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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Golden_Triangle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Triangle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>Golden Triangle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Triangle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Side" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Side"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.2</span> <span>North Side</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Side-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Side" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Side"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.3</span> <span>South Side</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Side-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_End" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_End"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.4</span> <span>East End</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_End-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_End" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_End"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.5</span> <span>West End</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_End-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_enclaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_enclaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Ethnic enclaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_enclaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_densities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_densities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Population densities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_densities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Regional identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Air quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Water quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>2020 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographic_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Demographic changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Arts and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arts and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Local dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Livability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Professional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Baseball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Basketball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soccer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soccer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Soccer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soccer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Golf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_wrestling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_wrestling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Professional wrestling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_wrestling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_sporting_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_sporting_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Annual sporting events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_sporting_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Colleges and universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Primary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Utilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Health care</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health care subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Health discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_transportation_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transportation_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Public transportation statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transportation_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expressways_and_highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressways_and_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Expressways and highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expressways_and_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercity_passenger_rail_and_bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercity_passenger_rail_and_bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Intercity passenger rail and bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercity_passenger_rail_and_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_mass_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_mass_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Regional mass transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_mass_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freight_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freight_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>Freight rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freight_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.7</span> <span>Port</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pittsburgh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%89%B5%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8D" title="ፕትስበርግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፕትስበርግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyttesburh" title="Pyttesburh – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Pyttesburh" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA_(%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="بيتسبرغ (بنسيلفانيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتسبرغ (بنسيلفانيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburq" title="Pittsburq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pittsburq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="پیتسبورگ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیتسبورگ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="পিট্‌সবার্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিট্‌সবার্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Пітсбург – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пітсбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_(%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Пітсбург (Пэнсыльванія) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пітсбург (Пэнсыльванія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питсбърг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Питсбърг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питтсбург – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Питтсбург" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsbarig,_Pennsilfaani" title="Pittsbarig, Pennsilfaani – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Pittsbarig, Pennsilfaani" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%CA%BCn%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%A1_Hal%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Naʼníʼá Halání – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naʼníʼá Halání" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Πίτσμπεργκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πίτσμπεργκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="پیتسبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیتسبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pensilvania" title="Pittsburgh, Pensilvania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pittsburgh, Pensilvania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="پيتسبرگ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="پيتسبرگ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%B8%A0%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8" title="피츠버그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피츠버그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%BD%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Փիթսբուրգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փիթսբուրգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पिट्सबर्ग, पेन्सिलवेनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिट्सबर्ग, पेन्सिलवेनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_(Pennsylvania)" title="Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питтсбург – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Питтсбург" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="פיטסבורג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיטסבורג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಿಟ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಿಟ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питтсбург – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Питтсбург" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvani" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvani – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvani" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsilvani" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsilvani – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pittsburgh, Pennsilvani" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питсбург – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Питсбург" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgum" title="Pittsburgum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pittsburgum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsburga" title="Pitsburga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pitsburga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsbergas" title="Pitsbergas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pitsbergas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питсбург – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Питсбург" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="पिट्सबर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पिट्सबर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="پيتسبرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پيتسبرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0" title="ピッツバーグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピッツバーグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питтсбург – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Питтсбург" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsburg" title="Pitsburg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pitsburg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਪਿਟਸਬਰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਟਸਬਰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%B9%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="پٹس برگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پٹس برگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питтсбург – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Питтсбург" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питтсбург – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Питтсбург" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питтсбург – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Питтсбург" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="پیتسبێرگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیتسبێرگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питсбург – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Питсбург" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பிட்ஸ்பர்க், பென்சில்வேனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிட்ஸ்பர்க், பென்சில்வேனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питтсбург – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Питтсбург" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="พิตต์สเบิร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พิตต์สเบิร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Піттсбург – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піттсбург" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%B9%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="پٹسبرگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پٹسبرگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg" title="Pittsburg – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pittsburg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pittsburgh" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%B9%E5%A0%A1" title="匹兹堡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="匹兹堡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pittsburgh&params=40_26_23_N_79_58_35_W_region:US-PA_type:city(303,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°26′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°58′35″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.43972°N 79.97639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.43972; -79.97639</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second-most populous city in Pennsylvania, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Pennsylvania. For the region, see <a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pittsburgh (disambiguation)">Pittsburgh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pittsburg (disambiguation)">Pittsburg</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Pennsylvania, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Pittsburgh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duquesne_Incline_(50076338942)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pittsburgh Skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Duquesne_Incline_%2850076338942%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Duquesne_Incline_%2850076338942%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Duquesne_Incline_%2850076338942%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Duquesne_Incline_%2850076338942%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Duquesne_Incline_%2850076338942%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Duquesne_Incline_%2850076338942%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="647" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">Downtown Pittsburgh</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buena_Vista_Street,_Mexican_War_Streets,_Pittsburgh,_2008-05-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mexican War Streets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Buena_Vista_Street%2C_Mexican_War_Streets%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_2008-05-27.jpg/142px-Buena_Vista_Street%2C_Mexican_War_Streets%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_2008-05-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Buena_Vista_Street%2C_Mexican_War_Streets%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_2008-05-27.jpg/213px-Buena_Vista_Street%2C_Mexican_War_Streets%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_2008-05-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Buena_Vista_Street%2C_Mexican_War_Streets%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_2008-05-27.jpg/284px-Buena_Vista_Street%2C_Mexican_War_Streets%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_2008-05-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_Streets" title="Mexican War Streets">Mexican War Streets</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phipps_Conservatory_%26_Botanical_Gardens_132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Phipps Conservatory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Phipps_Conservatory_%26_Botanical_Gardens_132.jpg/142px-Phipps_Conservatory_%26_Botanical_Gardens_132.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Phipps_Conservatory_%26_Botanical_Gardens_132.jpg/213px-Phipps_Conservatory_%26_Botanical_Gardens_132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Phipps_Conservatory_%26_Botanical_Gardens_132.jpg/284px-Phipps_Conservatory_%26_Botanical_Gardens_132.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Phipps_Conservatory_and_Botanical_Gardens" title="Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens">Phipps Conservatory</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duquesne_Incline,_Pittsburgh_PA_(8899995839).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Duquesne Incline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Duquesne_Incline%2C_Pittsburgh_PA_%288899995839%29.jpg/142px-Duquesne_Incline%2C_Pittsburgh_PA_%288899995839%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Duquesne_Incline%2C_Pittsburgh_PA_%288899995839%29.jpg/213px-Duquesne_Incline%2C_Pittsburgh_PA_%288899995839%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Duquesne_Incline%2C_Pittsburgh_PA_%288899995839%29.jpg/284px-Duquesne_Incline%2C_Pittsburgh_PA_%288899995839%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Incline" title="Duquesne Incline">Duquesne Incline</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_Pirates_park_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="PNC Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pittsburgh_Pirates_park_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/142px-Pittsburgh_Pirates_park_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pittsburgh_Pirates_park_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/213px-Pittsburgh_Pirates_park_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pittsburgh_Pirates_park_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/284px-Pittsburgh_Pirates_park_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/PNC_Park" title="PNC Park">PNC Park</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:72px;max-width:72px"><div style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_Learning,_Pittsburgh,_2020-02-24,_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cathedral of Learning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cathedral_of_Learning%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_2020-02-24%2C_02.jpg/70px-Cathedral_of_Learning%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_2020-02-24%2C_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cathedral_of_Learning%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_2020-02-24%2C_02.jpg/105px-Cathedral_of_Learning%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_2020-02-24%2C_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cathedral_of_Learning%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_2020-02-24%2C_02.jpg/140px-Cathedral_of_Learning%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_2020-02-24%2C_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Learning" title="Cathedral of Learning">Cathedral of Learning</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie_Music_Hall_Pittsburgh_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Carnegie_Music_Hall_Pittsburgh_2.jpg/214px-Carnegie_Music_Hall_Pittsburgh_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Carnegie_Music_Hall_Pittsburgh_2.jpg/321px-Carnegie_Music_Hall_Pittsburgh_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Carnegie_Music_Hall_Pittsburgh_2.jpg/428px-Carnegie_Music_Hall_Pittsburgh_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2697" data-file-height="1472" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museums_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh">Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pittsburgh"><img alt="Flag of Pittsburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/120px-Flag_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/180px-Flag_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/240px-Flag_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pittsburgh" title="Flag of Pittsburgh">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Pittsburgh"><img alt="Official seal of Pittsburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seal_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.png/100px-Seal_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seal_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.png/150px-Seal_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seal_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.png/200px-Seal_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.png 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="1492" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of Pittsburgh">Seal</a></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Pittsburgh"><img alt="Coat of arms of Pittsburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/73px-Coat_of_arms_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="73" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/146px-Coat_of_arms_of_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of Pittsburgh">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_for_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nicknames for Pittsburgh">City of Bridges, Steel City,<br />City of Champions, The 'Burgh, The Paris of Appalachia</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Benigno Numine</i> ("With the benevolent deity")</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="290" data-zoom="10" data-lat="40.44" data-lon="-79.99" data-overlays="["_462aa6be0343b3ff70dc3929b52f48e89008980a"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/40.44/-79.99/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,40.44,-79.99,290x290.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pittsburgh&revid=1255186535&groups=_462aa6be0343b3ff70dc3929b52f48e89008980a" width="290" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,40.44,-79.99,290x290@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pittsburgh&revid=1255186535&groups=_462aa6be0343b3ff70dc3929b52f48e89008980a 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Pittsburgh</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pittsburgh is located in Pennsylvania"><img alt="Pittsburgh is located in Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="805" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.634%;left:11.671%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pittsburgh"><img alt="Pittsburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Pittsburgh</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Pennsylvania</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pittsburgh is located in the United States"><img alt="Pittsburgh is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.638%;left:76.222%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pittsburgh"><img alt="Pittsburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Pittsburgh</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pittsburgh&params=40_26_23_N_79_58_35_W_region:US-PA_type:city(303,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°26′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°58′35″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.43972°N 79.97639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.43972; -79.97639</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of counties in Pennsylvania">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">November 27, 1758<span class="noprint">; 265 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1758-11-27</span>)</span> (fort)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_incorporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal incorporation">Municipal incorporation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>April 22, 1794<span class="noprint">; 230 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1794-04-22</span>)</span> (borough)</li> <li>March 18, 1816<span class="noprint">; 208 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1816-03-18</span>)</span> (city)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Forbes (British Army officer)">John Forbes</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor-council_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council government">Mayor-council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Pittsburgh">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gainey" title="Ed Gainey">Ed Gainey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_City_Council" title="Pittsburgh City Council">City Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Bobby Wilson</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Theresa Kail-Smith</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Robert Charland III</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Anthony Coghill</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Barbara Greenwood Warwick</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Daniel Lavelle (President)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Deborah Gross</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Erika Strassburger</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Khari Mosley</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">58.35 sq mi (151.12 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">55.38 sq mi (143.42 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">2.97 sq mi (7.70 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,370 ft (420 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">710 ft (220 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">302,971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">68th</a> in the United States<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of municipalities in Pennsylvania">2nd</a> in Pennsylvania</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,471.26/sq mi (2,112.47/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,745,039 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">US: 30th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,924.7/sq mi (743.1/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2020Pop_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Pop-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,457,000 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">US: 26th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pittsburgher, <a href="/wiki/Yinzer" title="Yinzer">Yinzer</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Pittsburgh (MSA)</th><td class="infobox-data">$153.3 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Daylight Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>76 total ZIP codes:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">15122, 15201-15244, 15250-15255, 15257-15262, 15264-15265, 15267-15268, 15270, 15272, 15274-15279, 15281-15283, 15286, 15289-15290, 15295</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_412" title="Area code 412">412</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_code_724" title="Area code 724">724</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_code_878" title="Area code 878">878</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">42-61000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS feature ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1213644</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pittsburghpa.gov/">pittsburghpa<wbr />.gov</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid navy; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_historical_markers" title="List of Pennsylvania state historical markers">Pennsylvania Historical Marker</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1946<sup id="cite_ref-PAHMDB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAHMDB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pittsburgh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PITS</span>-burg</i></a>) is a city in and the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny County, Pennsylvania</a>, United States. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania#Municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Pennsylvania">second-most populous</a> city in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">68th-most populous city</a> in the U.S., with a population of 302,971 as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>. The city is located in <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">southwestern Pennsylvania</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela River</a>, which combine to form the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It anchors the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh metropolitan area</a>, which had a population of 2.457 million residents and is the largest metro area in both the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Valley">Ohio Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_metropolitan_areas" title="Pennsylvania metropolitan areas">second-largest in Pennsylvania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">26th-largest</a> in the U.S. Pittsburgh is the principal city of the greater <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Pittsburgh–Weirton–Steubenville combined statistical area</a> which includes parts of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. </p><p>Pittsburgh is known as "the Steel City" for its dominant role in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_iron_and_steel_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the iron and steel industry in the United States">history of the U.S. steel industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pittsburgh_Names_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pittsburgh_Names-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It developed as a vital link of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">Atlantic coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid-west#European_exploration_and_early_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-west">Midwest</a>, as the mineral-rich <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a> led to the region being contested by the <a href="/wiki/First_French_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First French colonial empire">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> Empires, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pittsburgh in the American Civil War">Civil War raiders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in corporate headquarters employment; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization_by_country#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Deindustrialization by country">Deindustrialization</a> in the late 20th century resulted in massive layoffs among <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar workers</a> as steel and other heavy industries declined, coinciding with several Pittsburgh-based corporations moving out of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-diaspora_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diaspora-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the city divested from steel and, since the 1990s, Pittsburgh has focused its energies on the healthcare, education, and technology industries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lubove-1995_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubove-1995-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pittsburgh is home to large medical providers, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Medical_Center" title="University of Pittsburgh Medical Center">University of Pittsburgh Medical Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Health_Network" title="Allegheny Health Network">Allegheny Health Network</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of colleges and universities in Pittsburgh">68 colleges and universities</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> leaders <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area has served as the federal agency headquarters for <a href="/wiki/CERT_Coordination_Center" title="CERT Coordination Center">cyber defense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institute" title="Software Engineering Institute">software engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Robotics_Engineering_Center" title="National Robotics Engineering Center">robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Technology_Laboratory" title="National Energy Technology Laboratory">energy research</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bettis_Atomic_Power_Laboratory" title="Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory">nuclear navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the private sector, Pittsburgh-based <a href="/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services" title="PNC Financial Services">PNC</a> is the nation's fifth-largest bank, and the city is home to ten <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies and seven of the largest 300 U.S. law firms. Other corporations that have regional headquarters and offices have helped Pittsburgh become the sixth-best area for U.S. job growth.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh is sometimes called the "City of Bridges" for its <a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_of_Pittsburgh" title="List of bridges of Pittsburgh">446 bridges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pittsburgh_Names_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pittsburgh_Names-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its rich industrial history left the area with renowned cultural institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museums_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh">Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Parks_Conservancy" title="Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy">Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Zoo_%26_Aquarium" title="Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium">Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phipps_Conservatory_and_Botanical_Gardens" title="Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens">Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Aviary" title="National Aviary">National Aviary</a>, and a diverse <a href="/wiki/Cultural_District,_Pittsburgh" title="Cultural District, Pittsburgh">cultural district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritenbaugh_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritenbaugh-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's major league <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Pittsburgh" title="Sports in Pittsburgh">professional sports teams</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins" title="Pittsburgh Penguins">Pittsburgh Penguins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pittsburgh Pirates</a>. Pittsburgh is additionally where <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> traces its earliest origins, and was the host of the <a href="/wiki/2009_G20_Pittsburgh_summit" title="2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit">2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Pittsburgh" title="Name of Pittsburgh">Name of Pittsburgh</a></div> <p>Pittsburgh was named in 1758, by General <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Forbes (British Army officer)">John Forbes</a>, in honor of British statesman <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a>. As Forbes was a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scotsman</a>, he probably pronounced the name <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PITS</span>-bər-ə</i></a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-spell_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spell-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pittsburgh was incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)" title="Borough (Pennsylvania)">borough</a> on April 22, 1794, with the following Act:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Be it enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate" title="Pennsylvania State Senate">Pennsylvania State Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">Pennsylvania House of Representatives</a> of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ... by the authority of the same, that the said town of Pittsburgh shall be ... erected into a borough, which shall be called the borough of Pittsburgh for ever."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1891 to 1911, the city's name was federally recognized as "Pittsburg", though use of the final <i>h</i> was retained during this period by the city government and other local organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spell_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spell-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a public campaign, the federal decision to drop the <i>h</i> was reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-spell_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spell-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Press" title="The Pittsburgh Press">Pittsburg Press</a></i> continued spelling the city without an <i>h</i> until 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pittsburgh" title="History of Pittsburgh">History of Pittsburgh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pittsburgh" title="Timeline of Pittsburgh">Timeline of Pittsburgh</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:19em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Historical claims</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> 1690s–1763<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> 1681–1781<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281848%E2%80%931851%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281848%E2%80%931851%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281848%E2%80%931851%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281848%E2%80%931851%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281848%E2%80%931851%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281848%E2%80%931851%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> 1776–present </p> </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> and several other settled groups of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shannopin%27s_Town" title="Shannopin's Town">Shannopin's Town</a> was an 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> (Delaware) town located roughly from where <a href="/wiki/Penn_Avenue" title="Penn Avenue">Penn Avenue</a> is today, below the mouth of Two Mile Run, from 30th Street to 39th Street. According to <a href="/wiki/George_Croghan" title="George Croghan">George Croghan</a>, the town was situated on the south bank of the Allegheny, nearly opposite what is now known as Washington's Landing, formerly <a href="/wiki/Herrs_Island,_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrs Island, Pittsburgh">Herr's Island</a>, in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)">Lawrenceville</a> neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanna1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanna1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 289">: 289 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania in the American Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouquet_blockhouse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bouquet_blockhouse.JPG/220px-Bouquet_blockhouse.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bouquet_blockhouse.JPG/330px-Bouquet_blockhouse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bouquet_blockhouse.JPG/440px-Bouquet_blockhouse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pitt_Block_House" title="Fort Pitt Block House">Fort Pitt Block House</a>, built by the British in 1764, is the oldest extant structure in Pittsburgh.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first known European to enter the region was the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_La_Salle" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de La Salle">Robert de La Salle</a> from <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> during his 1669 expedition down the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century. Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur traders</a> established area posts and settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> with <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a> via the rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1753–1754, the British hastily built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Prince_George" title="Fort Prince George">Fort Prince George</a> before a larger French force drove them off. The French built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a> based on LaSalle's 1669 claims. The <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the North American front of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Braddock" title="Edward Braddock">Edward Braddock</a> was dispatched with Major <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> as his aide to take Fort Duquesne.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British and colonial force were defeated at <a href="/wiki/Braddock%27s_Field" title="Braddock's Field">Braddock's Field</a>. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758. He began construction on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pitt_(Pennsylvania)" title="Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)">Fort Pitt</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt the Elder">William Pitt the Elder</a>, while the settlement was named "Pittsborough".<sup id="cite_ref-Lorant_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorant-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a>, a loose confederation of Native American tribes <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pitt" title="Siege of Fort Pitt">laid siege to Fort Pitt</a> in 1763; the siege was eventually lifted after Colonel <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bouquet" title="Henry Bouquet">Henry Bouquet</a> defeated a portion of the besieging force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bushy_Run" title="Battle of Bushy Run">Battle of Bushy Run</a>. Bouquet strengthened the defenses of Fort Pitt the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, the powerful nations of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a>, based in New York, had maintained control of much of the Ohio Valley as hunting grounds by right of conquest after defeating other tribes. By the terms of the 1768 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Stanwix" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fort Stanwix">Treaty of Fort Stanwix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">Penns</a> were allowed to purchase the modern region from the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>. A 1769 survey referenced the future city as the "Manor of Pittsburgh".<sup id="cite_ref-PCC_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCC-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a> claimed the region under their colonial charters until 1780, when they agreed under a federal initiative to extend the <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a> westward, placing Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. On March 8, 1771, <a href="/wiki/Bedford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bedford County, Pennsylvania">Bedford County, Pennsylvania</a> was created to govern the frontier. </p><p>On April 16, 1771, the city's first civilian local government was created as <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Pitt Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Pitt Township</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Teagarden was the first constable, and William Troop was the first clerk.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the village of Pittsburgh continued to grow. One of its earliest industries was boat building for settlers of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>. In 1784, Thomas Vickroy completed a town plan which was approved by the Penn family attorney. Pittsburgh became a possession of Pennsylvania in 1785. The following year, the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a> was started, and in 1787, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh Academy</a> was chartered. Unrest during the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> of 1794 resulted in federal troops being sent to the area. By 1797, glass manufacture began, while the population grew to around 1,400. Settlers arrived after crossing the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> or through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pitt_(Pennsylvania)" title="Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)">Fort Pitt</a> (now Pittsburgh) at the source of the Ohio River became the main base for settlers moving into the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monongahela_River_Scene_Pittsburgh_PA_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A historic 1857 scene of the Monongahela River in downtown Pittsburgh featuring a steamboat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Monongahela_River_Scene_Pittsburgh_PA_1857.jpg/220px-Monongahela_River_Scene_Pittsburgh_PA_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Monongahela_River_Scene_Pittsburgh_PA_1857.jpg/330px-Monongahela_River_Scene_Pittsburgh_PA_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Monongahela_River_Scene_Pittsburgh_PA_1857.jpg/440px-Monongahela_River_Scene_Pittsburgh_PA_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela River</a> and its surroundings in 1857</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_1874_Otto_Krebs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pittsburgh_1874_Otto_Krebs.jpg/220px-Pittsburgh_1874_Otto_Krebs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pittsburgh_1874_Otto_Krebs.jpg/330px-Pittsburgh_1874_Otto_Krebs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pittsburgh_1874_Otto_Krebs.jpg/440px-Pittsburgh_1874_Otto_Krebs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">Lithograph</a> of Pittsburgh by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Krebs" title="Otto Krebs">Otto Krebs</a> (before 1874)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg/220px-Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg/330px-Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg/440px-Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1641" /></a><figcaption>Burning of Union Depot during the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_railroad_strike_of_1877" title="Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877">Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The federal government recognizes Pittsburgh as the starting point for the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preparations began in Pittsburgh in 1803 when <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> purchased a <a href="/wiki/Keelboat" title="Keelboat">keelboat</a> that would later be used to ascend the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> cut off the supply of British goods, stimulating American industry. By 1815, Pittsburgh was producing significant quantities of iron, brass, tin, and glass. On March 18, 1816, the 46-year-old local government became a city. It was served by numerous river steamboats that increased trading traffic on the rivers. </p><p>In the 1830s, many <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Merthyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Merthyr">Merthyr</a> steelworks immigrated to the city following the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Rising" title="Merthyr Rising">Merthyr Rising</a>. By the 1840s, Pittsburgh was one of the largest cities west of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Pittsburgh" title="Great Fire of Pittsburgh">Great Fire of Pittsburgh</a> destroyed over a thousand buildings in 1845. The city rebuilt with the aid of Irish immigrants who came to escape the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>. By 1857, Pittsburgh's 1,000 factories were consuming 22 million coal bushels yearly. Coal mining and iron manufacturing attracted waves of European immigrants to the area, with the most coming from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. </p><p>Because Pennsylvania had been established as a free state after the Revolution, enslaved African Americans sought freedom here through escape as refugees from the South, or occasionally fleeing from travelers they were serving who stayed in the city. There were active stations of the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> in the city, and numerous refugees were documented as getting help from station agents and African-American workers in city hotels. The Drennen Slave Girl walked out of the Monongahela House in 1850, apparently to freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Merchant's Hotel was also a place where African-American workers would advise slaves the state was free and aid them in getting to nearby stations of the Underground Railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-exhibit_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exhibit-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes refugee slaves from the South stayed in Pittsburgh, but other times they continued North, including into Canada. Many slaves left the city and county for Canada after Congress passed the 1850 <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Act">Fugitive Slave Act</a>, as it required cooperation from law enforcement even in free states and increased penalties. From 1850 to 1860, the black population in Allegheny County dropped from 3,431 to 2,725 as people headed to more safety in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> boosted the city's economy with increased iron and armament demand by the Union. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> began steel production in 1875 at the <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Thomson_Steel_Works" title="Edgar Thomson Steel Works">Edgar Thomson Steel Works</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Braddock,_Pennsylvania" title="North Braddock, Pennsylvania">North Braddock, Pennsylvania</a>, which evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie Steel Company</a>. He adopted the <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a> to increase production. Manufacturing was key to growth of Pittsburgh and the surrounding region. Railroad lines were built into the city along both rivers, increasing transportation access to important markets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thaddeus_M._Fowler_-_Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bird's Eye View of Pittsburgh, 1902" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Thaddeus_M._Fowler_-_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania_1902.jpg/220px-Thaddeus_M._Fowler_-_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Thaddeus_M._Fowler_-_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania_1902.jpg/330px-Thaddeus_M._Fowler_-_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Thaddeus_M._Fowler_-_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania_1902.jpg/440px-Thaddeus_M._Fowler_-_Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7206" data-file-height="4806" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of Pittsburgh in 1902<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mills_in_Strip_District,_Pittsburgh_(84.41.70).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mills_in_Strip_District%2C_Pittsburgh_%2884.41.70%29.jpg/220px-Mills_in_Strip_District%2C_Pittsburgh_%2884.41.70%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mills_in_Strip_District%2C_Pittsburgh_%2884.41.70%29.jpg/330px-Mills_in_Strip_District%2C_Pittsburgh_%2884.41.70%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mills_in_Strip_District%2C_Pittsburgh_%2884.41.70%29.jpg/440px-Mills_in_Strip_District%2C_Pittsburgh_%2884.41.70%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>Steel mills in the <a href="/wiki/Strip_District,_Pittsburgh" title="Strip District, Pittsburgh">Strip District</a> in 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1901, <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a> and attorney <a href="/wiki/Elbert_Henry_Gary" title="Elbert Henry Gary">Elbert H. Gary</a> merged <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie Steel Company</a> and several other companies into <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>. By 1910, Pittsburgh was the <a href="/wiki/Largest_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population_by_decade" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest cities in the United States by population by decade">nation's eighth-largest city</a>, accounting for between one-third and one-half of national steel output. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Agreement" title="Pittsburgh Agreement">Pittsburgh Agreement</a> was subscribed in May 1918 between the Czech and Slovak nationalities, as envisioned by <a href="/wiki/T._G._Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="T. G. Masaryk">T. G. Masaryk</a>, concerning the future foundation of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city suffered <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_flood_of_1936" title="Pittsburgh flood of 1936">severe flooding</a> in March 1936. </p><p>The city's population swelled to more than a half million, attracting numerous European immigrants to its industrial jobs. By 1940, non-Hispanic whites were 90.6% of the city's population.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh also became a main destination of the African-American <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> from the rural South during the first half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limited initially by discrimination, some 95% percent of the men became unskilled steel workers.