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id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variable_sweep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable_sweep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Variable sweep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable_sweep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wing_controlled_aerodyne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wing_controlled_aerodyne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Wing controlled aerodyne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wing_controlled_aerodyne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asymmetric_sweep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asymmetric_sweep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Asymmetric sweep</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obsolescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Obsolescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsolescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_variable-sweep_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_variable-sweep_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of variable-sweep aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_variable-sweep_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" 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table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Variable-sweep wing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="جناح متعدد الأوضاع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جناح متعدد الأوضاع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_de_geometria_variable" title="Ala de geometria variable – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ala de geometria variable" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bniteln%C3%A1_geometrie_k%C5%99%C3%ADdla" title="Měnitelná geometrie křídla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měnitelná geometrie křídla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variabel_pilgeometri" title="Variabel pilgeometri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Variabel pilgeometri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwenkfl%C3%BCgel" title="Schwenkflügel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwenkflügel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_de_geometr%C3%ADa_variable" title="Ala de geometría variable – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ala de geometría variable" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="بال متحرک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بال متحرک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voilure_%C3%A0_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie_variable" title="Voilure à géométrie variable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voilure à géométrie variable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%B3%80%EC%9D%B5" title="가변익 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가변익" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promjenjiva_geometrija_krila" title="Promjenjiva geometrija krila – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Promjenjiva geometrija krila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayap_sapuan_variabel" title="Sayap sapuan variabel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sayap sapuan variabel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_a_geometria_variabile" title="Ala a geometria variabile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ala a geometria variabile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%94" title="כנף בעלת גאומטריה משתנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כנף בעלת גאומטריה משתנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ltoztathat%C3%B3_nyilaz%C3%A1s%C3%BA_sz%C3%A1rny" title="Változtatható nyilazású szárny – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Változtatható nyilazású szárny" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwenkvleugel" title="Zwenkvleugel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwenkvleugel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%89%E7%BF%BC" title="可変翼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="可変翼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrzyd%C5%82o_o_zmiennej_geometrii" title="Skrzydło o zmiennej geometrii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skrzydło o zmiennej geometrii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%A3o_de_geometria_vari%C3%A1vel" title="Avião de geometria variável – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Avião de geometria variável" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Крыло изменяемой стреловидности – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крыло изменяемой стреловидности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibljivo_krilo" title="Gibljivo krilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gibljivo krilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuttuvageometrinen_siipi" title="Muuttuvageometrinen siipi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muuttuvageometrinen siipi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Крило змінної стрілоподібності – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крило змінної стрілоподібності" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_bay_c%C3%A1nh_c%E1%BB%A5p_c%C3%A1nh_x%C3%B2e" title="Máy bay cánh cụp cánh xòe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy bay cánh cụp cánh xòe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AE%8A%E5%BE%8C%E6%8E%A0%E7%BF%BC" title="可變後掠翼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="可變後掠翼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q838974#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Airplane wings capable of changing position to alter their geometry</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Swing wing" redirects here. For the toy, see <a href="/wiki/Swing_Wing_(toy)" title="Swing Wing (toy)">Swing Wing (toy)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Variable fighter" redirects here. For the fictional mecha, see <a href="/wiki/VF-1_Valkyrie" title="VF-1 Valkyrie">VF-1 Valkyrie</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dassault_Mirage_G8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dassault_Mirage_G8.jpg/220px-Dassault_Mirage_G8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dassault_Mirage_G8.jpg/330px-Dassault_Mirage_G8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dassault_Mirage_G8.jpg/440px-Dassault_Mirage_G8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_G" title="Dassault Mirage G">Dassault Mirage G</a> prototypes, the upper one with wings swept</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grumman_F-14_Tomcat_SDASM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat_SDASM.jpg/220px-Grumman_F-14_Tomcat_SDASM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat_SDASM.jpg/330px-Grumman_F-14_Tomcat_SDASM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat_SDASM.jpg/440px-Grumman_F-14_Tomcat_SDASM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">Grumman F-14 Tomcat</a> testing an unusual asymmetric wing configuration, a possible in-flight failure case, showing one wing at minimum sweep and one at maximum sweep</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>variable-sweep wing</b>, colloquially known as a "<b>swing wing</b>", is an <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wing</a>, or set of wings, that may be modified during flight, swept back and then returned to its previous straight position. Because it allows the aircraft's shape to be changed, it is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration#Variable_geometry" title="Wing configuration">variable-geometry</a> aircraft. