi-arid) climates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Group B: Dry (arid and semi-arid) climates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>BW</i> and <i>BS</i> mean the same as in the Köppen scheme. However, a different formula is used to quantify the aridity threshold: 10(<i>T</i> − 10) + 3<i>P</i>, with <i>T</i> equaling the mean annual temperature in degrees Celsius, and <i>P</i> denoting the percentage of total precipitation received in the six high-sun months (April through September in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, October through March in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>If the precipitation for a given location is less than the above formula — that is, if <i>P</i> < 10(<i>T</i> − 10) + 3<i>P</i> — the climate is said to be that of a <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> (<i>BW</i>).</li> <li>If it is equal to or greater than the formula but less than twice that amount, the climate is classified as <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> (<i>BS</i>).</li> <li>If the precipitation is more than double the value of the formula, the climate is not in Group <i>B</i>.</li></ul> <p>Unlike in Köppen's scheme, no thermal subsets exist within this group in Trewartha's, unless the <a href="#Universal_Thermal_Scale">Universal Thermal Scale (see below)</a> is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_C:_Subtropical_climates">Group C: Subtropical climates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Group C: Subtropical climates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Trewartha scheme the <i>C</i> climate group encompasses <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> climates, which have 8 or more months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher. There are only two types within the <i>C</i> or subtropical climate group: </p> <ul><li><i>Cs</i>, which is a dry-summer or <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>;</li> <li><i>Cf</i>, or humid subtropical climate. <i>Cw</i> types occur within the <i>Cf</i> group and refer to subtropical monsoon climates (like much of east Asia).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_D:_Temperate_and_continental_climates">Group D: Temperate and continental climates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Group D: Temperate and continental climates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Trewartha scheme the <i>D</i> climate group encompasses <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a> that have 4 to 7 months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher. <i>D</i> climate groups have two types: </p> <ul><li>Oceanic (<i>Do</i>), where the coldest month has a mean temperature 0 °C (32 °F) or higher</li> <li>Continental (<i>Dc</i>), where the coldest monthly mean temperature reaches below 0 °C, as in some interior landmasses in North America and Asia. For the continental climates (<i>Dc</i>), sometimes a third letter (<i>a</i> or <i>b</i>) is added to denote a hot or cold summer. <i>Dca</i> is used where the warmest month has a mean temperature of 22.2 °C (72.0 °F) or higher, and <i>Dcb</i> is used for cool-summer temperate climates, where the warmest month has a mean temperature below 22.2 °C.</li></ul> <p>Most of Europe north of the 44th <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">parallel</a> exhibits a <i>Do</i> or <i>Dc</i> climate type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_E:_Boreal_climates">Group E: Boreal climates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Group E: Boreal climates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This represents <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subpolar_oceanic_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar oceanic climate">subpolar oceanic</a> climate realms, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme, where 1 to 3 months have an average temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or above. In this climate zone there is only a short period (normally 50 to 90 days) that is frost free. In the original scheme, this group was not further divided; later, the designations <i>Eo</i> and <i>Ec</i> were created: </p> <ul><li><i>Eo</i> (maritime subarctic) signifies that the coldest month averages above −10 °C (14 °F).</li> <li><i>Ec</i> (continental subarctic or "boreal") means that at least one month has an average temperature of −10 °C or below.</li></ul> <p>As in Group <i>D</i>, a third letter can be added to indicate seasonality of precipitation. There are no separate counterparts to the Köppen <i>Dfd</i>, <i>Dwd</i>, and <i>Dsd</i> climate types in Trewartha's scheme, but a letter can optionally be added to the end of the symbol to indicate the temperature of the coldest month (<a href="#Universal_Thermal_Scale">see below</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_F:_Polar_climates">Group F: Polar climates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Group F: Polar climates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar climate</a> group, where all months have a monthly mean air temperature below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates have two subtypes, <i>Ft</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>) and <i>Fi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice cap</a>): </p> <ul><li>In the <i>Ft</i> climate type, at least one month has an average temperature above 0 °C (32 °F) (but not above 10 °C (50 °F)), so that there is a brief time when the surface might be free of snow or ice and a <a href="/wiki/Scrubland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrubland">scrub</a> or tundra vegetation cover is possible.</li> <li>In the <i>Fi</i> climate type, all months have an average temperature below 0 °C (32 °F). This is the region of the vast deserts of perpetually frozen ocean in the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>, and the permanent ice <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateaus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_H:_Highland_climates">Group H: Highland climates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Group H: Highland climates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland climate">Highland climates</a> are those in which <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> plays a role in determining climate classification.