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, demand for steel increased and area mills operated 24 hours a day to produce 95 million tons of steel for the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorant_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorant-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the highest levels of air pollution in the city's almost century of industry. The city's reputation as the "arsenal of democracy"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was being overshadowed by <a href="/wiki/James_Parton" title="James Parton">James Parton</a>'s 1868 observation of Pittsburgh being "hell with the lid off."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following World War II, the city launched a clean air and civic revitalization project known as the "Renaissance," cleaning up the air and the rivers. The "Renaissance II" project followed in 1977, focused on cultural and neighborhood development. The industrial base continued to expand through the 1970s, but beginning in the early 1980s both the area's steel and electronics industries imploded during national industrial restructuring. There were massive layoffs from mill and plant closures.<sup id="cite_ref-diaspora_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diaspora-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later 20th century, the area shifted its economic base to education, tourism, and services, largely based on healthcare/medicine, finance, and high technology such as robotics. Although Pittsburgh successfully shifted its economy and remained viable, the city's population has never rebounded to its industrial-era highs. While 680,000 people lived in the city proper in 1950, a combination of suburbanization and economic turbulence resulted in a decrease in city population, even as the metropolitan area population increased again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Late_2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late 2000s recession">late 2000s recession</a>, Pittsburgh was economically strong, adding jobs when most cities were losing them. It was one of the few cities in the United States to see housing property values rise. Between 2006 and 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh metropolitan area">Pittsburgh</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">metropolitan statistical area</a> (MSA) experienced over 10% appreciation in housing prices, the highest appreciation of the largest 25 metropolitan statistical areas in the United States, with 22 of the largest 25 metropolitan statistical areas experiencing depreciations in housing values.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2009, the <a href="/wiki/2009_G20_Pittsburgh_summit" title="2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit">2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit</a> was held in Pittsburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_metropolitan_area#Regional_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh metropolitan area">Pittsburgh metropolitan area § Regional identity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Pittsburgh_from_Duquesne_Incline_in_the_morning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Downtown_Pittsburgh_from_Duquesne_Incline_in_the_morning.jpg/220px-Downtown_Pittsburgh_from_Duquesne_Incline_in_the_morning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Downtown_Pittsburgh_from_Duquesne_Incline_in_the_morning.jpg/330px-Downtown_Pittsburgh_from_Duquesne_Incline_in_the_morning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Downtown_Pittsburgh_from_Duquesne_Incline_in_the_morning.jpg/440px-Downtown_Pittsburgh_from_Duquesne_Incline_in_the_morning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6741" data-file-height="4501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">Downtown Pittsburgh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Incline" title="Duquesne Incline">Duquesne Incline</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(mountain)" title="Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (mountain)">Mount Washington</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pittsburgh has an area of 58.3 square miles (151 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 55.6 square miles (144 km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 2.8 square miles (7.3 km<sup>2</sup>), or 4.75%, is water. The <a href="/wiki/80th_meridian_west" title="80th meridian west">80th meridian west</a> passes directly through the city's downtown. </p><p>The city is on the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allegheny_Plateau_(ecoregion)" title="Western Allegheny Plateau (ecoregion)">Western Allegheny Plateau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">Downtown</a> area (also known as the Golden Triangle) sits where the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny River</a> flows from the northeast and the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela River</a> from the southeast to form the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>. The convergence is at <a href="/wiki/Point_State_Park" title="Point State Park">Point State Park</a> and is referred to as "the Point." The city extends east to include the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)" title="Oakland (Pittsburgh)">Oakland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shadyside_(Pittsburgh)" title="Shadyside (Pittsburgh)">Shadyside</a> sections, which are home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chatham_University" title="Chatham University">Chatham University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museums_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh">Carnegie Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh">Library</a>, and many other educational, medical, and cultural institutions. The southern, western, and northern areas of the city are primarily residential. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_neighborhoods" title="List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods">Pittsburgh neighborhoods</a> are steeply sloped with two-lane roads. More than a quarter of neighborhood names make reference to "hills," "heights," or similar features.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Steps_of_Pittsburgh" title="Steps of Pittsburgh">steps of Pittsburgh</a> consist of 800 sets of outdoor public stairways with 44,645 treads and 24,090 vertical feet. They include hundreds of streets composed entirely of stairs, and many other steep streets with stairs for sidewalks.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many provide vistas of the Pittsburgh area while attracting hikers and fitness walkers.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bike and walking trails have been built to border many of the city's rivers and hollows. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Allegheny_Passage" title="Great Allegheny Passage">Great Allegheny Passage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</a> Towpath connect the city directly to downtown Washington, D.C. (some 335 miles [539 km] away) with a continuous bike/running trail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Areas">Areas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_neighborhoods" title="List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods">List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of tallest buildings in Pittsburgh">List of tallest buildings in Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_City_of_Pittsburgh_historic_designations" title="List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations">List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_History_and_Landmarks_Foundation_Historic_Landmarks" title="List of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks">List of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_Pennsylvania_neighborhoods_fade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pittsburgh_Pennsylvania_neighborhoods_fade.svg/220px-Pittsburgh_Pennsylvania_neighborhoods_fade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pittsburgh_Pennsylvania_neighborhoods_fade.svg/330px-Pittsburgh_Pennsylvania_neighborhoods_fade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pittsburgh_Pennsylvania_neighborhoods_fade.svg/440px-Pittsburgh_Pennsylvania_neighborhoods_fade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Pittsburgh's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_neighborhoods" title="List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods">90 distinct neighborhoods</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city consists of the Downtown area, called the Golden Triangle,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and four main areas surrounding it. These surrounding areas are subdivided into distinct neighborhoods (Pittsburgh has 90 neighborhoods).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relative to downtown, these areas are known as the Central, North Side/North Hills, South Side/South Hills, East End, and West End. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Golden_Triangle">Golden Triangle</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Golden Triangle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">Downtown Pittsburgh</a> has 30 skyscrapers, nine of which top 500 feet (150 m). The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel_Tower" title="U.S. Steel Tower">U.S. Steel Tower</a> is the tallest, at 841 ft (256 m).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cultural_District,_Pittsburgh" title="Cultural District, Pittsburgh">Cultural District</a> consists of a 14-block area of downtown along the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny River</a>. This district contains many theaters and arts venues and is home to a growing residential segment. Most significantly, the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Cultural_Trust" title="Pittsburgh Cultural Trust">Pittsburgh Cultural Trust</a> is embarking on RiverParc, a four-block mixed-use "green" community, featuring 700 residential units and multiple towers of between 20 and 30 stories. The <a href="/wiki/Firstside_Historic_District" title="Firstside Historic District">Firstside</a> portion of Downtown borders the Monongahela River, the historic Mon Wharf and hosts the distinctive <a href="/wiki/PPG_Place" title="PPG Place">PPG Place</a> Gothic-style glass skyscraper complex. New condo towers have been constructed and historic office towers are converted to residential use, increasing 24-hour residents. Downtown is served by the <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_Allegheny_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Authority of Allegheny County">Port Authority</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_light_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh light rail">light rail system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bridges_of_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridges of Pittsburgh">multiple bridges</a> leading north and south.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also home to <a href="/wiki/Point_Park_University" title="Point Park University">Point Park University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a> which borders <a href="/wiki/Bluff_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluff (Pittsburgh)">Uptown</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="North_Side">North Side</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: North Side"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/North_Side_(Pittsburgh)" title="North Side (Pittsburgh)">North Side (Pittsburgh)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_War_Streets_neighborhood_210038.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mexican_War_Streets_neighborhood_210038.jpg/220px-Mexican_War_Streets_neighborhood_210038.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mexican_War_Streets_neighborhood_210038.jpg/330px-Mexican_War_Streets_neighborhood_210038.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mexican_War_Streets_neighborhood_210038.jpg/440px-Mexican_War_Streets_neighborhood_210038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Townhouses in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_Streets" title="Mexican War Streets">Mexican War Streets</a> neighborhood</figcaption></figure> <p>The North Side is home to various neighborhoods in transition. The area was once known as <a href="/wiki/Allegheny,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny, Pennsylvania">Allegheny City</a> and operated as its own independent city until 1907, when it was merged with Pittsburgh despite great protest from its citizens. The North Side is primarily composed of residential neighborhoods and is noteworthy for its well-constructed and architecturally interesting homes. Many buildings date from the 19th century and are constructed of brick or stone and adorned with decorative woodwork, ceramic tile, slate roofs and stained glass. The North Side is also home to attractions such as <a href="/wiki/Acrisure_Stadium" title="Acrisure Stadium">Acrisure Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/PNC_Park" title="PNC Park">PNC Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamin_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamin Science Center">Kamin Science Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Aviary" title="National Aviary">National Aviary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Warhol Museum">Andy Warhol Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mattress_Factory" title="Mattress Factory">Mattress Factory</a> art museum, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Pittsburgh" title="Children's Museum of Pittsburgh">Children's Museum of Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randyland" title="Randyland">Randyland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penn_Brewery" title="Penn Brewery">Penn Brewery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Observatory" title="Allegheny Observatory">Allegheny Observatory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_General_Hospital" title="Allegheny General Hospital">Allegheny General Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="South_Side">South Side</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South Side"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/South_Side_(Pittsburgh)" title="South Side (Pittsburgh)">South Side (Pittsburgh)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EastCarsonStreetHistoricDistrict.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/EastCarsonStreetHistoricDistrict.jpg/220px-EastCarsonStreetHistoricDistrict.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/EastCarsonStreetHistoricDistrict.jpg/330px-EastCarsonStreetHistoricDistrict.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/EastCarsonStreetHistoricDistrict.jpg/440px-EastCarsonStreetHistoricDistrict.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>East Carson Street in the <a href="/wiki/South_Side_Flats" title="South Side Flats">South Side Flats</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The South Side was once the site of railyards and associated dense, inexpensive housing for mill and railroad workers. Starting in the late 20th century, the city undertook a Main Street program in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Historic_Preservation" title="National Trust for Historic Preservation">National Trust for Historic Preservation</a>, encouraging design and landscape improvements on East Carson Street, and supporting new retail. The area has become a local Pittsburgher destination, and the value of homes in the South Side had increased in value by about 10% annually for the 10 years leading up to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Carson Street has developed as one of the most vibrant areas of the city, packed with diverse shopping, ethnic eateries, vibrant nightlife, and live music venues. </p><p>In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority_of_Pittsburgh" title="Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh">Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh</a> purchased the South Side Works steel mill property. It collaborated with the community and various developers to create a master plan for a mixed-use development that included a riverfront park, office space, housing, health-care facilities, and indoor practice fields for the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt Panthers">Pitt Panthers</a>. Construction of the development began in 1998. The <a href="/wiki/SouthSide_Works" title="SouthSide Works">SouthSide Works</a> has been open since 2005, featuring many stores, restaurants, offices, and the world headquarters for <a href="/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters" title="American Eagle Outfitters">American Eagle Outfitters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="East_End">East End</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: East End"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_in_Shadyside_Pittsburgh_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Street_in_Shadyside_Pittsburgh_PA.jpg/220px-Street_in_Shadyside_Pittsburgh_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Street_in_Shadyside_Pittsburgh_PA.jpg/330px-Street_in_Shadyside_Pittsburgh_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Street_in_Shadyside_Pittsburgh_PA.jpg/440px-Street_in_Shadyside_Pittsburgh_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shadyside_(Pittsburgh)" title="Shadyside (Pittsburgh)">Shadyside</a> neighborhood</figcaption></figure> <p>The East End of Pittsburgh is home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlow_University" title="Carlow University">Carlow University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chatham_University" title="Chatham University">Chatham University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museums_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh">The Carnegie Institute's Museums of Art and Natural History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phipps_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Phipps Conservatory">Phipps Conservatory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall">Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall</a>. It is also home to many parks and public spaces including <a href="/wiki/Mellon_Park" title="Mellon Park">Mellon Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Park" title="Westinghouse Park">Westinghouse Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schenley_Park" title="Schenley Park">Schenley Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frick_Park" title="Frick Park">Frick Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Frick_Pittsburgh" title="The Frick Pittsburgh">The Frick Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakery_Square" title="Bakery Square">Bakery Square</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Zoo">Pittsburgh Zoo</a> and PPG Aquarium. The neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Shadyside_(Pittsburgh)" title="Shadyside (Pittsburgh)">Shadyside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)">Squirrel Hill</a> are large, wealthy neighborhoods with some apartments and condos, and pedestrian-oriented shopping/business districts. Squirrel Hill is also known as the hub of Jewish life in Pittsburgh, home to approximately 20 synagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)" title="Oakland (Pittsburgh)">Oakland</a>, heavily populated by undergraduate and graduate students, is home to most of the universities, and the <a href="/wiki/Petersen_Events_Center" title="Petersen Events Center">Petersen Events Center</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Strip_District,_Pittsburgh" title="Strip District, Pittsburgh">Strip District</a> to the west along the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny River</a> is an open-air marketplace by day and a clubbing destination by night. <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_(Pittsburgh)" title="Bloomfield (Pittsburgh)">Bloomfield</a> is Pittsburgh's Little Italy and is known for its Italian restaurants and grocers. <a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)">Lawrenceville</a> is a revitalizing rowhouse neighborhood popular with artists and designers. The <a href="/wiki/Hill_District_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill District (Pittsburgh)">Hill District</a> was home to photographer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Harris_(photographer)" title="Charles Harris (photographer)">Charles Harris</a> as well as various African-American jazz clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other East End neighborhoods include <a href="/wiki/Point_Breeze_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Breeze (Pittsburgh)">Point Breeze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regent_Square_(Pittsburgh)" title="Regent Square (Pittsburgh)">Regent Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_(Pittsburgh_neighborhood)" title="Highland Park (Pittsburgh neighborhood)">Highland Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homewood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Homewood (Pittsburgh)">Homewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Lemington-Belmar_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln-Lemington-Belmar (Pittsburgh)">Lincoln-Lemington-Belmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larimer_(Pittsburgh)" title="Larimer (Pittsburgh)">Larimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Hills_(Pittsburgh)" title="East Hills (Pittsburgh)">East Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Liberty_(Pittsburgh)" title="East Liberty (Pittsburgh)">East Liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Hill (Pittsburgh)">Polish Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazelwood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Hazelwood (Pittsburgh)">Hazelwood</a>, Garfield, Morningside, and Stanton Heights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="West_End">West End</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: West End"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/West_End_(Pittsburgh)#Region" title="West End (Pittsburgh)">West End (Pittsburgh) § Region</a></div> <p>The West End includes <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(neighborhood)" title="Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (neighborhood)">Mt. Washington</a>, with its famous view of the downtown skyline, and numerous other residential neighborhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Sheraden_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheraden (Pittsburgh)">Sheraden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elliott_(Pittsburgh)" title="Elliott (Pittsburgh)">Elliott</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnic_enclaves">Ethnic enclaves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ethnic enclaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pittsburgh" title="Special:EditPage/Pittsburgh">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many of Pittsburgh's patchwork of neighborhoods still retain <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> characters reflecting the city's settlement history. These include: </p> <ul><li>Black American/ African American: <a href="/wiki/Hill_District_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill District (Pittsburgh)">Hill District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homewood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Homewood (Pittsburgh)">Homewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Lemington-Belmar_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln-Lemington-Belmar (Pittsburgh)">Lincoln-Lemington-Belmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larimer_(Pittsburgh)" title="Larimer (Pittsburgh)">Larimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Hills_(Pittsburgh)" title="East Hills (Pittsburgh)">East Hills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hazelwood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Hazelwood (Pittsburgh)">Hazelwood</a></li> <li>German: <a href="/wiki/Troy_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" title="Troy Hill (Pittsburgh)">Troy Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(neighborhood)" title="Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (neighborhood)">Mt. Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Allegheny_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Allegheny (Pittsburgh)">East Allegheny</a> ("Deutschtown")</li> <li>Irish: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(neighborhood)" title="Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (neighborhood)">Mt. Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrick_(Pittsburgh)" title="Carrick (Pittsburgh)">Carrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_(Pittsburgh)" title="Greenfield (Pittsburgh)">Greenfield</a></li> <li>Italian: <a href="/wiki/Brookline_(Pittsburgh)" title="Brookline (Pittsburgh)">Brookline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_(Pittsburgh)" title="Bloomfield (Pittsburgh)">Bloomfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morningside_(Pittsburgh)" title="Morningside (Pittsburgh)">Morningside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)" title="Oakland (Pittsburgh)">Oakland</a></li> <li>Jewish (<a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a>): <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)">Squirrel Hill</a></li> <li>Lithuanian: <a href="/wiki/Southside_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southside (Pittsburgh)">South Side</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uptown_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uptown (Pittsburgh)">Uptown</a></li> <li>Spanish/ Latino: <a href="/wiki/Beechview_(Pittsburgh)" title="Beechview (Pittsburgh)">Beechview</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brookline_(Pittsburgh)" title="Brookline (Pittsburgh)">Brookline</a></li> <li>Ukrainian/ <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenian</a>: <a href="/wiki/South_Side_(Pittsburgh)" title="South Side (Pittsburgh)">South Side</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Population_densities">Population densities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Population densities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several neighborhoods on the edges of the city are less urban, featuring tree-lined streets, yards and garages, with a more suburban character. Oakland, the South Side, the North Side, and the Golden Triangle are characterized by more density of housing, walking neighborhoods, and a more diverse, urban feel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Images">Images</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_Panorama_from_the_Duquesne_Incline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Panorama of Pittsburgh, PA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pittsburgh_Panorama_from_the_Duquesne_Incline.jpg/750px-Pittsburgh_Panorama_from_the_Duquesne_Incline.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pittsburgh_Panorama_from_the_Duquesne_Incline.jpg/1125px-Pittsburgh_Panorama_from_the_Duquesne_Incline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pittsburgh_Panorama_from_the_Duquesne_Incline.jpg/1500px-Pittsburgh_Panorama_from_the_Duquesne_Incline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16212" data-file-height="3855" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of Pittsburgh from the <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Incline" title="Duquesne Incline">Duquesne Incline</a>, showing the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny</a> (left) and the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela</a> (right) Rivers, which merge to form the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> (lower left) in November 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_skyline_panorama_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Panorama of Pittsburgh, PA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pittsburgh_skyline_panorama_at_night.jpg/750px-Pittsburgh_skyline_panorama_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pittsburgh_skyline_panorama_at_night.jpg/1125px-Pittsburgh_skyline_panorama_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pittsburgh_skyline_panorama_at_night.jpg/1500px-Pittsburgh_skyline_panorama_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="28318" data-file-height="7000" /></a><figcaption>Pittsburgh seen from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(mountain)" title="Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (mountain)">Mount Washington</a> at night with the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela River</a> in the foreground in November 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_Skyline_-_dan_Chmill_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Panorama of Pittsburgh, PA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pittsburgh_Skyline_-_dan_Chmill_%28cropped%29.jpg/750px-Pittsburgh_Skyline_-_dan_Chmill_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pittsburgh_Skyline_-_dan_Chmill_%28cropped%29.jpg/1125px-Pittsburgh_Skyline_-_dan_Chmill_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pittsburgh_Skyline_-_dan_Chmill_%28cropped%29.jpg/1500px-Pittsburgh_Skyline_-_dan_Chmill_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13534" data-file-height="4357" /></a><figcaption>Skyline from Mt. Washington in June 2014</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_identity">Regional identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Regional identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh metropolitan area">Pittsburgh metropolitan area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muralof300SixthStreetBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Puddler, a glass mural of an iron or steel worker in downtown Pittsburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Muralof300SixthStreetBuilding.jpg/220px-Muralof300SixthStreetBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Muralof300SixthStreetBuilding.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><i>The Puddler</i>, a glass mural of an iron or steel worker,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> memorializing Pittsburgh's <a href="/wiki/Industrial_heritage" title="Industrial heritage">industrial heritage</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pittsburgh falls within the borders of the Northeastern United States as defined by multiple US Government agencies. Pittsburgh is the principal city of the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh-New_Castle-Weirton,_PA-OH-WV_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton, PA-OH-WV Combined Statistical Area">Pittsburgh Combined Statistical Area</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">combined statistical area</a> defined by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. </p><p>Pittsburgh falls within the borders of <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Regional_Commission" title="Appalachian Regional Commission">Appalachian Regional Commission</a>, and has long been characterized as the "northern urban industrial anchor of Appalachia."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its post-industrial state, Pittsburgh has been characterized as the "Paris of Appalachia",<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recognizing the city's cultural, educational, healthcare, and technological resources, and is the largest city in Appalachia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: left; clear: both; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: both; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.3208em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:6.7844444444444em;height:1.6222222222222em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.4066666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">36</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.2844444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.21412em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:6.9955555555556em;height:1.8111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.8066666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">39</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.4955555555556em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.4986em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.7733333333333em;height:2.1333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9066666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">49</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.2733333333333em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">30</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.57988em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.9066666666667em;height:2.3888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.295555555556em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">62</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.4066666666667em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">40</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.0066em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.9177777777778em;height:2.3888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.306666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">71</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.4177777777778em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">49</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.1844em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.928888888889em;height:2.3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.228888888889em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">79</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4288888888889em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">58</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.94564em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.417777777778em;height:2.1888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.606666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">83</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9177777777778em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">63</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.76784em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.273333333333em;height:2.2111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.484444444444em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">81</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7733333333333em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">62</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.57988em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.44em;height:2.2555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.695555555556em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">74</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.94em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">54</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.16332em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.2066666666667em;height:2.1888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.395555555556em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">63</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.7066666666667em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">43</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.64084em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.2955555555556em;height:1.8333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.128888888889em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">51</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.7955555555556em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">35</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.4478em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.2511111111111em;height:1.5666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.8177777777778em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">39</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.7511111111111em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: both; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Metric conversion</th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.3208em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">66</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:6.7844444444444em;height:1.6222222222222em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.4066666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.2844444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−6</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.21412em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">61</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:6.9955555555556em;height:1.8111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.8066666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.4955555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−5</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.4986em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">75</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.7733333333333em;height:2.1333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9066666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.2733333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−1</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.57988em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">79</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.9066666666667em;height:2.3888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.295555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.4066666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.0066em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">100</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.9177777777778em;height:2.3888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.306666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.4177777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.1844em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">109</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.928888888889em;height:2.3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.228888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4288888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">15</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.94564em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">97</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.417777777778em;height:2.1888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.606666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9177777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.76784em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">88</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.273333333333em;height:2.2111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.484444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7733333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">16</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.57988em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">79</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.44em;height:2.2555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.695555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.16332em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">58</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.2066666666667em;height:2.1888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.395555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.7066666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">6</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.64084em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">82</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.2955555555556em;height:1.8333333333333em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.128888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.7955555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.4478em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">72</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.2511111111111em;height:1.5666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.8177777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.7511111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−4</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Pittsburgh falls within either a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_humid_continental_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer humid continental climate">hot-summer humid continental climate</a> (<i>Dfa</i>) if the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm is used or a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<i>Cfa</i>) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is used. Summers are hot and winters are moderately cold with wide variations in temperature. Despite this, it has one of the most pleasant summer climates between medium and large cities in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city lies in the USDA plant hardiness zone 6b except along the rivers where the zone is 7a.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area has four distinct seasons: winters are cold and snowy, springs and falls are mild with moderate levels of sunshine, and summers are warm. As measured by percent possible sunshine, summer is by far the sunniest season, though annual sunshine is low among major US cities at well under 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAsun_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAsun-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The warmest month of the year in Pittsburgh is July, with a 24-hour average of 73.2 °F (22.9 °C). Conditions are often humid, and combined with highs reaching 90 °F (32 °C) on an average 9.5 days a year,<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a considerable <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat index</a> arises. The coolest month is January, when the 24-hour average is 28.8 °F (−1.8 °C), and lows of 0 °F (−18 °C) or below can be expected on an average 2.6 nights per year.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially, record temperatures range from −22 °F (−30 °C), on <a href="/wiki/1994_North_American_cold_wave" title="1994 North American cold wave">January 19, 1994</a> to 103 °F (39 °C), which occurred three times, most recently on July 16, 1988; the record cold daily maximum is −3 °F (−19 °C), which occurred three times, most recently the day of the all-time record low, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 82 °F (28 °C) on July 1, 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to elevation and location on the windward side of the Appalachian Mountains, 100 °F (38 °C)+ readings are very rare, and were last seen on July 15, 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Average annual precipitation is 39.61 inches (1,006 mm) and precipitation is greatest in May while least in October; annual precipitation has historically ranged from 22.65 in (575 mm) in 1930 to 57.83 in (1,469 mm) in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, December and January have the greatest number of precipitation days. Snowfall averages 44.1 inches (112 cm) per season, but has historically ranged from 8.8 in (22 cm) in 1918–19 to 80 in (200 cm) in 1950–51.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an average of 59 clear days and 103 partly cloudy days per year, while 203 days are cloudy.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of annual percent-average possible sunshine received, Pittsburgh (45%) is similar to <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> (49%). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Pittsburgh (<a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport" title="Pittsburgh International Airport">Pittsburgh International Airport</a>), 1991–2020 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extremes 1874–present<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75<br />(24) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78<br />(26) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84<br />(29) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95<br />(35) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91<br />(33) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74<br />(23) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">103<br />(39) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.5<br />(16.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.2<br />(17.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.5<br />(23.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.8<br />(30.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.4<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.3<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.3<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.2<br />(31.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.9<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8<br />(21.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.6<br />(17.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">92.6<br />(33.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.6<br />(4.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.1<br />(9.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.4<br />(16.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.9<br />(22.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.4<br />(26.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.9<br />(28.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.7<br />(27.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.1<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.1<br />(17.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.9<br />(10.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.6<br />(4.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61.1<br />(16.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(−1.8) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(−0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.7<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.5<br />(10.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.2<br />(16.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.4<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.2<br />(22.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.8<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.9<br />(18.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.4<br />(11.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.6<br />(5.9) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.8<br />(11.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(−5.9) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(−4.9) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(−0.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.7<br />(4.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.6<br />(10.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.3<br />(15.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.4<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0<br />(16.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.8<br />(12.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.7<br />(6.5) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(−2.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.5<br />(5.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(−17.2) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(−15.0) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(−11.3) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(−3.7) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.2<br />(7.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.5<br />(11.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.1<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.2<br />(5.1) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(−1.4) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(−7.1) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(−12.4) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(−18.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−22<br />(−30) </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−20<br />(−29) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5<br />(−21) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(−12) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(−3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34<br />(1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br />(6) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(−1) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(−9) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1<br />(−18) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−12<br />(−24) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−22<br />(−30) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.96<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.62<br />(67) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.15<br />(80) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.32<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #6EFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.83<br />(97) </td> <td style="background: #5DFF5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.12<br />(105) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.26<br />(108) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.52<br />(89) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.30<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.83<br />(72) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.86<br />(73) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.84<br />(72) </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.61<br />(1,006) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(19) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(2.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(6.1) </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(20) </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.1<br />(112) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.8 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">153.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.3 </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.1 </td> <td style="background: #1A1AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.8 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.4 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000F1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(−8.2) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(−7.3) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(−2.9) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.9<br />(7.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.2<br />(12.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.1<br />(15.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.5<br />(15.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.4<br />(11.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.8<br />(4.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(−4.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.0<br />(3.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #AAAAA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.9 </td> <td style="background: #B5B562; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.5 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.8 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.4 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">242.2 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.9 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.7 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.3 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.4 </td> <td style="background: #888888; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.4 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,021.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_77-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAAsun_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAsun-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Percent_Sunshine_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Percent_Sunshine-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)<sup id="cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_quality">Air quality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Air quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Lung_Association" title="American Lung Association">American Lung Association's</a> (ALA) 2023 "State of the Air" report (which included data from 2019 to 2021) showed air quality in Pittsburgh improving. The city received a passing grade for ozone pollution, going from an F to a C grade, and improving from the 46th to 54th most polluted by ozone smog.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to daily ozone air quality data provided by the EPA, from 2021 to 2024, Pittsburgh had good or moderate air quality most of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then-Allegheny County executive Rich Fitzgerald said in December 2023 that they’d seen an "80 % drop in hazardous air pollutants" and that they made EPA attainment at all eight county air monitors for the first time in 2020, and then also achieved that goal in 2021, 2022, and were on track for better results in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A past 2019 "State of the Air" report from the <a href="/wiki/American_Lung_Association" title="American Lung Association">American Lung Association</a> (ALA) found that air quality in the Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton, PA-OH-WV metro area worsened compared to previous reports, not only for ozone (smog), but also for the second year in a row for both the daily and long-term measures of fine particle pollution. In 2019, outside of California, Allegheny County was the only county in the United States that recorded failing grades for all three.