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searchaux" style="display:none">Mammalian protein found in humans</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">CYP2C19</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protein_CYP2C19_PDB_1r9o.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Protein_CYP2C19_PDB_1r9o.png/250px-Protein_CYP2C19_PDB_1r9o.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Protein_CYP2C19_PDB_1r9o.png/375px-Protein_CYP2C19_PDB_1r9o.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Protein_CYP2C19_PDB_1r9o.png/500px-Protein_CYP2C19_PDB_1r9o.png 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Human UniProt search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P33261">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P33261">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4GQS">4GQS</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/2621">CYP2C19</a></span>, CPCJ, CYP2C, CYPIIC17, CYPIIC19, P450C2C, P450IIC19, cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 19</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/124020">124020</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=133565">133565</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CYP2C19">CYP2C19</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000165841">CYP2C19 - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+1.14.14.51">1.14.14.51</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 10 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 10 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_10_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 10 (human)">Chromosome 10 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 10 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 10 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 203.02335878478px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CYP2C19"><img alt="Genomic location for CYP2C19" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 209px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CYP2C19"><img alt="Genomic location for CYP2C19" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">10q23.33</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">94,762,681 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">94,855,547 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000165841">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">liver</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">duodenum</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right lobe of liver</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gallbladder</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gastric mucosa</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">body of stomach</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">mucosa of transverse colon</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">vagina</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">fundus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">skin of abdomen</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px">n/a</ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000165841">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_CYP2C19_216058_s_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PBB_GE_CYP2C19_216058_s_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_CYP2C19_216058_s_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PBB_GE_CYP2C19_216058_s_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_CYP2C19_216058_s_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PBB_GE_CYP2C19_216058_s_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_CYP2C19_216058_s_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/1557/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005506">iron ion binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019825">oxygen binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008392">arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046872">metal ion binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004497">monooxygenase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008395">steroid hydroxylase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0020037">heme binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016705">oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019899">enzyme binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016491">oxidoreductase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016712">oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031090">organelle membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005789">endoplasmic reticulum membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020">membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043231">intracellular membrane-bounded organelle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005783">endoplasmic reticulum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737">cytoplasm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008202">steroid metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019373">epoxygenase P450 pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097267">omega-hydroxylase P450 pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046483">heterocycle metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016098">monoterpenoid metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006805">xenobiotic metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006082">organic acid metabolic process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=1557&rn=1">1557</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks">n/a</p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000165841;db=core">ENSG00000165841</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks">n/a</p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P33261">P33261</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks">n/a</p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000769">NM_000769</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks">n/a</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000760">NP_000760</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks">n/a</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr10:94762681-94855547">Chr 10: 94.76 – 94.86 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks">n/a</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks">n/a</span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14916187" class="extiw" title="d:Q14916187">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="0" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cytochrome P450 2C19</b> (abbreviated <b>CYP2C19</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> protein. It is a member of the CYP2C subfamily of the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> mixed-function oxidase system. This subfamily includes enzymes that catalyze metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Xenobiotic" title="Xenobiotic">xenobiotics</a>, including some <a href="/wiki/Proton_pump_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton pump inhibitor">proton pump inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiepileptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiepileptic">antiepileptic</a> drugs. In humans, it is the <i>CYP2C19</i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> that encodes the CYP2C19 protein.