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Straight_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight wing">straight wing</a> is most efficient for low-speed flight, but for an aircraft designed for <a href="/wiki/Transonic" title="Transonic">transonic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_speed" title="Supersonic speed">supersonic</a> flight it is essential that the wing be swept. Most aircraft that travel at those speeds usually have wings (either <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept wing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta wing</a>) with a fixed sweep angle. These are simple and efficient wing designs for high speed flight, but there are performance tradeoffs. One is that the stalling speed is increased, necessitating long runways (unless complex high-lift wing devices are built in). Another is that the aircraft's fuel consumption during subsonic cruise is higher than that of an unswept wing. These tradeoffs are particularly acute for naval <a href="/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft" title="Carrier-based aircraft">carrier-based aircraft</a>. A variable-sweep wing allows the pilot to use the optimum sweep angle for the aircraft's speed at the moment, whether slow or fast. The more efficient sweep angles available offset the weight and volume penalties imposed by the wing's mechanical sweep mechanisms. Its greater complexity and cost make it practical mostly for <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a>. </p><p>A number of aircraft, both experimental and production, were introduced between the 1940s and the 1970s. The majority of production aircraft to be furnished with variable-sweep wings have been strike-oriented aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-27" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-27">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-27</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M" title="Tupolev Tu-22M">Tupolev Tu-22M</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a>. The configuration was also used for a few fighter/<a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor aircraft</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">Grumman F-14 Tomcat</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_ADV" title="Panavia Tornado ADV">Panavia Tornado ADV</a>. From the 1980s onwards, the development of such aircraft were curtailed by advances in flight control technology and structural materials which have allowed designers to closely tailor the <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a> and structure of aircraft, removing the need for variable sweep angle to achieve the required performance; instead, wings are given computer-controlled <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">flaps</a> on both leading and trailing edges that increase or decrease the <a href="/wiki/Camber_(aerodynamics)" title="Camber (aerodynamics)">camber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)" title="Chord (aeronautics)">chord</a> of the wing automatically to adjust to the flight regime; this technique is another form of <i>variable geometry</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable_sweep">Variable sweep</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variable sweep"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A straight, unswept wing experiences high drag as it approaches the speed of sound, due to the progressive buildup of sonic shockwaves. Sweeping the wing at an angle, whether backwards or forwards, delays their onset and reduces their overall drag. However it also reduces the overall span of a given wing, leading to poor cruise efficiency and high takeoff and landing speeds. </p><p>A fixed wing must be a compromise between these two requirements. Varying the sweep in flight allows it to be optimised for each phase of flight, offering a smaller aircraft with higher performance. However it has disadvantages which must be allowed for. As the wing sweeps its centre of lift moves with it. Some mechanism, such as a sliding wing root or larger tail stabiliser, must be incorporated to trim out the changes and maintain level flight. The added weight of the sweep and trim mechanisms eat into the performance gains, while their complexity adds to cost and maintenance. </p><p>By moving the wing pivots outboard and only sweeping part of the wing, the trim changes are reduced, but so too is the variation in span and accompanying operational flexibility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wing_controlled_aerodyne">Wing controlled aerodyne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wing controlled aerodyne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British engineer <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Wallis" title="Barnes Wallis">Barnes Wallis</a> developed a radical aircraft configuration for high-speed flight, which he regarded as distinct from the conventional fixed-wing aeroplane and called it the wing controlled aerodyne. His previous work on the stability of airships had impressed on him the high control forces that could be exerted on the body of an aircraft, through very small deflections. He conceived of a simple ichthyoid (fish-like) fuselage with a variable wing. No other control surfaces were needed. Subtle movements of the wings were able to induce the small deflections which controlled the direction of flight, while trim was maintained by adjusting the angle of sweep to compensate for the varying position of the centre of lift at different speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For supersonic flight a delta-planform lifting body is more suitable than a simple ichthyoid. A conflict also arises between the wing sweep angle necessary for trim and the optimal angle for supersonic cruise. Wallis resolved this by moving mass, typically the engines, out to the wing tips and swivelling them as the wing swept in order to maintain the thrust line. In the asymmetric engine-out condition, the remaining engines could be swivelled to divert the thrust line closer to the centre of pressure and reduce the asymmetry to manageable levels.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asymmetric_sweep">Asymmetric sweep</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Asymmetric sweep"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is not necessary to sweep the port and starboard wings in the same sense - one can be swept back and the other forward, as in the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_wing" title="Oblique wing">oblique wing</a>. </p><p>Varying the sweep asymmetrically by small amounts was also fundamental to the principle of the wing controlled aerodyne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_F-111s_with_different_wing_configurations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Three_F-111s_with_different_wing_configurations.jpg/220px-Three_F-111s_with_different_wing_configurations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Three_F-111s_with_different_wing_configurations.jpg/330px-Three_F-111s_with_different_wing_configurations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Three_F-111s_with_different_wing_configurations.jpg/440px-Three_F-111s_with_different_wing_configurations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">F-111</a> was the first variable-sweep wing aircraft to be put into production. Shown are three <a href="/wiki/List_of_General_Dynamics_F-111_aircraft_operated_by_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="List of General Dynamics F-111 aircraft operated by the Royal Australian Air Force">Australian F-111s</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16_19_173_F111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/16_19_173_F111.jpg/220px-16_19_173_F111.