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2013 ranking of 277 metropolitan areas in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/American_Lung_Association" title="American Lung Association">American Lung Association</a> ranked only six U.S. metro areas as having higher amounts of short-term particle pollution, and only seven U.S. metro areas having higher amounts of year-round particle pollution than Pittsburgh. For ozone (smog) pollution, Pittsburgh was ranked 24th among U.S. metro areas.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area has improved its air quality with every annual survey. The ALA's rankings have been disputed by the Allegheny County Health Department (ACHD), since data from only the worst of the region's 20 air quality monitors is considered by the ALA, without any context or averaging. The lone monitor used is immediately downwind and adjacent to U.S. Steel's <a href="/wiki/Clairton_Coke_Works" title="Clairton Coke Works">Clairton Coke Works</a>, the nation's largest <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> mill, and several municipalities outside the city's jurisdiction of pollution controls, leading to possible confusion that Pittsburgh is the source or center of the emissions cited in the survey.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region's readings also reflect pollution swept in from Ohio and West Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the county was still below the "pass" threshold, the report showed substantial improvement over previous decades on every air quality measure. Fewer than 15 high ozone days were reported between 2007 and 2009, and just 10 between 2008 and 2010, compared to more than 40 between 1997 and 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACHD spokesman Guillermo Cole stated "It's the best it's been in the lifetime for virtually every resident in this county ... We've seen a steady decrease in pollution levels over the past decade and certainly over the past 20, 30, 40, 50 years, or more."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2005, the city includes 31,000 trees on 900 miles of streets. A 2011 analysis of Pittsburgh's tree cover, which involved sampling more than 200 small plots throughout the city, showed a value of between $10 and $13 million in annual benefits based on the <a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">urban forest</a> contributions to aesthetics, energy use and air quality. Energy savings from shade, impact on city air and water quality, and the boost in property values were taken into account in the analysis. The city spends $850,000 annually on street tree planting and maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite improvements, some studies still suggest that poor air quality in Pittsburgh is causing negative health effects. In a past study conducted between 2014 and 2016 researchers determined that children who lived in areas close to sources of pollution, such as industrial sites, experienced rates of asthma at almost 3 times the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazier-2020_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazier-2020-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also found that 38% of students live in areas over USEPA's 12 micrograms per cubic meter standards, while 70% live in areas over the WHO's standard of 10 micrograms per cubic meter.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazier-2020_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazier-2020-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the plants were located in or very near Pittsburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazier-2020_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazier-2020-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also noted that most of the effected communities were minority communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazier-2020_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazier-2020-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had led some residents in Pittsburgh to believe that the continuing effects of air pollution are a case of environmental racism.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groups such as Women for a Healthy Environment are working to address ongoing concerns surrounding air pollution in Pittsburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_For_a_Healthy_Environment_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_For_a_Healthy_Environment-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WHE does work such as policy analysis, publishing reports, and community education.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_For_a_Healthy_Environment_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_For_a_Healthy_Environment-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 2017, a crowd sourced air quality monitoring application, Smell PGH, was launched. As air quality is still a concern of many in the area, the app allows for users to report odd smells and informs local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_quality">Water quality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Water quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The local rivers continue to have pollution levels exceeding EPA limits.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is caused by <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Sanitary_Authority#Pittsburgh's_sewer_overflow_problem" title="Allegheny County Sanitary Authority">frequently overflowing untreated sewage</a> into local waterways, due to flood conditions and antiquated infrastructure. Pittsburgh has a <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">combined sewer</a> system, where its sewage pipes contain both stormwater and wastewater. The pipes were constructed in the early 1900s, and the sewage treatment plant was built in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to insufficient improvements over time, the city is faced with public health concerns regarding its water.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As little as a tenth of an inch of rain causes runoffs from the sewage system to drain into local rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine billion gallons of untreated waste and stormwater flow into rivers, leading to health hazards and Clean Water Act violations.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local sewage authority, <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Sanitary_Authority" title="Allegheny County Sanitary Authority">Allegheny County Sanitary Authority</a>, or ALCOSAN, is operating under Consent Decree from the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> to come up with solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, ALCOSAN proposed a $2 billion upgrade to the system which was approved by the EPA in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Water_and_Sewer_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority">Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority</a> (PWSA) is the city's agency required to replace pipes and charge water rates. They have come under fire from both city and state authorities due to alleged mismanagement.<sup id="cite_ref-puc_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puc-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Peduto" title="Bill Peduto">Mayor William Peduto</a> advocated for a restructuring of the PWSA and a partially privatized water authority.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor Wolf subsequently assigned the PWSA to be under the oversight of the Public Utilities Commission (PUC).<sup id="cite_ref-puc_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puc-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PWSA has also been subject to criticism due to findings released in 2016 showing high levels of lead in Pittsburgh's drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Pittsburgh's drinking water had been high in lead levels, and steadily rising, for many years, many residents blame PWSA administrative changes for the spike in lead levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison-2021_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-2021-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years prior, PWSA had hired Veolia, a Paris-based company, for consultation to help with mounting administrative difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-Lurie_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lurie-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, PWSA in consultation with Veolia had laid off 23 people, including halving the laboratory staff that was responsible for testing water safety and quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Lurie_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lurie-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, PWSA in consultation with Veolia had changed what chemicals they were using to prevent metal corrosion in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison-2021_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-2021-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from soda ash to caustic soda, without consulting with Department of Environmental Protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Glenza-2017_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenza-2017-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-corrosive chemicals were being used because many of Pittsburgh's water pipes were made of lead, and adding anti-corrosive chemicals helped prevent lead from seeping into drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-Glenza-2017_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenza-2017-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016 lead levels were as high as 27 ppb in some cases. The legal limit is 15 ppb, although there is not a safe amount of lead in drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-Glenza-2017_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenza-2017-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though lead levels had been rising in previous years, they had not exceeded the legal limit.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison-2021_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-2021-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2015 PWSA terminated its contracted with Veolia.<sup id="cite_ref-Lurie_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lurie-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the high lead levels PWSA began adding orthophosphate to the water.<sup id="cite_ref-www.pgh2o.com-2023_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.pgh2o.com-2023-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orthophosphate is meant to create a coating on the inside of pipes, creating a barrier to prevent lead from leaching into drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-www.pgh2o.com-2023_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.pgh2o.com-2023-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PWSA has also been working to replace lead pipes, and continuing to test water for lead.<sup id="cite_ref-www.pgh2o.com-2023_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.pgh2o.com-2023-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There remains concern among residents over the long-term effects of this lead, particularly for children, in whom lead causes permanent damage to the brain and nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-Marusic_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marusic-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people also believe that the high levels of lead reflect environmental racism, as black and Hispanic children in Pittsburgh experience elevated blood-lead levels at 4 times the rate of white children.<sup id="cite_ref-Marusic_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marusic-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water fountains in Langley k-8 school in Sheraden were found to have the highest levels of lead of any schools in the Pittsburgh area. These levels were about 11 times the legal limit. Some residents believe this is due to Langely being a predominantly black school, with 89% of the student body being eligible for the free lunch program.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td>1,565</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>4,768</td><td></td><td>204.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>7,248</td><td></td><td>52.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>12,568</td><td></td><td>73.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>21,115</td><td></td><td>68.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>46,601</td><td></td><td>120.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>49,221</td><td></td><td>5.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>86,076</td><td></td><td>74.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>156,389</td><td></td><td>81.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>238,617</td><td></td><td>52.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>321,616</td><td></td><td>34.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>533,905</td><td></td><td>66.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>588,343</td><td></td><td>10.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>669,817</td><td></td><td>13.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>671,659</td><td></td><td>0.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>676,806</td><td></td><td>0.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>604,332</td><td></td><td>−10.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>520,117</td><td></td><td>−13.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>423,938</td><td></td><td>−18.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>369,879</td><td></td><td>−12.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>334,563</td><td></td><td>−9.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>305,704</td><td></td><td>−8.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>302,971</td><td></td><td>−0.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">303,255</td><td></td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-DecennialCensus_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census2020_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historical Racial composition </th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020_Census-2020_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-2020-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2010<sup id="cite_ref-census1_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1990<sup id="cite_ref-census_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1970<sup id="cite_ref-census_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1950<sup id="cite_ref-census_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a> </td> <td>66.8%</td> <td>66.0%</td> <td>72.1%</td> <td>79.3%</td> <td>87.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>– Non-Hispanic White </td> <td>64.7%</td> <td>64.8%</td> <td>71.6%</td> <td>78.7%<sup id="cite_ref-fifteen_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifteen-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a> </td> <td>23.0%</td> <td>26.1%</td> <td>25.8%</td> <td>20.2%</td> <td>12.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a> </td> <td>5.8%</td> <td>4.4%</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race) </td> <td>3.2%</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>0.5%<sup id="cite_ref-fifteen_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifteen-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>(X) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_census">2020 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2020 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: examples with reliable citations. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b>Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – Racial and ethnic composition</b><br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.</i></span></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity <small>(<i>NH = Non-Hispanic</i>)</small> </th> <th>Pop 1980<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 1990<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 2000<sup id="cite_ref-2000CensusP004_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 2010<sup id="cite_ref-2010CensusP2_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% 1980 </th> <th>% 1990 </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">% 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>316,262 </td> <td>264,722 </td> <td>223,982 </td> <td>198,186 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">187,099 </td> <td>74.60% </td> <td>71.57% </td> <td>66.95% </td> <td>64.83% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">61.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>100,734 </td> <td>94,743 </td> <td>90,183 </td> <td>78,847 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">68,314 </td> <td>23.76% </td> <td>25.61% </td> <td>26.96% </td> <td>25.79% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">22.55% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>552 </td> <td>583 </td> <td>561 </td> <td>505 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">475 </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>2,778 </td> <td>5,865 </td> <td>9,160 </td> <td>13,393 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">19,745 </td> <td>0.66% </td> <td>1.59% </td> <td>2.74% </td> <td>4.38% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">6.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>100 </td> <td>76 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">96 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Other race</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>242 </td> <td>498 </td> <td>1,217 </td> <td>843 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">2,081 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>0.36% </td> <td>0.28% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed race or Multiracial</a> (NH) </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>4,935 </td> <td>6,890 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">13,541 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>1.48% </td> <td>2.25% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">4.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>3,370 </td> <td>3,468 </td> <td>4,425 </td> <td>6,964 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">11,620 </td> <td>0.79% </td> <td>0.94% </td> <td>1.32% </td> <td>2.28% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>423,938</b> </td> <td><b>369,879</b> </td> <td><b>334,563</b> </td> <td><b>305,704</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>302,971</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Pittsburgh,_PA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethnic_Origins_in_Pittsburgh%2C_PA.png/220px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Pittsburgh%2C_PA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethnic_Origins_in_Pittsburgh%2C_PA.png/330px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Pittsburgh%2C_PA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethnic_Origins_in_Pittsburgh%2C_PA.png/440px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Pittsburgh%2C_PA.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="3881" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in Pittsburgh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Pittsburgh_(5559872301).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Pittsburgh_%285559872301%29.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Pittsburgh_%285559872301%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Pittsburgh_%285559872301%29.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Pittsburgh_%285559872301%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Pittsburgh_%285559872301%29.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Pittsburgh_%285559872301%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>Map of racial distribution in Pittsburgh, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:#ff0000;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> White</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:#0000ff;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Black</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:#00ffaa;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Asian</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:#ffa600;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Hispanic</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:#ffff07;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Other</span></figcaption></figure> <p>At the 2010 census, there were 305,704 people residing in Pittsburgh, a decrease of 8.6% since 2000; 66.0% of the population was White, 25.8% Black or African American, 0.2% American Indian and Alaska Native, 4.4% Asian, 0.3% Other, and 2.3% mixed; in 2020, 2.3% of Pittsburgh's population was of Hispanic or Latino American origin of any race. <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic Whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a> were 64.8% of the population in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-census1_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to 78.7% in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-census_124-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, the population slightly declined further to 302,971.<sup id="cite_ref-2020_Census-2020_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-2020-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its racial and ethnic makeup in 2020 was 64.7% non-Hispanic white, 23.0% Black or African American, 5.8% Asian, and 3.2% Hispanic or Latino American of any race. </p><p>Since the beginning of the 21st century, the five largest European ethnic groups in Pittsburgh were German (19.7%), Irish (15.8%), Italian (11.8%), Polish (8.4%), and English (4.6%), while the metropolitan area is approximately 22% German-American, 15.4% Italian American and 11.6% Irish American. Pittsburgh has one of the largest Italian-American communities in the nation,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fifth-largest <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> community per the 1990 census.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh has one of the most extensive <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croatian</a> communities in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the Pittsburgh metro area has one of the largest populations of Slavic Americans in the country. </p><p>Pittsburgh has a sizable Black and African American population, concentrated in various neighborhoods especially in the East End. There is also a small Asian community consisting of Indian immigrants, and a small Hispanic community consisting of Mexicans and Puerto Ricans.<sup id="cite_ref-thearda.com_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thearda.com-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> (ARDA) study, residents include 773,341 "Catholics"; 326,125 "Mainline Protestants"; 174,119 "Evangelical Protestants;" 20,976 "Black Protestants;" and 16,405 "Orthodox Christians," with 996,826 listed as "unclaimed" and 16,405 as "other" in the metro area.<sup id="cite_ref-thearda.com_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thearda.com-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 study by the Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies at <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> estimated the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pittsburgh" title="History of the Jews in Pittsburgh">Jewish population of Greater Pittsburgh</a> was 49,200.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh is also cited as the location where the earliest precursor to <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a>; today the denomination makes up approximately 1% of the population based on data from the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 78% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 42% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, and 32% professing <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> beliefs. while 18% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 4% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-PEW_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:285px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Pittsburgh (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-PEW_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:dodgerblue; width:42%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">42%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#d4213d; width:32%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">32%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Deepskyblue; width:3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Don't know</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>In 2010, there were 143,739 households, out of which 21.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.2% were married couples living together, 16.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.4% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.95. </p><p>In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.9% under the age of 18, 14.8% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">median income</a> for a household in the city was $28,588, and the median income for a family was $38,795. Males had a median income of $32,128 versus $25,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,816. About 15.0% of families and 20.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.5% of those under the age of 18 and 13.5% ages 65 or older. By the 2019 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, the median income for a household increased to $53,799.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Families had a median income of $68,922; married-couple families had a median income of $93,500; and non-family households had a median income of $34,448. Pittsburgh's wealthiest suburbs within city limits are <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)">Squirrel Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Point_Breeze,_Pittsburgh" title="Point Breeze, Pittsburgh">Point Breeze</a>, the only two areas of the city which have average household incomes over $100,000 a year. Outside of city limits, <a href="/wiki/Sewickley_Heights,_Pennsylvania" title="Sewickley Heights, Pennsylvania">Sewickley Heights</a> is by a wide margin the wealthiest suburb of Pittsburgh within Allegheny County, with an average yearly household income of just over $218,000. Sewickely Heights is seen as one of Pittsburgh's wealthiest suburbs culturally as well, titles which the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Upper_St._Clair_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper St. Clair Township, Pennsylvania">Upper St. Clair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Chapel,_Pennsylvania" title="Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania">Fox Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wexford,_Pennsylvania" title="Wexford, Pennsylvania">Wexford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warrendale,_Pennsylvania" title="Warrendale, Pennsylvania">Warrendale</a> also have been bestowed.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2002 study, Pittsburgh ranked 22nd of 69 urban places in the U.S. in the number of residents 25 years or older who had completed a bachelor's degree, at 31%.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh ranked 15th of the 69 places in the number of residents 25 years or older who completed a high school degree, at 84.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Metropolitan Area">metro area</a> has shown greater residential <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> during the last 30 years. The 2010 census ranked 18 other U.S. metros as having greater black-white <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a>, while 32 other U.S. metros rank higher for black-white isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-US2010_report_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2010_report-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018, much of Pittsburgh's population density was concentrated in the central, southern, and eastern areas. The city limits itself have a population density of 5,513 people per square mile; its most densely populated parts are <a href="/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)" title="Oakland (Pittsburgh)">North Oakland</a> (at 21,200 per square mile) and <a href="/wiki/Uptown_Pittsburgh" title="Uptown Pittsburgh">Uptown Pittsburgh</a> (at 19,869 per square mile). Outside of the city limits, <a href="/wiki/Dormont,_Pennsylvania" title="Dormont, Pennsylvania">Dormont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Oliver,_Pennsylvania" title="Mount Oliver, Pennsylvania">Mount Oliver</a> are Pittsburgh's most densely-populated neighborhoods, with 11,167 and 9,902 people per square mile respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Pittsburgh's immigrants are from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_changes">Demographic changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Demographic changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1940s, some demographic changes have sometimes been caused by city initiatives for redevelopment. </p><p>Throughout the 1950s Pittsburgh's Lower Hill District faced massive demographic changes when 1,551, majority black, residents and 413 businesses were forced to relocate when the city of Pittsburgh used eminent domain to make space for the construction of the Civic Arena.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubove-1995_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubove-1995-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Civic Arena ultimately opened in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubove-1995_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubove-1995-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Civic Arena was built as part of one of Pittsburgh's revitalization campaigns. An auditorium in this space was initially proposed in 1947 by the Regional Planning Association and Urban Redevelopment Authority. The idea of an auditorium with a retractable roof that would house the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera was more specifically proposed in 1953 by the Allegheny Conference on Community Redevelopment. The following year the Public Auditorium Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County was formed. The Lower Hill District had been approved by the City Planning Commission in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubove-1995_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubove-1995-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partially as a result of the Civic arena, the whole Hill District is estimated to only have 12,000 residents now.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-2017_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-2017-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These governmental organizations caused demographic changes through creating a mass exodus from the lower hill district for the construction of the Civic Arena.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubove-1995_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubove-1995-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s the Urban Redevelopment Authority attempted to redevelop East Liberty with the goal of preserving its status as a market center. Penn Center Mall was the result of this effort. In the process of constructing this mall, approximately 3,800 people were forced to relocate. This proved to be another case of government intervention resulting in demographic changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillette-2022_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillette-2022-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on, in the early 2000s, movement of businesses into East Liberty, such as Home Depot, Whole Foods, and Google, created another demographic shift. This era of redevelopment was led by private developers who catered to what one scholar described as "Florida’s creative class." This change continued to be supported by the Urban Redevelopment Authority; particularly by the executive director Rob Stepney, who said of the redevelopment "We had an inspired and shared vision." When describing the result of redevelopment he said "East Liberty went from blighted and ‘keep off the grass’ to the definition of what millennials are looking for."<sup id="cite_ref-Gillette-2022_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillette-2022-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pittsburgh government’s choices during redevelopment and the resulting demographic changes have resulted in criticism and led some residents to believe that displacement was purposeful. In one article published in Public Source, a resident explains their belief that redevelopment plans are part of "deconcentration," an effort to spread out black and low-income residents in order to prevent them from being concentrated in one place.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-2017_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-2017-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others worry that these demographic changes are part of government complicity in gentrification.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gentrification is a process where wealthier residents move into an area, altering it by increasing housing / renting costs and changing the market for businesses in the area. This displaces current residents who are unable to afford living in the changed neighborhood. In East Liberty, for example, people frequently cite housing units being demolished and replaced by businesses as evidence of gentrification. For example, when the East Mall public housing unit was demolished in 2009, and a Target built in its place.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pittsburgh" title="Economy of Pittsburgh">Economy of Pittsburgh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_corporations_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of corporations in Pittsburgh">List of corporations in Pittsburgh</a></div> <p>Pittsburgh has adapted since the collapse of its century-long steel and electronics industries. The region has shifted to high technology, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, health care, nuclear engineering, tourism, <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_technology" title="Biomedical technology">biomedical technology</a>, finance, education, and services. Annual payroll of the region's technology industries, when taken in aggregate, exceeded $10.8 billion in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2010 there were 1,600 technology companies.<sup id="cite_ref-Bobkoff_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobkoff-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> 2014 report named Pittsburgh the second-best U.S. city for intergenerational economic mobility<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflecting the citywide shift from industry to technology, former factories have been renovated as modern office space. Google has research and technology offices in a refurbished 1918–1998 <a href="/wiki/Nabisco" title="Nabisco">Nabisco</a> factory, a complex known as <a href="/wiki/Bakery_Square" title="Bakery Square">Bakery Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the factory's original equipment, such as a large dough mixer, were left standing in homage to the site's industrial roots.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh's transition from its <a href="/wiki/Industrial_heritage" title="Industrial heritage">industrial heritage</a> has earned it praise as "the poster child for managing industrial transition".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major cities in the northeast and mid-west have increasingly borrowed from Pittsburgh's <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">model</a> in order to renew their industries and economic base.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest employer in the city is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Medical_Center" title="University of Pittsburgh Medical Center">University of Pittsburgh Medical Center</a>, with 48,000 employees. All hospitals, outpatient clinics, and doctor's office positions combine for 116,000 jobs, approximately 10% of the jobs in the region. An analyst recently observed of the city's medical sector: "That's both more jobs and a higher share of the region's total employment than the steel industry represented in the 1970s."<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="toc" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#afa;"><b>Top publicly traded companies<br />in the Pittsburgh region for 2022</b><br />(ranked by revenues)<br /><i>with metropolitan and U.S. ranks</i> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccc;"> <td><b>Metro</b></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#ccc;"><b>corporation</b></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#ccc;"><b>US</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Kraft_Heinz" title="Kraft Heinz">The Kraft Heinz Company</a></td> <td></td> <td>139 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a></td> <td></td> <td>172 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services" title="PNC Financial Services">PNC Financial Services</a></td> <td></td> <td>178 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Viatris" title="Viatris">Viatris</a></td> <td></td> <td>204 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/PPG_Industries" title="PPG Industries">PPG Industries</a></td> <td></td> <td>218 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods" title="Dick's Sporting Goods">Dick's Sporting Goods</a></td> <td></td> <td>307 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a></td> <td></td> <td>312 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/WESCO_International" title="WESCO International">WESCO International</a></td> <td></td> <td>357 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Wabtec" title="Wabtec">Wabtec</a></td> <td></td> <td>439 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Arconic" title="Arconic">Arconic</a></td> <td></td> <td>452 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> Education is a major economic driver in the region. The largest single employer in education is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, with 10,700 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ten <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies call the Pittsburgh area home.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are (in alphabetical order): <a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa Corporation</a> (NYSE: AA), <a href="/wiki/Arconic" title="Arconic">Arconic Corporation</a> (NYSE: ARNC), <a href="/wiki/Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods" title="Dick's Sporting Goods">Dick's Sporting Goods</a> (NYSE: DKS), <a href="/wiki/Kraft_Heinz" title="Kraft Heinz">The Kraft Heinz Company</a> (NASDAQ: KHC), <a href="/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services" title="PNC Financial Services">PNC Financial Services</a> (NYSE: PNC), <a href="/wiki/PPG_Industries" title="PPG Industries">PPG Industries</a> (NYSE: PPG), <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel Corporation</a> (NYSE: X), <a href="/wiki/Viatris" title="Viatris">Viatris</a> (NASDAQ: VRTS), <a href="/wiki/Wabtec" title="Wabtec">Wabtec Corporation</a> (NYSE: WAB), and <a href="/wiki/WESCO_International" title="WESCO International">WESCO International</a> (WYSE: WCC).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region is home to <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Innovation" title="Aurora Innovation">Aurora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Technologies" title="Allegheny Technologies">Allegheny Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters" title="American Eagle Outfitters">American Eagle Outfitters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/EQT_Corporation" title="EQT Corporation">EQT Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/CONSOL_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="CONSOL Energy">CONSOL Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howmet_Aerospace" title="Howmet Aerospace">Howmet Aerospace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennametal" title="Kennametal">Kennametal</a> and <a href="/wiki/II-VI_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="II-VI Incorporated">II-VI</a> headquarters. Other major employers include <a href="/wiki/BNY_Mellon" title="BNY Mellon">BNY Mellon</a>, <a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lanxess" title="Lanxess">Lanxess</a>. The Northeast U.S. regional headquarters for <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Chemicals" title="Nova Chemicals">Nova Chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deloitte_Touche_Tohmatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu">Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Ground" title="FedEx Ground">FedEx Ground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariba">Ariba</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> call the area home. <a href="/wiki/84_Lumber" title="84 Lumber">84 Lumber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_Eagle" title="Giant Eagle">Giant Eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highmark" title="Highmark">Highmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rue_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue 21">Rue 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Nutrition_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="General Nutrition Center">General Nutrition Center</a> (GNC), CNX Gas (CXG), and <a href="/wiki/Genco_Supply_Chain_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Genco Supply Chain Solutions">Genco Supply Chain Solutions</a> are major non-public companies headquartered in the region. The global impact of Pittsburgh technology and business was recently demonstrated in several key components of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">Boeing 787 Dreamliner</a> being manufactured and supplied by area companies.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Area retail is anchored by over 35 <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_shopping_malls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh shopping malls">shopping malls</a> and a healthy downtown retail sector, as well as boutique shops along <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Pittsburgh)" title="Walnut Street (Pittsburgh)">Walnut Street</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)">Squirrel Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)">Lawrenceville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Station_Square" title="Station Square">Station Square</a>. </p><p>The nonprofit arts and cultural industry in Allegheny County generates $341 million in economic activity that supports over 10,000 full-time equivalent jobs with nearly $34 million in local and state taxes raised.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A leader in <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">environmental design</a>, the city is home to 60 total and 10 of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green buildings</a> while billions have been invested in the area's <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Formation#Economic_impact" title="Marcellus Formation">Marcellus</a> natural gas fields.<sup id="cite_ref-GrEn_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrEn-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A renaissance of Pittsburgh's 116-year-old film industry—that boasts the world's first <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(movie_theater)" title="Nickelodeon (movie theater)">movie theater</a>—has grown from the long-running <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Film_Festival" title="Three Rivers Film Festival">Three Rivers Film Festival</a> to an influx of <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_shows_shot_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of television shows shot in Pittsburgh">major television</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of films shot in Pittsburgh">movie productions</a>. including <a href="/wiki/Disney_Research" title="Disney Research">Disney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount</a> offices with the largest sound stage outside Los Angeles and New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-Film_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pittsburgh has hosted many conventions, including <a href="/wiki/INPEX_(invention_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="INPEX (invention show)">INPEX</a>, the world's largest invention trade show, since 1984;<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tekko_(convention)" title="Tekko (convention)">Tekko</a>, a four-day anime convention, since 2003; <a href="/wiki/Anthrocon" title="Anthrocon">Anthrocon</a>, a furry convention, since 2006; and the <a href="/wiki/Developing_Unconventional_Gas" title="Developing Unconventional Gas">DUG East</a> energy trade show since 2009. </p><p>In 2015, Pittsburgh was listed among the "eleven most livable cities in the world" by <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(architecture_magazine)" title="Metropolis (architecture magazine)">Metropolis</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Global_Liveability_Ranking" title="Global Liveability Ranking">Global Liveability Ranking</a> placed Pittsburgh as the most or second-most livable city in the United States in 2005, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Arts and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pittsburgh" title="Culture of Pittsburgh">Culture of Pittsburgh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phipps_Conservatory_East_Room,_2015-10-24,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Phipps_Conservatory_East_Room%2C_2015-10-24%2C_01.jpg/220px-Phipps_Conservatory_East_Room%2C_2015-10-24%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Phipps_Conservatory_East_Room%2C_2015-10-24%2C_01.jpg/330px-Phipps_Conservatory_East_Room%2C_2015-10-24%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Phipps_Conservatory_East_Room%2C_2015-10-24%2C_01.jpg/440px-Phipps_Conservatory_East_Room%2C_2015-10-24%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>East Room of the <a href="/wiki/Phipps_Conservatory_and_Botanical_Gardens" title="Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens">Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pittsburgh has a rich history in arts and culture dating from 19th century industrialists commissioning and donating public works, such as <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Hall_for_the_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Hall for the Performing Arts">Heinz Hall for the Performing Arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Benedum_Center" title="Benedum Center">Benedum Center</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra">Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Opera" title="Pittsburgh Opera">Pittsburgh Opera</a>, respectively as well as such groups as the <a href="/wiki/River_City_Brass_Band" title="River City Brass Band">River City Brass Band</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Youth_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Pittsburgh Youth Symphony Orchestra">Pittsburgh Youth Symphony Orchestra</a>. </p><p>Pittsburgh has a number of small and mid-size arts organizations including the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Irish_and_Classical_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre">Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Theatre" title="Quantum Theatre">Quantum Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_and_Baroque_Society_of_Pittsburgh" title="Renaissance and Baroque Society of Pittsburgh">Renaissance and Baroque Society of Pittsburgh</a>, and the early music ensemble <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Baroque" title="Chatham Baroque">Chatham Baroque</a>. Several choirs and singing groups are also present at the cities' universities; some of the most notable include the <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Men%27s_Glee_Club" title="Pitt Men's Glee Club">Pitt Men's Glee Club</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Chapel_Choir" title="Heinz Chapel Choir">Heinz Chapel Choir</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Dance_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Dance Council">Pittsburgh Dance Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Ballet_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Ballet Theater">Pittsburgh Ballet Theater</a> host a variety of dance events. Polka, folk, square, and round dancing have a long history in the city and are celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University_Tamburitzans" class="mw-redirect" title="Duquesne University Tamburitzans">Duquesne University Tamburitzans</a>, a multicultural academy dedicated to the preservation and presentation of folk songs and dance. </p><p>Hundreds of major films have been shot partially or wholly in Pittsburgh. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a></i> was largely filmed in Downtown, Oakland, and the North Shore. Pittsburgh is also considered as the birthplace of the modern <a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">zombie film</a> genre after <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a> directed the 1968 film <i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh has also teamed up with a Los Angeles-based production company, and has built the largest and most advanced movie studio in the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">eastern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Film_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AndyWarholMuseumInterviewDisplay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AndyWarholMuseumInterviewDisplay.jpg/220px-AndyWarholMuseumInterviewDisplay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AndyWarholMuseumInterviewDisplay.jpg/330px-AndyWarholMuseumInterviewDisplay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AndyWarholMuseumInterviewDisplay.jpg/440px-AndyWarholMuseumInterviewDisplay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Andy_Warhol_Museum" title="The Andy Warhol Museum">The Andy Warhol Museum</a> is one of the four <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museums_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh">Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pittsburgh's major art museums include the <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Warhol Museum">Andy Warhol Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museum_of_Art" title="Carnegie Museum of Art">Carnegie Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Frick_Pittsburgh" title="The Frick Pittsburgh">The Frick Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Center_for_the_Arts" title="Pittsburgh Center for the Arts">Pittsburgh Center for the Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mattress_Factory" title="Mattress Factory">Mattress Factory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Carnegie Museum of Natural History">Carnegie Museum of Natural History</a>, which has extensive dinosaur, mineral, animal, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> collections. The <a href="/wiki/Kamin_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamin Science Center">Kamin Science Center</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Highmark_SportsWorks" class="mw-redirect" title="Highmark SportsWorks">SportsWorks</a> has interactive technology and science exhibits. The <a href="/wiki/Heinz_History_Center" title="Heinz History Center">Senator John Heinz History Center and Western Pennsylvania Sports Museum</a> is a Smithsonian affiliated regional history museum in the Strip District and its associated <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pitt_Museum" title="Fort Pitt Museum">Fort Pitt Museum</a> is in Point State Park. <a href="/wiki/Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Hall_and_Museum" title="Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall and Museum">Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall and Museum</a> in Oakland houses Western Pennsylvania military exhibits from the Civil War to present. The <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Pittsburgh" title="Children's Museum of Pittsburgh">Children's Museum of Pittsburgh</a> on the North Side features interactive exhibits for children. The eclectic <a href="/wiki/Bayernhof_Music_Museum" title="Bayernhof Music Museum">Bayernhof Music Museum</a> is six miles (9<span class="nowrap"> </span>km) from downtown while <a href="/wiki/The_Clemente_Museum" title="The Clemente Museum">The Clemente Museum</a> is in the city's Lawrenceville section. The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Learning" title="Cathedral of Learning">Cathedral of Learning</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nationality_Rooms" title="Nationality Rooms">Nationality Rooms</a> showcase pre-19th century learning environments from around the world. There are regular guided and self-guided architectural tours in numerous neighborhoods. Downtown's cultural district hosts quarterly Gallery Crawls and the annual <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Arts_Festival" title="Three Rivers Arts Festival">Three Rivers Arts Festival</a>. Pittsburgh is home to a number of art galleries and centers including the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Gallery_at_Carnegie_Mellon_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Gallery at Carnegie Mellon University">Miller Gallery at Carnegie Mellon University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frick_Fine_Arts_Building#University_Arts_Gallery" title="Frick Fine Arts Building">University Art Gallery</a> of the University of Pittsburgh, the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Museum" title="American Jewish Museum">American Jewish Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wood_Street_Galleries" title="Wood Street Galleries">Wood Street Galleries</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Zoo_%26_Aquarium" title="Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium">Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phipps_Conservatory_and_Botanical_Gardens" title="Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens">Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Aviary" title="National Aviary">National Aviary</a> have served the city for over a century. Pittsburgh is home to the amusement park <a href="/wiki/Kennywood" title="Kennywood">Kennywood</a>. Pittsburgh is home to one of the several state licensed casinos. The <a href="/wiki/Rivers_Casino_(Pittsburgh)" title="Rivers Casino (Pittsburgh)">Rivers Casino</a> is on the <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Pittsburgh)" title="North Shore (Pittsburgh)">North Shore</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, just west of <a href="/wiki/Kamin_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamin Science Center">Kamin Science Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acrisure_Stadium" title="Acrisure Stadium">Acrisure Stadium</a>. </p><p>Pittsburgh is home to the world's largest furry convention known as <a href="/wiki/Anthrocon" title="Anthrocon">Anthrocon</a>, which has been held annually at the <a href="/wiki/David_L._Lawrence_Convention_Center" title="David L. Lawrence Convention Center">David L. Lawrence Convention Center</a> since 2006. In 2024, Anthrocon drew over 17,000 visitors and has had a cumulative economic impact of $53 million over the course of its 11 years of being hosted in Pittsburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime (TV network)">Lifetime</a>'s reality show, <a href="/wiki/Dance_Moms" title="Dance Moms">Dance Moms</a>, is filmed at Pittsburgh's Abby Lee Dance Company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pittsburgh has a long tradition of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass music</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Negro_Opera_Company" title="National Negro Opera Company">National Negro Opera Company</a> was founded in the city as the first all African-American opera company in the United States. This led to the prominence of African-American singers like <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a> in the world of opera. One of the greatest American musicians and composers of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Strayhorn" title="Billy Strayhorn">Billy Strayhorn</a>, grew up and was educated in Pittsburgh, as was pianist/composer-arranger <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams" title="Mary Lou Williams">Mary Lou Williams</a>, who composed and recorded an eponymous tribute to her home town in 1966,<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> featuring vocalist <a href="/wiki/Leon_Thomas" title="Leon Thomas">Leon Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pittsburgh's <a href="/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa" title="Wiz Khalifa">Wiz Khalifa</a> is a recent artist to have a number one record. His anthem "<a href="/wiki/Black_and_Yellow" title="Black and Yellow">Black and Yellow</a>" (a tribute to Pittsburgh's official colors) reached number one on Billboard's "Hot 100"<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the Week of February 19, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christina_Aguilera" title="Christina Aguilera">Christina Aguilera</a> are from Pittsburgh suburbs. The city is also where the band <a href="/wiki/Rusted_Root" title="Rusted Root">Rusted Root</a> was formed. Liz Berlin of Rusted Root owns Mr. Smalls, a popular music venue for touring national acts in Pittsburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hip hop artist <a href="/wiki/Mac_Miller" title="Mac Miller">Mac Miller</a> was also a Pittsburgh native, with his debut album <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Slide_Park" title="Blue Slide Park">Blue Slide Park</a></i> named after the local <a href="/wiki/Frick_Park" title="Frick Park">Frick Park</a>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a> acts, such as <a href="/wiki/Aus_Rotten" class="mw-redirect" title="Aus Rotten">Aus Rotten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Flag" title="Anti-Flag">Anti-Flag</a>, originated in Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh has also seen many metal bands gain prominence in recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> most notably <a href="/wiki/Code_Orange_(band)" title="Code Orange (band)">Code Orange</a>, who were nominated for a Grammy. The city was also home to the highly influential <a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">math rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Don_Caballero" title="Don Caballero">Don Caballero</a>. </p><p>Pittsburgh has emerged as a leading city in the United States' <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a> scene. Ranking as the third 'most metal city' in a study conducted by MetalSucks,<sup id="cite_ref-MetalSucks-2016_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetalSucks-2016-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh has earned a reputation for its heavy metal community. Pittsburgh is home to over six-hundred heavy metal bands,<sup id="cite_ref-MetalSucks-2016_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetalSucks-2016-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as heavy metal coffee shops<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bars. The city is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">doom metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">metalcore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a> scenes. </p><p>Throughout the 1990s there was an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> in Pittsburgh which likely traced its origins to similar Internet <a href="/wiki/Chat_room" title="Chat room">chatroom</a>-based movements in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, and across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-matos_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matos-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kelly_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pro_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">promoters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disk_jockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk jockey">DJs</a> organized <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">raves</a> in warehouses, <a href="/wiki/Ice_rink" title="Ice rink">ice rinks</a>, barns, and fields which eventually attracted thousands of attendees, some of whom were high school students or even younger.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barnes_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-silver-barnes_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-barnes-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the events grew more popular, they drew internationally known DJs such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Beyer" title="Adam Beyer">Adam Beyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richie_Hawtin" title="Richie Hawtin">Richie Hawtin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_183-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh rave culture itself spawned at least one well-known artist, the <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a> DJ <a href="/wiki/Dieselboy" title="Dieselboy">Dieselboy</a>, who attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> between 1990 and 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-matos_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matos-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carter_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2012, Pittsburgh has been the home of <a href="/wiki/Hot_Mass" title="Hot Mass">Hot Mass</a>, an afterhours electronic music <a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">dance party</a> which critics have compared favorably to European nightclubs and parties.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stolman_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stolman-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electronic music artist and DJ <a href="/wiki/Yaeji" title="Yaeji">Yaeji</a> credits Hot Mass with her "indoctrination into nightlife"; she regularly attended the party while studying at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kim_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kim-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-posner_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posner-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Pittsburgh" title="Theatre in Pittsburgh">Theatre in Pittsburgh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_benedumcenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pittsburgh_benedumcenter.jpg/220px-Pittsburgh_benedumcenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pittsburgh_benedumcenter.jpg/330px-Pittsburgh_benedumcenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pittsburgh_benedumcenter.jpg/440px-Pittsburgh_benedumcenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benedum_Center" title="Benedum Center">Benedum Center</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city's first play was produced at the <a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Market Square, Pittsburgh">old courthouse</a> in 1803<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first theater built in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collegiate companies include the University of Pittsburgh's <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Repertory_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pittsburgh Repertory Theatre">Repertory Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuntu_Repertory_Theatre" title="Kuntu Repertory Theatre">Kuntu Repertory Theatre</a>, Point Park University's resident companies at its <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Playhouse" title="Pittsburgh Playhouse">Pittsburgh Playhouse</a>, and Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama productions and <a href="/wiki/Scotch%27n%27Soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch'n'Soda">Scotch'n'Soda</a> organization. The Duquesne University Red Masquers, founded in 1912, are the oldest, continuously producing theater company in Pennsylvania.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The city's longest-running theater show, <a href="/wiki/Friday_Nite_Improvs" title="Friday Nite Improvs">Friday Nite Improvs</a>, is an improv jam that has been performed in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Learning" title="Cathedral of Learning">Cathedral of Learning</a> and other locations for 20 years. The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_New_Works_Festival" title="Pittsburgh New Works Festival">Pittsburgh New Works Festival</a> utilizes local theater companies to stage productions of original one-act plays by playwrights from all parts of the country. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Future_Ten" title="Future Ten">Future Ten</a> showcases new ten-minute plays. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_Summer_Theatre" title="Saint Vincent Summer Theatre">Saint Vincent Summer Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall_Productions" title="Off the Wall Productions">Off the Wall Productions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Playhouse" title="Mountain Playhouse">Mountain Playhouse</a>, The Theatre Factory, and <a href="/wiki/Stage_Right!" title="Stage Right!">Stage Right!</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Latrobe,_Pennsylvania" title="Latrobe, Pennsylvania">Latrobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie,_Pennsylvania" title="Carnegie, Pennsylvania">Carnegie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennerstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Jennerstown, Pennsylvania">Jennerstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trafford,_Pennsylvania" title="Trafford, Pennsylvania">Trafford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a>, respectively, employ Pittsburgh actors and contribute to the culture of the region. </p><p>Pittsburgh is well known for being home to the late playwright August Wilson.<sup id="cite_ref-augustwilsonhouse.org_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-augustwilsonhouse.org-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The August Wilson House now remains in Pittsburgh to celebrate the life and work of August Wilson, continue to produce his plays, and serve as an arts center for the Hill District, where Wilson was from.<sup id="cite_ref-augustwilsonhouse.org_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-augustwilsonhouse.org-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fiction_set_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of fiction set in Pittsburgh">List of fiction set in Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of films shot in Pittsburgh">List of films shot in Pittsburgh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_shows_shot_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of television shows shot in Pittsburgh">List of television shows shot in Pittsburgh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PittsburghCarnegieLibrarymainbranch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/PittsburghCarnegieLibrarymainbranch.jpg/220px-PittsburghCarnegieLibrarymainbranch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/PittsburghCarnegieLibrarymainbranch.jpg/330px-PittsburghCarnegieLibrarymainbranch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/PittsburghCarnegieLibrarymainbranch.jpg/440px-PittsburghCarnegieLibrarymainbranch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh">Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh</a> Main Branch in Oakland</figcaption></figure> <p>Pittsburgh is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chatham_University" title="Chatham University">Chatham University</a> graduate from the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Pennsylvania" title="Springdale, Pennsylvania">Springdale, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern writers include <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning playwright <a href="/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson">August Wilson</a><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> with his Pittsburgh-focused commentary on student and college life. Two-time Pulitzer Prize winner and recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">David McCullough</a> was born and raised in Pittsburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Annie_Dillard" title="Annie Dillard">Annie Dillard</a>, a Pulitzer Prize–winning writer, was born and raised in Pittsburgh. Much of her memoir <i>An American Childhood</i> takes place in post-World War II Pittsburgh. Award-winning author <a href="/wiki/John_Edgar_Wideman" title="John Edgar Wideman">John Edgar Wideman</a> grew up in Pittsburgh and has based several of his books, including the memoir <i><a href="/wiki/Brothers_and_Keepers" title="Brothers and Keepers">Brothers and Keepers</a></i>, in his hometown. Poet <a href="/wiki/Terrance_Hayes" title="Terrance Hayes">Terrance Hayes</a>, winner of the 2010 National Book Award and a 2014 MacArthur Foundation Fellow, received his MFA from the University of Pittsburgh, where he is a faculty member. Poet <a href="/wiki/Michael_Simms_(publisher)" title="Michael Simms (publisher)">Michael Simms</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Autumn_House_Press" title="Autumn House Press">Autumn House Press</a>, resides in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Pittsburgh. Poet <a href="/wiki/Samuel_John_Hazo" title="Samuel John Hazo">Samuel John Hazo</a>, the first poet Laureate of Pennsylvania, resides in the city. Contemporary writers from Pittsburgh include <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Tessaro" title="Kathleen Tessaro">Kathleen Tessaro</a>, author of novels such as "Elegance," "The Perfume Collector," and "Rare Objects," whose works contribute to the city's rich literary tradition. New writers include <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kuzneski" title="Chris Kuzneski">Chris Kuzneski</a>, who attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> and mentions Pittsburgh in his works, and Pittsburgher Brian Celio, author of <i>Catapult Soul</i>, who captured the Pittsburgh 'Yinzer' dialect in his writing. Pittsburgh's unique literary style extends to playwrights,<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as local graffiti and hip hop artists. </p><p>Pittsburgh's position as the birthplace for community owned television and networked commercial television helped spawn the modern children's show genres exemplified by <i><a href="/wiki/Mister_Rogers%27_Neighborhood" title="Mister Rogers' Neighborhood">Mister Rogers' Neighborhood</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Where_in_the_World_Is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (TV series)">Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Happy%27s_Party" title="Happy's Party">Happy's Party</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cappelli_%26_Company" title="Cappelli & Company">Cappelli & Company</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Children's Corner">The Children's Corner</a></i>, all nationally broadcast. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Dad" title="Pittsburgh Dad">Pittsburgh Dad</a></i> series has showcased the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburghese" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburghese">Pittsburghese</a> genre to a global YouTube audience since 2011. </p><p>The modern fantasy, macabre and science fiction genre was popularized by director <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a>, television's <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cardille" title="Bill Cardille">Bill Cardille</a> and his <i><a href="/wiki/Chiller_Theatre_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiller Theatre (Pittsburgh)">Chiller Theatre</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> director and writer <a href="/wiki/Rusty_Cundieff" title="Rusty Cundieff">Rusty Cundieff</a> and makeup effects guru <a href="/wiki/Tom_Savini" title="Tom Savini">Tom Savini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre continues today with the PARSEC science fiction organization,<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The It's Alive Show, the annual "Zombie Fest",<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several writer's workshops including Write or Die,<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh SouthWrites,<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Pittsburgh Worldwrights<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Barton_Paul_Levenson" title="Barton Paul Levenson">Barton Paul Levenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Chiacchia" title="Kenneth Chiacchia">Kenneth Chiacchia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Humphreys_Penrose" title="Elizabeth Humphreys Penrose">Elizabeth Humphreys Penrose</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primanti_Bros_at_PNC_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Primanti_Bros_at_PNC_Park.jpg/220px-Primanti_Bros_at_PNC_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Primanti_Bros_at_PNC_Park.jpg/330px-Primanti_Bros_at_PNC_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Primanti_Bros_at_PNC_Park.jpg/440px-Primanti_Bros_at_PNC_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Primanti_Bros." title="Primanti Bros.">Primanti Bros.</a> sandwich</figcaption></figure> <p>Pittsburgh is known for several specialties including <a href="/wiki/Pierogies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierogies">pierogies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kielbasa" title="Kielbasa">kielbasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chipped_chopped_ham" title="Chipped chopped ham">chipped chopped ham</a> sandwiches, and <a href="/wiki/Klondike_bar" title="Klondike bar">Klondike bars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Pittsburgh was deemed "Food City of the Year" by the San Francisco-based restaurant and hospitality consulting firm af&co.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many restaurants were favorably mentioned, among them were Superior Motors in <a href="/wiki/Braddock,_Pennsylvania" title="Braddock, Pennsylvania">Braddock</a>, Driftwood Oven in <a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)">Lawrenceville</a>, Spork in <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_(Pittsburgh)" title="Bloomfield (Pittsburgh)">Bloomfield</a>, Fish nor Fowl in <a href="/wiki/Garfield_(Pittsburgh)" title="Garfield (Pittsburgh)">Garfield</a>, Bitter Ends Garden & Luncheonette in <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_(Pittsburgh)" title="Bloomfield (Pittsburgh)">Bloomfield</a>, and Rolling Pepperoni in <a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)">Lawrenceville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pittsburgh is home to the annual <a href="/wiki/Pickled_cucumber" title="Pickled cucumber">pickle</a>-themed festival <a href="/wiki/Picklesburgh" title="Picklesburgh">Picklesburgh</a>, which has been named the "best specialty <a href="/wiki/Food_festival" title="Food festival">food festival</a> in America".<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_dialect">Local dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Local dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania English</a></div> <p>The Pittsburgh English dialect, commonly called <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh English">Pittsburghese</a></i>, was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Scots-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Irish American">Scots-Irish</a>, German, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European">Eastern European</a> immigrants and African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Locals who speak the dialect are sometimes referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Yinzer" title="Yinzer">Yinzers</a>" (from the local word "yinz" [var. <i>yunz</i>], a blended form of "you ones", similar to "y'all" and "you all" in the South). Common Pittsburghese terms are: "slippy" (slippery), "redd up" (clean up), "jagger bush" (thorn bush), and "gum bands" (rubber bands). The dialect is also notable for dropping the verb "to be". In Pittsburghese one would say "the car needs washed" instead of "needs to be washed", "needs washing", or "needs a wash." The dialect has some tonal similarities to other nearby regional dialects of Erie and Baltimore but is noted for its somewhat <a href="/wiki/Staccato" title="Staccato">staccato</a> rhythms. The staccato qualities of the dialect are thought to originate either from Welsh or other European languages. The many local peculiarities have prompted <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> to describe Pittsburgh as "the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a> of American dialect".<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lexicon itself contains notable loans from <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> and other European languages; examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Headscarf" title="Headscarf">babushka</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Halu%C5%A1ky" title="Halušky">halušky</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livability">Livability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Livability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEC-Fall-rainbow-hillside-Jeremy-Marshall-914246-edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/FEC-Fall-rainbow-hillside-Jeremy-Marshall-914246-edited.jpg/220px-FEC-Fall-rainbow-hillside-Jeremy-Marshall-914246-edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/FEC-Fall-rainbow-hillside-Jeremy-Marshall-914246-edited.jpg/330px-FEC-Fall-rainbow-hillside-Jeremy-Marshall-914246-edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/FEC-Fall-rainbow-hillside-Jeremy-Marshall-914246-edited.jpg/440px-FEC-Fall-rainbow-hillside-Jeremy-Marshall-914246-edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>The Frick Environmental Center at <a href="/wiki/Frick_Park" title="Frick Park">Frick Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pittsburgh has five city parks and several parks managed by the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Conservancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Conservancy">Nature Conservancy</a>. The largest, <a href="/wiki/Frick_Park" title="Frick Park">Frick Park</a>, provides 664 acres (269 ha) of woodland park with extensive hiking and biking trails throughout steep valleys and wooded slopes. Birding enthusiasts visit the Clayton Hill area of Frick Park, where over 100 species of birds have been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Residents living in extremely low-lying areas near the rivers or one of the 1,400 creeks and streams may have occasional floods,<sup id="cite_ref-Puko_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puko-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as those caused when the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Hurricane Ivan</a> hit rainfall records in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> River flooding is relatively rare due to federal flood control efforts extensively managing locks, dams, and reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Puko_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puko-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents living near smaller tributary streams are less protected from occasional flooding. The cost of a comprehensive flood control program for the region has been estimated at a prohibitive $50 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Puko_214-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puko-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pittsburgh has the greatest number of bars per capita in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritenbaugh_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritenbaugh-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Pittsburgh" title="Sports in Pittsburgh">Sports in Pittsburgh</a></div> <p>Pittsburgh hosted the <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">first professional football game</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1903_World_Series" title="1903 World Series">first World Series</a>. In 2009, Pittsburgh won the <i><a href="/wiki/Sporting_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting News">Sporting News</a></i> title of "Best Sports City" in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-Hille_2010_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hille_2010-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in 2013, <i>Sperling's Best Places</i> "top 15 cities for baseball".<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> College sports also have large followings with the University of Pittsburgh in football and sharing Division I basketball fans with Robert Morris and Duquesne. </p><p>Pittsburgh has a long history with its major professional sports teams—the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Steelers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins" title="Pittsburgh Penguins">Penguins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pirates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>—which all share the same team colors, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">official city colors of black and gold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh is the only city in the United States where this practice of sharing team colors in solidarity takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black-and-gold color scheme has since become widely associated with the city and personified in its famous <a href="/wiki/Terrible_Towel" title="Terrible Towel">Terrible Towel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Riverhounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Riverhounds">Pittsburgh Riverhounds</a> are a professional soccer team who have been playing in Pittsburgh since they were established in 1999. They are a member of the <a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a> division, a second-tier league of US professional soccer and are in the league's Eastern Conference. The Riverhounds play their home matches at <a href="/wiki/Highmark_Stadium_(Pennsylvania)" title="Highmark Stadium (Pennsylvania)">Highmark Stadium (Pennsylvania)</a> a 5,000 seat <a href="/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium" title="Soccer-specific stadium">soccer-specific stadium</a> located in Pittsburgh's <a href="/wiki/Station_Square" title="Station Square">Station Square</a>. In keeping with the uniformity of professional sports teams in Pittsburgh, the Riverhounds colors are black and gold. </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Rails_to_Trails" class="mw-redirect" title="Rails to Trails">Rails to Trails</a>", has converted miles of former <a href="/wiki/Rail_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail tracks">rail tracks</a> to recreational trails, including a <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh-Washington_D.C._bike/walking_trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh-Washington D.C. bike/walking trail">Pittsburgh-Washington D.C. bike/walking trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a> trails are within the city and suburbs, <a href="/wiki/Frick_Park" title="Frick Park">Frick Park</a> has biking trails and <a href="/wiki/Hartwood_Acres_Park" title="Hartwood Acres Park">Hartwood Acres Park</a> has many miles of <a href="/wiki/Single_track_(mountain_biking)" title="Single track (mountain biking)">single track</a> trails.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional">Professional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Professional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Major league</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Team </th> <th scope="col">Founded </th> <th scope="col">League </th> <th scope="col">Sport </th> <th scope="col">Venue </th> <th scope="col">Championships </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pittsburgh Pirates</a> </td> <td>1882 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> (MLB) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PNC_Park" title="PNC Park">PNC Park</a> </td> <td>7<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a> </td> <td>1933 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acrisure_Stadium" title="Acrisure Stadium">Acrisure Stadium</a> </td> <td>6<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins" title="Pittsburgh Penguins">Pittsburgh Penguins</a> </td> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PPG_Paints_Arena" title="PPG Paints Arena">PPG Paints Arena</a> </td> <td>5<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Minor league/other</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Team </th> <th scope="col">Founded </th> <th scope="col">League </th> <th scope="col">Sport </th> <th scope="col">Venue </th> <th scope="col">Championships </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Riverhounds_SC" title="Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC">Pittsburgh Riverhounds</a> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a> (USLC) </td> <td>Soccer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Highmark_Stadium_(Pennsylvania)" title="Highmark Stadium (Pennsylvania)">Highmark Stadium</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Steel_City_Yellow_Jackets" title="Steel City Yellow Jackets">Steel City Yellow Jackets</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ABA_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="ABA 2000">ABA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td>A Giving Heart Community Center </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pirates won championships in <a href="/wiki/1901_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season" title="1901 Pittsburgh Pirates season">1901</a>, <a href="/wiki/1901_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season" title="1901 Pittsburgh Pirates season">1902</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_World_Series" title="1909 World Series">1909</a>, <a href="/wiki/1925_World_Series" title="1925 World Series">1925</a>, <a href="/wiki/1960_World_Series" title="1960 World Series">1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/1971_World_Series" title="1971 World Series">1971</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1979_World_Series" title="1979 World Series">1979</a>. 1901 and 1902 were Pre World-Series Era Champions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Steelers won championships in <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_IX" title="Super Bowl IX">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_X" title="Super Bowl X">1975</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XIII" title="Super Bowl XIII">1978</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XIV" title="Super Bowl XIV">1979</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XL" title="Super Bowl XL">2005</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII" title="Super Bowl XLIII">2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Penguins won championships in <a href="/wiki/1991_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1991 Stanley Cup Finals">1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1992 Stanley Cup Finals">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="2009 Stanley Cup Finals">2009</a>, <a href="/wiki/2016_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="2016 Stanley Cup Finals">2016</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="2017 Stanley Cup Finals">2017</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>**<small>Pittsburgh's ABA franchise won the 1968 title, but the Steel City Yellow Jackets franchise is heir to it only in location.</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College">College</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Power 5</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto; text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>School </th> <th>Prominent sports </th> <th>Venues </th> <th>Conference </th> <th>National Championships </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_football" title="Pittsburgh Panthers football">Pitt Football</a> (<a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">FBS</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acrisure_Stadium" title="Acrisure Stadium">Acrisure Stadium</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">ACC</a> </td> <td>9<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_men%27s_basketball" title="Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball">Pitt Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petersen_Events_Center" title="Petersen Events Center">Petersen Events Center</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_men%27s_basketball#2-Time_National_Champions" title="Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball">1927–28 1929–30</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto; text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>School </th> <th>Prominent sports </th> <th>Venues </th> <th>Conference </th> <th>National Championships </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Dukes_football" title="Duquesne Dukes football">Dukes Football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Division_I-Football_Championship_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Division I-Football Championship Subdivision">FCS</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Rooney_Athletic_Field" title="Arthur J. Rooney Athletic Field">Art Rooney Field</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Conference" title="Northeast Conference">NEC</a> </td> <td>1941, 1973, <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Dukes#Yearly_football_results" title="Duquesne Dukes">2003</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Dukes_men%27s_basketball" title="Duquesne Dukes men's basketball">Dukes Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UPMC_Cooper_Fieldhouse" title="UPMC Cooper Fieldhouse">UPMC Cooper Fieldhouse</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_10_Conference" title="Atlantic 10 Conference">A10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1955_National_Invitation_Tournament" title="1955 National Invitation Tournament">1954–55</a> (NIT) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University" title="Robert Morris University">Robert Morris University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials_men%27s_basketball" title="Robert Morris Colonials men's basketball">Colonials Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UPMC_Events_Center" title="UPMC Events Center">UPMC Events Center</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Conference" title="Northeast Conference">NEC</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials#Ice_hockey" title="Robert Morris Colonials">Colonials Hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Island_Sports_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Sports Center">Island Sports Center</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Hockey" title="Atlantic Hockey">AHA</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Panthers won championships in <a href="/wiki/1915_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team" title="1915 Pittsburgh Panthers football team">1915</a>, <a href="/wiki/1916_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team" title="1916 Pittsburgh Panthers football team">1916</a>, <a href="/wiki/1918_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team" title="1918 Pittsburgh Panthers football team">1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/1929_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team" title="1929 Pittsburgh Panthers football team">1929</a>, <a href="/wiki/1931_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team" title="1931 Pittsburgh Panthers football team">1931</a>, <a href="/wiki/1934_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team" title="1934 Pittsburgh Panthers football team">1934</a>, <a href="/wiki/1936_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team" title="1936 Pittsburgh Panthers football team">1936</a>, <a href="/wiki/1937_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team" title="1937 Pittsburgh Panthers football team">1937</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1976_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team" title="1976 Pittsburgh Panthers football team">1976</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseball">Baseball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Baseball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_goes_to_Pittsburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pedro_goes_to_Pittsburgh.jpg/220px-Pedro_goes_to_Pittsburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pedro_goes_to_Pittsburgh.jpg/330px-Pedro_goes_to_Pittsburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pedro_goes_to_Pittsburgh.jpg/440px-Pedro_goes_to_Pittsburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PNC_Park" title="PNC Park">PNC Park</a>, home stadium of the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pittsburgh Pirates</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:26em; ; color: #202122;background-color: lightgray;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>[t]his is the perfect blend of location, history, design, comfort and baseball ... The best stadium in baseball is in Pittsburgh. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">ESPN</cite></p> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pittsburgh Pirates</a> baseball team, often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos (derived from <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneer</a>), is the city's oldest professional sports franchise, having been founded in 1881, and plays in the <a href="/wiki/National_League_Central" title="National League Central">Central Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a>. The Pirates are nine-time Pennant winners and five-time <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> Champions, were in the first <a href="/wiki/1903_World_Series" title="1903 World Series">World Series (1903)</a> and claim two pre-World Series titles in 1901 and 1902. The Pirates play in <a href="/wiki/PNC_Park" title="PNC Park">PNC Park</a>. </p><p>Pittsburgh also has a rich <a href="/wiki/Negro_league" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro league">Negro league</a> history, with the former <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Crawfords" title="Pittsburgh Crawfords">Pittsburgh Crawfords</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Grays" title="Homestead Grays">Homestead Grays</a> credited with as many as 14 league titles and 11 Hall of Famers between them in the 1930s and 1940s, while the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Keystones_(baseball)" title="Pittsburgh Keystones (baseball)">Keystones</a> fielded teams in the 1920s. In addition, in 1971 the Pirates were the first Major League team to field an all-minority lineup. One sportswriter claimed, "No city is more synonymous with black baseball than Pittsburgh."<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 20th century, the Pirates had three consecutive <a href="/wiki/National_League_Championship_Series" title="National League Championship Series">National League Championship Series</a> appearances (1990–92) (going 6, 7 and 7 games each), followed by setting the MLB record for most consecutive losing seasons, with 20 from 1993 until 2012. This era was followed by three consecutive postseason appearances: the 2013 <a href="/wiki/National_League_Division_Series" title="National League Division Series">National League Division Series</a> and the 2014–2015 Wild Card games. Their <a href="/wiki/1997_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season" title="1997 Pittsburgh Pirates season">September pennant race</a> in 1997 featured the franchises' last no-hitter and last award for <a href="/wiki/The_Sporting_News_Executive_of_the_Year_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sporting News Executive of the Year Award">Sporting News' Executive of the Year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_football_in_Western_Pennsylvania" title="American football in Western Pennsylvania">American football in Western Pennsylvania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pittsburgh" title="Special:EditPage/Pittsburgh">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg/220px-Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg/330px-Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg/440px-Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a>' fans waving the <a href="/wiki/Terrible_Towel" title="Terrible Towel">Terrible Towel</a>, a tradition that dates back to <a href="/wiki/1975_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season" title="1975 Pittsburgh Steelers season">1975</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city's professional team, <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL's</a> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a>, is named after the distribution company the Pittsburgh Steeling company established in 1927. News of the team has preempted news of elections and other events and are important to the region and its <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>. The Steelers have been owned by the <a href="/wiki/Rooney_family" title="Rooney family">Rooney family</a> since the team's founding in 1933, show consistency in coaching (only three coaches since the 1960s all with the same basic philosophy) and are noted as one of sports' most respectable franchises.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Steelers have a long waiting list for season tickets, and have sold out every home game since 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team won four <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowls</a> in a six-year span in the 1970s, a <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XL" title="Super Bowl XL">fifth Super Bowl</a> in 2006, and a league record <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII" title="Super Bowl XLIII">sixth Super Bowl</a> in 2009. Since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 they have qualified for the most NFL playoff berths (28) and have played in (15) and hosted (11) the most NFL conference championship games.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">High school football</a> routinely attract 10,000 fans per game and extensive press coverage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> film <a href="/wiki/All_the_Right_Moves_(film)" title="All the Right Moves (film)">All the Right Moves</a> and ESPN's <a href="/wiki/Bound_for_Glory_(ESPN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound for Glory (ESPN)">Bound for Glory</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dick_Butkus" title="Dick Butkus">Dick Butkus</a> both filmed in the area to capture the tradition and passion of local high school football. </p><p><a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">College football</a> in the city dates to 1889<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division I (NCAA)">Division I</a> (FBS) <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_football" title="Pittsburgh Panthers football">Panthers</a> of the University of Pittsburgh posting nine <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_National_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I FBS National Football Championship">national championships</a>, qualifying 37 total bowl games, appearing in the <a href="/wiki/2018_ACC_Championship_Game" title="2018 ACC Championship Game">2018 ACC Championship Game</a>, and winning the <a href="/wiki/2021_ACC_Championship_Game" title="2021 ACC Championship Game">2021 ACC Championship Game</a> which was the program's first conference title since leaving the <a href="/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979%E2%80%932013)" title="Big East Conference (1979–2013)">Big East</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">ACC</a> between the 2012 and 2013 seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local universities Duquesne and Robert Morris have loyal fan bases that follow their lower <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship">(FCS)</a> teams. Duquesne, Carnegie Mellon University, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Washington & Jefferson College</a> all posted major bowl games and AP Poll rankings from the 1920s to the 1940s as that era's equivalent of Top 25 FBS programs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Acrisure Stadium serves as home for the Steelers, Panthers, and both the suburban and city high school championships. Playoff franchises <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Power" title="Pittsburgh Power">Pittsburgh Power</a> and Pittsburgh Gladiators competed in the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a> in the 1980s and 2010s respectively. The Gladiators hosted <a href="/wiki/ArenaBowl_I" title="ArenaBowl I">ArenaBowl I</a> in the city, competing in two, but losing both before moving to <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a> and becoming the <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Storm" title="Tampa Bay Storm">Storm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Passion" title="Pittsburgh Passion">Pittsburgh Passion</a> has been the city's professional women's football team since 2002 and plays its home games at <a href="/wiki/Highmark_Stadium_(Pennsylvania)" title="Highmark Stadium (Pennsylvania)">Highmark Stadium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._DeBartolo,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward J. DeBartolo, Sr.">Ed Debartolo</a> owned <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Maulers_(1984)" title="Pittsburgh Maulers (1984)">Pittsburgh Maulers</a> featured a <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a> winner in the mid-1980s, former superstar University of Nebraska running back <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rozier" title="Mike Rozier">Mike Rozier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hockey">Hockey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pittsburgh" title="Special:EditPage/Pittsburgh">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The NHL's <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins" title="Pittsburgh Penguins">Pittsburgh Penguins</a> have played in Pittsburgh since the team's founding in 1967. The team has won 6 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Conference_(NHL)" title="Eastern Conference (NHL)">Eastern Conference</a> titles (1991, 1992, 2008, 2009, 2016 and 2017) and 5 <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> championships (1991, 1992, 2009, 2016 and 2017). Since 1999, Hall of Famer and back-to-back playoff MVP <a href="/wiki/Mario_Lemieux" title="Mario Lemieux">Mario Lemieux</a> has served as Penguins owner. Until moving into the <a href="/wiki/PPG_Paints_Arena" title="PPG Paints Arena">PPG Paints Arena</a> in 2010 (when it was known as Consol Energy Center), the team played their home games at the world's first retractable domed stadium, the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Arena_(Pittsburgh)" title="Civic Arena (Pittsburgh)">Civic Arena</a>, or in local parlance "The Igloo".<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> has had a regional fan base since the 1890s semi-pro <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Keystones_(ice_hockey)" title="Pittsburgh Keystones (ice hockey)">Keystones</a>. The city's first ice rink dates back to 1889, when there was an ice rink at the Casino in <a href="/wiki/Schenley_Park" title="Schenley Park">Schenley Park</a>. From 1896 to 1956, the Exposition Building on the Allegheny River near The Point and Duquesne Gardens in Oakland offered indoor skating.<sup id="cite_ref-ice_skating_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice_skating-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NHL awarded one of its first franchises to the city in 1924 on the strength of the back-to-back USAHA championship winning <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Yellow_Jackets" title="Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets">Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets</a> featuring future Hall of Famers and a Stanley Cup winning coach. The NHL's <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates_(hockey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Pirates (hockey)">Pittsburgh Pirates</a> made several Stanley Cup playoff runs with a future Hall of Famer before folding from <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> financial pressures. Hockey survived with the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Hornets" title="Pittsburgh Hornets">Pittsburgh Hornets</a> farm team (1936–1967) and their seven finals appearances and three championships in 18 playoff seasons. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Robert Morris Colonials men's ice hockey">Robert Morris University</a> fields a Division I college hockey team at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rmucolonials.com/sports/2013/9/9/athletics_0909134014.aspx?id=694">Island Sports Center</a>. Pittsburgh has semi-pro and amateur teams such as the Pittsburgh Penguins Elite.