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2009263_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2009263-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8530044_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8530044-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CYP2C19 is a liver enzyme that acts on at least 10% of drugs in current clinical use,<sup id="cite_ref-NIHGHR_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIHGHR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most notably the antiplatelet treatment <a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">clopidogrel</a> (Plavix), drugs that treat pain associated with ulcers, such as <a href="/wiki/Omeprazole" title="Omeprazole">omeprazole</a>, antiseizure drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">mephenytoin</a>, the antimalarial <a href="/wiki/Proguanil" title="Proguanil">proguanil</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_Medical_Laboratories-2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Medical_Laboratories-2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CYP2C19 has been annotated as <a href="/wiki/(R)-limonene_6-monooxygenase" title="(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase">(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase</a> and <a href="/wiki/(S)-limonene_6-monooxygenase" title="(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase">(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase</a> in <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP2C19&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. Enzymes in the CYP2C subfamily, including CYP2C19, account for approximately 20% of cytochrome P450 in the adult liver.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14634042_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14634042-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These proteins are <a href="/wiki/Monooxygenase" title="Monooxygenase">monooxygenases</a> that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a> and is known to metabolize many drugs. <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a> within this gene is associated with variable ability to metabolize drugs. The gene is located within a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome no.10 arm q24.<sup id="cite_ref-enterz_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enterz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CYP2C19 also possesses <a href="/wiki/Epoxygenase" title="Epoxygenase">epoxygenase</a> activity: it is one of the principal enzymes responsible for attacking various long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids at their double (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkene</a>) bonds to form <a href="/wiki/Epoxide" title="Epoxide">epoxide</a> products that act as signaling agents. It metabolizes: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a> to various <a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">epoxyeicosatrienoic acids</a> (also termed EETs);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> to 9,10-epoxy octadecenoic acids (also termed <a href="/wiki/Vernolic_acid" title="Vernolic acid">vernolic acid</a>, linoleic acid 9:10-oxide, or leukotoxin) and 12,13-epoxy-octadecenoic (also termed <a href="/wiki/Coronaric_acid" title="Coronaric acid">coronaric acid</a>, linoleic acid 12,13-oxide, or <a href="/wiki/Isoleukotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoleukotoxin">isoleukotoxin</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoic acid</a> to various <a href="/wiki/Epoxydocosapentaenoic_acid" title="Epoxydocosapentaenoic acid">epoxydocosapentaenoic acids</a> (also termed EDPs); and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">eicosapentaenoic acid</a> to various <a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid">epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids</a> (also termed EEQs).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25244930_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25244930-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25240260_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25240260-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24634501_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24634501-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Along with CYP2C19, <a href="/wiki/CYP2C8" title="CYP2C8">CYP2C8</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2J2" title="CYP2J2">CYP2J2</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/CYP2S1" title="CYP2S1">CYP2S1</a> are the main producers of EETs and, very likely EEQs, EDPs, and the epoxides of linoleic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25240260_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25240260-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25093613_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25093613-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP2C19&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pharmacogenomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a> is a study that analyzes how an individual's genetic makeup affects the response to drugs of this individual. There are many common genetic variations that affect the expression of the <i>CYP2C19 gene</i>, which in turn influences the enzyme activity in the metabolic pathways of those drugs in which this enzyme is involved. </p><p>The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) provides therapeutic guidelines that are widely utilized to suggest suitable treatment plans. These recommendations are particularly relevant for patients requiring antiplatelet medication and are based on the results of genotype testing. A key aspect of these CPIC guidelines is the translation of genotype to phenotype, a process that relies on the "star" nomenclature system<sup id="cite_ref-pmid38420192_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid38420192-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintained by the Pharmacogene Variation Consortium<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34091888_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34091888-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assigns labels to known polymorphisms that affect drug response. A label consists of a star (asterisk) character (*) followed by a number. The most common variant (also called wild type) has "CYP2C19*1" label. The variant genotypes of CYP2C19*2 (NM_000769.2:c.681GA; p.Pro227Pro; rs4244285), CYP2C19*3 (NM_000769.2:c.636G>A; p.Trp212Ter; rs4986893) and CYP2C19*17 (NM_000769.2:c.-806C>T; rs12248560)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29474986_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29474986-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are major factors attributed to interindividual differences in the pharmacokinetics and response to CYP2C19 substrates. </p><p>CYP2C19*2 and *3 (<a href="/wiki/Loss-of-function_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss-of-function mutation">loss-of-function alleles</a>) are associated with diminished enzyme activity,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9732415_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9732415-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16141610_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16141610-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas CYP2C19*17 (<a href="/wiki/Gain-of-function_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gain-of-function mutation">gain-of-function allele</a>) results in increased activity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16413245_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16413245-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Working Group of the Association for Molecular Pathology Clinical Practice Committee recommended these three variant alleles to be included in the minimal clinical pharmacogenomic testing panel, called <i>tier 1</i>. The extended panel of variant alleles, called <i>tier 2</i>, additionally includes the following CYP2C19 alleles: *4.001 (*4A), *4.002 (*4B), *5, *6, *7, *8, *9, *10, and *35, all of them associated with diminished enzyme activity. Although these tier 2 alleles are included in many platforms, they were not included in the tier 1 recommendations because of low minor allele frequency (which can increase false-positive occurrences), less well-characterized impact on CYP2C19 function, or a lack of reference materials. In partnership with the clinical testing community, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the Genetic Testing Reference Material Program to meet the need for publicly available characterized reference materials. Its goal is to improve the supply of publicly available and well-characterized genomic DNA used as reference materials for proficiency testing, quality control, test development/validation, and research studies.