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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Louisiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Louisiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missouri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missouri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Missouri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missouri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>New England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Caribbean subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cambodian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cambodian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Indian French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Lao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Vietnamese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Jersey Legal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jersey_Legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Jewish French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meridional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meridional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Meridional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meridional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swiss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swiss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Swiss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swiss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Varieties of French</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_r%C3%A9gionales_du_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Variétés régionales du français – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Variétés régionales du français" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_ter%C3%BCleti_nyelvv%C3%A1ltozatok" title="Francia területi nyelvváltozatok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francia területi nyelvváltozatok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variet%C4%83%C8%9Bile_regionale_ale_limbii_franceze" title="Varietățile regionale ale limbii franceze – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Varietățile regionale ale limbii franceze" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C4%B1zcan%C4%B1n_Varyantlar%C4%B1" title="Fransızcanın Varyantları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransızcanın Varyantları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="法語方言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法語方言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dialects_of_the_french_language.png/220px-Dialects_of_the_french_language.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dialects_of_the_french_language.png/330px-Dialects_of_the_french_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dialects_of_the_french_language.png/440px-Dialects_of_the_french_language.png 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Dialects of the French language in the world</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">Varieties</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> are spoken in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">around the world</a>. The Francophones of France generally use <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan</a> French<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Paris,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris</a> and considered <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard</a>) although some also use regional <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> or varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional French</a>. In Europe outside France there are <a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a>, and in Italy <a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan French</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, French is an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> along with English; the two main dialects of French in Canada are <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a>. Standard French (e.g. used by Anglophones speaking French or by Francophones in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> using a different dialect) is also commonly grouped as Canadian French. In <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, French was an official language until 1941 and the main dialect spoken there is <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese French">Lebanese French</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Levantine_French&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levantine French (page does not exist)">Levantine French</a>. Levantine French was also spoken by Sephardic Jews in Salonica, Istanbul and Smyrna, by Armenians and Greek bourgeois in the urban centres of Asia Minor, by Syrian Catholics and Melkites in Aleppo and Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Note that the discussion here refers to varieties of the French language, not to the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> sister languages (sometimes considered dialects) of French spoken in France (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a>, etc.; for these languages see: <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francoproven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoprovençal">Francoprovençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">languages of France</a>). See also <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a>, which are also considered separate languages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maghreb_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb French">Maghreb French</a></div> <p>French is an administrative language and is commonly but unofficially used in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> states, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. As of 2023, an estimated 350 million African people spread across 34 African countries can speak French either as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first</a> or <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>, mostly as a secondary language, making <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> the continent with the most French speakers in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-2007_report_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007_report-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are many varieties of African French, common features include the use of an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> and use of borrowed words from local languages. Many dialects of French found in the continent of Africa are highly influenced by the native languages that are spoken in each respective country. Two examples of the various dialects of African French are Abidjan French, or more broadly Ivorian French, and Kinshasa French. </p><p><b><big>Abidjan/Ivorian French</big></b> </p><p>While various indigenous African languages are still spoken within the city of Abidjan, as well as within the entire country of the Ivory Coast, French is used by a significant amount of the population as it is the main language used in commerce, education, and government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abidjan French, or Ivorian French, is linguistically distinct from a "standard" French through its unique phonetic and phonological differences, lexical substitutions, and grammatical borrowings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these linguistic differences are influenced, either directly or indirectly, by the various native African languages spoken in the Ivory Coast. Concerning the phonetics and phonology of Ivorian French, it is not uncommon for the nasal [ɑ̃] phoneme to be produced as [ɑ], specifically at the start of a word while the palato-alveolar fricatives [ʒ] and [ʃ] often possess a degree of difficulty in their pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An abundance of words from regional African languages are utilized as loanwords in Ivorian French and some meanings of French words have changed over time (ex. the term <i>commerce</i> which in French relates to the domain of "trade, business", in Ivorian French has evolved into meaning a large "shopping street" with many stores where "trade occurs".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, differences in grammar are seen in Abidjan French, as compared to a more traditional French, such as the omission of articles and prepositions in some linguistic contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><big>Kinshasa French</big></b> </p><p>Kinshasa French is the main language used in government and commerce domains in the Democratic Republic of Congo, however this French is highly influenced by the four national languages (<a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kikongo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language" title="Luba-Kasai language">Tshiluba</a>) that are spoken much more frequently and casually.