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pro-grade ice rinks such as the <a href="/wiki/Rostraver_Ice_Garden" title="Rostraver Ice Garden">Rostraver Ice Garden</a>, Mt. Lebanon Recreation Center and <a href="/wiki/Iceoplex_at_Southpointe" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceoplex at Southpointe">Iceoplex at Southpointe</a> have trained several native Pittsburgh players for NHL play. RMU hosted the city's first <a href="/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament">Frozen Four</a> college championship in 2013 with the four PPG Paints Arena games televised by <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Basketball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009PittUConn2ndmin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2009PittUConn2ndmin.jpg/220px-2009PittUConn2ndmin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2009PittUConn2ndmin.jpg/330px-2009PittUConn2ndmin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2009PittUConn2ndmin.jpg/440px-2009PittUConn2ndmin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_men%27s_basketball" title="Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball">Pitt Panthers</a> men's basketball game at the <a href="/wiki/Petersen_Events_Center" title="Petersen Events Center">Petersen Events Center</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Professional_basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional basketball">Professional basketball</a> in Pittsburgh dates to the 1910s with teams "Monticello" and "Loendi" winning <a href="/wiki/Black_Fives#Colored_Basketball_World's_Champions" title="Black Fives">five national titles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates_(NBL)" title="Pittsburgh Pirates (NBL)">Pirates</a> (1937–45 in the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(United_States)" title="National Basketball League (United States)">NBL</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Ironmen" title="Pittsburgh Ironmen">Pittsburgh Ironmen</a> (1947–48 <a href="/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a> inaugural season), the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Rens" title="Pittsburgh Rens">Pittsburgh Rens</a> (1961–63), the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pipers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Pipers">Pittsburgh Pipers</a> (first <a href="/wiki/American_Basketball_Association" title="American Basketball Association">American Basketball Association</a> championship in 1968) led by Connie Hawkins (team then moved); the Pittsburgh Condors (ABA returned in 1970–72), the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Piranhas" title="Pittsburgh Piranhas">Pittsburgh Piranhas</a> (CBA Finals in 1995), the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Xplosion" title="Pittsburgh Xplosion">Pittsburgh Xplosion</a> (2004–08) and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Phantoms_(ABA)" title="Pittsburgh Phantoms (ABA)">Phantoms</a> (2009–10) both of the <a href="/wiki/American_Basketball_Association_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="American Basketball Association (2000–present)">ABA</a>. The city has hosted dozens of pre-season and 15 regular season "neutral site" NBA games, including <a href="/wiki/Wilt_Chamberlain" title="Wilt Chamberlain">Wilt Chamberlain</a>'s record setting performance in both consecutive field goals and field goal percentage on February 24, 1967, NBA records that still stand.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Duquesne University <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Dukes_men%27s_basketball" title="Duquesne Dukes men's basketball">Dukes</a> and the University of Pittsburgh <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_men%27s_basketball" title="Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball">Panthers</a> have played <a href="/wiki/College_basketball" title="College basketball">college basketball</a> in the city since 1914 and 1905 respectively. Pitt and Duquesne have played the annual <a href="/wiki/City_Game" title="City Game">City Game</a> since 1932. Duquesne was the city's first team to appear in a <a href="/wiki/Final_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Four">Final Four</a> (1940), obtain a number one <a href="/wiki/AP_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="AP Poll">AP Poll</a> ranking (1954),<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to win a post-season national title, the <a href="/wiki/1955_National_Invitation_Tournament" title="1955 National Invitation Tournament">1955 National Invitation Tournament</a> on its second straight trip to the NIT title game. Duquesne is the only college program to produce back-to-back NBA No. 1 overall draft picks with 1955's Dick Ricketts and 1956's Sihugo Green.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duquesne's <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Cooper_(basketball)" title="Chuck Cooper (basketball)">Chuck Cooper</a> was the first African American drafted by an NBA team.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Panthers won two pre-tournament era <a href="/wiki/Helms_Athletic_Foundation" title="Helms Athletic Foundation">Helms Athletic Foundation</a> <a href="/wiki/Mythical_national_championship" title="Mythical national championship">National Championships</a> in 1928 and 1930, competed in a "national title game" against <a href="/wiki/LSU_Tigers_basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="LSU Tigers basketball">LSU</a> in 1935, and made a Final Four appearance in 1941. Pitt has won 13 conference titles, qualified for the NCAA tournament 26 times including a post season tournament every season between 1999-2000 and 2015-2016 during which time it regularly sold out the <a href="/wiki/Petersen_Events_Center" title="Petersen Events Center">Petersen Events Center</a>. The program has produced 27 NBA draft picks and 15 All Americans while ranking No. 1 in the nation as recently as 2009. The Petersen Events Center is home to the "<a href="/wiki/Oakland_Zoo_(cheering_section)" title="Oakland Zoo (cheering section)">Oakland Zoo</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Student_section" title="Student section">student section</a> which is nationally recognized<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for its passionate members and perseverance through consecutive unsuccessful seasons from 2016 to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suburban <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials_men%27s_basketball" title="Robert Morris Colonials men's basketball">Robert Morris University's Colonials</a> have competed in NCAA Division I basketball since the 1970s, qualifying for the NCAA tournament in each of the last four decades (8). In the <a href="/wiki/2013_National_Invitation_Tournament" title="2013 National Invitation Tournament">2013 National Invitation Tournament</a> the Colonials notched an upset win over the defending national champions Kentucky Wildcats. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_women%27s_basketball" title="Pittsburgh Panthers women's basketball">Pittsburgh Panthers women's basketball</a> has qualified for 14 post season tournaments (including 4 NCAA tournaments) and boasts of 5 All-Americans selected 6 times with 3 WNBA players. Pitt women began play in 1914 before being reintroduced in 1970. Both Duquesne and Robert Morris also have competitive Division I women's basketball programs. </p><p>Pittsburgh launched the nation's first high school all-star game in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roundball_Classic" title="Roundball Classic">Roundball Classic</a> annually featured future NBA hall of famers at the Civic Arena with <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a> televising. The Civic Arena also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_10_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament">championship tournament for the Eastern Eight Conference</a> from 1978 until 1982. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soccer">Soccer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Soccer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Riverhounds_SC" title="Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC">Riverhounds</a>, an American professional <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a> team, were founded in 1998. Like the major league teams in the city, the Riverhounds wear black and gold kits. The club plays in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Conference_(USL_Championship)" title="Eastern Conference (USL Championship)">Eastern Conference</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a>, the second tier of the American soccer pyramid. The Riverhounds play their home games at <a href="/wiki/Highmark_Stadium_(Pennsylvania)" title="Highmark Stadium (Pennsylvania)">Highmark Stadium</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium" title="Soccer-specific stadium">soccer-specific stadium</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Station_Square" title="Station Square">Station Square</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golf">Golf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Golf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_the_Pittsburgh_metropolitan_area#Golf" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area">List of people from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area § Golf</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a> has deep roots in the area. The oldest U.S. course in continuous use, <a href="/wiki/Foxburg_Country_Club" title="Foxburg Country Club">Foxburg Country Club</a> dating from 1887 calls the region home. <sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suburban <a href="/wiki/Oakmont_Country_Club" title="Oakmont Country Club">Oakmont Country Club</a> holds the record for most times as host for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)" title="U.S. Open (golf)">U.S. Open</a> (8).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Women%27s_Open" title="U.S. Women's Open">U.S. Women's Open</a> (2), <a href="/wiki/PGA_Championship" title="PGA Championship">PGA Championships</a> (3), and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Amateur" title="U.S. Amateur">U.S. Amateurs</a> (8) have also called Oakmont home. </p><p>Golf legends <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palmer" title="Arnold Palmer">Arnold Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Furyk" title="Jim Furyk">Jim Furyk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Mediate" title="Rocco Mediate">Rocco Mediate</a> learned the game and began their careers on Pittsburgh area courses.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacob_Gilson_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacob_Gilson-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suburban courses such as <a href="/wiki/Laurel_Valley_Golf_Club" title="Laurel Valley Golf Club">Laurel Valley Golf Club</a> and the Fox Chapel Golf Club have hosted PGA Championships (1937, 1965), the <a href="/wiki/Ryder_Cup" title="Ryder Cup">Ryder Cup</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/LPGA_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="LPGA Championship">LPGA Championships</a> (1957–58), <a href="/wiki/Senior_Players_Championship" title="Senior Players Championship">Senior Players Championships</a> (2012–14), and the <a href="/wiki/Senior_PGA_Championship" title="Senior PGA Championship">Senior PGA Championship</a> (2005). </p><p>Local courses have sponsored annual major tournaments for 40 years: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Open_Championship" title="Pennsylvania Open Championship">Pennsylvania Open Championship</a> 1920–1940 (even years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapper_Dan_Open" title="Dapper Dan Open">Dapper Dan Open</a> 1939–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Open_(LPGA_Tour)" title="Pittsburgh Open (LPGA Tour)">Pittsburgh Open (LPGA Tour)</a> 1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Senior_Classic" title="Pittsburgh Senior Classic">Pittsburgh Senior Classic</a> 1993–1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/84_Lumber_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="84 Lumber Classic">84 Lumber Classic</a> 2001–2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Classic" title="Mylan Classic">Mylan Classic</a> 2010–2013</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_wrestling">Professional wrestling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Professional wrestling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many notable <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestlers</a> and promoters have hailed from the city or started their careers in Pittsburgh, including <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Sammartino" title="Bruno Sammartino">Bruno Sammartino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Angle" title="Kurt Angle">Kurt Angle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shane_Douglas" title="Shane Douglas">Shane Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corey_Graves" title="Corey Graves">Corey Graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_DeNucci" title="Dominic DeNucci">Dominic DeNucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elias_Samson" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias Samson">Elias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britt_Baker" title="Britt Baker">Britt Baker</a> and many more. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fineview_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fineview (Pittsburgh)">Fineview</a> section of Pittsburgh served as the base of the televised show <a href="/wiki/Studio_Wrestling" title="Studio Wrestling">Studio Wrestling</a> during the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Keystone_State_Wrestling_Alliance" title="Keystone State Wrestling Alliance">Keystone State Wrestling Alliance</a> (KSWA) is a <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional wrestling promotion">professional wrestling promotion</a> which was founded in Pittsburgh in 2000. It is the only promotion based in Pittsburgh. It operates in the city's <a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)">Lawrenceville neighborhood</a>. The KSWA performs Monthly on Saturdays at its main venue on 51st Street. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_sporting_events">Annual sporting events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Annual sporting events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PVGP_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PVGP_2008.jpg/220px-PVGP_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PVGP_2008.jpg/330px-PVGP_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PVGP_2008.jpg/440px-PVGP_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Vintage_Grand_Prix" title="Pittsburgh Vintage Grand Prix">Pittsburgh Vintage Grand Prix</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pittsburgh hosts several annual major sporting events initiated in the late 20th century, including the: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Regatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Rivers Regatta">Three Rivers Regatta</a> (since 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Vintage_Grand_Prix" title="Pittsburgh Vintage Grand Prix">Pittsburgh Vintage Grand Prix</a> (since 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Dozen_(bicycle_competition)" title="Dirty Dozen (bicycle competition)">Dirty Dozen Cycle Race</a> (since 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Marathon" title="Pittsburgh Marathon">Pittsburgh Marathon</a> (since 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Caliguiri_City_of_Pittsburgh_Great_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard S. Caliguiri City of Pittsburgh Great Race">Great Race 10K</a> (since 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Ohio" title="Head of the Ohio">Head of the Ohio</a> Regatta (since 1987)</li></ul> <p>The city's vibrant rivers have attracted annual world-title fishing competitions of the <a href="/wiki/FLW_Outdoors" class="mw-redirect" title="FLW Outdoors">Forrest Wood Cup</a> in 2009 and the <a href="/wiki/Bassmaster_Classic" title="Bassmaster Classic">Bassmaster Classic</a> in 2005. </p><p>Annual events continue during the winter months at area ski resorts such as <a href="/wiki/Boyce_Park" title="Boyce Park">Boyce Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Springs_Mountain_Resort" title="Seven Springs Mountain Resort">Seven Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Valley_Resort_(Pennsylvania)" title="Hidden Valley Resort (Pennsylvania)">Hidden Valley Resort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurel_Mountain_Ski_Resort" title="Laurel Mountain Ski Resort">Laurel Mountain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisp_Ski_Resort" title="Wisp Ski Resort">Wisp</a>. Ice skating rinks are enjoyed at <a href="/wiki/PPG_Place#Sites" title="PPG Place">PPG Place</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Park_(Pittsburgh)" title="North Park (Pittsburgh)">North Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pittsburgh" title="Government of Pittsburgh">Government of Pittsburgh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PittsburghCity-CountyBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PittsburghCity-CountyBuilding.jpg/220px-PittsburghCity-CountyBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PittsburghCity-CountyBuilding.jpg/330px-PittsburghCity-CountyBuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PittsburghCity-CountyBuilding.jpg/440px-PittsburghCity-CountyBuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_City-County_Building" title="Pittsburgh City-County Building">Pittsburgh City-County Building</a>, the seat of government of the City of Pittsburgh</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pittsburgh" title="Government of Pittsburgh">Government of Pittsburgh</a> is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Pittsburgh">Mayor of Pittsburgh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_City_Council" title="Pittsburgh City Council">Pittsburgh City Council</a>, and various boards and commissions. The mayor and the nine-member council each serve four-year terms. Since the 1950s the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Mayoral_Chief_of_Staff" title="Pittsburgh Mayoral Chief of Staff">Mayor's Chief of Staff</a> has assumed a large role in advising, long term planning, and as a "gatekeeper" to the mayor. City council members are chosen by <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality</a> elections in each of nine districts. The government's official offices are in the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_City-County_Building" title="Pittsburgh City-County Building">Pittsburgh City-County Building</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Supreme Court">Pennsylvania Supreme Court</a> holds sessions in Pittsburgh, as well as <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> and Philadelphia. Pittsburgh is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a> by three <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate" title="Pennsylvania State Senate">Senate Districts</a> and nine <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">House Districts</a>. Federally, Pittsburgh is part of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district">Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_2020_United_States_Presidential_Election_in_Pittsburgh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_2020_United_States_Presidential_Election_in_Pittsburgh.svg/220px-The_2020_United_States_Presidential_Election_in_Pittsburgh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_2020_United_States_Presidential_Election_in_Pittsburgh.svg/330px-The_2020_United_States_Presidential_Election_in_Pittsburgh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_2020_United_States_Presidential_Election_in_Pittsburgh.svg/440px-The_2020_United_States_Presidential_Election_in_Pittsburgh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption><b>2020 presidential election by precinct</b> <br /> <b>Biden:</b> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#b9d7ffff; color:#b9d7ffff;">    </span> 40–50%</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#86b6f2ff; color:#86b6f2ff;">    </span> 50–60%</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#4389e3ff; color:#4389e3ff;">    </span> 60–70%</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#1666cbff; color:#1666cbff;">    </span> 70–80%</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#0645b4ff; color:#0645b4ff;">    </span> 80–90%</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#002b84ff; color:#002b84ff;">    </span> 90–100%</span><br /><b>Trump:</b> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#e27f90ff; color:#e27f90ff;">    </span> 50–60%</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#cc2f4aff; color:#cc2f4aff;">    </span> 60–70%</span></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania#Politics" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny County, Pennsylvania § Politics</a></div> <p>In 2006, Council President <a href="/wiki/Luke_Ravenstahl" title="Luke Ravenstahl">Luke Ravenstahl</a> was sworn in as mayor at age 26, becoming the youngest mayor in the history of any major American city. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Peduto" title="Bill Peduto">Bill Peduto</a>, was sworn in on January 6, 2014. In November 2021, Pittsburgh elected its first African-American mayor, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Gainey" title="Ed Gainey">Ed Gainey</a>. </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Pittsburgh was strongly abolitionist. It is considered the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">birthplace of the national Republican Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the party held its first convention here in February 1856. From the Civil War to the 1930s, Pittsburgh was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> stronghold. The effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, combined with entrenched local GOP scandals, resulted in a shift among voters to the Democratic Party. With the exceptions of the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_mayoral_election,_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh mayoral election, 1973">1973</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_mayoral_election,_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh mayoral election, 1977">1977</a> elections (where lifelong Democrats ran off the party ticket), Democrats have been elected consecutively to the mayor's office since the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_mayoral_election,_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh mayoral election, 1933">1933 election</a>. The city's ratio of party registration is 5 to 1 Democrat.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pittsburgh is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a> by three <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate" title="Pennsylvania State Senate">Senate Districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Williams" title="Lindsey Williams">Lindsey Williams</a> (D)-<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_38th_Senatorial_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania's 38th Senatorial District">38</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_D._Fontana" title="Wayne D. Fontana">Wayne D. Fontana</a> (D)-42, and <a href="/wiki/Jay_Costa" title="Jay Costa">Jay Costa</a> (D)-43) and nine <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">House Districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aerion_Abney" title="Aerion Abney">Aerion Abney</a>-19, Adam Ravenstahl-20, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Innamorato" title="Sara Innamorato">Sara Innamorato</a>-21, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Frankel_(American_politician)" title="Dan Frankel (American politician)">Dan Frankel</a>-23, Martell Covington-24, Dan Deasy-27, <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Salisbury" title="Abigail Salisbury">Abigail Salisbury</a>-34, and Harry Readshaw-36, Dan Miller-42). </p><p>Federally, Pittsburgh is part of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district">Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district</a>, represented by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Summer_Lee" title="Summer Lee">Summer Lee</a> since 2023 and also by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Deluzio" title="Chris Deluzio">Chris Deluzio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_Police_Vehicles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pittsburgh_Police_Vehicles.JPG/220px-Pittsburgh_Police_Vehicles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pittsburgh_Police_Vehicles.JPG/330px-Pittsburgh_Police_Vehicles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pittsburgh_Police_Vehicles.JPG/440px-Pittsburgh_Police_Vehicles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taurus" title="Ford Taurus">Ford Taurus</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Impala" title="Chevrolet Impala">Chevrolet Impala</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Police" title="Pittsburgh Police">Pittsburgh Police</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The area's largest law enforcement agency is the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Police" title="Pittsburgh Police">Pittsburgh Bureau of Police</a>, with close to 850 sworn officers. The city also has separate housing and school police departments. Other agencies also provide police protection within the city because of overlapping jurisdictional boundaries. The <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegheny County Sheriff">Allegheny County Sheriff</a> focuses on jail and <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Courthouse" title="Allegheny County Courthouse">courthouse</a> security. The <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Police_Department" title="Allegheny County Police Department">Allegheny County Police</a> primarily patrols county-owned parks and airports, while providing detective/investigatory functions for smaller suburbs and the <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_Allegheny_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Authority of Allegheny County">Port Authority police</a> patrols rapid transit. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Police" title="Pennsylvania State Police">Pennsylvania State Police</a> Troop B provides patrols for the city and immediate suburbs. </p><p>The county's lead law enforcement officer is <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_District_Attorney" title="Allegheny County District Attorney">Allegheny County District Attorney</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Zappala" title="Stephen Zappala">Stephen Zappala</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Medical_Examiner" title="Allegheny County Medical Examiner">Allegheny County Medical Examiner</a> heads forensics. Crimes of a federal nature are covered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Pennsylvania#United_States_Attorneys" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania">U.S. Attorney for Western Pennsylvania</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pittsburgh annually ranks as one of America's safest big cities, in 2013 being named the 3rd "most secure" big city by Farmers Insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among <a href="/wiki/United_States_cities_by_crime_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="United States cities by crime rate">crime rates of the 60 largest U.S. cities</a>, 43 had more instances of property crime while 16 had less when compared to Pittsburgh. More instances of violent crime were reported in 21 of the largest cities while 37 had less. The FBI recommends against using data for ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per 100,000 persons stats (2012): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Murder</th> <th>Rape</th> <th>Robbery</th> <th>Assault</th> <th>Burglary</th> <th>Theft</th> <th>Motor vehicle</th> <th>Total violent</th> <th>Total property </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_cities_by_crime_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="United States cities by crime rate">City</a></td> <td>13.1</td> <td>15.1</td> <td>363.3</td> <td>360.4</td> <td>812.8</td> <td>2,438.2</td> <td>174.3</td> <td>752.0</td> <td>3,425.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the end of 2019, the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police reported 37 murders in the city that year.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pittsburgh, the homicide rate for African Americans is seven times the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-Byrdsong-2015_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrdsong-2015-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people believe that over-reliance on law enforcement exacerbates homicide rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Byrdsong-2015_257-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrdsong-2015-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also concern regarding the effectiveness of law enforcement in solving these cases, as 97% of unsolved cases involved a black victim.<sup id="cite_ref-Benzing-2016_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benzing-2016-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led certain residents to believe law enforcement to be ineffective or apathetic.<sup id="cite_ref-Benzing-2016_258-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benzing-2016-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is despite an increasing police budget. In 2023, members of the Pittsburgh City Council approved an increase to the police budget by $6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 6% of this money is expected to go to the Stop the Violence trust fund. This fund goes to improving parks and recreation, various non-profits, and to the office of Community Health and Safety, in effort to holistically improve the social pressures supposedly causing violence in Pittsburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some people do not believe these efforts to be adequate. Certain studies, such as conducted by the Police Scorecard, rate the Pittsburgh Police Department at 37% quality (with 100% being the best). They rated Pittsburgh below the 50th percentile in the categories "police budget cost per person," "fines / forefeitures," "Police Presence/Over-Policing (Officers per Population)," "Force Used per Arrest," "Racial Disparities in Deadly Force," "Excessive Force Complaints Upheld," "Discrimination Complaints Upheld," "Criminal Misconduct Complaints Upheld," "Arrest Rate for Low Level Offenses," and "Racial Disparities in Drug Arrests." This is 10 out of 15 categories.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of colleges and universities in Pittsburgh">List of colleges and universities in Pittsburgh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PittCampus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/PittCampus.jpg/220px-PittCampus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/PittCampus.jpg/330px-PittCampus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/PittCampus.jpg/440px-PittCampus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3084" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Learning" title="Cathedral of Learning">Cathedral of Learning</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie_Mellon_University_as_seen_from_the_Cathedral_of_Learning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Carnegie_Mellon_University_as_seen_from_the_Cathedral_of_Learning.jpg/220px-Carnegie_Mellon_University_as_seen_from_the_Cathedral_of_Learning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Carnegie_Mellon_University_as_seen_from_the_Cathedral_of_Learning.jpg/330px-Carnegie_Mellon_University_as_seen_from_the_Cathedral_of_Learning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Carnegie_Mellon_University_as_seen_from_the_Cathedral_of_Learning.jpg/440px-Carnegie_Mellon_University_as_seen_from_the_Cathedral_of_Learning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4422" /></a><figcaption>The main campus of <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pittsburgh is home to many colleges, universities and research facilities, the most well-known of which are <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a>. Also in the city are <a href="/wiki/Carlow_University" title="Carlow University">Carlow University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chatham_University" title="Chatham University">Chatham University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_Park_University" title="Point Park University">Point Park University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Community_College_of_Allegheny_County" title="Community College of Allegheny County">Community College of Allegheny County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Theological_Seminary" title="Pittsburgh Theological Seminary">Pittsburgh Theological Seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Theological_Seminary" title="Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary">Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Institute_of_Mortuary_Science" title="Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science">Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science</a>. </p><p>The campuses of Carlow, Carnegie Mellon, and the University of Pittsburgh are near each other in the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)" title="Oakland (Pittsburgh)">Oakland</a> neighborhood that is the city's traditional cultural center. Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is a private research university founded by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usnews_college_rankings_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnews_college_rankings-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CMU contains the <a href="/wiki/Mellon_College_of_Science" title="Mellon College of Science">Mellon College of Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_School_of_Computer_Science" title="Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science">School of Computer Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_College_of_Engineering" title="Carnegie Mellon College of Engineering">College of Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tepper_School_of_Business" title="Tepper School of Business">School of Business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinz_College" title="Heinz College">Heinz College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_College_of_Fine_Arts" title="Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts">College of Fine Arts</a>, writing, <a href="/wiki/Social_and_Decision_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social and Decision Sciences">Social and Decision Sciences</a>, information systems, statistics, and psychology programs. </p><p>The University of Pittsburgh, established in 1787 and popularly referred to as "Pitt", is a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_System_of_Higher_Education" title="Commonwealth System of Higher Education">state-related</a> school with one of the nation's largest research programs.<sup id="cite_ref-edu_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt is known for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Graduate_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" title="University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public and International Affairs">University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public and International Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Information_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences">University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swanson_School_of_Engineering" title="Swanson School of Engineering">Swanson School of Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_College_of_Business_Administration" title="University of Pittsburgh College of Business Administration">University of Pittsburgh College of Business Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Law" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Law">University of Pittsburgh School of Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine">University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Social_Work" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work">University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work</a>, and other biomedical and health-related sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-usnews_college_rankings_262-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnews_college_rankings-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pitt-fall-07_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitt-fall-07-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carlow_University" title="Carlow University">Carlow University</a> is a small private Catholic university that while coeducational, has traditionally educated women. <a href="/wiki/Chatham_University" title="Chatham University">Chatham University</a>, a liberal arts college that was founded as a woman's college but became fully coeducational in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is in the Shadyside neighborhood, but also maintains a 388-acre (157 ha) Eden Hall Farm campus in the <a href="/wiki/North_Hills,_Pennsylvania" title="North Hills, Pennsylvania">North Hills</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a>, a private Catholic university in the <a href="/wiki/Bluff_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluff (Pittsburgh)">Bluff</a> neighborhood and is noted for its song and dance troupe, the <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University_Tamburitzans" class="mw-redirect" title="Duquesne University Tamburitzans">Duquesne University Tamburitzans</a>, as well as programs in law, business, and pharmacy. <a href="/wiki/Point_Park_University" title="Point Park University">Point Park University</a> was founded in 1961 and is well known for its Conservatory of Performing Arts and its <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Playhouse" title="Pittsburgh Playhouse">Pittsburgh Playhouse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_education">Primary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Primary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Public_Schools" title="Pittsburgh Public Schools">Pittsburgh Public Schools</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taylor_Allderdice_High_School,_Pittsburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Taylor_Allderdice_High_School%2C_Pittsburgh.jpg/220px-Taylor_Allderdice_High_School%2C_Pittsburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Taylor_Allderdice_High_School%2C_Pittsburgh.jpg/330px-Taylor_Allderdice_High_School%2C_Pittsburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Taylor_Allderdice_High_School%2C_Pittsburgh.jpg/440px-Taylor_Allderdice_High_School%2C_Pittsburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Allderdice_High_School" title="Taylor Allderdice High School">Taylor Allderdice High School</a> in Pittsburgh in November 2006</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Public_Schools" title="Pittsburgh Public Schools">Pittsburgh Public Schools</a> teachers are paid well relative to their peers, ranking 17th in 2000 among the 100 largest cities by population for the highest minimum salary. In 2018, the starting teacher salary offered to teachers with a BA was $46,920. The maximum annual salary for a teacher with a master's degree was $95,254.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local public schools include many charter and magnet schools, including <a href="/wiki/City_Charter_High_School" title="City Charter High School">City Charter High School</a> (computer and technology focused), Pittsburgh Montessori School (formerly Homewood Montessori), <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Gifted_Center" title="Pittsburgh Gifted Center">Pittsburgh Gifted Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Academy_of_International_Studies_6-12" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama Academy of International Studies 6-12">Barack Obama Academy of International Studies 6-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Creative_and_Performing_Arts_School" title="Pittsburgh Creative and Performing Arts School">Pittsburgh Creative and Performing Arts 6–12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Science_and_Technology_Academy" title="Pittsburgh Science and Technology Academy">Pittsburgh Science and Technology Academy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_School_for_Blind_Children" title="Western Pennsylvania School for Blind Children">Western Pennsylvania School for Blind Children</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_School_for_the_Deaf" title="Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf">Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf</a>. </p><p>Private schools in Pittsburgh include <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Canevin_High_School" title="Bishop Canevin High School">Bishop Canevin High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Catholic_High_School_(Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Catholic High School (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)">Central Catholic High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Catholic_High_School" title="Oakland Catholic High School">Oakland Catholic High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Thurston_School" title="Winchester Thurston School">Winchester Thurston School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Edmund%27s_Academy" title="St. Edmund's Academy">St. Edmund's Academy</a>, Hillel Academy of Pittsburgh, Yeshiva Schools and <a href="/wiki/The_Ellis_School" title="The Ellis School">The Ellis School</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shady_Side_Academy" title="Shady Side Academy">Shady Side Academy</a> maintains a PK–5 primary school campus in the <a href="/wiki/Point_Breeze,_Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Breeze, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Point Breeze</a> neighborhood, in addition to its 6–12 middle and upper school campuses in nearby suburban <a href="/wiki/Fox_Chapel,_Pennsylvania" title="Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania">Fox Chapel</a>. Other private institutions outside of Pittsburgh's limits include <a href="/wiki/North_Catholic_High_School" title="North Catholic High School">North Catholic High School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seton-La_Salle_Catholic_High_School" title="Seton-La Salle Catholic High School">Seton-La Salle Catholic High School</a>. </p><p>The city also has an extensive library system, both public and university. Most notable are the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh">Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>'s University Library System, which rank as the ninth-largest public and 18th-largest academic libraries in the nation, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Pittsburgh" title="Media in Pittsburgh">Media in Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of films shot in Pittsburgh">List of films shot in Pittsburgh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_shows_shot_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of television shows shot in Pittsburgh">List of television shows shot in Pittsburgh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KDKAGateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/KDKAGateway.jpg/220px-KDKAGateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/KDKAGateway.jpg/330px-KDKAGateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/KDKAGateway.jpg/440px-KDKAGateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/KDKA_(AM)" title="KDKA (AM)">KDKA-AM</a>'s studios at Gateway Center</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two major daily newspapers in Pittsburgh: the <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review" title="Pittsburgh Tribune-Review">Pittsburgh Tribune-Review</a></i> online only (no longer in print for Pittsburgh Area). Weekly papers in the region include the <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Business_Times" title="Pittsburgh Business Times">Pittsburgh Business Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_City_Paper" title="Pittsburgh City Paper">Pittsburgh City Paper</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Catholic" title="Pittsburgh Catholic">Pittsburgh Catholic</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Jewish_Chronicle" title="Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle">Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle</a></i>, <i>The New People</i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Pittsburgh_Courier" title="New Pittsburgh Courier">New Pittsburgh Courier</a></i>. Independent student-written university-based newspapers include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pitt_News" title="The Pitt News">The Pitt News</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tartan_(Carnegie_Mellon_University)" title="The Tartan (Carnegie Mellon University)">The Tartan</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Duquesne_Duke" title="The Duquesne Duke">The Duquesne Duke</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_student_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="The Globe student newspaper">The Globe</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Point_Park_University" title="Point Park University">Point Park University</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Law" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Law">University of Pittsburgh School of Law</a> is also home to <a href="/wiki/JURIST" class="mw-redirect" title="JURIST">JURIST</a>, the world's only university-based legal news service.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pittsburgh metro area is served by multiple local television and radio stations. The Pittsburgh <a href="/wiki/Designated_market_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Designated market area">designated market area</a> (DMA) is the 22nd-largest in the U.S. with 1,163,150 homes (1.045% of the total U.S.).<sup id="cite_ref-nielsen_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nielsen-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major network television stations include <a href="/wiki/KDKA-TV" title="KDKA-TV">KDKA-TV</a> 2 (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>), <a href="/wiki/WTAE-TV" title="WTAE-TV">WTAE</a> 4 (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), <a href="/wiki/WPXI" title="WPXI">WPXI</a> 11 (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>), <a href="/wiki/WINP-TV" title="WINP-TV">WINP-TV</a> 16 (<a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion</a>), <a href="/wiki/WPKD-TV" title="WPKD-TV">WPKD-TV</a> 19 (<a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Independent</a>), <a href="/wiki/WPNT" title="WPNT">WPNT</a> 22 (<a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a>/<a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a>), <a href="/wiki/WPCB" class="mw-redirect" title="WPCB">WPCB</a> 40 (<a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Television" title="Cornerstone Television">Cornerstone</a>), and <a href="/wiki/WPGH-TV" title="WPGH-TV">WPGH-TV</a> 53 (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>). KDKA-TV, WINP-TV, and WPCB are owned-and-operated by their respective networks. </p><p><a href="/wiki/WQED_(TV)" title="WQED (TV)">WQED</a> 13 is the local <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> member station in Pittsburgh. It was established on April 1, 1954, and was the first community-sponsored television station and the fifth public station in the United States. The station has produced much original content for PBS, including <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Rogers%27_Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood">Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood</a></i>, several <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> specials, and <i><a href="/wiki/Where_in_the_World_Is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F_(game_show)" title="Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)">Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-WQED_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WQED-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio stations</a> serve the Pittsburgh market. The first was <a href="/wiki/KDKA_(AM)" title="KDKA (AM)">KDKA</a> 1020 AM, also the world's first commercially licensed radio station, which began airing on November 2, 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-KDKA_AM_1020_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KDKA_AM_1020-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other stations include <a href="/wiki/KQV" title="KQV">KQV</a> 1410 AM (<a href="/wiki/News_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="News radio">news</a>), <a href="/wiki/WBGG_(AM)" title="WBGG (AM)">WBGG</a> 970 AM (<a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">sports</a>), <a href="/wiki/KDKA-FM" title="KDKA-FM">KDKA-FM</a> 93.7 FM (sports), <a href="/wiki/WKST-FM" title="WKST-FM">WKST-FM</a> 96.1 FM (<a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream Top 40">Top 40</a>), <a href="/wiki/WAMO-AM" class="mw-redirect" title="WAMO-AM">WAMO-AM</a> 660 AM and 107.3 FM (<a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_music" title="Urban contemporary music">urban contemporary</a>) <a href="/wiki/WBZZ" title="WBZZ">WBZZ</a> 100.7 FM (<a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music" title="Adult contemporary music">adult contemporary</a>), <a href="/wiki/WDVE" title="WDVE">WDVE</a> 102.5 FM (<a href="/wiki/Album_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Album Rock">album rock</a>), <a href="/wiki/WPGB" title="WPGB">WPGB</a> 104.7 FM (Country), and <a href="/wiki/WXDX" class="mw-redirect" title="WXDX">WXDX</a> 105.9 FM (<a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">modern rock</a>). There are also three <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public radio stations</a> in the area: <a href="/wiki/WESA_(FM)" title="WESA (FM)">WESA</a> 90.5 FM (<a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> affiliate), <a href="/wiki/WQED-FM" title="WQED-FM">WQED</a> 89.3 FM (classical), and <a href="/wiki/WYEP" class="mw-redirect" title="WYEP">WYEP</a> 91.3 FM (<a href="/wiki/Adult_Alternative" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Alternative">adult alternative</a>). Three non-commercial stations are run by <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> (<a href="/wiki/WRCT" title="WRCT">WRCT</a> 88.3 FM), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> (<a href="/wiki/WPTS" class="mw-redirect" title="WPTS">WPTS</a> 92.1 FM), and <a href="/wiki/Point_Park_University" title="Point Park University">Point Park University</a> (<a href="/wiki/WPPJ" class="mw-redirect" title="WPPJ">WPPJ</a> 670 AM). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pittsburgh's 116-year-old film industry accelerated after the 2006 passage of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Film_Production_Tax_Credit" title="Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit">Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Film_Office" title="Pittsburgh Film Office">Pittsburgh Film Office</a>, over 124 major motion pictures have been filmed, in whole or in part, in Pittsburgh, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mothman_Prophecies" title="The Mothman Prophecies">The Mothman Prophecies</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Boys_(film)" title="Wonder Boys (film)">Wonder Boys</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-post-gazette.com_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-gazette.com-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Dogma_(film)" title="Dogma (film)">Dogma</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-post-gazette.com_276-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-gazette.com-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Hoffa_(film)" title="Hoffa (film)">Hoffa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (film)">The Silence of the Lambs</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-post-gazette.com_276-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-gazette.com-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Sudden_Death_(1995_film)" title="Sudden Death (1995 film)">Sudden Death</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flashdance" title="Flashdance">Flashdance</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-post-gazette.com_276-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-gazette.com-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Southpaw_(film)" title="Southpaw (film)"><i>Southpaw</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Striking_Distance" title="Striking Distance">Striking Distance</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Soffel" title="Mrs. Soffel">Mrs. Soffel</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reacher_(film)" title="Jack Reacher (film)"><i>Jack Reacher</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Inspector_Gadget_(film)" title="Inspector Gadget (film)">Inspector Gadget</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Next_Three_Days" title="The Next Three Days">The Next Three Days</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Perks_of_Being_a_Wallflower" title="The Perks of Being a Wallflower">The Perks of Being a Wallflower</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-post-gazette.com_276-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-gazette.com-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Zack_and_Miri_Make_a_Porno" title="Zack and Miri Make a Porno">Zack and Miri Make a Porno</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(film)" title="Fences (film)">Fences</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-post-gazette.com_276-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-gazette.com-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh became "Gotham City" in 2011 during filming of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Film_166-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a> shot nearly all his films in the area, including his <i><a href="/wiki/Romero%27s_Dead_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Romero's Dead series">Living Dead</a></i> series.