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/16_19_173_F111.jpg/330px-16_19_173_F111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/16_19_173_F111.jpg/440px-16_19_173_F111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/F-111E" class="mw-redirect" title="F-111E">F-111E</a> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Aviation_(Warner_Robins)" title="Museum of Aviation (Warner Robins)">Museum of Aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robins_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Robins AFB">Robins AFB</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest use of variable sweep was to trim the aeroplane for level flight. The <a href="/wiki/Westland-Hill_Pterodactyl" title="Westland-Hill Pterodactyl">Westland-Hill Pterodactyl IV</a> of 1931 was a <a href="/wiki/Tailless_aircraft" title="Tailless aircraft">tailless</a> design whose lightly swept wings could vary their sweep through a small angle during flight.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed longitudinal trim in the absence of a separate horizontal stabiliser.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept would later be incorporated in Barnes Wallis's wing-controlled aerodyne.<sup id="cite_ref-BW_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, researchers in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> discovered the advantages of the swept wing for transonic flight, and also its disadvantages at lower speeds. The <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_P.1101" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt Me P.1101">Messerschmitt Me P.1101</a> was an experimental <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a> which was, in part, developed to investigate the benefits of varying wing sweep.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_15760_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_15760-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its sweep angle mechanism, which could only be adjusted on the ground between three separate positions of 30, 40, and 45 degrees, was intended for testing only, and was unsuitable for combat operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_15760_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_15760-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a>, the sole prototype was only 80 per cent complete.<sup id="cite_ref-ger_res_336_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ger_res_336-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ford_224_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford_224-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_variable_sweep_wing_Manching.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tornado_variable_sweep_wing_Manching.JPG/220px-Tornado_variable_sweep_wing_Manching.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tornado_variable_sweep_wing_Manching.JPG/330px-Tornado_variable_sweep_wing_Manching.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tornado_variable_sweep_wing_Manching.JPG/440px-Tornado_variable_sweep_wing_Manching.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Wing pivot mechanism of a <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a> during overhaul</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aircraft_engine_MiG-23_sweep_wing_mechanism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aircraft_engine_MiG-23_sweep_wing_mechanism.jpg/220px-Aircraft_engine_MiG-23_sweep_wing_mechanism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aircraft_engine_MiG-23_sweep_wing_mechanism.jpg/330px-Aircraft_engine_MiG-23_sweep_wing_mechanism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aircraft_engine_MiG-23_sweep_wing_mechanism.jpg/440px-Aircraft_engine_MiG-23_sweep_wing_mechanism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MIG-23" class="mw-redirect" title="MIG-23">MIG-23</a> sweep wing mechanism</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the end of the conflict, the partially complete P.1101 was recovered and transported to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where it was studied in depth by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Aircraft" title="Bell Aircraft">Bell Aircraft</a>. However, due to a lack of documentation as well as some structural damage sustained,<sup id="cite_ref-Myrha_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ford_224_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford_224-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell decided against completing the aircraft itself. Instead, a close copy, known as the <a href="/wiki/Bell_X-5" title="Bell X-5">Bell X-5</a>, was constructed with wings that enabled the sweep angle to be altered mid-flight. As the wing swept back, the root also slid forwards, maintaining the centre of lift in a constant position.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variable-sweep wing of this sliding type was flown on the prototype <a href="/wiki/Grumman_XF10F_Jaguar" title="Grumman XF10F Jaguar">Grumman XF10F Jaguar</a> in 1952. However, flight testing of the F10F proved to be unacceptable, albeit for other factors such as a lack of engine power and considerable controllability issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Winchester_p._295_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winchester_p._295-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeMeis_p._32_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMeis_p._32-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 1940s, British engineer <a href="/wiki/L._E._Baynes" title="L. E. Baynes">L. E. Baynes</a> started studying the variable sweep wing. He devised a method of varying the tail geometry as well in order to stabilise the centre of lift; no sliding mechanism was necessary, instead, the wing wake interacted with the variable tail to effect the necessary trim changes. During 1949 and 1951, Baynes filed <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> applications associated with this work.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the design reached the physical modelling stage and was subject to a complete round of wind tunnel tests, the British Government failed to provide financial backing for the work, allegedly due to <a href="/wiki/1957_Defence_White_Paper" title="1957 Defence White Paper">budget constraints at the time</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="testing and cancellation unsourced (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Independently from Baynes, British engineer Barnes Wallis was also developing a more radical variable-geometry concept, which he called the wing controlled aerodyne, to maximise the economy of high-speed flight. His first study was the Wild Goose project.