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, this would apply if correcting the average temperature of each month to a <a href="/wiki/Sea-level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-level">sea-level</a> value—using the formula of adding 5.6 °C (10.1 °F)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for each 1,000 meters (3,281 ft) of elevation—would cause the climate to fit into a different thermal group from that into which the actual monthly temperatures place it. </p><p>Sometimes <i>G</i> is used instead of <i>H</i> if the above is true and the altitude is between 500 and 2,500 meters (1,640 and 8,202 ft), but the <i>G</i> or <i>H</i> is placed in front of the applicable thermal letter rather than replacing it. The second letter used reflects the <i>corrected</i> monthly temperatures, not the actual monthly temperatures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universal_Thermal_Scale">Universal Thermal Scale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Universal Thermal Scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An option exists to include information on both the warmest and coldest months for every climate by adding a third and fourth letter respectively. The letters, denoting mean monthly temperature, conform to the following scale:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Code </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Temperature range </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>i</i> </td> <td>Severely hot </td> <td>35 °C (95 °F) or higher </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>h</i> </td> <td>Very hot </td> <td>28 to 34.9 °C (82.4 to 94.8 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>a</i> </td> <td>Hot </td> <td>22.2 to 27.9 °C (72.0 to 82.2 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>b</i> </td> <td>Warm </td> <td>18 to 22.1 °C (64.4 to 71.8 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>l</i> </td> <td>Mild </td> <td>10 to 17.9 °C (50.0 to 64.2 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>k</i> </td> <td>Cool </td> <td>0.1 to 9.9 °C (32.2 to 49.8 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>o</i> </td> <td>Cold </td> <td>−9.9 to 0 °C (14.2 to 32.0 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>c</i> </td> <td>Very cold </td> <td>−24.9 to −10 °C (−12.8 to 14.0 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>d</i> </td> <td>Severely cold </td> <td>−39.9 to −25 °C (−39.8 to −13.0 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>e</i> </td> <td>Excessively cold </td> <td>−40 °C (−40 °F) or below </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It might be helpful to convert these into a table. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A">A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Arha</i> for <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia</li> <li><i>Arhb</i> for <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="Fort Lauderdale, Florida">Fort Lauderdale, Florida</a>, United States</li> <li><i>Araa</i> for <a href="/wiki/Suva" title="Suva">Suva</a>, Fiji</li> <li><i>Arab</i> for <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, Uganda or <a href="/wiki/Innisfail,_Queensland" title="Innisfail, Queensland">Innisfail</a>, Australia</li> <li><i>Amha</i> for <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Philippines</li> <li><i>Amhb</i> for <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, Florida, United States</li> <li><i>Amaa</i> for <a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a>, Liberia</li> <li><i>Amab</i> for <a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>, Australia</li> <li><i>Ambb</i> for <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida, Mérida">Mérida</a>, Venezuela</li> <li><i>Awha</i> for <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, Indonesia</li> <li><i>Awhb</i> for <a href="/wiki/Naples,_Florida" title="Naples, Florida">Naples, Florida</a>, United States</li> <li><i>Awaa</i> for <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>, Republic of the Congo or <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia" title="Goiânia">Goiânia</a>, Brazil</li> <li><i>Awab</i> for <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a>, Brazil</li> <li><i>Awbb</i> for <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a>, Guatemala</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="B">B</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>BWih</i> for <a href="/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallol, Ethiopia">Dallol</a>, Ethiopia</li> <li><i>BWia</i> for <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, Sudan</li> <li><i>BWib</i> for <a href="/wiki/Tessalit" title="Tessalit">Tessalit</a>, Mali or <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, United Arab Emirates</li> <li><i>BWil</i> for <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, Saudi Arabia or <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, United States</li> <li><i>BWik</i> for <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, Iraq</li> <li><i>BWha</i> for <a href="/wiki/Punto_Fijo" title="Punto Fijo">Punto Fijo</a>, Venezuela</li> <li><i>BWhb/BShb</i> for <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Pakistan</li> <li><i>BWhl</i> for <a href="/wiki/Alice_Springs" title="Alice Springs">Alice Springs</a>, Australia or <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt</li> <li><i>BWhk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, Nevada, United States or <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, Iran</li> <li><i>BWho</i> for <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>, China or <a href="/wiki/Nukus" title="Nukus">Nukus</a>, Uzbekistan</li> <li><i>BWal</i> for <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru or <a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a>, Chile</li> <li><i>BWak</i> for <a href="/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n" title="Neuquén">Neuquén</a>, Argentina</li> <li><i>BWao</i> for <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a>, India or <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a>, China</li> <li><i>BWac</i> for <a href="/wiki/Aral,_Kazakhstan" title="Aral, Kazakhstan">Aral</a>, Kazakhstan or <a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a>, China</li> <li><i>BWbl</i> for <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a>, Chile or <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, Yemen</li> <li><i>BWbc</i> for <a href="/wiki/Khovd_(city)" title="Khovd (city)">Khovd</a>, Mongolia</li> <li><i>BWll</i> for <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a>, Namibia</li> <li><i>BWlc</i> for <a href="/wiki/%C3%96lgii_(city)" title="Ölgii (city)">Ölgii</a>, Mongolia</li> <li><i>BSil</i> for <a href="/wiki/Dezful" title="Dezful">Dezful</a>, Iran</li> <li><i>BSha</i> for <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, Ghana</li> <li><i>BShb</i> for <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, Angola or <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, India</li> <li><i>BShl</i> for <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, Greece</li> <li><i>BShk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, Iran</li> <li><i>BSaa</i> for <a href="/wiki/Barquisimeto" title="Barquisimeto">Barquisimeto</a>, Venezuela or <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii, United States</li> <li><i>BSab</i> for ...