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film production in Pittsburgh has notably impacted the region's economy and job creation, largely due to the 25% tax credit incentive established in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Film_Pittsburgh_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film_Pittsburgh-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pittsburgh Film Office states that the film and television industry provides employment to over 10,000 people and pays over $500 million in wages in southwestern Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the industry supports over 345,000 local businesses and contributes over $41 billion to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Film_Pittsburgh_280-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film_Pittsburgh-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2017 to 2023, Pittsburgh has welcomed a series of major film and television productions like <i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(film)" title="Fences (film)">Fences</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mindhunter_(TV_series)" title="Mindhunter (TV series)">Mindhunter</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Girl_(film)" title="Sweet Girl (film)">Sweet Girl</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Your_Woman_(film)" title="I'm Your Woman (film)">I'm Your Woman</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These productions have significantly contributed to the local economy by hiring local personnel, leasing local facilities and equipment, purchasing local goods and services, and enhancing local tourism and visibility.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to a thriving film industry, Pittsburgh is home to several film festivals, film schools, and organizations that encourage and promote independent and diverse filmmakers. Notable film festivals include the <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Film_Festival" title="Three Rivers Film Festival">Three Rivers Film Festival</a>, the Pittsburgh Shorts Film Festival, the JFilm Festival, the ReelAbilities Film Festival, and the Black Bottom Film Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local film schools include <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Filmmakers" title="Pittsburgh Filmmakers">Pittsburgh Filmmakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_Park_University" title="Point Park University">Point Park University</a> - Cinema & Digital Arts, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> - Film Studies.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, Pittsburgh is developing a robust film studio infrastructure, with several sound stages and production facilities available for hire. Prominent film studios in Pittsburgh are 3 Rivers Studios, Cinelease Studios, Post Script Films, Deeplocal, and The Videohouse.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also plans in the pipeline to develop a new film studio complex at the <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Furnace" title="Carrie Furnace">Carrie Furnace</a> site in <a href="/wiki/Rankin,_Pennsylvania" title="Rankin, Pennsylvania">Rankin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swissvale" class="mw-redirect" title="Swissvale">Swissvale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilities">Utilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Utilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Sanitary_Authority" title="Allegheny County Sanitary Authority">Allegheny County Sanitary Authority</a></div> <p>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Duquesne Light">Duquesne Light</a>, one of the original 1912 power companies founded by <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water service is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Water_and_Sewer_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority">Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority</a><sup id="cite_ref-PWSA_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWSA-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_American_Water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pennsylvania American Water (page does not exist)">Pennsylvania American Water</a>. Natural gas is provided by <a href="/wiki/Equitable_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Equitable Gas">Equitable Gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Gas">Columbia Gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Resources">Dominion Resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_Energy" title="Direct Energy">Direct Energy</a>, and Novec.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_care">Health care</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Health care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hospitals in Pittsburgh">List of hospitals in Pittsburgh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UPMC_Presbyterian_Hospital_from_Schenley_Park,_2015-10-01,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/UPMC_Presbyterian_Hospital_from_Schenley_Park%2C_2015-10-01%2C_01.jpg/220px-UPMC_Presbyterian_Hospital_from_Schenley_Park%2C_2015-10-01%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/UPMC_Presbyterian_Hospital_from_Schenley_Park%2C_2015-10-01%2C_01.jpg/330px-UPMC_Presbyterian_Hospital_from_Schenley_Park%2C_2015-10-01%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/UPMC_Presbyterian_Hospital_from_Schenley_Park%2C_2015-10-01%2C_01.jpg/440px-UPMC_Presbyterian_Hospital_from_Schenley_Park%2C_2015-10-01%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Medical_Center" title="University of Pittsburgh Medical Center">UPMC</a>'s flagship, <a href="/wiki/UPMC_Presbyterian" title="UPMC Presbyterian">UPMC Presbyterian</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allegheny_General_Hospital_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Allegheny_General_Hospital_2017.jpg/220px-Allegheny_General_Hospital_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Allegheny_General_Hospital_2017.jpg/330px-Allegheny_General_Hospital_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Allegheny_General_Hospital_2017.jpg/440px-Allegheny_General_Hospital_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_General_Hospital" title="Allegheny General Hospital">Allegheny General Hospital</a>, the flagship of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Health_Network" title="Allegheny Health Network">Allegheny Health Network</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The two largest area health care providers are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Medical_Center" title="University of Pittsburgh Medical Center">University of Pittsburgh Medical Center</a> (UPMC) (since 1893) and <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Health_Network" title="Allegheny Health Network">Allegheny Health Network</a> (since 1882). Both hospitals annually rank as among the best overall in the United States, with UPMC ranked among <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> "Honor Roll" every year since 2000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first military hospital in U.S. history and the first west of the Atlantic Plain—General Edward Hand Hospital—served the area from 1777 to 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1847, Pittsburgh has hosted the world's first "Mercy Hospital".<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by West Penn hospital in 1848, Passavant Hospital in 1849,<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine">University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine</a> in 1883, Children's Hospital in 1887, and <a href="/wiki/Magee-Womens_Hospital_of_UPMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC">Magee Womens Hospital</a> in 1911. In 1954, Allegheny General (AGH) was among the first to administer <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_therapy" title="Cobalt therapy">Cobalt therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, UPMC announced a $250 million ($1.05 billion today) expansion and also hired transplant pioneer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas Starzl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, Allegheny General surgeons pioneered modern brain surgery. Starzl arranged the 1985 liver transplant of 5-year-old Amie Garrison as a UPMC surgery team flew to <a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a>, starting its transplant program.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1985, UPMC surgeons Drs. Griffith, Hardesty, and Trento revealed a new device after a heart-lung transplant. In 1986, UPMC announced a $230 million ($639 million today) modernization. In 1996, UPMC's planned Sicily <a href="/wiki/ISMETT" title="ISMETT">ISMETT</a> branch was approved by the Italian government as transplant surgeons to supervise and deliver the world's third (both earlier ones done at UPMC)--and first public—cross species marrow transplant at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">University of California, San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UPMC's Thomas Detre founded the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Bipolar_Disorders" title="International Society for Bipolar Disorders">International Society for Bipolar Disorders</a> at a world medical conference in Pittsburgh in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The $80 million ($142 million today) <a href="/wiki/UPMC_Sports_Performance_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="UPMC Sports Performance Complex">UPMC Sports Performance Complex</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers" title="Pittsburgh Panthers">Pittsburgh Panthers</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a> opened in 2000. In 2002, AGH opened its $30 million ($51.6 million today), 5-floor, 100,000 sq. ft., cancer center. The $130 million ($220 million today) 350,000 sq. ft. <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Cancer_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillman Cancer Center">Hillman Cancer Center</a> opened in 2003 as UPMC entered into an 8-year, $420 million ($678 million today) agreement with <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> to upgrade medical technologies & health information systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2009, the $600 million ($849 million today) <a href="/wiki/UPMC_Children%27s_Hospital_of_Pittsburgh" title="UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh">UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh</a> opened. The campus was featured in world news in 2012 for several unique approaches to patient care.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UPMC officially adopted in <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a>'s <a href="/wiki/UPMC_Hamot" title="UPMC Hamot">Hamot Medical Center</a> in 2010. The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins" title="Pittsburgh Penguins">Pittsburgh Penguins</a> announced a state of the art training facility with UPMC in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UPMC announced in 2013 it had partnered with <a href="/wiki/Nazarbayev_University" title="Nazarbayev University">Nazarbayev University</a> to help found its medical school.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_discoveries">Health discoveries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Health discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While he was a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, American virologist <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a> developed one of the first successful <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccines</a>, which came into use in 1955. </p><p>UPMC has pioneered several world firsts including the first known cystic fibrosis heart-lung transplant (1983), the world's first simultaneous liver and heart transplant operation on a child (6-year-old <a href="/wiki/Stormie_Jones" title="Stormie Jones">Stormie Jones</a> in 1984), the youngest heart-lung transplant (9 years old in 1985), the world's first heart-liver-kidney transplant (1989), the world's first heart-liver transplant on an infant (1997),<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first pediatric heart-double lung-liver transplant (1998), the nation's first double hand transplant (2009), and the first total forearm and hand transplant (2010), as well as the state's first heart transplant (1968).<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> published a 2012 UPMC study of two 9-year quadriplegics being able to move a robotic arm by thought, to pick up objects, shake hands, and even eat. Wiring the brain around spine damage to restore arm and leg muscle function was successful using robotic arms controlled via an embedded computer to translate signals near a small group of neurons with 200 needles.<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Pittsburgh" title="Transportation in Pittsburgh">Transportation in Pittsburgh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/330px-Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/440px-Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Pittsburgh's numerous bridges</figcaption></figure> <p>Pittsburgh is a <a href="/wiki/Bridges_of_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridges of Pittsburgh">city of bridges</a>. With 446,<sup id="cite_ref-venice_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venice-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has three bridges more than <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Italy, which has historically held the title "City of Bridges."<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 40 bridges cross the three rivers near the city. The <a href="/wiki/Smithfield_Street_Bridge" title="Smithfield Street Bridge">Smithfield Street Bridge</a> was the world's first lenticular truss bridge. The city's <a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_Bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Sisters Bridges">Three Sisters Bridges</a> offer a picturesque view of the city from the North. The south-western "entrance" to Downtown for travelers coming in from <a href="/wiki/Interstate_79" title="Interstate 79">Interstate 79</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport" title="Pittsburgh International Airport">Pittsburgh International Airport</a> is through the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pitt_Tunnel" title="Fort Pitt Tunnel">Fort Pitt Tunnel</a> and over the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pitt_Bridge" title="Fort Pitt Bridge">Fort Pitt Bridge</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne_Bridge" title="Fort Duquesne Bridge">Fort Duquesne Bridge</a> carrying <a href="/wiki/Interstate_279" title="Interstate 279">Interstate 279</a> is the main gateway from Downtown to both <a href="/wiki/PNC_Park" title="PNC Park">PNC Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrisure_Stadium" title="Acrisure Stadium">Acrisure Stadium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rivers_Casino_(Pittsburgh)" title="Rivers Casino (Pittsburgh)">Rivers Casino</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Panhandle_Bridge" title="Panhandle Bridge">Panhandle Bridge</a> carries Pittsburgh Regional Transit's Blue/Red/Silver subway lines across the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela River</a>. The renovated <a href="/wiki/Jones_and_Laughlin_Steel_Company" title="Jones and Laughlin Steel Company">J&L Steel Company</a> bridge has been a key traffic/running-biking trail conduit connecting the <a href="/wiki/Southside_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Southside Works">Southside Works</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Technology_Center" title="Pittsburgh Technology Center">Pittsburgh Technology Center</a>. Over 2,000 bridges span the landscape of Allegheny County.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transportation_statistics">Public transportation statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Public transportation statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pittsburgh is served by <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Regional_Transit" title="Pittsburgh Regional Transit">Pittsburgh Regional Transit</a>, the 26th-largest transit agency in the country prior to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Pittsburgh, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 73 min. 23% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 17 minutes, while 33% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 3.9 mi (6.3 km), while 11% travel for over 7.5 mi (12 km) in a single direction.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expressways_and_highways">Expressways and highways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Expressways and highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="float: right;" border="0"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Expressways </th> <th colspan="3">Other Highways </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-279.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/I-279.svg/30px-I-279.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/I-279.svg/45px-I-279.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/I-279.svg/60px-I-279.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interstate_279" title="Interstate 279">Parkway North</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_19.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_19.svg/25px-US_19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_19.svg/38px-US_19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_19.svg/50px-US_19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Pennsylvania" title="U.S. Route 19 in Pennsylvania">US 19</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-88.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/PA-88.svg/25px-PA-88.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/PA-88.svg/38px-PA-88.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/PA-88.svg/50px-PA-88.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_88" title="Pennsylvania Route 88">PA 88</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-376.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/I-376.svg/30px-I-376.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/I-376.svg/45px-I-376.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/I-376.svg/60px-I-376.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_22.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US_22.svg/14px-US_22.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US_22.svg/21px-US_22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US_22.svg/28px-US_22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_30.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US_30.svg/14px-US_30.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US_30.svg/21px-US_30.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US_30.svg/28px-US_30.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interstate_376" title="Interstate 376">Parkway East & West</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Truck_plate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Truck_plate.svg/25px-Truck_plate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Truck_plate.svg/38px-Truck_plate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Truck_plate.svg/50px-Truck_plate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="301" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_19.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_19.svg/25px-US_19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_19.svg/38px-US_19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_19.svg/50px-US_19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_19_Truck_(Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 19 Truck (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)"><small>Truck</small><br />US 19</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-121.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PA-121.svg/25px-PA-121.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PA-121.svg/38px-PA-121.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PA-121.svg/50px-PA-121.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_121" title="Pennsylvania Route 121">PA 121</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-579.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/I-579.svg/30px-I-579.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/I-579.svg/45px-I-579.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/I-579.svg/60px-I-579.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interstate_579" title="Interstate 579">Crosstown</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/PA-8.svg/25px-PA-8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/PA-8.svg/38px-PA-8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/PA-8.svg/50px-PA-8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_8" title="Pennsylvania Route 8">PA 8</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-130.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PA-130.svg/25px-PA-130.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PA-130.svg/38px-PA-130.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PA-130.svg/50px-PA-130.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_130" title="Pennsylvania Route 130">PA 130</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-28.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PA-28.svg/25px-PA-28.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PA-28.svg/38px-PA-28.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PA-28.svg/50px-PA-28.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_28" title="Pennsylvania Route 28">Allegheny Valley Expressway</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-50.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PA-50.svg/25px-PA-50.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PA-50.svg/38px-PA-50.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PA-50.svg/50px-PA-50.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_50" title="Pennsylvania Route 50">PA 50</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-380.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/PA-380.svg/25px-PA-380.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/PA-380.svg/38px-PA-380.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/PA-380.svg/50px-PA-380.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_380" title="Pennsylvania Route 380">PA 380</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-65.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PA-65.svg/25px-PA-65.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PA-65.svg/38px-PA-65.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PA-65.svg/50px-PA-65.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_65" title="Pennsylvania Route 65">Ohio River Boulevard</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-51.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PA-51.svg/25px-PA-51.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PA-51.svg/38px-PA-51.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PA-51.svg/50px-PA-51.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_51" title="Pennsylvania Route 51">PA 51</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-837.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PA-837.svg/25px-PA-837.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PA-837.svg/38px-PA-837.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PA-837.svg/50px-PA-837.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_837" title="Pennsylvania Route 837">PA 837</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-60.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PA-60.svg/25px-PA-60.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PA-60.svg/38px-PA-60.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PA-60.svg/50px-PA-60.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_60" title="Pennsylvania Route 60">PA 60</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-885.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PA-885.svg/25px-PA-885.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PA-885.svg/38px-PA-885.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PA-885.svg/50px-PA-885.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_885" title="Pennsylvania Route 885">PA 885</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_(view_from_the_North_Hills).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pittsburgh_%28view_from_the_North_Hills%29.JPG/220px-Pittsburgh_%28view_from_the_North_Hills%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pittsburgh_%28view_from_the_North_Hills%29.JPG/330px-Pittsburgh_%28view_from_the_North_Hills%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pittsburgh_%28view_from_the_North_Hills%29.JPG/440px-Pittsburgh_%28view_from_the_North_Hills%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Interstate_279" title="Interstate 279">I-279</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Locals refer to the interstates fanning out from <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">downtown Pittsburgh</a> as the "parkways." <a href="/wiki/Interstate_376" title="Interstate 376">Interstate 376</a> is both the "parkway east" connecting to <a href="/wiki/Interstate_76_(Ohio%E2%80%93New_Jersey)" title="Interstate 76 (Ohio–New Jersey)">Interstate 76</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">Pennsylvania Turnpike</a>) and the "parkway west" connecting to <a href="/wiki/Interstate_79" title="Interstate 79">Interstate 79</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport" title="Pittsburgh International Airport">Pittsburgh International Airport</a>, the Ohio end of the Turnpike and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_80" title="Interstate 80">Interstate 80</a>. The "parkway north" is <a href="/wiki/Interstate_279" title="Interstate 279">Interstate 279</a> connecting to I-79. The "crosstown" is <a href="/wiki/Interstate_579" title="Interstate 579">Interstate 579</a> allowing access to the heart of downtown, the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tunnels" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Tunnels">Liberty Tunnels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/PPG_Paints_Arena" title="PPG Paints Arena">PPG Paints Arena</a>. The 45-mile-long and 70-mile-long expressway sections of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_28" title="Pennsylvania Route 28">Pennsylvania Route 28</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_22" title="U.S. Route 22">U.S. Route 22</a> also carry traffic from downtown to the northeast and western suburbs, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_70" title="Interstate 70">Interstate 70</a>, 79 and 76 (the Turnpike) roughly form a triangular-shaped "beltway" with <a href="/wiki/Interstate_68" title="Interstate 68">Interstate 68</a> and 80 within the media market's northern and southern limits. Turnpike spurs such as the <a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Fayette_Expressway" title="Mon–Fayette Expressway">Mon–Fayette Expressway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_576" title="Pennsylvania Route 576">Pennsylvania Route 576</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_66#Amos_K._Hutchinson_Bypass" title="Pennsylvania Route 66">Route 66</a> also help traffic flow. The non-expressway <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh/Allegheny_County_Belt_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh/Allegheny County Belt System">Pittsburgh/Allegheny County Belt System</a> serves navigation in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_metropolitan_area#Airports" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh metropolitan area">Pittsburgh metropolitan area § Airports</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport" title="Pittsburgh International Airport">Pittsburgh International Airport</a> provides commercial passenger service from over 15 airlines to the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh metropolitan area">Pittsburgh metropolitan area</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_Regional_Airport" title="Arnold Palmer Regional Airport">Arnold Palmer Regional Airport</a> also provides limited commercial passenger service and is 44 miles (71 km) east of Pittsburgh. </p><p>Other airports that have or have had scheduled commercial service include <a href="/wiki/Morgantown_Municipal_Airport" title="Morgantown Municipal Airport">Morgantown Municipal Airport</a> (79 miles (127 km) south of Pittsburgh), <a href="/wiki/Youngstown%E2%80%93Warren_Regional_Airport" title="Youngstown–Warren Regional Airport">Youngstown–Warren Regional Airport</a> (81 miles (130 km) northwest of Pittsburgh), <a href="/wiki/Akron%E2%80%93Canton_Airport" title="Akron–Canton Airport">Akron–Canton Airport</a> (120 miles (190 km) northwest of Pittsburgh), <a href="/wiki/Johnstown%E2%80%93Cambria_County_Airport" title="Johnstown–Cambria County Airport">Johnstown–Cambria County Airport</a> (60 miles (97 km) east of Pittsburgh) and <a href="/wiki/Erie_International_Airport" title="Erie International Airport">Erie International Airport</a> (123 miles (198 km) north of Pittsburgh). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intercity_passenger_rail_and_bus">Intercity passenger rail and bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Intercity passenger rail and bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Pittsburgh)" title="Union Station (Pittsburgh)">Union Station (Pittsburgh)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grant_Street_Transportation_Center" title="Grant Street Transportation Center">Grant Street Transportation Center</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> provides intercity rail service to <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Pittsburgh)" title="Union Station (Pittsburgh)">Pittsburgh Union Station</a>, via the <i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Limited_(Amtrak_train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Limited (Amtrak train)">Capitol Limited</a></i> between Chicago and Washington, D.C., and the <i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(train)" title="Pennsylvanian (train)">Pennsylvanian</a></i> to New York City. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)" title="Megabus (North America)">Megabus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound Lines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fullington_Trailways" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullington Trailways">Fullington Trailways</a> connect Pittsburgh with distant cities by bus; Greyhound and Fullington Trailways buses stop at the <a href="/wiki/Grant_Street_Transportation_Center" title="Grant Street Transportation Center">Grant Street Transportation Center</a> intercity bus terminal. Popular destinations include <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until declines in passenger travel in the 1950s and 1960s, several stations served Pittsburgh: <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Station_(Pittsburgh)" title="Baltimore and Ohio Station (Pittsburgh)">Baltimore & Ohio Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_%26_Lake_Erie_Railroad_Station" title="Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad Station">Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wabash_Pittsburgh_Terminal" title="Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal">Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal</a> and Pittsburgh Union Station. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_mass_transit">Regional mass transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Regional mass transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Light_Rail" title="Pittsburgh Light Rail">Pittsburgh Light Rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_Allegheny_County#Bus_rapid_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Authority of Allegheny County">Port Authority of Allegheny County § Bus rapid transit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_Plaza_Subway_Station.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Steel_Plaza_Subway_Station.JPG/220px-Steel_Plaza_Subway_Station.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Steel_Plaza_Subway_Station.JPG/330px-Steel_Plaza_Subway_Station.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Steel_Plaza_Subway_Station.JPG/440px-Steel_Plaza_Subway_Station.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steel_Plaza_(PAT_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel Plaza (PAT station)">Steel Plaza subway station</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_Allegheny_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Authority of Allegheny County">Pittsburgh Regional Transit</a>, formerly known as the Port Authority of Allegheny County, is the region's mass transit system. While serving only a portion of the Pittsburgh area, the nation's 20th-largest metropolitan area, it is the 11th-largest transit agency in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh Regional Transit runs a network of intracity and intercity bus routes, the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_Incline" title="Monongahela Incline">Monongahela Incline</a> <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a> railway (more commonly known as an "incline") on Mount Washington, a <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Light_Rail" title="Pittsburgh Light Rail">light rail</a> system that runs mostly above-ground in the suburbs and underground as a subway in the city, and one of the nation's largest <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">busway</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh Regional Transit owns the <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Incline" title="Duquesne Incline">Duquesne Incline</a> but it is operated by a non-profit preservation trust,<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but accepts Pittsburgh Regional Transit passes and charges PRT fares. </p><p>The Bus System lines are <a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of bus routes in Pittsburgh">labeled by number and letter</a>. These are the largest portion of Pittsburgh Regional Transit and serve on streets and designated busways. Buses serve most of the county, extending as far as <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport" title="Pittsburgh International Airport">Pittsburgh International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monroeville,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroeville, Pennsylvania">Monroeville</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCandless,_Pennsylvania" title="McCandless, Pennsylvania">McCandless</a>, and the borders of <a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Westmoreland County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaver_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver County, Pennsylvania">Beaver County, Pennsylvania</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Light_Rail" title="Pittsburgh Light Rail">the light rail system</a> (commonly known as the "T") runs along both new tracks and those refurbished from the streetcar era. The light rail runs from <a href="/wiki/Acrisure_Stadium" title="Acrisure Stadium">Acrisure Stadium</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Hills_Village" title="South Hills Village">South Hills Village</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library,_Pennsylvania" title="Library, Pennsylvania">Library</a>, taking commuters through one of two routes: one which serves <a href="/wiki/Castle_Shannon,_Pennsylvania" title="Castle Shannon, Pennsylvania">Castle Shannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mt._Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Mt. Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beechview_(Pittsburgh)" title="Beechview (Pittsburgh)">Beechview</a>, and the other is an express line using railways through <a href="/wiki/Overbrook_(Pittsburgh)" title="Overbrook (Pittsburgh)">Overbrook</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freight_rail">Freight rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Freight rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_Penn_Station_(6962200876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pittsburgh_Penn_Station_%286962200876%29.jpg/220px-Pittsburgh_Penn_Station_%286962200876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pittsburgh_Penn_Station_%286962200876%29.jpg/330px-Pittsburgh_Penn_Station_%286962200876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pittsburgh_Penn_Station_%286962200876%29.jpg/440px-Pittsburgh_Penn_Station_%286962200876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Pittsburgh)" title="Union Station (Pittsburgh)">Union Station</a>, built in 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>Pittsburgh's rail industry dates to 1851 when the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> first opened service between the Pittsburgh and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a> entered the city in 1871. In 1865, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> opened the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Locomotive_and_Car_Works" title="Pittsburgh Locomotive and Car Works">Pittsburgh Locomotive and Car Works</a>, which manufactured for the industry until 1919. Carnegie also founded the <a href="/wiki/Union_Railroad_(Pittsburgh)" title="Union Railroad (Pittsburgh)">Union Railroad</a> in 1894 for heavy freight services and it still serves the area's steel industry, while <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wabtec" title="Wabtec">Wabtec</a> has been a leader in rail engines and switching since 1869. </p><p>Pittsburgh is home to one of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">Norfolk Southern Railway</a>'s busiest freight corridors, the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Line" title="Pittsburgh Line">Pittsburgh Line</a>, and operates up to 70 trains per day through the city. The suburban <a href="/wiki/Conway_Yard" title="Conway Yard">Conway Rail Yard</a>, built in 1889, was the largest freight rail center in the world from 1956 until 1980 and is today the nation's second-largest. <a href="/wiki/CSX" class="mw-redirect" title="CSX">CSX</a>, the other major freight railroad in the eastern U.S., also has <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Subdivision" title="Pittsburgh Subdivision">major operations</a> around Pittsburgh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port">Port</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Port"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Pittsburgh_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Pittsburgh Commission">Port of Pittsburgh</a> ranks as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_the_United_States" title="List of ports in the United States">20th-largest port</a> in the United States with almost 34 million short tons of river cargo for 2011, the port ranked ninth-largest in the U.S. when measured in domestic trade.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Pittsburgh" title="List of people from Pittsburgh">List of people from Pittsburgh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pittsburgh's <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, Spain</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a>, Vietnam</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><img alt="Paraguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_Mora,_Paraguay" title="Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay">Fernando de la Mora</a>, Paraguay</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a>, Turkey</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karmiel" title="Karmiel">Karmiel</a>, Israel</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Matanzas" title="Matanzas">Matanzas</a>, Cuba</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Misgav_Regional_Council" title="Misgav Regional Council">Misgav</a>, Israel</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Naucalpan" title="Naucalpan">Naucalpan</a>, Mexico</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a>, Slovakia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saitama_(city)" title="Saitama (city)">Saitama</a>, Japan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/San_Isidro,_Matagalpa" class="mw-redirect" title="San Isidro, Matagalpa">San Isidro</a>, Nicaragua</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, North Macedonia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Pittsburgh Region">Greater Pittsburgh Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fiction_set_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of fiction set in Pittsburgh">List of fiction set in Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of municipalities in Pennsylvania">List of municipalities in Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Pittsburgh" title="List of people from Pittsburgh">List of people from Pittsburgh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The neighborhoods are <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Heights_(Pittsburgh)" title="Arlington Heights (Pittsburgh)">Arlington Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluff_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluff (Pittsburgh)">Bluff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Heights_(Pittsburgh)" title="Brighton Heights (Pittsburgh)">Brighton Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crafton_Heights_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crafton Heights (Pittsburgh)">Crafton Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Heights_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duquesne Heights (Pittsburgh)">Duquesne Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Hills_(Pittsburgh)" title="East Hills (Pittsburgh)">East Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fineview_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fineview (Pittsburgh)">Fineview</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_(Pittsburgh_neighborhood)" title="Highland Park (Pittsburgh neighborhood)">Highland Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Hill (Pittsburgh)">Middle Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Oliver_(Pittsburgh)" title="Mount Oliver (Pittsburgh)">Mount Oliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(neighborhood)" title="Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (neighborhood)">Mount Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northview_Heights_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northview Heights (Pittsburgh)">Northview Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry_North_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry North (Pittsburgh)">Perry North</a> (also known as Observatory Hill), <a href="/wiki/Perry_South_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry South (Pittsburgh)">Perry South</a> (also known as Perry Hilltop), <a href="/wiki/Polish_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Hill (Pittsburgh)">Polish Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridgemont_(Pittsburgh)" title="Ridgemont (Pittsburgh)">Ridgemont</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Side_Slopes_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Side Slopes (Pittsburgh)">South Side Slopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill%E2%80%93City_View_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Hill–City View (Pittsburgh)">Spring Hill-City View</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)">Squirrel Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanton_Heights_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanton Heights (Pittsburgh)">Stanton Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summer_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" title="Summer Hill (Pittsburgh)">Summer Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troy_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" title="Troy Hill (Pittsburgh)">Troy Hill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Hill (Pittsburgh)">Upper Hill</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The warmest daily minimum at the current observation location, Pittsburgh Int'l, is only 77 °F (25 °C) on July 23, 2010, and July 16, 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Records kept September 1874 to June 1935 at the Weather Bureau Office across the Allegheny River from <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">downtown</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Airport" title="Allegheny County Airport">Allegheny County Airport</a> from July 1935 to 14 September 1952, and at Pittsburgh Int'l (KPIT) since 15 September 1952. Due to its river valley and urban location as well as elevation, many of the summertime warm minima temperature records set at the WBO have not even come close to being matched at KPIT, which is at-elevation and located in the western suburbs. For more information, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threadex.rcc-acis.org">Threadex</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifteen-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">From 15% sample</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Power" title="Pittsburgh Power">Pittsburgh Power</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League_(2010%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena Football League (2010–)">Arena Football League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Passion" title="Pittsburgh Passion">Pittsburgh Passion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Football_League" title="Independent Women's Football League">Independent Women's Football League</a> (IWFL) use these colors as well.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pittsburgh and Sheffield are both known as <a href="/wiki/Steel_City" title="Steel City">Steel City</a> for their connections with the steel industry.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE='42'&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json">"ArcGIS REST Services Directory"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ArcGIS+REST+Services+Directory&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftigerweb.geo.census.gov%2Farcgis%2Frest%2Fservices%2FTIGERweb%2FPlaces_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD%2FMapServer%2F5%2Fquery%3Fwhere%3DSTATE%3D%2742%27%26outFields%3DNAME%2CSTATE%2CPLACE%2CAREALAND%2CAREAWATER%2CLSADC%2CCENTLAT%2CCENTLON%26orderByFields%3DPLACE%26returnGeometry%3Dfalse%26returnTrueCurves%3Dfalse%26f%3Djson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:42&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108">"Census Population API"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Population+API&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.census.gov%2Fdata%2F2020%2Fdec%2Fpl%3Fget%3DP1_001N%2CNAME%26for%3Dplace%3A%2A%26in%3Dstate%3A42%26key%3D5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020Pop-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020Pop_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">"2020 Population and Housing State Data"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Population+and+Housing+State+Data&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2F2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeto2023" class="citation web cs1">Deto, Ryan (August 8, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811122527/https://triblive.com/local/regional/lawrence-county-added-to-pittsburgh-metro-area/">"Lawrence County added to Pittsburgh metro area"</a>. <i>TribLIVE.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://triblive.com/local/regional/lawrence-county-added-to-pittsburgh-metro-area/">the original</a> on August 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2024</span>. <q>the Pittsburgh metro area now includes eight counties: Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Lawrence, Washington and Westmoreland</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TribLIVE.com&rft.atitle=Lawrence+County+added+to+Pittsburgh+metro+area&rft.date=2023-08-08&rft.aulast=Deto&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftriblive.com%2Flocal%2Fregional%2Flawrence-county-added-to-pittsburgh-metro-area%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RGMP38300">"Total Real Gross Domestic Product for Pittsburgh, PA (MSA)"</a>. <i>fred.stlouisfed.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fred.stlouisfed.org&rft.atitle=Total+Real+Gross+Domestic+Product+for+Pittsburgh%2C+PA+%28MSA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FRGMP38300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAHMDB-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PAHMDB_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phmc.pa.gov/Preservation/Historical-Markers/Pages/Approved-Markers.aspx">"Approved Markers"</a>. <i>Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission</i>. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+Historical+and+Museum+Commission&rft.atitle=Approved+Markers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phmc.pa.gov%2FPreservation%2FHistorical-Markers%2FPages%2FApproved-Markers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pittsburgh">"Pittsburgh"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. November 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pittsburgh&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPittsburgh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pittsburgh_Names-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pittsburgh_Names_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pittsburgh_Names_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2009-09-21-us-steel-pittsburgh_N.htm">Pittsburgh's heart of steel still beats amid transformed city</a> <i>USA Today</i> David J. Lynch (September 22, 2009).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtae.com/Just-How-Many-Bridges-Are-There-In-Pittsburgh/-/9681798/7685514/-/jaknsc/-/index.html">Just How Many Bridges Are There In Pittsburgh?</a> (September 13, 2006).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-10-18/travel/8703180822_1_steel-truss-bridge-twin-bridges-arches">Bridges Of Pittsburgh As Varied As The City</a> <i>Chicago Tribune</i> (October 18, 1987).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091121222948/http://kdka.com/local/bridge.Pittsburgh.2.383456.html">Pittsburgh has Plenty of Bridges</a> from <a href="/wiki/KDKA-TV" title="KDKA-TV">KDKA-TV</a> (June 16, 2006).</li></ul> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginiaplaces.org/boundaries/paboundary.html">Virginia-Pennsylvania Boundary</a> from Virginiaplaces.org.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bivouacbooks.com/bbv4i4s4.htm">Fortifying Pittsburgh in 1863</a> from Bivouacbooks.com.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/community-eyewitness/eyewitness-1949-tv-makes-pittsburgh-a-new-promise-247120/">Eyewitness: 1949, TV makes Pittsburgh 'A New Promise'</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i> (May 16, 2010)</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KngdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=B14EAAAAIBAJ&dq=pittsburgh%20warner%20television&pg=6904%2C5936021">City Cable TV Viewers Talk Back With 'QUBE'.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Press">Pittsburgh Press</a></i> (April 14, 1982)</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QmFhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RlwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7033%2C5700469">Cable TV firms battle to win big city contract</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Press">Pittsburgh Press</a></i> (August 13, 1979)</li></ul> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epp.cmu.edu/graduate/faq_contacts_pittsburgh.html">Pittsburgh takes 3rd: Creative Wealth</a> from <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> (August 2, 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19830419&id=msxRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=m20DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3778,4023140&hl=en">Pittsburgh still 3rd in Fortune list</a> Michael Schroeder <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i> (April 19, 1983)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PNVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=320DAAAAIBAJ&dq=rockwell%20california&pg=2435%2C7227391">Rockwell Shifts Headquarters to Calif.