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29474986_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29474986-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The allele frequencies of CYP2C19*2 and *3 are significantly higher in Chinese populations than in European or African populations,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10971203_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10971203-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are found at approximately 3–5% of <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">European</a> and 15–20% of <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> populations.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8521680_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8521680-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12222994_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12222994-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Arab population, the frequency of CYP2C19 genotypes including *1/*17, *1/*2, *2/*2, *3/*3, and *1/*3 were 20.2%, 16.7%, 6.1%, 5.45%, 0.7%, and 0.35%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33976007_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33976007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study of 2.29 million direct-to-consumer genetics research participants, the overall frequencies of *2, *3, and *17 were 15.2%, 0.3%, and 20.4%, respectively, but varied by ethnicity. The most common variant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplotype&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplotype (page does not exist)">diplotypes</a> were *1/*17 at 26% and *1/*2 at 19.4%. The less common *2/*17, *17/*17 and *2/*2 genotypes occurred at 6.0%, 4.4%, and 2.5%, respectively. Overall, 58.3% of participants had at least one increased-function or no-function CYP2C19 allele.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32506666_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32506666-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CYP2C19 is involved in processing or metabolizing at least 10% of commonly prescribed drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Genetics_Home_Reference_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genetics_Home_Reference-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations to the enzyme can have a wide range of impacts to drug metabolism. In patients with an abnormal CYP2C19 variant certain <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> should be avoided, such as diazepam (Valium), <a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a> (Ativan), <a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">oxazepam</a> (Serax), and <a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">temazepam</a> (Restoril).<sup id="cite_ref-Forest-2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest-2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other categories of drugs impacted by modified CYP2C19 include <a href="/wiki/Proton_pump_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton pump inhibitor">proton pump inhibitors</a>, anticonvulsants, hypnotics, sedatives, antimalarial drugs, and antiretroviral drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Genetics_Home_Reference_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genetics_Home_Reference-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the basis of their ability to metabolize (S)-mephenytoin or other CYP2C19 substrates, individuals can be classified as ultrarapid metabolizers (UM), extensive metabolizers (EM) or poor metabolizers (PM).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12222994_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12222994-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20233192_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20233192-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of proton pump inhibitors, PMs exhibit a drug exposure that is 3 to 13 times higher than that of EMs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15245569_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15245569-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loss-of-function alleles, CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 (and others, which are the subject of ongoing research) predict PMs,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12222994_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12222994-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the gain-of-function CYP2C19*17 allele predicts UMs.<sup id="cite_ref-Genetics_Home_Reference_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genetics_Home_Reference-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the amount of CYP2C19 enzyme produced by the *17 allele is greater than of the *1 allele,<sup id="cite_ref-Oup_USA-2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oup_USA-2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether the carriers of the *17 allele experience any significant difference in response to drugs compared to the wild-type, is a topic of ongoing research, studies show varying results.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20233192_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20233192-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid32509985_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32509985-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have found that the *17 variant's effect on the metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Omeprazole" title="Omeprazole">omeprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantoprazole" title="Pantoprazole">pantoprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voriconazole" title="Voriconazole">voriconazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">clopidogrel</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20233192_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20233192-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid32897581_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32897581-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is modest, particularly compared to the impact of loss-of-function alleles (*2, *3), therefore, in case of these medications, the EM designation is sometimes applied instead of the UM one.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20233192_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20233192-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, carriers of the *17 allele did not demonstrate different gastric pH comparing to *1 after taking the proton pump inhibitor <a href="/wiki/Omeprazole" title="Omeprazole">omeprazole</a>, a CYP2C19 substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20233192_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20233192-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies concluded that the *17 allele seems to be the factor responsible for lower response to some drugs, even at higher doses, for example, to escitalopram for symptom remission in major depressive disorder patients.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32509985_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32509985-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CYP2C19*17 carrier status is significantly associated with enhanced response to clopidogrel and an increased risk of bleeding; the highest risk was observed for CYP2C19*17 homozygous patients.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20083681_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20083681-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22123356_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22123356-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study found that escitalopram serum concentration was 42% lower in patients homozygous for CYP2C19*17.