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many elements of Kinshasa French are also influenced from Belgian French, for reasons relating back to colonial times. The French spoken in Kinshasa varies from a "standard" French in many ways; including the posteriorization of the French anterior vowel [ɥ] (converting it to the phoneme [u]), the delabialization of the phoneme [ɥ] (which becomes [i]), as well as the palatalization of apico-dental consonants that are followed by the anterior vowels [i] and [ɥ] (ex. a French word such as <i>dix</i> [dis] is pronounced as [dzis]).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acadian">Acadian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Acadian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a></div> <p>Acadian French is a variant of French spoken by Francophone <a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritime provinces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John River (New Brunswick)">Saint John River</a> Valley in the northern part of the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Islands" title="Magdalen Islands">Magdalen Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Havre-Saint-Pierre" title="Havre-Saint-Pierre">Havre-Saint-Pierre</a>, along the St. Lawrence's north shore. Speakers of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan French">Metropolitan French</a> and even of other Canadian dialects have some difficulty understanding Acadian French. </p><p>Notable features include <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tj/</span> becoming <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dj/</span> becoming <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span> before <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> and the use of some archaic words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Chiac">Chiac</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chiac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></div> <p>Chiac is a dialect of combined Acadian French and English and is spoken mainly around <a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>. The pronunciation of French words is very different from other dialects and resembles English pronunciation. Chiac cannot be identified solely on its frequent use of English words since many other French dialects use many English words as well, but Chiac has an unusual amount of English. Chiac French has developed through proximity to English-speakers who settled nearby during the colonial period. Sounds that are characteristic of Chiac are the different use of the letters "d", "t", "r", and "c". Other differences include the use of vowel sounds such as "ea", "eo", "on", "an", and "oi". Such English-stylized pronunciations are different from other dialects of North American French such as Québécois and Brayon. Some forms of Chiac deviate from the original language to the extent that it is nearly incomprehensible to the larger Francophone community. Chiac is perhaps best categorized as a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a>, French dialects that incorporate Indigenous, African, and other European languages, as opposed to dialects such as Québécois and Brayon that deviate slightly from <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan French">Metropolitan French</a> but are nonetheless derived primarily from earlier dialects of French with little contribution from other source languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Newfoundland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland French</a></div> <p>Newfoundland French is a regional dialect of French that was once spoken by settlers in the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec">Quebec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a> is the dominant and most prevalent regional <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of French found in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Although Quebec French constitutes a coherent and standard system, it has no objective norm since the very organization mandated to establish it, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Office québécois de la langue française">Office québécois de la langue française</a></i></span>, believes that objectively standardizing <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a> would lead to reduced inter intelligibility with other French communities around the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ontario">Ontario</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ontario"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ontario_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario French">Ontario French</a></div> <p>Ontario French is often divided into two categories: North and South. The further north the more French is spoken and the closer the dialect and culture is to Quebec French. Further south, the French is closer to the global standard, with a more English cultural influence as well as a more Parisian grammar and dialect structure. Both Parisian and Canadian French are taught in the French immersion schools. </p><p>Notable features include <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʏ]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span> as allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> in closed syllables and affrication of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> (the word <i>tu</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡sy]</span>). </p><p>Long vowels are generally diphthongized in closed syllables (the word <i>fête</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[faɛ̯t]</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French language in the United States</a></div> <p>Several varieties of French emerged in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England French</a> and the nearly-extinct <a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat French</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis French</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louisiana">Louisiana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Louisiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></div> <p>Louisiana French, the largest of the groupings, is spoken mostly in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and derives from the forms of the language spoken by the colonists of lower <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>. Louisiana French is traditionally divided into three dialects: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial French">Colonial French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun French">Modern Louisiana French</a> or "Acadian" French, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creole French">Louisiana Creole French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ammon307_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammon307-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lsu_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lsu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial French was originally the dialect spoken by the land-holding educated classes. Acadian, the dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> who came to French Louisiana in droves following their <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">expulsion</a> from Acadia during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, was spoken largely by the white lower classes. Louisiana Creole, a <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">creole</a> that developed long before Haitian immigrants arrived in Louisiana, largely developed as the tongue of the Louisiana Creole community and a significant portion of self-identified Cajuns. However, linguists now believe that the Colonial and Acadian dialects have largely merged into modern Louisiana French but remain distinct from Louisiana Creole.<sup id="cite_ref-lsu_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lsu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French has gained co-official status with English in Louisiana, and there is both a thriving multi-generational base of speakers as well as a growing network of French immersion schools across the state in order to preserve the language. Louisiana also has a French-language society called CODOFIL (Conseil pour le développement du français en Louisiane) and cultural institutions dedicated to preserving French such as the Nous Foundation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Missouri">Missouri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Missouri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri French</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri French</a> is now spoken by a handful of people in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. It is the last remnant of the form of French once spoken widely in the region known as the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>, which was colonized as part of French Louisiana. It is considered very moribund, with only a few elderly speakers still fluent.