</a> Len Barcousky <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i> (May 25, 1988)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/lifestyles/s_621289.html#axzz2Qv5ER9ag">'Bank' building short in statue, long on style</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review" title="Pittsburgh Tribune-Review">Pittsburgh Tribune-Review</a></i> (April 19, 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_AIOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Vm0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=pittsburgh%20stock%20exchange&pg=4753%2C2995935">Stock Exchange Here Closes Its Doors</a> Douglas Smock <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i> (August 24, 1974)</li></ul> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diaspora-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diaspora_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diaspora_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDcoA4YsnqIC&pg=PA1"><i>And the Wolf Finally Came: The Decline and Fall of the American Steel Industry</i></a> <br /> John P. Hoerr, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> Press, 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5398-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5398-2">978-0-8229-5398-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uschamber.com/blog/innovate-or-die-pittsburgh-chose-innovate">Innovate or Die? Pittsburgh Chose to Innovate</a> Courtney Sanders U.S. Chamber of Commerce (February 12, 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3YliAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mncNAAAAIBAJ&dq=robertson%20pittsburgh&pg=3830%2C1060266">Pittsburgh's Shaky Economy In Worst Shape Since 1940s</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Observer-Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Observer-Reporter">Observer-Reporter</a></i> (July 9, 1982)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/business/news/in-desperate-1983-there-was-nowhere-for-pittsburghs-economy-to-go-but-up-667537/">In desperate 1983, there was nowhere for Pittsburgh's economy to go but up</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i> (December 23, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wMobAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OmMEAAAAIBAJ&dq=westinghouse%20east%20pittsburgh&pg=5909%2C3162564">East Pittsburgh crunch</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Press" title="The Pittsburgh Press">The Pittsburgh Press</a></i> (May 5, 1987)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KngdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=B14EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2525%2C5927588">U.S. Steel Layoff Total Hits 40%</a>. <i>The Pittsburgh Press</i> (April 14, 1982)</li></ul> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.post-gazette.com/local/region/2013/10/13/30-Years-Pittsburgh-moves-from-heavy-industry-to-medicine-tech-energy/stories/201310130085">"30 Years: Pittsburgh moves from heavy industry to medicine, tech, energy"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=30+Years%3A+Pittsburgh+moves+from+heavy+industry+to+medicine%2C+tech%2C+energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Flocal%2Fregion%2F2013%2F10%2F13%2F30-Years-Pittsburgh-moves-from-heavy-industry-to-medicine-tech-energy%2Fstories%2F201310130085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lubove-1995-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lubove-1995_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lubove-1995_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lubove-1995_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lubove-1995_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lubove-1995_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubove1995" class="citation book cs1">Lubove, Roy (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh7tx"><i>Twentieth Century Pittsburgh Volume 1: Government, Business, and Environmental Change</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 106–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt9qh7tx">10.2307/j.ctt9qh7tx</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5551-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5551-1"><bdi>978-0-8229-5551-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh7tx">j.ctt9qh7tx</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+Pittsburgh+Volume+1%3A+Government%2C+Business%2C+and+Environmental+Change&rft.pages=106-141&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qh7tx%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt9qh7tx&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-5551-1&rft.aulast=Lubove&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qh7tx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edu-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edu_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edu_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf13305/nsf13305.pdf">Universities Report Highest-Ever R&D Spending of $6 Billion in FY 2011</a> Ronda Britt, <i>InfoBrief</i> National Science Foundation (November, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittsburghtoday.org/Universities_and_Incubators.html">Universities and Incubators</a> <i>Pittsburgh Today</i> (July 11, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://triblive.com/news/adminpage/4255869-74/pittsburgh-survey-cities#axzz2XJlCYN00">Pittsburgh's smart; survey says so</a> Debra Erdley <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review" title="Pittsburgh Tribune-Review">Tribune-Review</a></i> (June 25, 2013)</li></ul> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Google, Intel and Apple <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/partnerships/cic/tenants.shtml">offices in Pittsburgh from CarnegieMellon.edu.</a> as well as a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/business/tech-news/2014/12/07/Google-effect-How-has-tech-giant-changed-Pittsburgh-s-commerce-and-culture/stories/201412040291">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette feature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/blog/morning-edition/2014/12/eaton-wins-contract-for-solar-installations.html">Eaton Electronics headquarters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://174.143.38.57/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/S013_ROBOT-RxSellSheet.pdf">McKesson Automation headquarters</a></li> <li>1,600 tech firms from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2010/12/16/131907405/from-steel-to-tech-pittsburgh-transforms-itself">NPR's December 2010: "From Steel to Tech, Pittsburgh transforms itself"</a></li> <li>$20.7 billion in technology payrolls from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pghtech.org/about-us.aspx">Pittsburgh Tech Council's "About us"</a>.</li> <li>$18.2 billion to local economy from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/blog/morning-edition/2015/02/report-pittsburghs-advanced-industries-contributed.html">Pittsburgh Business Journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psmag.com/social-justice/legacy-economy-silicon-valley-dying-detroit-74001">Silicon Valley is dying</a> PS Magazine.</li> <li>Federal Cyber Defense from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncfta.net/contact-ncfta.aspx">National Cyber-Forensics & Training Alliance's "Contact Us"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cert.org/meet_cert/">CERT.org's 2011's "About Us"</a>.</li> <li>Federal Robotics from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rec.ri.cmu.edu/about/history/">National Robotics Engineering Center's "History"</a></li></ul> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.post-gazette.com/business/career-workplace/2014/12/10/Pittsburgh-s-employment-numbers-better-than-similar-cities/stories/201412100052">Pittsburgh employment numbers better than similar cities</a> Dec. 10 2014 <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_580675.html">Growth of jobs locally bucks nationwide trend</a> Joe Napsha, <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review" title="Pittsburgh Tribune-Review">Pittsburgh Tribune-Review</a></i> (8/2/2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/region/pittsburgh-region-sees-11th-consecutive-month-of-home-sales-increases-655305/">Pittsburgh region sees 11th consecutive month of home sales increases</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i> (9/28/2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/warning_your_reality_is_out_of_date/">Warning: Your Reality is Out of Date</a> Samuel Arbesman <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> (2/28/2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psmag.com/education/pittsburgh-booming-63072">Pittsburgh Booming</a> Jim Russell <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Standard" title="Pacific Standard">Pacific Standard</a></i> (7/22/2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/08/business/economy/08collapse.html">Survival Lesson in Pittsburgh: Shedding an Industrial Past</a> David Streitfeld <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (1/8/2009)</li> 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American Eagle Outfitters. October 21, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717005140/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_Oct_21/ai_n15726879">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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East</a> Maria Sciullo <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i> (March 4, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/1481261003001/">Is Pittsburgh the New Hollywood?</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></i> (February 29, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-city/4-star-film-studio-coming-to-strip-district-215569/">4-star film studio coming to Strip District</a>, Ann Rodgers <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i> (February 28, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/12/07/pittsburgh-dark-knight-rises/">How Pittsburgh landed 'The Dark Knight Rises'</a> Hillary Busis <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i> (December 7, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.31ststreetstudios.com/">Operated by Gateway Entertainment Studios L.P.</a>, Marisa Murphy, 31st Street Studios</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/opinion/editorials/lights-cameras-action-at-a-new-studio-keeps-pittsburgh-on-film-220817/">Lights, cameras ... : Action at a new studio keeps Pittsburgh on film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Post-Gazette</a></i> (March 4, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505245_162-57386770/pa-film-studio-to-feature-avatar-technology/">Pa. film studio to feature 'Avatar' technology</a> <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i> (February 28, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/search/title?locations=Pittsburgh%2C%20Pennsylvania%2C%20USA&ref_=ttloc_loc_4">Pittsburgh filmography</a>, <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">Internet Movie Database|IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pghfilm.org/about/about_filmography.jsp"><i>Pittsburgh Film Office</i> filmography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittsburghmagazine.com/Pittsburgh-Magazine/January-2011/The-New-Hollywood/">Is Pittsburgh The New Hollywood?</a>, Melissa Rayworth <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Magazine" title="Pittsburgh Magazine">Pittsburgh Magazine</a></i> (January, 2011)</li></ul> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiely" class="citation news cs1">Riely, Kaitlynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2013/06/19/Invention-convention-INPEX-gathers-in-Pittsburgh/stories/2013061902140000000">"Invention convention INPEX gathers in Pittsburgh"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=17047895&BRD=2305&PAG=461&dept_id=478568&rfi=6">the original</a> on November 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 30, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/steelers/s_585606.html?source=rss&feed=3">the original</a> on October 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Tribune-Review&rft.atitle=ESPN+ranks+Steelers+fans+No.+1&rft.date=2008-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pittsburghlive.com%2Fx%2Fpittsburghtrib%2Fsports%2Fsteelers%2Fs_585606.html%3Fsource%3Drss%26feed%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarrett1937" class="citation book cs1">Starrett, Agnes Lynch (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documenting.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A00afj8718m/viewer#page/248/mode/2up"><i>Through one hundred and fifty years: the University of Pittsburgh</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+one+hundred+and+fifty+years%3A+the+University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Starrett&rft.aufirst=Agnes+Lynch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocumenting.pitt.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fpitt%253A00afj8718m%2Fviewer%23page%2F248%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/pittsburgh/index.html">"Pitt Panthers College Football History, Stats, Records"</a>. <i>College Football at Sports-Reference.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved on July 17, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See page 67 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_basketball_RB/2009/D1.pdf">NCAA Men's College Basketball Records</a> (PDF file)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landofbasketball.com/draft/number_1_picks.htm">"NBA Number 1 Draft Picks Since 1947"</a>. <i>www.landofbasketball.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Public+Transportation+Association&rft.atitle=Largest+Transit+Agencies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apta.com%2Fresearch%2Fstats%2Fridership%2Friderep%2Fdocuments%2F07q1bus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duquesneincline.org/">"Duquesne Incline, historic cable car railway serving commuters and tourists since 1877, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"</a>. Incline.pghfree.net. October 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duquesne+Incline%2C+historic+cable+car+railway+serving+commuters+and+tourists+since+1877%2C+Pittsburgh%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Incline.pghfree.net&rft.date=2008-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duquesneincline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/2011%20U%20S%20%20PORT%20RANKINGS%20BY%20CARGO%20TONNAGE.pdf">"U.S. PORT RANKING BY CARGO VOLUME 2011 : Short Tons : Foreign Trade"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aapa.files.cms-plus.com\access-date=2016-05-24</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aapa.files.cms-plus.com%5Caccess-date%3D2016-05-24&rft.atitle=U.S.+PORT+RANKING+BY+CARGO+VOLUME+2011+%3A+Short+Tons+%3A+Foreign+Trade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faapa.files.cms-plus.com%2FPDFs%2F2011%2520U%2520S%2520%2520PORT%2520RANKINGS%2520BY%2520CARGO%2520TONNAGE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519061309/https://www.sistercitiespgh.org/sister-cities">"Our Sister Cities"</a>. <i>sistercitiespgh.org</i>. Sister Cities Association of Pittsburgh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sistercitiespgh.org/sister-cities">the original</a> on May 19, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sistercitiespgh.org&rft.atitle=Our+Sister+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sistercitiespgh.org%2Fsister-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen Dieterich-Ward, <i>Beyond Rust: Metropolitan Pittsburgh and the Fate of Industrial America</i> (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). viii, 347 pp.</li> <li>Kenneth J. Kobus, <i>City of Steel: How Pittsburgh Became the World's Steelmaking Capital During the Carnegie Era.</i> Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015.</li> <li>Charles McCollester, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Point_of_Pittsburgh" title="The Point of Pittsburgh">The Point of Pittsburgh</a>: Production and Struggle at the Forks of the Ohio.</i> Pittsburgh, PA: Battle of Homestead Foundation, 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<b>Pittsburgh</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pittsburgh" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Pittsburgh">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" class="extiw" title="c:Pittsburgh">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Pittsburgh" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Pittsburgh">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pittsburgh" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Pittsburgh">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pittsburgh" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Pittsburgh">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" class="extiw" title="voy:Pittsburgh">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pittsburghpa.gov/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitpittsburgh.com/">Pittsburgh Convention and Visitors Bureau – Tourism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicpittsburgh.org/pittsburgh-maps">Historic Pittsburgh Maps Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pittsburghquarterly.com/pittsburgh-today.html">PittsburghTODAY Regional benchmarks and statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=TNEldfgDb5MC"><i>Pittsburgh Daily Gazette</i></a>, Google Newspaper archive. PDFs of 5,794 issues, dating primarily 1834–1841 and 1850–1863.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1214818">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: City of Pittsburgh</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Pittsburgh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Pittsburgh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-65.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PA-65.svg/20px-PA-65.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PA-65.svg/30px-PA-65.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PA-65.svg/40px-PA-65.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-76.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/I-76.svg/20px-I-76.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/I-76.svg/30px-I-76.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/I-76.svg/40px-I-76.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania" title="New Castle, Pennsylvania">New Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-279.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/I-279.svg/25px-I-279.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/I-279.svg/38px-I-279.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/I-279.svg/50px-I-279.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-79.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/I-79.svg/20px-I-79.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/I-79.svg/30px-I-79.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/I-79.svg/40px-I-79.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Butler,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler, Pennsylvania">Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-28.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PA-28.svg/20px-PA-28.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PA-28.svg/30px-PA-28.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PA-28.svg/40px-PA-28.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kittanning,_Pennsylvania" title="Kittanning, Pennsylvania">Kittanning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punxsutawney,_Pennsylvania" title="Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania">Punxsutawney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana,_Pennsylvania" title="Indiana, Pennsylvania">Indiana</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-376.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/I-376.svg/25px-I-376.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/I-376.svg/38px-I-376.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/I-376.svg/50px-I-376.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Moon_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Moon Township, Pennsylvania">Moon Twp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport" title="Pittsburgh International Airport">Pittsburgh International Airport</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Pittsburgh</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-376.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/I-376.svg/25px-I-376.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/I-376.svg/38px-I-376.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/I-376.svg/50px-I-376.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_22.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US_22.svg/20px-US_22.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US_22.svg/30px-US_22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US_22.svg/40px-US_22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Penn_Hills,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn Hills, Pennsylvania">Penn Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monroeville,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroeville, Pennsylvania">Monroeville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-79.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/I-79.svg/20px-I-79.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/I-79.svg/30px-I-79.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/I-79.svg/40px-I-79.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-70.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/I-70.svg/20px-I-70.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/I-70.svg/30px-I-70.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/I-70.svg/40px-I-70.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania" title="Washington, Pennsylvania">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia" title="Morgantown, West Virginia">Morgantown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-51.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PA-51.svg/20px-PA-51.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PA-51.svg/30px-PA-51.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PA-51.svg/40px-PA-51.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turnpike-43.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Turnpike-43.svg/20px-Turnpike-43.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Turnpike-43.svg/30px-Turnpike-43.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Turnpike-43.svg/40px-Turnpike-43.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/California,_Pennsylvania" title="California, Pennsylvania">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniontown,_Pennsylvania" title="Uniontown, Pennsylvania">Uniontown</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-76.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/I-76.svg/20px-I-76.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/I-76.svg/30px-I-76.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/I-76.svg/40px-I-76.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Pittsburgh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pittsburgh" title="Template:Pittsburgh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pittsburgh" title="Template talk:Pittsburgh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pittsburgh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pittsburgh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Pittsburgh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Pittsburgh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pittsburgh" title="Government of Pittsburgh">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Airport_Authority" title="Allegheny County Airport Authority">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Lawrence_Convention_Center" title="David L. Lawrence Convention Center">Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_City_Council" title="Pittsburgh City Council">City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_City-County_Building" title="Pittsburgh City-County Building">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Courthouse" title="Allegheny County Courthouse">Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_District_Attorney" title="Allegheny County District Attorney">District Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Public_Schools" title="Pittsburgh Public Schools">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_%26_Exhibition_Authority_of_Pittsburgh_and_Allegheny_County" title="Sports & Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Bureau_of_Fire" title="Pittsburgh Bureau of Fire">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Intergovernmental_Cooperation_Authority" title="Pittsburgh Intergovernmental Cooperation Authority">InterGov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Pittsburgh" title="List of mayors of Pittsburgh">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of parks in Pittsburgh">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Police" title="Pittsburgh Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Pittsburgh" title="Port of Pittsburgh">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Conference" title="Allegheny Conference">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegheny County Sheriff">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_Allegheny_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Authority of Allegheny County">Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Water" title="Pittsburgh Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pittsburgh" title="Economy of Pittsburgh">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Conference" title="Allegheny Conference">Allegheny Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Club" title="Duquesne Club">Duquesne Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Greater Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce">Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporations_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of corporations in Pittsburgh">Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Club_of_Pittsburgh" title="Economic Club of Pittsburgh">Economic Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_HYP_Club" title="Allegheny HYP Club">HYP Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Stock_Exchange" title="Pittsburgh Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of colleges and universities in Pittsburgh">Colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pittsburgh" title="Culture of Pittsburgh">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookie_table" title="Cookie table">cookie table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Pittsburgh" title="Theatre in Pittsburgh">theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Robinson_(Green_Man)" title="Raymond Robinson (Green Man)">Green Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_chair" title="Parking chair">Pittsburgh Parking Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picklesburgh" title="Picklesburgh">Picklesburgh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Dialect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yinzer" title="Yinzer">Yinzer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pittsburgh" title="Flag of Pittsburgh">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fiction_set_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of fiction set in Pittsburgh">Fictional settings</a></li> <li>Filming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of films shot in Pittsburgh">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_shows_shot_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of television shows shot in Pittsburgh">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pittsburgh" title="History of Pittsburgh">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Pittsburgh" title="Name of Pittsburgh">name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pittsburgh" title="Timeline of Pittsburgh">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pittsburgh" title="History of the Jews in Pittsburgh">Jewish history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">2018 synagogue shooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_toilet" title="Pittsburgh toilet">Pittsburgh toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hospitals in Pittsburgh">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Pittsburgh" title="Media in Pittsburgh">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of museums in Pittsburgh">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_neighborhoods" title="List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_for_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nicknames for Pittsburgh">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Pittsburgh" title="List of people from Pittsburgh">Notable Pittsburghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">combined statistical area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of tallest buildings in Pittsburgh">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Pittsburgh" title="Sports in Pittsburgh">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pittsburgh" title="Category:Pittsburgh">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greater_Pittsburgh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pittsburgh_Metro_Area" title="Template:Pittsburgh Metro Area"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pittsburgh_Metro_Area" title="Template talk:Pittsburgh Metro Area"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pittsburgh_Metro_Area" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pittsburgh Metro Area"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greater_Pittsburgh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_County,_Maryland" title="Garrett County, Maryland">Garrett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Ohio" title="Jefferson County, Ohio">Jefferson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Armstrong County, Pennsylvania">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver County, Pennsylvania">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler County, Pennsylvania">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Fayette County, Pennsylvania">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Indiana County, Pennsylvania">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lawrence County, Pennsylvania">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Washington County, Pennsylvania">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Westmoreland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_County,_West_Virginia" title="Brooke County, West Virginia">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_West_Virginia" title="Hancock County, West Virginia">Hancock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Pittsburgh_Metro_Area_SMALL.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2013_Pittsburgh_Metro_Area_SMALL.PNG/220px-2013_Pittsburgh_Metro_Area_SMALL.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2013_Pittsburgh_Metro_Area_SMALL.PNG/330px-2013_Pittsburgh_Metro_Area_SMALL.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/2013_Pittsburgh_Metro_Area_SMALL.PNG 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Pittsburgh Tri-State with green counties in the metropolitan area and yellow counties in the combined area</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pittsburgh</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns<br />15k–50k<br /><small>(in <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin,_Pennsylvania" title="Baldwin, Pennsylvania">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Park,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethel Park, Pennsylvania">Bethel Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_Township,_Butler_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_Township,_Butler_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cranberry Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania">Cranberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Hampton Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempfield_Township,_Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Hempfield Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Hempfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless,_Pennsylvania" title="McCandless, Pennsylvania">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKeesport,_Pennsylvania" title="McKeesport, Pennsylvania">McKeesport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroeville,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroeville, Pennsylvania">Monroeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Moon Township, Pennsylvania">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mt._Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Mt. Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrysville,_Pennsylvania" title="Murrysville, Pennsylvania">Murrysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania" title="New Castle, Pennsylvania">New Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Huntingdon_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="North Huntingdon Township, Pennsylvania">North Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Township,_Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Hills,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn Hills, Pennsylvania">Penn Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Peters Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum,_Pennsylvania" title="Plum, Pennsylvania">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Ross Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Scott Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaler_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Shaler Township, Pennsylvania">Shaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steubenville,_Ohio" title="Steubenville, Ohio">Steubenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Unity Township, Pennsylvania">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_St._Clair_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper St. Clair Township, Pennsylvania">Upper St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weirton,_West_Virginia" title="Weirton, West Virginia">Weirton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Mifflin,_Pennsylvania" title="West Mifflin, Pennsylvania">West Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Township,_Indiana_County,_Pennsylvania" title="White Township, Indiana County, Pennsylvania">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania">Wilkinsburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport" title="Pittsburgh International Airport">Pittsburgh International</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_Regional_Airport" title="Arnold Palmer Regional Airport">Arnold Palmer</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Airport" title="Allegheny County Airport">Allegheny County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_County_Airport" title="Beaver County Airport">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh-Butler_Regional_Airport" title="Pittsburgh-Butler Regional Airport">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Dew_Memorial_Airpark" title="Eddie Dew Memorial Airpark">Eddie Dew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensburg_Jeannette_Regional_Airport" title="Greensburg Jeannette Regional Airport">Greensburg Jeannette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herron_Airport" title="Herron Airport">Herron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County_Airpark" title="Jefferson County Airpark">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_County%E2%80%93Jimmy_Stewart_Airport" title="Indiana County–Jimmy Stewart Airport">Jimmy Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Hardy_Connellsville_Airport" title="Joseph A. Hardy Connellsville Airport">Joe Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakehill_Airport" title="Lakehill Airport">Lakehill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93Monroeville_Airport" title="Pittsburgh–Monroeville Airport">Monroeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle_Municipal_Airport" title="New Castle Municipal Airport">New Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Northeast_Airport" title="Pittsburgh Northeast Airport">Pittsburgh Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostraver_Airport" title="Rostraver Airport">Rostraver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County_Airport_(Pennsylvania)" title="Washington County Airport (Pennsylvania)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Ohio_County_Airport" title="Wheeling Ohio County Airport">Wheeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelienople_Municipal_Airport" title="Zelienople Municipal Airport">Zelienople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pittsburgh" title="Economy of Pittsburgh">Economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Pittsburgh" title="Name of Pittsburgh">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of films shot in Pittsburgh">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pittsburgh" title="Government of Pittsburgh">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pittsburgh" title="History of Pittsburgh">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_History_and_Landmarks_Foundation_Historic_Landmarks" title="List of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks">Landmarks (area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_City_of_Pittsburgh_historic_designations" title="List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations">Landmarks (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Pittsburgh" title="Media in Pittsburgh">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_neighborhoods" title="List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Pittsburgh" title="List of people from Pittsburgh">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Public_Schools" title="Pittsburgh Public Schools">Public schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of tallest buildings in Pittsburgh">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Pittsburgh" title="Sports in Pittsburgh">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Pittsburgh" title="Transportation in Pittsburgh">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pittsburgh" title="Category:Pittsburgh">Category</a> </b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Pittsburgh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Pittsburgh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Pittsburgh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Pittsburgh_in_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pittsburgh,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Template:Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pittsburgh,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Template talk:Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pittsburgh,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Pittsburgh_in_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania,_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pittsburgh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_neighborhoods" title="List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods">Sections and<br />neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">Downtown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">Central Business District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown (Pittsburgh)">Chinatown</a> (historic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_District,_Pittsburgh" title="Cultural District, Pittsburgh">Cultural District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_District,_Pittsburgh" title="Strip District, Pittsburgh">Strip District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uptown_Pittsburgh" title="Uptown Pittsburgh">Uptown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Side_(Pittsburgh)" title="North Side (Pittsburgh)">North Side</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_Hills_(Pennsylvania)" title="North Hills (Pennsylvania)">North Hills</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Center" title="Allegheny Center">Allegheny Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_West_(Pittsburgh)" title="Allegheny West (Pittsburgh)">Allegheny West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Heights_(Pittsburgh)" title="Brighton Heights (Pittsburgh)">Brighton Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California-Kirkbride" title="California-Kirkbride">California-Kirkbride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Northside" title="Central Northside">Central Northside</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_Streets" title="Mexican War Streets">Mexican War Streets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chateau_(Pittsburgh)" title="Chateau (Pittsburgh)">Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Allegheny" title="East Allegheny">East Allegheny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineview" title="Fineview">Fineview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_(Pittsburgh)" title="Manchester (Pittsburgh)">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall-Shadeland" title="Marshall-Shadeland">Marshall-Shadeland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunot_Island" title="Brunot Island">Brunot Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Pittsburgh)" title="North Shore (Pittsburgh)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northview_Heights" title="Northview Heights">Northview Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_North" title="Perry North">Perry North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_South" title="Perry South">Perry South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Garden_(Pittsburgh)" title="Spring Garden (Pittsburgh)">Spring Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill%E2%80%93City_View" title="Spring Hill–City View">Spring Hill–City View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" title="Summer Hill (Pittsburgh)">Summer Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" title="Troy Hill (Pittsburgh)">Troy Hill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrs_Island" title="Herrs Island">Washington's Landing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Side_(Pittsburgh)" title="South Side (Pittsburgh)">South Side</a> / <a href="/wiki/South_Hills_(Pennsylvania)" title="South Hills (Pennsylvania)">South Hills</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Allentown, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_(Pittsburgh)" title="Arlington (Pittsburgh)">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Heights_(Pittsburgh)" title="Arlington Heights (Pittsburgh)">Arlington Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechview_(Pittsburgh)" title="Beechview (Pittsburgh)">Beechview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltzhoover_(Pittsburgh)" title="Beltzhoover (Pittsburgh)">Beltzhoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Air_(Pittsburgh)" title="Bon Air (Pittsburgh)">Bon Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookline_(Pittsburgh)" title="Brookline (Pittsburgh)">Brookline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrick_(Pittsburgh)" title="Carrick (Pittsburgh)">Carrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hays_(Pittsburgh)" title="Hays (Pittsburgh)">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Knoxville (Pittsburgh)">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Place_(Pittsburgh)" title="Lincoln Place (Pittsburgh)">Lincoln Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Oliver_(Pittsburgh)" title="Mount Oliver (Pittsburgh)">Mount Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(neighborhood)" title="Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (neighborhood)">Mount Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Village" title="Chatham Village">Chatham Village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Homestead" title="New Homestead">New Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overbrook_(Pittsburgh)" title="Overbrook (Pittsburgh)">Overbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_(Pittsburgh)" title="St. Clair (Pittsburgh)">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Pittsburgh)" title="South Shore (Pittsburgh)">Southshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Side_Flats" title="South Side Flats">South Side Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Side_Slopes" title="South Side Slopes">South Side Slopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_End_(Pittsburgh)" title="West End (Pittsburgh)">West End</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banksville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Banksville (Pittsburgh)">Banksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartiers_(Pittsburgh)" title="Chartiers (Pittsburgh)">Chartiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crafton_Heights" title="Crafton Heights">Crafton Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Heights" title="Duquesne Heights">Duquesne Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Carnegie" title="East Carnegie">East Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_(Pittsburgh)" title="Elliott (Pittsburgh)">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplen_(Pittsburgh)" title="Esplen (Pittsburgh)">Esplen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairywood" title="Fairywood">Fairywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Oakwood (Pittsburgh)">Oakwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgemont_(Pittsburgh)" title="Ridgemont (Pittsburgh)">Ridgemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraden" title="Sheraden">Sheraden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Westwood (Pittsburgh)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windgap_(Pittsburgh)" title="Windgap (Pittsburgh)">Windgap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_End_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="East End (Pittsburgh)">East End</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_District" title="Hill District">Bedford Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_(Pittsburgh)" title="Bloomfield (Pittsburgh)">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Lawrenceville" title="Central Lawrenceville">Central Lawrenceville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)#Central_Oakland" title="Oakland (Pittsburgh)">Central Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_District" title="Hill District">Crawford-Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hills_(Pittsburgh)" title="East Hills (Pittsburgh)">East Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Liberty_(Pittsburgh)" title="East Liberty (Pittsburgh)">East Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_(Pittsburgh)" title="Friendship (Pittsburgh)">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_(Pittsburgh)" title="Garfield (Pittsburgh)">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Hazel" title="Glen Hazel">Glen Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_(Pittsburgh)" title="Greenfield (Pittsburgh)">Greenfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mile_Run_(Pittsburgh)" title="Four Mile Run (Pittsburgh)">Four Mile Run</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelwood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Hazelwood (Pittsburgh)">Hazelwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_(Pittsburgh_neighborhood)" title="Highland Park (Pittsburgh neighborhood)">Highland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Homewood (Pittsburgh)">Homewood North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Homewood (Pittsburgh)">Homewood South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Homewood (Pittsburgh)">Homewood West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimer_(Pittsburgh)" title="Larimer (Pittsburgh)">Larimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Lemington%E2%80%93Belmar" title="Lincoln–Lemington–Belmar">Lincoln–Lemington–Belmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)">Lower Lawrenceville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_District" title="Hill District">Middle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningside_(Pittsburgh)" title="Morningside (Pittsburgh)">Morningside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)#North_Oakland" title="Oakland (Pittsburgh)">North Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Point_Breeze" title="North Point Breeze">North Point Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Breeze,_Pittsburgh" title="Point Breeze, Pittsburgh">Point Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Hill" title="Polish Hill">Polish Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_Square_(Pittsburgh)" title="Regent Square (Pittsburgh)">Regent Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadyside_(Pittsburgh)" title="Shadyside (Pittsburgh)">Shadyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)#South_Oakland" title="Oakland (Pittsburgh)">South Oakland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panther_Hollow" title="Panther Hollow">Panther Hollow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill" title="Squirrel Hill">Squirrel Hill North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill" title="Squirrel Hill">Squirrel Hill South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summerset_at_Frick_Park" title="Summerset at Frick Park">Summerset at Frick Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanton_Heights" title="Stanton Heights">Stanton Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swisshelm_Park" title="Swisshelm Park">Swisshelm Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_District" title="Hill District">Terrace Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_District" title="Hill District">Upper Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)">Upper Lawrenceville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)#West_Oakland" title="Oakland (Pittsburgh)">West Oakland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former<br />municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pennsylvania#City" title="Local government in Pennsylvania">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny, Pennsylvania">Allegheny City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)" title="Borough (Pennsylvania)">Boroughs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allentown (Pittsburgh)">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechview_(Pittsburgh)" title="Beechview (Pittsburgh)">Beechview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltzhoover_(Pittsburgh)" title="Beltzhoover (Pittsburgh)">Beltzhoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Birmingham, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Homewood (Pittsburgh)">Brushton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrick_(Pittsburgh)" title="Carrick (Pittsburgh)">Carrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" title="Troy Hill (Pittsburgh)">Duquesne (1849–1868)</a></li> <li>East Birmingham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_(Pittsburgh)" title="Elliott (Pittsburgh)">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplen_(Pittsburgh)" title="Esplen (Pittsburgh)">Esplen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hays_(Pittsburgh)" title="Hays (Pittsburgh)">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Knoxville (Pittsburgh)">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)">Lawrenceville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_(Pittsburgh)" title="Manchester (Pittsburgh)">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Pittsburgh)" title="South Shore (Pittsburgh)">Monongahela</a></li> <li>Montooth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(neighborhood)" title="Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (neighborhood)">Mount Washington</a></li> <li>Northern Liberties</li> <li>Ormsby</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overbrook_(Pittsburgh)" title="Overbrook (Pittsburgh)">Overbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_(Pittsburgh)" title="St. Clair (Pittsburgh)">St. Clair (1870–1872)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_(Pittsburgh)" title="St. Clair (Pittsburgh)">St. Clair (1906–1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraden_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheraden (Pittsburgh)">Sheraden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Side_(Pittsburgh)" title="South Side (Pittsburgh)">South Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Garden_(Pittsburgh)" title="Spring Garden (Pittsburgh)">Spring Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End_(Pittsburgh)" title="West End (Pittsburgh)">Temperanceville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End_(Pittsburgh)" title="West End (Pittsburgh)">Union Borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Liberty,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="West Liberty, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">West Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End_(Pittsburgh)" title="West End (Pittsburgh)">West Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Westwood (Pittsburgh)">Westwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)" title="Township (Pennsylvania)">Townships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartiers_(Pittsburgh)" title="Chartiers (Pittsburgh)">Chartiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Collins Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Liberty Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_St._Clair_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower St. Clair Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Lower St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClure_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="McClure Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)" title="Oakland (Pittsburgh)">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peebles_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Peebles Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Peebles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitt_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Pitt Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="St. Clair Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">St. Clair</a></li> <li>Sterrett</li> <li>Union Township</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pittsburgh_corporations_within_the_Pittsburgh_metro_area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pittsburgh_Corporations" title="Template:Pittsburgh Corporations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pittsburgh_Corporations" title="Template talk:Pittsburgh Corporations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pittsburgh_Corporations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pittsburgh Corporations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pittsburgh_corporations_within_the_Pittsburgh_metro_area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pittsburgh</a> corporations within the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Pittsburgh metro area</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500"><i>Fortune</i> 500</a> headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods" title="Dick's Sporting Goods">Dick's Sporting Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howmet_Aerospace" title="Howmet Aerospace">Howmet Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_Heinz" title="Kraft Heinz">Kraft Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services" title="PNC Financial Services">PNC Financial Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPG_Industries" title="PPG Industries">PPG Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Steel" class="mw-redirect" title="US Steel">US Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WESCO_International" title="WESCO International">WESCO International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forbes largest private <br /> companies headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/84_Lumber" title="84 Lumber">84 Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Eagle" title="Giant Eagle">Giant Eagle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other corporation headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Technologies" title="Allegheny Technologies">Allegheny Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Bridge_Company" title="American Bridge Company">American Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters" title="American Eagle Outfitters">American Eagle Outfitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampco_Pittsburgh" title="Ampco Pittsburgh">Ampco Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arconic" title="Arconic">Arconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansys" title="Ansys">ANSYS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Group_of_Companies" title="Armstrong Group of Companies">Armstrong Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine%27s_Pizza" title="Augustine's Pizza">Augustine's Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Box_Corporation" title="Black Box Corporation">Black Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruster%27s_Ice_Cream" title="Bruster's Ice Cream">Bruster's Ice Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgon_Carbon" title="Calgon Carbon">Calgon Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNX_Resources" title="CNX Resources">CNX Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compunetix" title="Compunetix">Compunetix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consol_Energy" title="Consol Energy">Consol Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_Bank" title="Dollar Bank">Dollar Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Light_Company" title="Duquesne Light Company">Duquesne Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eat%27n_Park" title="Eat'n Park">Eat'n Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EQT_Corporation" title="EQT Corporation">EQT Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Investors" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated Investors">Federated Investors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiesta_Tableware_Company" title="Fiesta Tableware Company">Fiesta Tableware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNC_(store)" class="mw-redirect" title="GNC (store)">GNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru.com" title="Guru.com">Guru.