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17625515_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17625515-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important limitation of all these studies is the single-gene analysis, since most drugs that are metabolized by CYP2C19 are also metabolized by <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> and <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a> enzymes. Besides that, other genes are involved in drug response, for example, escitalopram is transported by <a href="/wiki/P-glycoprotein" title="P-glycoprotein">P-glycoprotein</a>, encoded by the <i><a href="/wiki/ABCB1" class="mw-redirect" title="ABCB1">ABCB1</a></i> gene. In order for the studies on CYP2C19*17 to be conclusive, the differences in other genes that affect drug response have to be excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32509985_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32509985-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of the CYP2C19*17 variant is less than 5% in Asian populations and is approximately four times higher in European and African populations.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20233192_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20233192-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alleles CYP2C19*2<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33414804_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33414804-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and *3 may reduce the efficacy of clopidogrel (Plavix), an antiplatelet medication. The basis for this reduced effect of clopidogrel in patients who have a gene of reduced activity may seem somewhat paradoxical, but can be understood as follows. Clopidogrel is administered as a "prodrug", a drug that is inactive when taken, and then depends on the action of an enzyme in the body to be activated. In patients with a gene of reduced activity, clopidogrel may not be metabolized to its biologically active form and therefore not achieve pharmacological effect in the body. The relative risk of major cardiac events among patients treated with clopidogrel is 1.53 to 3.69 times higher for carriers of CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 compared with non-carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20979470_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20979470-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis also confirmed that the CYP2C19*2 variant has a strong association with clopidogrel resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33414804_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33414804-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 a higher risk of stroke at 90 days was found with clopidogrel than <a href="/wiki/Ticagrelor" title="Ticagrelor">ticagrelor</a>, which does not require metabolic conversion, among Han Chinese CYP2C19 loss-of-function carriers with minor ischemic stroke or TIA.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34708996_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34708996-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligands">Ligands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP2C19&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ligands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a table of selected <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_substrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme substrate">substrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_induction_and_inhibition" title="Enzyme induction and inhibition">inducers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_induction_and_inhibition" title="Enzyme induction and inhibition">inhibitors</a> of CYP2C19. Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class. </p><p>Inhibitors of CYP2C19 can be classified by their <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potency</a>, such as: </p> <ul><li><b>Strong</b> being one that causes at least a 5-fold increase in the plasma <a href="/wiki/Area_under_the_curve_(pharmacokinetics)" title="Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)">AUC values</a>, or more than 80% decrease in <a href="/wiki/Clearance_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearance (medicine)">clearance</a> of substrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Moderate</b> being one that causes at least a 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 50–80% decrease in clearance of substrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Weak</b> being one that causes at least a 1.25-fold but less than 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 20–50% decrease in clearance of substrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%"> <caption>Selected inducers, inhibitors, and substrates of CYP2C19 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%">Substrates </th> <th style="width:33%">Inhibitors </th> <th style="width:33%">Inducers </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:33%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">antidepressants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">TCAs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSRIs" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRIs">SSRIs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">citalopram</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20233192_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20233192-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moclobemide" title="Moclobemide">moclobemide</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">bupropion</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25187485_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25187485-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiepileptics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiepileptics">antiepileptics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">mephenytoin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">nordazepam</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">primidone</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexobarbital" title="Hexobarbital">hexobarbital</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">methylphenobarbital</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_pump_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton pump inhibitors">proton pump inhibitors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lansoprazole" title="Lansoprazole">lansoprazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omeprazole" title="Omeprazole">omeprazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantoprazole" title="Pantoprazole">pantoprazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabeprazole" title="Rabeprazole">rabeprazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esomeprazole" title="Esomeprazole">esomeprazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">clopidogrel</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">antiplatelet drug</a>), a prodrug inactive <em>unless</em> converted into the active form by CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP1A2, and CYP2B6 enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proguanil" title="Proguanil">proguanil</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Prophylactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylactic">prophylactic</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimalarial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimalarial">antimalarial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blocker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">limonene</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11950794_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11950794-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Monoterpene" title="Monoterpene">monoterpene</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliclazide" title="Gliclazide">gliclazide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfonylurea" title="Sulfonylurea">sulfonylurea</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17298483_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17298483-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18204476_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18204476-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">carisoprodol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloramphenicol" title="Chloramphenicol">chloramphenicol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Bacteriostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriostatic">bacteriostatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">cyclophosphamide</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">alkylating antineoplastic agent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomethacin" class="mw-redirect" title="Indomethacin">indomethacin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/NSAID" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAID">NSAID</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelfinavir" title="Nelfinavir">nelfinavir</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral">antiretroviral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">nilutamide</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniposide" title="Teniposide">teniposide</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Chemotherapeutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemotherapeutic">chemotherapeutic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voriconazole" title="Voriconazole">voriconazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20233192_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20233192-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">antifungal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20233192_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20233192-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">selective estrogen receptor modulator</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavacamten" title="Mavacamten">mavacamten</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid38343077_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid38343077-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy inhibitor)</li></ul> </td> <td style="width:33%"> <dl><dt>Strong</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">fluconazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-FDA-2021_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-2021-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">antifungal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticlopidine" title="Ticlopidine">ticlopidine</a><sup id="cite_ref-FDA-2021_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-2021-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiplatelet">antiplatelet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moclobemide" title="Moclobemide">moclobemide</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">fluvoxamine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/SSRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRI">SSRI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloramphenicol" title="Chloramphenicol">chloramphenicol</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14576103_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14576103-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Bacteriostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriostatic">bacteriostatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24569517_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24569517-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/SSRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRI">SSRI</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Moderate</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">felbamate</a><sup id="cite_ref-FDA-2021_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-2021-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perucca-2002_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perucca-2002-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Weak</dt></dl> <ul><li>Several <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">topiramate</a><sup id="cite_ref-Perucca-2002_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perucca-2002-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omeprazole" title="Omeprazole">omeprazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-FDA-2021_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-2021-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Proton_pump_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton pump inhibitor">proton pump inhibitor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voriconazole" title="Voriconazole">voriconazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-FDA-2021_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-2021-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">antifungal</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Unspecified potency</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_pump_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton pump inhibitor">proton pump inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansoprazole" title="Lansoprazole">lansoprazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantoprazole" title="Pantoprazole">pantoprazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabeprazole" title="Rabeprazole">rabeprazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esomeprazole" title="Esomeprazole">esomeprazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24887634_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24887634-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">cimetidine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/H2-receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2-receptor antagonist">H2-receptor antagonist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomethacin" class="mw-redirect" title="Indomethacin">indomethacin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/NSAID" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAID">NSAID</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">ketoconazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Antifungal_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal medication">antifungal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">modafinil</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Eugeroic" title="Eugeroic">eugeroic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">probenecid</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Uricosuric" title="Uricosuric">uricosuric</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoniazid" title="Isoniazid">isoniazid</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11868802_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11868802-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a>)</li></ul> </td> <td style="width:33%"> <dl><dt>Unspecified potency</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rifampicin" title="Rifampicin">rifampicin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Bactericidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactericidal">bactericidal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin">artemisinin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sjoqvist_39-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoqvist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood stabilizing">mood stabilizing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart-2007_38-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> in low doses (89 mg)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12621391_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12621391-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP2C19&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_oxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytochrome P450 oxidase">Cytochrome P450 oxidase</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP2C19&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000165841">GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000165841</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Pharmacology+and+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Isozyme-specific+induction+of+low-dose+aspirin+on+cytochrome+P450+in+healthy+subjects&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=264-271&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24772442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12621391&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1067%2Fmcp.2003.14&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=XP&rft.au=Tan%2C+ZR&rft.au=Huang%2C+SL&rft.au=Huang%2C+Z&rft.au=Ou-Yang%2C+DS&rft.au=Zhou%2C+HH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACYP2C19" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP2C19&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022133948/http://www.pharmgkb.org/search/annotatedGene/cyp2c19/index.jsp">PharmGKB: Annotated PGx Gene Information for CYP2C19</a></li> <li>Human <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&singleSearch=knownCanonical&position=CYP2C19"><i>CYP2C19</i></a> genome location and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?db=hg38&hgg_type=knownGene&hgg_gene=CYP2C19"><i>CYP2C19</i></a> gene details page in the <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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Structure of P4502C9 with Flurbiprofen bound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/PDB_1r9o_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1r9o_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/PDB_1r9o_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1r9o_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/PDB_1r9o_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1r9o_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1r9o</b>: Crystal Structure of P4502C9 with Flurbiprofen bound</div> </li> </ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cytochromes,_oxygenases:_cytochrome_P450_(Most_belong_to_EC_1.14)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cytochrome_P450" title="Template:Cytochrome P450"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cytochrome_P450" title="Template talk:Cytochrome P450"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cytochrome_P450" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cytochrome P450"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cytochromes,_oxygenases:_cytochrome_P450_(Most_belong_to_EC_1.14)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">Cytochromes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygenase" title="Oxygenase">oxygenases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> (Most belong to <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> 1.14)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP1A1" title="CYP1A1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP1A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CYP1A5 (page does not exist)">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP1B1" title="CYP1B1">B1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP2A6" title="CYP2A6">A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2A7" title="CYP2A7">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2A13" title="CYP2A13">A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2B6" title="CYP2B6">B6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2C8" title="CYP2C8">C8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">C9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2C18" title="CYP2C18">C18</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">D6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2E1" title="CYP2E1">E1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2F1" title="CYP2F1">F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2J2" title="CYP2J2">J2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2R1" title="CYP2R1">R1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2S1" title="CYP2S1">S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2U1" title="CYP2U1">U1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2W1" title="CYP2W1">W1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP3 (<a href="/wiki/CYP3A" title="CYP3A">CYP3A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP3A5" title="CYP3A5">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP3A7" title="CYP3A7">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP3A37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CYP3A37 (page does not exist)">A37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP3A43" title="CYP3A43">A43</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP4A11" title="CYP4A11">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4A22" title="CYP4A22">A22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4B1" title="CYP4B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4F2" title="CYP4F2">F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4F3" title="CYP4F3">F3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4F8" title="CYP4F8">F8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4F11" title="CYP4F11">F11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4F12" title="CYP4F12">F12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4F22" title="CYP4F22">F22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4V2" title="CYP4V2">V2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4X1" title="CYP4X1">X1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4Z1" title="CYP4Z1">Z1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP5-20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CYP5</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thromboxane-A_synthase" title="Thromboxane-A synthase">A1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP6_family" title="CYP6 family">CYP6</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP6G1" title="CYP6G1">G1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP6M2" title="CYP6M2">M2</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP7</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_7_alpha-hydroxylase" title="Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP7B1" title="CYP7B1">B1</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP8</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP8A1" class="mw-redirect" title="CYP8A1">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP8B1" title="CYP8B1">B1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP9_family" title="CYP9 family">CYP9</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP10_family" title="CYP10 family">CYP10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP11_family" title="CYP11 family">CYP11</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" title="Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP11A2" title="CYP11A2">A2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steroid_11-beta-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase">B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone_synthase" title="Aldosterone synthase">B2</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP11B3" title="CYP11B3">B3</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP11C1" title="CYP11C1">C1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP12_family" title="CYP12 family">CYP12</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP13_family" title="CYP13 family">CYP13</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP14_family" title="CYP14 family">CYP14</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP15_family" title="CYP15 family">CYP15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP16_family" title="CYP16 family">CYP16</a></i></li> <li><i>CYP17</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">A1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP18_family" title="CYP18 