<sup id="cite_ref-Ammon307_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammon307-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_England">New England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a></div> <p>New England French is the local name for <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> as it is spoken in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ammon308_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammon308-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(Bay_of_Fundy)" title="Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)">Saint John Valley</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Aroostook_County,_Maine" title="Aroostook County, Maine">Aroostook County, Maine</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a> predominates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haiti">Haiti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Haiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a></div> <p>Haitian French is the variety of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hcult_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hcult-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main difference between Haitian French and the Metropolitan French is in the Haitian speaker's intonation, a rather subtle <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">creole</a>-based tone being used.<sup id="cite_ref-hcult_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hcult-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Importantly, differences are not enough to cause problems between both speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-hcult_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hcult-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodian">Cambodian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cambodian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">French language in Cambodia</a></div> <p>Cambodian French is the French of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. It dates back to the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> colonization of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a> in 1863. Many, especially the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> peoples, learned French. Cambodian French was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese varieties</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Cantonese</a>. </p><p>Cambodian French is still used as a second language in some schools, universities and government offices, but most of the younger generations and members of the business world choose to learn <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Otherwise, its speakers are generally elderly. Since the 1990s, there has been a small revival of French in Cambodia with French-language schools and centres opening. Many Cambodian students travel to France to receive studies as well as French-language media.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Francophonie_in_Asia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Francophonie_in_Asia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Cambodia has the smallest Francophone population of former <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_French">Indian French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Indian French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian French">Indian French</a></div> <p>Indian French is the French spoken by some <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> in the former colonies of <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry district">Pondichéry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandannagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaikal_district" title="Karaikal district">Karaikal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yanam" title="Yanam">Yanam</a>. There is a considerable influence from <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (Puducherry Tamil dialect), <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> (Yanam Telugu dialect) and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> (Mahé Malayalam dialect). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lao">Lao</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">French language in Laos</a></div> <p>Lao <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>. It goes back to the French colonization of <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> despite a decline in the language after the country's independence and the communist takeover. A revival has now raised the number of students learning French to 35%.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Francophonie_in_Asia_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Francophonie_in_Asia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Laotian élite and the elderly population speak French, which is the diplomatic language of Laos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnamese">Vietnamese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vietnamese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">French language in Vietnam</a></div> <p>Vietnamese French is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, which has the largest Francophone population in Asia. Over 5% of the population learn the language or speak it well.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Francophonie_in_Asia_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Francophonie_in_Asia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French is also spoken among the elderly in Vietnam as a legacy of the colonial French era and also by the country's élite. A French <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin language">pidgin</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Bồi">Tây Bồi</a>, was spoken by Vietnamese servants in French households during the colonial era. Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> in 1975, the number of French-speakers in Vietnam and the number of students taking the language have declined, but French remains taught as an optional foreign language in higher education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aostan">Aostan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aostan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan French</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan French</a> (French: <i>français valdôtain</i>) is the variety of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, where there is a significant trilingual Francophone population. Some expressions, words and phrases are different from <a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a>, some of them are similar to <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a> and some reflect the influence of <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>. Both French and Italian overlay the indigenous local language continuum of Aosta Valley, called <i><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></i> (locally, <i>patois</i>), which is <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a> in type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian">Belgian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Belgian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a></div> <p>Belgian French (French: <i>français de Belgique</i>) is the variety of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> spoken mainly in the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a>, alongside related minority <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champenois" class="mw-redirect" title="Champenois">Champenois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Gaumais</a>. Notable features include a strong distinction between long and short vowels, the lack of the approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɥ/</span>, and the use of certain <a href="/wiki/Belgicism_(French)" title="Belgicism (French)">Belgicisms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jersey_Legal">Jersey Legal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Jersey Legal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal French</a></div> <p>Jersey Legal French is the official dialect of French used administratively in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>. Notable features include some archaic word choices and the words <i>septante</i> and <i>nonante</i> for "seventy" and "ninety" respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_French">Jewish French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Jewish French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_French&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish French (page does not exist)">Jewish French</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnolect" title="Ethnolect">ethnolect</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> spoken by 200-300 thousand of 480-600 thousand <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">Jews in France</a> and 200 thousand <a href="/wiki/French_Jews_in_Israel" title="French Jews in Israel">French Jews in Israel</a>. Unlike most other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a>, it is not considered in decline, but instead is doing well. It contains some influence from <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Israeli Hebrew</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a> who moved to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> after <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">being expelled from North Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today there is media, both digital and physical in Jewish French.