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highmark" title="Highmark">Highmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Scientific_Corporation" title="Industrial Scientific Corporation">Industrial Scientific Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_City_Brewing_Company" title="Iron City Brewing Company">Iron City Brewing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennametal" title="Kennametal">Kennametal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koppers" title="Koppers">Koppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARC_USA" title="MARC USA">MARC USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millcraft_Investments" title="Millcraft Investments">Millcraft Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_Appliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine Safety Appliances">Mine Safety Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_(company)" title="Niche (company)">Niche.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Development" title="Oxford Development">Oxford Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTC_Alliance" title="PTC Alliance">PTC Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renda_Broadcasting" title="Renda Broadcasting">Renda Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue21" title="Rue21">rue21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarris_Candies" title="Sarris Candies">Sarris Candies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Medical_Center" title="University of Pittsburgh Medical Center">University of Pittsburgh Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocelli_Pizza" title="Vocelli Pizza">Vocelli Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabtec" title="Wabtec">Wabtec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies with split headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ModCloth" title="ModCloth">ModCloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Chemicals" title="Nova Chemicals">Nova Chemicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiary company headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Energy" title="Allegheny Energy">Allegheny Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FedEx_Ground" title="FedEx Ground">FedEx Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK_plc" title="GSK plc">GSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanxess" title="Lanxess">Lanxess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respironics" title="Respironics">Respironics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisimo" title="Vivisimo">Vivisimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse Electric Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside companies with<br />strong Pittsburgh relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BNY" class="mw-redirect" title="BNY">BNY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Corporation" title="Dreyfus Corporation">Dreyfus Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaton_Corporation" title="Eaton Corporation">Eaton Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreadshirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreadshirt">Spreadshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macy%27s" title="Macy's">Macy's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_Big_Wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher's Big Wheel">Fisher's Big Wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BodyMedia" title="BodyMedia">BodyMedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Bar" title="Clark Bar">Clark Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravo_Corporation" title="Dravo Corporation">Dravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Management_Corporation" title="Education Management Corporation">EDMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Scientific" title="Fisher Scientific">Fisher Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integra_Bank_(Pittsburgh)" title="Integra Bank (Pittsburgh)">Integra Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesta_Machinery" title="Mesta Machinery">Mesta Machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GC_Murphy" class="mw-redirect" title="GC Murphy">GC Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Oil" title="Gulf Oil">Gulf Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Laughlin_Steel_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones & Laughlin Steel Company">J&L Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketchum_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketchum Inc">Ketchum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Products" title="Sunbeam Products">Sunbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telerama" title="Telerama">Telerama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporations_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of corporations in Pittsburgh">List of corporations in Pittsburgh</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pennsylvania" title="Template:Pennsylvania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pennsylvania" title="Template talk:Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Pennsylvania-related_articles" title="Index of Pennsylvania-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pennsylvania" title="Outline of Pennsylvania">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Pennsylvania" title="United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pennsylvania" title="Government of Pennsylvania">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geography of Pennsylvania">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geology of Pennsylvania">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pennsylvania" title="Law of Pennsylvania">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of people from Pennsylvania">Notable Pennsylvanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_parks" title="List of Pennsylvania state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_symbols" title="List of Pennsylvania state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Pennsylvania">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Pennsylvania" title="Abortion in Pennsylvania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pennsylvania" title="Agriculture in Pennsylvania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pennsylvania" title="Climate change in Pennsylvania">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Pennsylvania">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pennsylvania" title="Crime in Pennsylvania">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania#Demographics" title="Pennsylvania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania#Economy" title="Pennsylvania">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pennsylvania" title="Education in Pennsylvania">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Pennsylvania" title="Gambling in Pennsylvania">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pennsylvania">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pennsylvania" title="Politics of Pennsylvania">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Pennsylvania" title="Sports in Pennsylvania">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_metropolitan_areas" title="Pennsylvania metropolitan areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93Carlisle_metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area">Harrisburg–Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93York%E2%80%93Lebanon_combined_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area">Harrisburg–York–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Scranton‑Wilkes-Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania" title="State College, Pennsylvania">State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Baltimore_combined_statistical_area" title="Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area">Washington-Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania" title="Hanover, Pennsylvania">Hanover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of cities in Pennsylvania">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler, Pennsylvania">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuBois,_Pennsylvania" title="DuBois, Pennsylvania">DuBois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazleton,_Pennsylvania" title="Hazleton, Pennsylvania">Hazleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKeesport,_Pennsylvania" title="McKeesport, Pennsylvania">McKeesport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania" title="New Castle, Pennsylvania">New Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Pottsville, Pennsylvania">Pottsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury,_Pennsylvania" title="Sunbury, Pennsylvania">Sunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_boroughs_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania">Largest<br />municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abington_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Abington Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensalem_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania">Bensalem Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Park,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethel Park, Pennsylvania">Bethel Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bristol Township, Pennsylvania">Bristol Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania">Cheltenham Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_Township,_Butler_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cranberry Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania">Cranberry Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darby,_Pennsylvania" title="Darby, Pennsylvania">Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Falls Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Hampden Township, Pennsylvania">Hampden Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Haverford Township, Pennsylvania">Haverford Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempfield_Township,_Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Hempfield Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Hempfield Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Macungie_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Macungie Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Macungie Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Makefield_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Makefield Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Makefield Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Merion_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Merion Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paxton_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Paxton Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Paxton Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manheim_Township,_Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Manheim Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless,_Pennsylvania" title="McCandless, Pennsylvania">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Middletown Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Middletown Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millcreek_Township,_Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Millcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania">Millcreek Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroeville,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroeville, Pennsylvania">Monroeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mt._Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Mt. Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norristown,_Pennsylvania" title="Norristown, Pennsylvania">Norristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northampton Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Northampton Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Huntingdon_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="North Huntingdon Township, Pennsylvania">North Huntingdon Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Hills,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn Hills, Pennsylvania">Penn Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radnor_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Radnor Township, Pennsylvania">Radnor Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Ridley Township, Pennsylvania">Ridley Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Ross Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Ross Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaler_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Shaler Township, Pennsylvania">Shaler Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Township,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Spring Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania">Spring Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania" title="State College, Pennsylvania">State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tredyffrin_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Tredyffrin Township, Pennsylvania">Tredyffrin Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Darby_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Darby Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Merion_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Merion Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Merion Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warminster_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Warminster Township, Pennsylvania">Warminster Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="West Chester, Pennsylvania">West Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania">Whitehall Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="York Township, Pennsylvania">York Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Pennsylvania" title="Regions of Pennsylvania">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_National_Forest" title="Allegheny National Forest">Allegheny National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Eagle_Valley" title="Bald Eagle Valley">Bald Eagle Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Region" title="Coal Region">Coal Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley" title="Cumberland Valley">Cumberland Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_Country" title="Pennsylvania Dutch Country">Dutch Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endless_Mountains" title="Endless Mountains">Endless Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Valley_(Pennsylvania)" title="Great Valley (Pennsylvania)">Great Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_(Pennsylvania)" title="Happy Valley (Pennsylvania)">Happy Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Highlands" title="Laurel Highlands">Laurel Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_Valley" title="Lebanon Valley">Lebanon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley_(geographic)" title="Mahoning Valley (geographic)">Mahoning Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Main_Line" title="Philadelphia Main Line">Main Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nittany_Valley" title="Nittany Valley">Nittany Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tier_(Pennsylvania)" title="Northern Tier (Pennsylvania)">Northern Tier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Pennsylvania" title="North Central Pennsylvania">North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Penn_Valley" title="North Penn Valley">North Penn Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Ohio Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Region">Oil Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oley_Valley" title="Oley Valley">Oley Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Highlands_Region" title="Pennsylvania Highlands Region">Pennsylvania Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Wilds" title="Pennsylvania Wilds">Pennsylvania Wilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penns_Valley" title="Penns Valley">Penns Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocono_Mountains" title="Pocono Mountains">Pocono Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93York%E2%80%93Lebanon_combined_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area">South Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_Valley" title="Susquehanna Valley">Susquehanna Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Wyoming Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of counties in Pennsylvania">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Adams County, Pennsylvania">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Armstrong County, Pennsylvania">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver County, Pennsylvania">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bedford County, Pennsylvania">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Berks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Blair County, Pennsylvania">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bradford County, Pennsylvania">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler County, Pennsylvania">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cambria County, Pennsylvania">Cambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cameron County, Pennsylvania">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Carbon County, Pennsylvania">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Centre County, Pennsylvania">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Clarion County, Pennsylvania">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Clearfield County, Pennsylvania">Clearfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Clinton County, Pennsylvania">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Columbia County, Pennsylvania">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Crawford County, Pennsylvania">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cumberland County, Pennsylvania">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Dauphin County, Pennsylvania">Dauphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Elk County, Pennsylvania">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie County, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Fayette County, Pennsylvania">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Forest County, Pennsylvania">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Franklin County, Pennsylvania">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Fulton County, Pennsylvania">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Greene County, Pennsylvania">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania">Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Indiana County, Pennsylvania">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Jefferson County, Pennsylvania">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniata_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Juniata County, Pennsylvania">Juniata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lackawanna_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania">Lackawanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lawrence County, Pennsylvania">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon County, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lehigh County, Pennsylvania">Lehigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycoming_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lycoming County, Pennsylvania">Lycoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKean_County,_Pennsylvania" title="McKean County, Pennsylvania">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Mercer County, Pennsylvania">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifflin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Mifflin County, Pennsylvania">Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroe County, Pennsylvania">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montour_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montour County, Pennsylvania">Montour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northampton County, Pennsylvania">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northumberland County, Pennsylvania">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Perry County, Pennsylvania">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Pike County, Pennsylvania">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Potter County, Pennsylvania">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania">Schuylkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snyder_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Snyder County, Pennsylvania">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Sullivan County, Pennsylvania">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania">Susquehanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioga_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Tioga County, Pennsylvania">Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Union County, Pennsylvania">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venango_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Venango County, Pennsylvania">Venango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Warren County, Pennsylvania">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Washington County, Pennsylvania">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Wayne County, Pennsylvania">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Wyoming County, Pennsylvania">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_County,_Pennsylvania" title="York County, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template talk:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Great Lakes megalopolis</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">RPA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Lakes region cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area"> Buffalo–Niagara Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Detroit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Ports" title="Twin Ports">Duluth–Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie%E2%80%93Meadville,_PA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie–Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area">Erie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_metropolitan_area" title="Grand Rapids metropolitan area">Grand Rapids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_metropolitan_area" title="Green Bay metropolitan area">Green Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo%E2%80%93Portage_metropolitan_area" title="Kalamazoo–Portage metropolitan area">Kalamazoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing%E2%80%93East_Lansing_metropolitan_area" title="Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area">Lansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_metropolitan_area" title="Milwaukee metropolitan area">Milwaukee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Welland, Ontario">Welland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niles,_Michigan" title="Niles, Michigan">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_New_York" title="Rochester metropolitan area, New York">Rochester, New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend%E2%80%93Mishawaka_metropolitan_area" title="South Bend–Mishawaka metropolitan area">South Bend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area" title="Toledo metropolitan area">Toledo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_metropolitan_area" title="Traverse City metropolitan area">Traverse City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Waterloo Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario" title="Cambridge, Ontario">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/145px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/218px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/290px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="704" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surrounding cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Bloomington metropolitan area, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington%E2%80%93Normal" title="Bloomington–Normal">Bloomington–Normal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal,_Illinois" title="Normal, Illinois">Normal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Massillon,_Ohio,_metropolitan_area" title="Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area">Canton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana_metropolitan_area" title="Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area">Champaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area" title="Dayton metropolitan area">Dayton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire%E2%80%93Chippewa_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Eau Claire–Chippewa Falls metropolitan area">Eau Claire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana" title="Elkhart, Indiana">Elkhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansville_metropolitan_area" title="Evansville metropolitan area">Evansville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo%E2%80%93Moorhead" title="Fargo–Moorhead">Fargo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_IN_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Wayne, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area">Fort Wayne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Cities" title="Fox Cities">Fox Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_metropolitan_area" title="Indianapolis metropolitan area">Indianapolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin" title="Janesville, Wisconsin">Janesville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin">Beloit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley,_IL_MSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley, IL MSA">Kankakee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee,_Illinois" title="Kankakee, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse%E2%80%93Onalaska" title="La Crosse–Onalaska">La Crosse–Onalaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onalaska,_Wisconsin" title="Onalaska, Wisconsin">Onalaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Lafayette metropolitan area, Indiana">Lafayette</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_metropolitan_area" title="Madison metropolitan area">Madison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Mahoning Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Greater Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laval,_Quebec" title="Laval, Quebec">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longueuil" title="Longueuil">Longueuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Pittsburgh</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria metropolitan area, Illinois">Peoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Rockford metropolitan area, Illinois">Rockford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_Minnesota" title="Rochester metropolitan area, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec" title="Saguenay, Quebec">Saguenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota_metropolitan_area" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota metropolitan area">St. Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Midland,_and_Bay_City_metropolitan_area" title="Saginaw, Midland, and Bay City metropolitan area">Saginaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan" title="Saginaw, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux Falls metropolitan area">Sioux Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Illinois">Springfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_neighbourhoods_of_Sudbury" title="Urban neighbourhoods of Sudbury">urban neighbourhoods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_metropolitan_area" title="Syracuse metropolitan area">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute_metropolitan_area" title="Terre Haute metropolitan area">Terre Haute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica%E2%80%93Rome_metropolitan_area" title="Utica–Rome metropolitan area">Utica–Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa" title="Bettendorf, Iowa">Bettendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Moline,_Illinois" title="East Moline, Illinois">East Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_metropolitan_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City metropolitan community">Greater Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities of states south of region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_metropolitan_area" title="Elizabethtown metropolitan area">Elizabethtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky" title="Elizabethtown, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="Louisville metropolitan area">Louisville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_metropolitan_area,_Kansas" title="Topeka metropolitan area, Kansas">Topeka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_metropolitan_area" title="Wheeling metropolitan area">Wheeling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other metro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_and_Hamilton_Area" title="Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area">Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_East" title="Metro East">Metro East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Other megaregions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northeastern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northeast_US" title="Template:Northeast US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northeast_US" title="Template talk:Northeast US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northeastern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Culture" title="Northeastern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Geography" title="Northeastern United States">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Elections" title="Northeastern United States">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#History" title="Northeastern United States">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Maine" title="Augusta, Maine">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pennsylvania_county_seats" title="Template:Pennsylvania county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pennsylvania_county_seats" title="Template talk:Pennsylvania county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler, Pennsylvania">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester</a> (1682-1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Pennsylvania" title="Franklin, Pennsylvania">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_Haven,_Pennsylvania" title="Lock Haven, Pennsylvania">Lock Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadville,_Pennsylvania" title="Meadville, Pennsylvania">Meadville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania" title="New Castle, Pennsylvania">New Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Pottsville, Pennsylvania">Pottsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury,_Pennsylvania" title="Sunbury, Pennsylvania">Sunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniontown,_Pennsylvania" title="Uniontown, Pennsylvania">Uniontown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Pennsylvania" title="Warren, Pennsylvania">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania" title="Washington, Pennsylvania">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)" title="Borough (Pennsylvania)">Boroughs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver, Pennsylvania">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Pennsylvania" title="Bedford, Pennsylvania">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellefonte,_Pennsylvania" title="Bellefonte, Pennsylvania">Bellefonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookville,_Pennsylvania" title="Brookville, Pennsylvania">Brookville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Chambersburg, Pennsylvania">Chambersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarion,_Pennsylvania" title="Clarion, Pennsylvania">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearfield,_Pennsylvania" title="Clearfield, Pennsylvania">Clearfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coudersport,_Pennsylvania" title="Coudersport, Pennsylvania">Coudersport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Pennsylvania" title="Danville, Pennsylvania">Danville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doylestown,_Pennsylvania" title="Doylestown, Pennsylvania">Doylestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Ebensburg, Pennsylvania">Ebensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium,_Pennsylvania" title="Emporium, Pennsylvania">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollidaysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania">Hollidaysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesdale,_Pennsylvania" title="Honesdale, Pennsylvania">Honesdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon,_Pennsylvania" title="Huntingdon, Pennsylvania">Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana,_Pennsylvania" title="Indiana, Pennsylvania">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania" title="Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania">Jim Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittanning,_Pennsylvania" title="Kittanning, Pennsylvania">Kittanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laporte,_Pennsylvania" title="Laporte, Pennsylvania">Laporte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Lewisburg, Pennsylvania">Lewisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewistown,_Pennsylvania" title="Lewistown, Pennsylvania">Lewistown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McConnellsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania">McConnellsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media,_Pennsylvania" title="Media, Pennsylvania">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer,_Pennsylvania" title="Mercer, Pennsylvania">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Middleburg, Pennsylvania">Middleburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifflintown,_Pennsylvania" title="Mifflintown, Pennsylvania">Mifflintown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milford,_Pennsylvania" title="Milford, Pennsylvania">Milford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Pennsylvania" title="Montrose, Pennsylvania">Montrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bloomfield,_Pennsylvania" title="New Bloomfield, Pennsylvania">New Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norristown,_Pennsylvania" title="Norristown, Pennsylvania">Norristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgway,_Pennsylvania" title="Ridgway, Pennsylvania">Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smethport,_Pennsylvania" title="Smethport, Pennsylvania">Smethport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset,_Pennsylvania" title="Somerset, Pennsylvania">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroudsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania">Stroudsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tionesta,_Pennsylvania" title="Tionesta, Pennsylvania">Tionesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towanda,_Pennsylvania" title="Towanda, Pennsylvania">Towanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunkhannock,_Pennsylvania" title="Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania">Tunkhannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waynesburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Waynesburg, Pennsylvania">Waynesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellsboro,_Pennsylvania" title="Wellsboro, Pennsylvania">Wellsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="West Chester, Pennsylvania">West Chester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Town</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania">Bloomsburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Home_rule_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PA_Home_Rule_Municipality" title="Template:PA Home Rule Municipality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PA_Home_Rule_Municipality" title="Template talk:PA Home Rule Municipality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PA_Home_Rule_Municipality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PA Home Rule Municipality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Home_rule_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Home_rule_municipality_(Pennsylvania)" title="Home rule municipality (Pennsylvania)">Home rule municipalities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pennsylvania#City" title="Local government in Pennsylvania">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second Class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pittsburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second Class A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third Class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Falls,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania">Beaver Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbondale,_Pennsylvania" title="Carbondale, Pennsylvania">Carbondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairton,_Pennsylvania" title="Clairton, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Clairton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatesville,_Pennsylvania" title="Coatesville, Pennsylvania">Coatesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrell,_Pennsylvania" title="Farrell, Pennsylvania">Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Pennsylvania" title="Franklin, Pennsylvania">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage,_Pennsylvania" title="Hermitage, Pennsylvania">Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKeesport,_Pennsylvania" title="McKeesport, Pennsylvania">McKeesport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke,_Pennsylvania" title="Nanticoke, Pennsylvania">Nanticoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania" title="New Castle, Pennsylvania">New Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittston,_Pennsylvania" title="Pittston, Pennsylvania">Pittston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys,_Pennsylvania" title="St. Marys, Pennsylvania">St. Marys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Pennsylvania" title="Sharon, Pennsylvania">Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Pennsylvania" title="Warren, Pennsylvania">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)" title="Borough (Pennsylvania)">Boroughs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Pennsylvania" title="Bellevue, Pennsylvania">Bellevue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Park,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethel Park, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Bethel Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braddock,_Pennsylvania" title="Braddock, Pennsylvania">Braddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Woods,_Pennsylvania" title="Bradford Woods, Pennsylvania">Bradford Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Athyn,_Pennsylvania" title="Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania">Bryn Athyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Springs,_Pennsylvania" title="Cambridge Springs, Pennsylvania">Cambridge Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalfont,_Pennsylvania" title="Chalfont, Pennsylvania">Chalfont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinboro,_Pennsylvania" title="Edinboro, Pennsylvania">Edinboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Tree,_Pennsylvania" title="Green Tree, Pennsylvania">Green Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Pennsylvania" title="Greenville, Pennsylvania">Town of Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Pennsylvania" title="Kingston, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrobe,_Pennsylvania" title="Latrobe, Pennsylvania">City of Latrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanoy_City,_Pennsylvania" title="Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania">Mahanoy City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Pennsylvania" title="Malvern, Pennsylvania">Malvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroeville,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroeville, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Monroeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrysville,_Pennsylvania" title="Murrysville, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Murrysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norristown,_Pennsylvania" title="Norristown, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Norristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage,_Pennsylvania" title="Portage, Pennsylvania">Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania" title="State College, Pennsylvania">State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrone,_Pennsylvania" title="Tyrone, Pennsylvania">Tyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="West Chester, Pennsylvania">West Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Whitehall, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Youngsville, Pennsylvania">Youngsville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)" title="Township (Pennsylvania)">Townships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Haverford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless,_Pennsylvania" title="McCandless, Pennsylvania">Town of McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mt._Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Mt. Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Hara_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Hara Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Hills,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn Hills, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Penn Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Plymouth Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radnor_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Radnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Darby_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_St._Clair_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper St. Clair Township, Pennsylvania">Upper St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania">Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre_Township,_Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilkes-Barre Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second Class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Concord Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_Township,_Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Elk Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_Township,_Centre_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Ferguson Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Township,_Indiana_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Grant Township, Indiana County, Pennsylvania">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Hampton Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Township,_Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Hanover Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Township,_Elk_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Highland Township, Elk County, Pennsylvania">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Horsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Township,_Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Middletown Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Middletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Peters Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Pine Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Township,_Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Plymouth Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Richland Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towamencin_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Towamencin Township, Pennsylvania">Towamencin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tredyffrin_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Tredyffrin Township, Pennsylvania">Tredyffrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Providence_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Providence Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Upper Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Deer_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="West Deer Township, Pennsylvania">West Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitemarsh_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Whitemarsh Township, Pennsylvania">Whitemarsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USPopulousCities" title="Template talk:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">100 most populous cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="26"> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="51"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado" title="Aurora, Colorado">Aurora, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu, Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="76"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada" title="North Las Vegas, Nevada">North Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California" title="Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving,_Texas" title="Irving, Texas">Irving, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland,_Texas" title="Garland, Texas">Garland, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_St._Lucie,_Florida" title="Port St. Lucie, Florida">Port St. Lucie, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a></li> </ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Cities ranked by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> population estimates for July 1, 2022.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrtrM7HC7dMVtFfCgYfq">WorldCat</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pittsburgh, Pa."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4115567-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pittsburgh (Pa.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79054720">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pittsburgh (Pa.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35737145">Australia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pittsburgh (Pensylvánie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge192238&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pittsburgh"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5044829">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pittsburgh (Pa.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561808105171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pittsburgh"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/787abc26-28ce-44f8-a2d1-82d86b5d28a8">MusicBrainz area</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pittsburgh Pa."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1064356">Trove</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pittsburgh (Pa.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027485951">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pittsburgh (Pa.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046064">NARA</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&oldid=1255186535">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh&oldid=1255186535</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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