family">CYP18</a></i></li> <li><i>CYP19</i> (<a href="/wiki/Aromatase" title="Aromatase">A1</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP20</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP20A1" title="CYP20A1">A1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP21-49</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CYP21</i> (<a href="/wiki/21-Hydroxylase" title="21-Hydroxylase">A2</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP22</i> (<a href="/wiki/Daf-9" title="Daf-9">A1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP23_family" title="CYP23 family">CYP23</a></i></li> <li><i>CYP24</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP24A1" title="CYP24A1">A1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP25_family" title="CYP25 family">CYP25</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP26_family" title="CYP26 family">CYP26</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP26A1" title="CYP26A1">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP26B1" title="CYP26B1">B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP26C1" title="CYP26C1">C1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP27_family" title="CYP27 family">CYP27</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP27A1" title="CYP27A1">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/25-Hydroxyvitamin_D3_1-alpha-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase">B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP27C1" title="CYP27C1">C1</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP28</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP28A1" title="CYP28A1">A1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP29_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CYP29 family (page does not exist)">CYP29</a></i></li> <li><i>CYP35</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP35B1" title="CYP35B1">B1</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP39</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP39A1" title="CYP39A1">A1</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP46</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP46A1" class="mw-redirect" title="CYP46A1">A1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP51-69</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sterol_14-demethylase" title="Sterol 14-demethylase">CYP51</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Lanosterol_14_alpha-demethylase" title="Lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERG11" title="ERG11">F1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP52_family" title="CYP52 family">CYP52</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP53_family" title="CYP53 family">CYP53</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoate_4-monooxygenase" title="Benzoate 4-monooxygenase">A1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP55_family" title="CYP55 family">CYP55</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_reductase_(NAD(P),_nitrous_oxide-forming)" title="Nitric oxide reductase (NAD(P), nitrous oxide-forming)">A1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CYP56</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP56A1" title="CYP56A1">A1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ERG5" title="ERG5">CYP61</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP71-99</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CYP71</i> (<a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyindolin-2-one_monooxygenase" title="3-hydroxyindolin-2-one monooxygenase">C1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indolin-2-one_monooxygenase" title="Indolin-2-one monooxygenase">C2</a>, <a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one_monooxygenase" title="2-Hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one monooxygenase">C3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indole-2-monooxygenase" title="Indole-2-monooxygenase">C4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ent-isokaurene_C2-hydroxylase" title="Ent-isokaurene C2-hydroxylase">Z6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelicin_synthase" title="Angelicin synthase">AJ4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorpha-4,11-diene_12-monooxygenase" title="Amorpha-4,11-diene 12-monooxygenase">AV1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-humulene_10-hydroxylase" title="Alpha-humulene 10-hydroxylase">BA1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secologanin_synthase" title="Secologanin synthase">CYP72A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trans-cinnamate_4-monooxygenase" title="Trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase">CYP73A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP74_family" title="CYP74 family">CYP74</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Colneleate_synthase" title="Colneleate synthase">D1</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP75</i> (<a href="/wiki/Flavonoid_3%27,5%27-hydroxylase" title="Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid_3%27-monooxygenase" title="Flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase">B1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP76_family" title="CYP76 family">CYP76</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Geraniol_8-hydroxylase" title="Geraniol 8-hydroxylase">B6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ent-cassa-12,15-diene_11-hydroxylase" title="Ent-cassa-12,15-diene 11-hydroxylase">M7</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP79</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_N-monooxygenase" title="Tyrosine N-monooxygenase">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_N-monooxygenase" title="Phenylalanine N-monooxygenase">A2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_N-monooxygenase" title="Tryptophan N-monooxygenase">B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_N-monooxygenase" title="Tryptophan N-monooxygenase">B2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_N-monooxygenase" title="Tryptophan N-monooxygenase">B3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valine_N-monooxygenase" title="Valine N-monooxygenase">D1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valine_N-monooxygenase" title="Valine N-monooxygenase">D2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoleucine_N-monooxygenase" title="Isoleucine N-monooxygenase">D3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoleucine_N-monooxygenase" title="Isoleucine N-monooxygenase">D4</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP80</i> (<a href="/wiki/Berbamunine_synthase" title="Berbamunine synthase">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-methylcoclaurine_3%27-monooxygenase" title="N-methylcoclaurine 3'-monooxygenase">B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/(S)-corytuberine_synthase" title="(S)-corytuberine synthase">G2</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP81</i> (<a href="/wiki/Isoflavone_2%27-hydroxylase" title="Isoflavone 2'-hydroxylase">E1</a>, <a href="/wiki/4%27-methoxyisoflavone_2%27-hydroxylase" title="4'-methoxyisoflavone 2'-hydroxylase">E3</a>, <a href="/wiki/4%27-methoxyisoflavone_2%27-hydroxylase" title="4'-methoxyisoflavone 2'-hydroxylase">E7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoflavone_3%27-hydroxylase" title="Isoflavone 3'-hydroxylase">E9</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beta-amyrin_11-oxidase" title="Beta-amyrin 11-oxidase">CYP88D6</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/3-Epi-6-deoxocathasterone_23-monooxygenase" title="3-Epi-6-deoxocathasterone 23-monooxygenase">CYP90C1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beta-amyrin_24-hydroxylase" title="Beta-amyrin 24-hydroxylase">CYP93E1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carotene_epsilon-monooxygenase" title="Carotene epsilon-monooxygenase">CYP97C1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/9beta-pimara-7,15-diene_oxidase" title="9beta-pimara-7,15-diene