<sup id="cite_ref-BW_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Barnes devised the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Swallow" title="Vickers Swallow">Swallow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BW_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Blended_Wing_Body" class="mw-redirect" title="Blended Wing Body">blended wing</a> tailless aircraft, which was envisioned to be capable of making return flights between Europe and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> within ten hours. Later on, the Swallow was increasingly viewed as a potential supersonic successor to the subsonic <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">Vickers Valiant</a>, one of the RAF's <a href="/wiki/V_bomber" title="V bomber">V bombers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_189_191_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_189_191-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1950s, several modes of the Swallow were subjected to promising tests, including a six-foot <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale model</a>, at speeds of up to Mach 2. However, in 1957, British government decided to withdraw backing from many aeronautical programs, including Wallis' work.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wood_189_191_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_189_191-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this lack of backing, the Swallow attracted international attention for some time. During late 1958, research efforts were temporarily revived through cooperation with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutual_Weapons_Development_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutual Weapons Development Programme (page does not exist)">Mutual Weapons Development Programme</a> of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, under which all of Wallis' variable geometry research was shared with the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_189_191_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_189_191-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to aviation author James R. Hansen, American aerospace engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Stack_(engineer)" title="John Stack (engineer)">John Stack</a> was enthusiastic on the concept, as were numerous engineers at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>; however, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> was opposed to committing any resources to the project.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallis collaborated with NASA's Langley Laboratory on a design study for a variable-sweep fighter. Although it used the pivot mechanism he had developed, NASA also insisted on implementing a conventional horizontal stabiliser to ease the issues of trim and manoeuvrability. Although it was no longer the wing-controlled aerodyne that Wallis envisaged, it would prove a more practical solution than either his or Bell's. Swallow research led to several new configurations, including the adoption of a compact folding tail section and <a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">canards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnes' work inspired a number of further studies, including a wing controlled aerodyne in response to OR.346 for a supersonic STOL fighter-bomber, then as BAC two further submissions: the Type 583 to meet Naval ER.206 and Type 584 to meet NATO NBMR.3, both also being V/STOL requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Brennan" title="Maurice Brennan">Maurice Brennan</a> joined <a href="/wiki/Folland_Aircraft" title="Folland Aircraft">Folland Aircraft</a> as its chief engineer and director; he soon set about harnessing his experience of variable-geometry wings.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_197_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_197-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, such a wing was combined with the firm's <a href="/wiki/Folland_Gnat" title="Folland Gnat">Folland Gnat</a> light fighter for two different concepts – one tailless and one using with a conventional tail – for a multipurpose fighter/strike/trainer, designated as the Fo. 147. It had a unique mechanism for wing sweep that combined tracks on the fuselage sides and the underside of the wings, which was actuated by <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulically</a>-driven <a href="/wiki/Ball_screw" title="Ball screw">ball screws</a> positioned at the wing's inner ends.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_198_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_198-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wings could be swept from 20 degrees to 70 degrees; at the 70-degree position, <a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces#Longitudinal_axis" title="Flight control surfaces">longitudinal control</a> was maintained by wing tip-mounted <a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">elevons</a>, while this was provided by a retractable canard arrangement when swept at the 20-degree position, using full auto-<a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">stabilisation</a>. By providing <a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">trimming</a> functionality via the canard, the necessity of a large tailplane was eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_198_199_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_198_199-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fo. 147 was claimed to have been capable of speeds in excess of Mach 2, being limited by the heat buildup generated by high speed flight.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_199_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_199-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the concept would not be developed to the prototype stage while the RAF showed little interest the prospective variable geometry trainer.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_199_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_199-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1960s, the first programmes to produce mass production variable-sweep aircraft commenced. In the United States, such a configuration for the TFX (Tactical Fighter Experimental) program, which resulted in the development of the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111" class="mw-redirect" title="General Dynamics F-111">General Dynamics F-111</a>, a sizable twin-engined aircraft intended to perform multiple roles.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-erg66colls_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erg66colls-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The F-111 is the first production aircraft to feature a variable-geometry wing and it, along with other systems such as <a href="/wiki/Terrain_following_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrain following radar">terrain following radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> engines outfitted with <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">afterburners</a>, were innovative technologies for the era.