</li> <li><i>BSal</i> for <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, Spain or <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, Libya</li> <li><i>BSak</i> for <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain or <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan</li> <li><i>BSao</i> for <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado, United States or <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia</li> <li><i>BSbl</i> for <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a>, Bolivia</li> <li><i>BSbk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile</li> <li><i>BSbo</i> for <a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a>, Canada</li> <li><i>BSbc</i> for <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, Mongolia</li> <li><i>BSbd</i> for <a href="/wiki/Kyzyl" title="Kyzyl">Kyzyl</a>, Russia</li> <li><i>BSll</i> for <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, Eritrea</li> <li><i>BSlk</i> for <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Gallegos" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Gallegos">Río Gallegos</a>, Argentina or <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, Tibet, China</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C">C</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Cfhl</i> for <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, United States</li> <li><i>Cfhk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, China, or <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas, United States</li> <li><i>Cfal</i> for <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina or <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia</li> <li><i>Cfak</i> for <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan or <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a>, Tennessee, United States</li> <li><i>Cfbl</i> for <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand or <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a>, South Africa</li> <li><i>Cfbk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, Spain or <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia</li> <li><i>Cfll</i> for <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, Colombia</li> <li><i>Cflk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, Australia or <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, New Zealand</li> <li><i>Cwhl</i> for <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan or <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam</li> <li><i>Cwhk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, China</li> <li><i>Cwal</i> for <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a>, Argentina</li> <li><i>Cwak</i> for <a href="/wiki/Changwon" title="Changwon">Changwon</a>, South Korea</li> <li><i>Cwbl</i> for <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</li> <li><i>Cwbk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, China</li> <li><i>Cwll</i> for <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, Peru</li> <li><i>Cshl</i> for <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain</li> <li><i>Cshk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, Uzbekistan or <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a>, Turkey</li> <li><i>Csal</i> for <a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Faro</a>, Portugal or <a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>, Portugal</li> <li><i>Csak</i> for <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France or <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</li> <li><i>Csbl</i> for <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa</li> <li><i>Csbk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a>, Portugal</li> <li><i>Csll</i> for <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, United States</li> <li><i>Cslk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a>, Chile</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="D">D</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Dohk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>, Turkey or <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>, Iran</li> <li><i>Doak</i> for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, New York, United States or <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy</li> <li><i>Dobk</i> for <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom or <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, Canada</li> <li><i>Dolk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, Norway or <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Montt" title="Puerto Montt">Puerto Montt</a>, Chile</li> <li><i>Dcho</i> for <a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a>, Iran</li> <li><i>Dcao</i> for <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea or <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois, United States</li> <li><i>Dcac</i> for <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, China or <a href="/wiki/Oral,_Kazakhstan" title="Oral, Kazakhstan">Oral</a>, Kazakhstan</li> <li><i>Dcbo</i> for <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>, Austria or <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</li> <li><i>Dcbc</i> for <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, Canada or <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, Russia</li> <li><i>Dcbd</i> for <a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a>, China or <a href="/wiki/Chegdomyn" title="Chegdomyn">Chegdomyn</a>, Russia</li> <li><i>Dclo</i> for <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a>, Italy or <a href="/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau, Alaska</a>, United States</li> <li><i>Dclc</i> for <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks, Alaska</a>, United States or <a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a>, Turkey</li> <li><i>Dcld</i> for <a href="/wiki/Baruunturuun" title="Baruunturuun">Baruunturuun</a>, Mongolia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E">E</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Eolk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Punta_Arenas" title="Punta Arenas">Punta Arenas</a>, Chile or <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland</li> <li><i>Eolo</i> for <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city)">Tromsø</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a>, United States</li> <li><i>Ecbc</i> for <a href="/wiki/Surgut" title="Surgut">Surgut</a>, Russia</li> <li><i>Ecbd</i> for <a href="/wiki/Vilyuysk" title="Vilyuysk">Vilyuysk</a>, Russia or <a href="/wiki/Mohe_City" title="Mohe City">Mohe City</a>, China</li> <li><i>Ecbe</i> (historically) for <a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a>, Russia<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Eclc</i> for <a href="/wiki/Karasjok_(village)" title="Karasjok (village)">Karasjok</a>, Norway or <a href="/wiki/Whitehorse" title="Whitehorse">Whitehorse</a>, Canada</li> <li><i>Ecld</i> for <a href="/wiki/Yellowknife" title="Yellowknife">Yellowknife</a>, Canada or <a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a>, Russia</li> <li><i>Ecle</i> for <a href="/wiki/Verkhoyansk" title="Verkhoyansk">Verkhoyansk</a>, Russia or <a href="/wiki/Oymyakon" title="Oymyakon">Oymyakon</a>, Russia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F">F</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: F"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Ftkk</i> for <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia" title="Ushuaia">Ushuaia</a>, Argentina or <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Williams" title="Puerto Williams">Puerto Williams</a>, Chile</li> <li><i>Ftko</i> for <a href="/wiki/Nuuk" title="Nuuk">Nuuk</a>, Greenland, Denmark or <a href="/wiki/Finse" title="Finse">Finse</a>, Norway</li> <li><i>Ftkc</i> for <a href="/wiki/Provideniya" title="Provideniya">Provideniya</a>, Russia or <a href="/wiki/Ittoqqortoormiit" title="Ittoqqortoormiit">Ittoqqortoormiit</a>, Greenland</li> <li><i>Ftkd</i> for <a href="/wiki/Pevek" title="Pevek">Pevek</a>, Russia or <a href="/wiki/Iqaluit" title="Iqaluit">Iqaluit</a>, Canada</li> <li><i>Fioo</i> for <a href="/wiki/Puncak_Jaya" title="Puncak Jaya">Puncak Jaya</a>, Indonesia</li> <li><i>Fioc</i> for <a href="/wiki/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Showa Station (Antarctica)">Showa Station</a>, Antarctica</li> <li><i>Fiod</i> for <a href="/wiki/Ushakov_Island" title="Ushakov Island">Ushakov Island</a>, Russia or <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a>, Antarctica</li> <li><i>Ficd</i> for <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, China/Nepal</li> <li><i>Fice</i> for <a href="/wiki/Summit_Camp" title="Summit Camp">Summit Camp</a>, Greenland</li> <li><i>Fide</i> for <a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a>, Antarctica, Russia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holdridge_life_zones" title="Holdridge life zones">Holdridge life zones</a> climate classification by three dimensions: precipitation, humidity, and potential <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> ratio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification. <i>Hydrol Earth Syst Sci</i> 11: 1633–1644</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey RG (2009) <i>Ecosystem geography: from ecoregions to sites</i>, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, NY</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeldaHoltanováHalenkaKalvová2014" class="citation journal cs1">Belda, M; Holtanová, E; Halenka, T; Kalvová, J (4 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.int-res.com/articles/cr_oa/c059p001.pdf">"Climate classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Climate Research</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ClRes..59....1B">2014ClRes..59....1B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fcr01204">10.3354/cr01204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Research&rft.atitle=Climate+classification+revisited%3A+from+K%C3%B6ppen+to+Trewartha&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fcr01204&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014ClRes..59....1B&rft.aulast=Belda&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Holtanov%C3%A1%2C+E&rft.au=Halenka%2C+T&rft.au=Kalvov%C3%A1%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.int-res.com%2Farticles%2Fcr_oa%2Fc059p001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrewartha+climate+classification" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kfa.mff.cuni.cz/projects/trewartha/">additional material, including more recent KTC maps</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patton CP (1962) "A note on the classification of dry climate in the Köppen system". <i>California Geographer</i> 3: 105–112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKnight, 237–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkonen" class="citation web cs1">Ikonen, Ari T.K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/43/063/43063333.pdf">"Working Report 2007-86 Meteorological Data and Update of Climate Statistics of Olkiluoto 2005 – 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Posiva Oy iaea.org. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Working+Report+2007-86+Meteorological+Data+and+Update+of+Climate+Statistics+of+Olkiluoto+2005+%E2%80%93+2006&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Posiva+Oy+iaea.org&rft.aulast=Ikonen&rft.aufirst=Ari+T.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finis.iaea.org%2Fcollection%2FNCLCollectionStore%2F_Public%2F43%2F063%2F43063333.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrewartha+climate+classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://elib.rshu.ru/files_books/pdf/img-125134038.pdf">http://elib.rshu.ru/files_books/pdf/img-125134038.pdf</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trewartha_climate_classification&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_baker008.pdf">Use of the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification for the People’s Republic of China</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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