oxidase">CYP99A3</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP101-281</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camphor_5-monooxygenase" title="Camphor 5-monooxygenase">CYP101A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_BM3" title="Cytochrome P450 BM3">CYP102A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP105_family" title="CYP105 family">CYP105</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D3_dihydroxylase" title="Vitamin D3 dihydroxylase">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentalenic_acid_synthase" title="Pentalenic acid synthase">D7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steroid_15beta-monooxygenase" title="Steroid 15beta-monooxygenase">CYP106A2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP107_family" title="CYP107 family">CYP107</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_eryF" title="Cytochrome P450 eryF">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP107G1" title="CYP107G1">G1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP109_family" title="CYP109 family">CYP109</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP109B1" title="CYP109B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP109E1" title="CYP109E1">E1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linalool_8-monooxygenase" title="Linalool 8-monooxygenase">CYP111</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin_12_hydroxylase" title="Erythromycin 12 hydroxylase">CYP113A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP119A1" title="CYP119A1">CYP119A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP123_family" title="CYP123 family">CYP123</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholest-4-en-3-one_26-monooxygenase" title="Cholest-4-en-3-one 26-monooxygenase">CYP125A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP139_family" title="CYP139 family">CYP139</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP147_family" title="CYP147 family">CYP147</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fatty-acid_peroxygenase" title="Fatty-acid peroxygenase">CYP152</a></i> <ul><li>A1</li> <li>B1</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP154C3" title="CYP154C3">CYP154C3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biflaviolin_synthase" title="Biflaviolin synthase">CYP158A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentalenolactone_synthase" title="Pentalenolactone synthase">CYP161C</a></i></li> <li><i>CYP170</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epi-isozizaene_5-monooxygenase" title="Epi-isozizaene 5-monooxygenase">A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP170B1" title="CYP170B1">B1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1,8-Cineole_2-endo-monooxygenase" title="1,8-Cineole 2-endo-monooxygenase">CYP176A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentalenene_oxygenase" title="Pentalenene oxygenase">CYP183A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP197_family" title="CYP197 family">CYP197</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/4-methoxybenzoate_monooxygenase_(O-demethylating)" title="4-methoxybenzoate monooxygenase (O-demethylating)">CYP199A2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_aromatic_O-demethylase" title="Cytochrome P450 aromatic O-demethylase">CYP255A</a> </i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP301-499</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP303A1" title="CYP303A1">CYP303A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP305_family" title="CYP305 family">CYP305</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP305M2" title="CYP305M2">M2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_genes" title="Halloween genes">Halloween genes</a> ( <i>CYP302A1</i>, <i>CYP306A1</i>, <i>CYP307A1</i>, <i>CYP307A2</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ecdysone_20-monooxygenase" title="Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase">CYP314A1</a></i>, <i>CYP315A1</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP318A1" title="CYP318A1">CYP318A1</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP501-699</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ent-kaurene_oxidase" title="Ent-kaurene oxidase">CYP503</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyphenylacetate_6-hydroxylase" title="3-hydroxyphenylacetate 6-hydroxylase">CYP504B1</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP701-999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP704B22" class="mw-redirect" title="CYP704B22">CYP704B22</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP710_family" title="CYP710 family">CYP710</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abietadienol_hydroxylase" title="Abietadienol hydroxylase">CYP720A1</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enzymes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzymes" title="Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Enzymes" title="Template talk:Enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enzymes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">Active site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_site" title="Binding site">Binding site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_triad" title="Catalytic triad">Catalytic triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion_hole" title="Oxyanion hole">Oxyanion hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_promiscuity" title="Enzyme promiscuity">Enzyme promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion-limited_enzyme" title="Diffusion-limited enzyme">Diffusion-limited enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">Enzyme catalysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">Allosteric regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperativity" title="Cooperativity">Cooperativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activator" title="Enzyme activator">Enzyme activator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_superfamily" title="Protein superfamily">Enzyme superfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_family" title="Protein family">Enzyme family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enzymes" title="List of enzymes">List of enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics" title="Enzyme kinetics">Enzyme kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadie%E2%80%93Hofstee_diagram" title="Eadie–Hofstee diagram">Eadie–Hofstee diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanes%E2%80%93Woolf_plot" title="Hanes–Woolf plot">Hanes–Woolf plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineweaver%E2%80%93Burk_plot" title="Lineweaver–Burk plot">Lineweaver–Burk plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics" title="Michaelis–Menten kinetics">Michaelis–Menten kinetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>EC1 <a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">Oxidoreductases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC2 <a href="/wiki/Transferase" title="Transferase">Transferases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 2)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC3 <a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">Hydrolases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC4 <a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">Lyases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 4)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC5 <a href="/wiki/Isomerase" title="Isomerase">Isomerases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 5)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC6 <a href="/wiki/Ligase" title="Ligase">Ligases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 6)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC7 <a href="/wiki/Translocase" title="Translocase">Translocases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 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