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not descendent from <a href="/wiki/Zarphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarphatic">Zarphatic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meridional">Meridional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Meridional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional French</a></div> <p>Meridional French (French: <i>français méridional</i>) is the regional variant of the French spoken in <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a>. It is strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swiss">Swiss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Swiss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a></div> <p>Swiss French (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">français de Suisse, Suisse romand</i>) is the variety of French spoken in the French-speaking area of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">Romandy</a>. The differences between Swiss French and Parisian <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> are minor and mostly lexical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_fondamental" title="Français fondamental">Français fondamental</a> – Simplified version of French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">Geographical distribution of French speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAslanov2018" class="citation book cs1">Aslanov, Cyril (2018). "The Historical Formation of a Macro-ecology: The Case of the Levant". <i>Linguistic Ecology and Language Contact</i>. pp. 131–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139649568.006">10.1017/9781139649568.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-64956-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-64956-8"><bdi>978-1-139-64956-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150123855">150123855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Formation+of+a+Macro-ecology%3A+The+Case+of+the+Levant&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Ecology+and+Language+Contact&rft.pages=131-146&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150123855%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139649568.006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-64956-8&rft.aulast=Aslanov&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarieties+of+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2007_report-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2007_report_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lafrancophonieda0000orga"><i>La Francophonie dans le monde: 2006–2007</i></a> [<i>The Francophonie around the world</i>] (in French). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Languages&rft.atitle=Jewish+French&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishlanguages.org%2Fjewish-french&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarieties+of+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_French&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typingstudy.com">Learn to type with different French keyboard layouts</a> Francais de Belgique, Francais de Suisse, Francais du Canada, Francais BEPO.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguasphere.org/langues_romanes.pdf">linguasphere on Romance languages</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/italieaoste.htm">L'Aménagement Linguistique dans le Monde - Vallée d'Aoste, Linguistic situation in Aosta Valley</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607163340/http://www.fondchanoux.org/site/pages/sondage.asp">Sondage sur la pratique des langues en Vda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/label_france/ENGLISH/DOSSIER/asie/tour.html#inde">French in India: A privileged status</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian French">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Lebanon" title="French language in Lebanon">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_French" title="European French">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law <small>(England, Wales and Ireland)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_French" title="American French">North American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario French">Ontario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signed_French" title="Signed French">Français signé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> and dialects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areal groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Abidjan_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Abidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Kinshasa_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Kinshasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">Indian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarian French">Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolze" title="Bolze">Bolze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Karipúna Creole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais_dialect" title="Orléanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francoprovencalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>/Faetar-Cigliàje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> or dialects</li> <li>A star (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">varieties with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Varieties_of_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_varieties" title="Template:Language varieties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_varieties" title="Template talk:Language varieties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_varieties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language varieties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Varieties_of_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">Varieties</a> of languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects" title="Aragonese dialects">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dialects" title="Armenian dialects">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_dialects" title="Aromanian dialects">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dialects" title="Azerbaijani dialects">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_dialects" title="Basque dialects">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dialects" title="Bulgarian dialects">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dialects">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">English</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dialects" title="Georgian dialects">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dialects" title="Korean dialects">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Macedonian" title="Dialects of Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language#Dialects" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_dialects" title="Pashto dialects">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_dialects_and_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian dialects and varieties">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Polish" title="Dialects of Polish">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language#Dialects" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Serbo-Croatian" title="Dialects of Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_dialects" title="Slovene dialects">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_dialects" title="Turkish dialects">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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