<sup id="cite_ref-Logan_p14_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan_p14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_p17_9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_p17_9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this head start in the field, development of the F-111 was protracted; flight testing of the F-111A model only ended in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Logan_p32_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan_p32-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1968, cracks were discovered in the F-111's <a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">wing attach points</a>, the issue also has been attributed with the loss of an F-111 in the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-retplg_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retplg-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the attach points were structurally redesigned and subject to intensive testing of both the design and manufacturing quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_p31_47_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_p31_47-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The F-111B, intended for the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>, was cancelled in 1968 due the aircraft's weight and performance issues, as well as its inadequacies for the service's fighter requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several variants, such as the FB-111A <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">strategic bomber</a> model, featured elongated wings to give a greater range and load-carrying capability.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_p38-43_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_p38-43-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The F-111's wing featured pivoting <a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">pylons</a> (two under each wing) which automatically adjusted to the sweep angle. Subsequent swing-wing aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">Sukhoi Su-24</a>, would also be similarly equipped.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhoi_Su-24_inflight_Mishin-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sukhoi_Su-24_inflight_Mishin-2.jpg/220px-Sukhoi_Su-24_inflight_Mishin-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sukhoi_Su-24_inflight_Mishin-2.jpg/330px-Sukhoi_Su-24_inflight_Mishin-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sukhoi_Su-24_inflight_Mishin-2.jpg/440px-Sukhoi_Su-24_inflight_Mishin-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">Sukhoi Su-24</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, military planners had also formulated similar requirements, which led to <a href="/wiki/TsAGI" class="mw-redirect" title="TsAGI">TsAGI</a>, the Soviet aerodynamics bureau, performing extensive studies into variable geometry wings. TsAGI evolved two distinct designs, differing mainly in the distance (expressed as a percentage of total <a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">wingspan</a>) between the wing pivots. By adopting a wider spacing, this not only reduced the negative aerodynamic effects of changing wing sweep, but also provided a larger fixed wing section which could be used for <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">landing gear</a> or stores <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft pylon">pylons</a>. This could, in fact, be adapted to more-or-less existing airframes, which the Soviets accordingly did, such as with the <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-17" title="Sukhoi Su-17">Sukhoi Su-17</a> (based on the earlier <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-7" title="Sukhoi Su-7">Sukhoi Su-7</a>). The limitation of the wide spacing, however, was that it reduced the benefits of variable geometry as much as it reduced their technical difficulties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As such, producing new, "clean-sheet" Soviet designs remained desirable. For this, TsAGI devised a more narrowly-spaced arrangement somewhat similar to that of the F-111. This design was used, albeit at different scales, for the <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23</a> fighter and the Sukhoi Su-24 tactical bomber, both of which flew in prototype forms around the end of the 1960s and entering service during the early 1970s. During 1962, Tupolev's design team, recognising room for improvement on the recently introduced <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22" title="Tupolev Tu-22">Tupolev Tu-22</a> bomber, begun work on an extensively redesigned derivative that incorporated a variable geometry wing, intended to address the Tu-22's poor handling characteristics more so than bolstering its efficiency at high speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-KD_124_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KD_124-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eden_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eden-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M" title="Tupolev Tu-22M">Tupolev Tu-22M</a> strategic bombers are in use.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Britain was developing the <a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">BAC TSR-2</a>, a supersonic low-level strategic bomber. Later variants of the type would have been fitted with variable-geometry wings.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 1 April 1965, development of the TSR-2 was terminated during the flight testing phase primarily due to the programme's spiralling costs.<sup id="cite_ref-cc(65)20_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc(65)20-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cc(65)21_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc(65)21-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To replace the TSR-2, the Air Ministry initially placed an option for the American <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111K" title="General Dynamics F-111K">General Dynamics F-111K</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-c(65)58_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c(65)58-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the F-111K was promoted as being cheaper,<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_p._181_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood_p._181-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this too was terminated during January 1968 on grounds of cost.<sup id="cite_ref-Logan_p278-80_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan_p278-80-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the TSR-2's cancellation, BAC moved their variable-geometry work to Warton, there submitting the P.45 light attack/trainer to AST 362. This work fed into a joint Anglo-French programme to develop a <a href="/wiki/Variable-geometry_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable-geometry wing">variable geometry</a> strike aircraft – the <a href="/wiki/AFVG" class="mw-redirect" title="AFVG">Anglo French Variable Geometry Aircraft</a> (AFVG). This multirole aircraft was to be equipped with a variable geometry wing and was intended to perform the <a href="/wiki/Strike_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike aircraft">strike</a>, reconnaissance, and <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor</a> roles.<sup id="cite_ref-dual_Role._43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dual_Role.-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wood_202_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_202-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as early as 1966, the French aircraft manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Dassault" class="mw-redirect" title="Dassault">Dassault</a> began to actively undermine the AFVG, as it was working on two competing in-house projects: the variable geometry <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_G" title="Dassault Mirage G">Mirage G</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_F1" title="Dassault Mirage F1">Mirage F1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to aviation author Derek Wood, both Dassault and the <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">French Air Force</a> were unenthusiastic participants in the AFVG, the former wanting to pursue its own indigenous variable geometry aircraft, while the latter had determined that the type did not align with its future equipment plans.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_202_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_202-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1967, the French government announced their withdrawal from the AFVG project ostensibly on the grounds of cost.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wood_203_204_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_203_204-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_f3_ze764_kemble_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tornado_f3_ze764_kemble_arp.jpg/220px-Tornado_f3_ze764_kemble_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tornado_f3_ze764_kemble_arp.jpg/330px-Tornado_f3_ze764_kemble_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tornado_f3_ze764_kemble_arp.jpg/440px-Tornado_f3_ze764_kemble_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_ADV" title="Panavia Tornado ADV">Tornado F3</a> with wings swept</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the AFVG programme's collapse, the design was revamped by BAC into a larger strike-oriented variable geometry aircraft. Holding contracts were issued to BAC to support the project, which had been re-designated as the United Kingdom Variable Geometry (UKVG) aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-torn_birt_11_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torn_birt_11-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wood_204_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_204-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1967, BAC issued a brochure on the UKVG proposal; various proposals would be issued to cover the use of multiple different engines. The quick production of a demonstrator aircraft, powered by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce/MAN_Turbo_RB153" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce/MAN Turbo RB153">Rolls-Royce/MAN Turbo RB153</a> turbofan engines, was also mooted.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_204_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_204-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As solely funding for the UKVG was unrealistic, the British government pursued partners within its fellow NATO members,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promoting the concept of developing and procuring a common NATO strike aircraft. In July 1968, a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> was signed between Britain, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_204_206_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_204_206-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This memorandum eventually led to the launch of the multinational Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA) project, which successfully produced a variable geometry aircraft for the strike, reconnaissance, and interception missions in the form of the Panavia Tornado.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wood_206_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood_206-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the AFVG effort, Dassault Aviation constructed a prototype fighter, the Mirage G, completing two aircraft, the Mirage G4 and G8, in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Dassault also worked in cooperation with the American manufacturing interest <a href="/wiki/Ling-Temco-Vought" title="Ling-Temco-Vought">Ling-Temco-Vought</a> to develop the <i>LTV V-507</i>, which was submitted for US Navy's <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">VFX project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the VFX submissions, the US Navy procured the Grumman F-14 Tomcat to replace the canceled F-111B fleet interceptor during the 1970s. The F-14 was a more nimble fighter than the F-4 Phantom II and, unlike the F-111, its variable-sweep wings automatically adjusted over its speed range, and could be moved even during turns. Furthermore, the wings could be swept forward for tight "bat" turns in close quarters aerial combat, as well as rearwards for dash speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-TomVS_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomVS-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B1s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Top forward view of gray aircraft with wings swept forward banking right. Underneath are strips of white clouds and uninhabited terrain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/B1s.jpg/220px-B1s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/B1s.jpg/330px-B1s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/B1s.jpg/440px-B1s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption>A B-1B Lancer with wings swept full forward </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell</a> adopted variable geometry for the much larger Advanced Manned Strategic Bomber (AMSA) program that produced the <a href="/wiki/B-1_Lancer" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1 Lancer">B-1 Lancer</a> bomber, intended to provide an optimum combination of high-speed cruising efficiency and fast, <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> penetration speeds at extremely low level. The B-1's variable-sweep wings provide a relatively high level of <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> during takeoff and landing, while also generating little drag during a high-speed dash.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_p.13_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee_p.13-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the wings were set to their widest position the aircraft had considerably better lift and power than the B-52, allowing the B-1 to operate from a much wider variety of bases.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_p.13_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee_p.13-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rockwell submitted its proposal in January 1970, competing against bids by Boeing and General Dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-Pace_p22-3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pace_p22-3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The B-1's development was authorised in October 1981 as a stopgap between the increasingly vulnerable B-52 and the more capable <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Technology Bomber">Advanced Technology Bomber</a> (ATB).<sup id="cite_ref-lee_p.13_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee_p.13-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reagan_approves_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reagan_approves-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial operational capability was reached on 1 October 1986 and the B-1B was placed on nuclear alert status.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_p83_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_p83-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Union also opted to develop a large strategic bomber equipped with variable geometry wings. During the early 1970s, Tupolev's design, which was initially designated <i>Aircraft 160M</i>, featured a lengthened <a href="/wiki/Blended_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blended wing">blended wing</a> layout and incorporated some elements of the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tu-144</a>, competed against the <a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_M-18" title="Myasishchev M-18">Myasishchev M-18</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_T-4" title="Sukhoi T-4">Sukhoi T-4</a> designs.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designated as the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-160" title="Tupolev Tu-160">Tupolev Tu-160</a>, it entered operational service with the 184th Guards Heavy Bomber Regiment located at <a href="/wiki/Pryluky_Air_Base" title="Pryluky Air Base">Pryluky Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, during April 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aircraft is the largest and heaviest combat aircraft, the fastest bomber in use and the largest and heaviest variable-sweep wing airplane to have ever flown as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obsolescence">Obsolescence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Obsolescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_(57).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2013_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_%2857%29.jpg/220px-2013_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_%2857%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2013_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_%2857%29.jpg/330px-2013_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_%2857%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2013_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_%2857%29.jpg/440px-2013_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_%2857%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-160" title="Tupolev Tu-160">Tupolev Tu-160</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A variable-sweep wing was selected as the winning design used by <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>'s entry in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a>'s study for a <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">supersonic transport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_2707" title="Boeing 2707">2707</a>. However it evolved through several configurations during the design stage, finally adding a canard, and it eventually became clear that the design would be so heavy that it would be lacking sufficient payload for the fuel needed. The design was later abandoned in favor of a more conventional tailed <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta wing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advent of <a href="/wiki/Relaxed_stability" title="Relaxed stability">relaxed stability</a> flight control systems in the 1970s negated many of the disadvantages of a fixed-wing configuration. No new variable-sweep wing aircraft have been built since the Tu-160. </p><p>In 2015, the Russian Ministry of Defence announced plans to restart Tu-160 production, citing the aging of the current aircraft and likely protracted development of its eventual replacement, the <a href="/wiki/PAK_DA" class="mw-redirect" title="PAK DA">PAK DA</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production restarted in 2021, marking the first new variable sweep airframes to be produced in 29 years.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_variable-sweep_aircraft">List of variable-sweep aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of variable-sweep aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Class</th> <th>Role</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Status</th> <th>No.</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bell_X-5" title="Bell X-5">Bell X-5</a></td> <td>USA</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Research</td> <td>1951</td> <td>Prototype</td> <td>2</td> <td>Development of the Messerschmitt P.1101 (qv), sweep could be varied between positions at 20°, 40°, or 60° in flight. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dassault Falcon">Dassault Falcon</a> 75</td> <td>France</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Transport</td> <td>1968</td> <td>Project</td> <td>0</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_G" title="Dassault Mirage G">Dassault Mirage G</a></td> <td>France</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Fighter</td> <td>1967</td> <td>Prototype</td> <td>3</td> <td>Sweep could be varied between 22° and 70° in flight. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111" class="mw-redirect" title="General Dynamics F-111">General Dynamics F-111</a></td> <td>USA</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Fighter-bomber</td> <td>1964</td> <td>Production</td> <td>563</td> <td>Sweep could be varied between 16° and 72.5° in flight. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grumman_XF10F_Jaguar" title="Grumman XF10F Jaguar">Grumman XF10F Jaguar</a></td> <td>USA</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Fighter</td> <td>1952</td> <td>Prototype</td> <td>1</td> <td>Sweep could be varied between positions at 13.5° or 42.5° in flight, 2nd example not flown. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">Grumman F-14 Tomcat</a></td> <td>USA</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Fighter</td> <td>1970</td> <td>Production</td> <td>712</td> <td>Sweep could be varied between 20° and 68° in flight, could be "overswept" to 75° for parking. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_P.1017" title="Hawker Siddeley P.1017">Hawker Siddeley P.1017</a></td> <td>UK</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Fighter</td> <td>1962</td> <td>Project</td> <td>0</td> <td>VTOL capable strike fighter concept.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_P.1101" title="Messerschmitt P.1101">Messerschmitt P.1101</a></td> <td>Germany</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Research</td> <td>1945</td> <td>Project</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 unfinished airframe, wings variable to 3 pre-set positions of 20°, 40°, or 45° only while on the ground. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23</a></td> <td>USSR</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Fighter</td> <td>1967</td> <td>Production</td> <td>5,047</td> <td>Sweep could be varied between positions at 16°, 45°, or 72° in flight. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-27" title="Mikoyan MiG-27">Mikoyan MiG-27</a></td> <td>USSR</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Attack</td> <td>1970</td> <td>Production</td> <td>1,075</td> <td>Development of the MiG-23, same sweep range. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">North American A3J-1 Vigilante</a></td> <td>USA</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Attack</td> <td>1958</td> <td>Project</td> <td>0</td> <td>Proposal of the A3J-1 with sweep wings, free-floating apex and canards<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a> (MRCA)</td> <td>International</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Multirole</td> <td>1974</td> <td>Production</td> <td>992</td> <td>Sweep could be varied between 25° and 67° in flight </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">Rockwell B-1 Lancer</a></td> <td>USA</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Bomber</td> <td>1974</td> <td>Production</td> <td>104</td> <td>Sweep could be varied between 15° and 67.5° in flight </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-17,_20_%26_22" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhoi Su-17, 20 & 22">Sukhoi Su-17, 20 & 22</a></td> <td>USSR</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Fighter-Bomber</td> <td>1966</td> <td>Production</td> <td>2,867</td> <td>Sweep could be varied between positions at 28°, 45°, or 62° in flight. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">Sukhoi Su-24</a></td> <td>USSR</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Attack</td> <td>1970</td> <td>Production</td> <td>1,400 (approx)</td> <td>Sweep could be varied between 16° and 69° in flight </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M" title="Tupolev Tu-22M">Tupolev Tu-22M</a></td> <td>USSR</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Bomber</td> <td>1969</td> <td>Production</td> <td>497</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-160" title="Tupolev Tu-160">Tupolev Tu-160</a></td> <td>USSR</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Bomber</td> <td>1981</td> <td>Production</td> <td>36</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wild_Goose" title="Vickers Wild Goose">Vickers Wild Goose</a></td> <td>UK</td> <td>UAV</td> <td>Research</td> <td>1950</td> <td>Prototype</td> <td>1</td> <td>Designed by <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Wallis" title="Barnes Wallis">Barnes Wallis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Swallow" title="Vickers Swallow">Vickers Swallow</a></td> <td>UK</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Airliner</td> <td>1957</td> <td>Project</td> <td>0</td> <td>Designed by <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Wallis" title="Barnes Wallis">Barnes Wallis</a>. Small-scale test UAV flown. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Westland-Hill_Pterodactyl" title="Westland-Hill Pterodactyl">Westland-Hill Pterodactyl</a> IV</td> <td>UK</td> <td>Propeller</td> <td>Private</td> <td>1931</td> <td>Prototype</td> <td>1</td> <td>Variable 4.75° for trim.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NASA_AD-1" title="NASA AD-1">NASA AD-1</a></td> <td>USA</td> <td>Jet</td> <td>Research</td> <td>1979</td> <td>Prototype</td> <td>1</td> <td>Unique "oblique" wing that could be pivoted from 0° to 60° during flight </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Variable-sweep_wings" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Variable-sweep wings">Variable-sweep wings</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-incidence_wing" title="Variable-incidence wing">Variable-incidence wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_camber_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable camber wing">Variable camber wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_wing" title="Folding wing">Folding wing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to aviation publication <a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a>, Dassault had gained valuable data on variable-geometry configurations from the AFVG programme and may have used the excuse of cost issues in order to divert funds and data to their own VG projects.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Belgium, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands and West Germany were approached.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wood-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wood_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wood_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wood_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morpurgo, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meekcoms and Morgan 1994, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukins A H, <i>The Book of Westland aircraft</i>, Aircraft (Technical) Publications Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BW-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BW_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BW_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BW_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sirbarneswallis.com/Supersonics.htm">"Barnes Wallis Supersonics, <i>Wild Goose</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010030449/http://www.sirbarneswallis.com/Supersonics.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barnes+Wallis+Supersonics%2C+Wild+Goose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sirbarneswallis.com%2FSupersonics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christopher_15760-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_15760_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_15760_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher 2013, pp. 157–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ger_res_336-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ger_res_336_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschel, Prem and Madelung 2012, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ford_224-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ford_224_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ford_224_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford 2013, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myrha-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Myrha_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyrha1999" class="citation book cs1">Myrha, David (1999). <i>The Messerschmitt Me P.1101</i>. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-0908-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7643-0908-0"><bdi>0-7643-0908-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Messerschmitt+Me+P.1101&rft.place=Atglen%2C+PA&rft.pub=Schiffer+Pub.+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7643-0908-0&rft.aulast=Myrha&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abzug and Larrabee, Airplane Stability and Control: Second Edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02128-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02128-9">978-0-521-02128-9</a>. p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winchester_p._295-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winchester_p._295_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winchester 2005, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeMeis_p._32-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeMeis_p._32_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeMeis 1976, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/009820842/publication/GB664058A">UK Patent GB664058A</a>, Espacenet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/009757755/publication/GB713525A">UK Patent GB713525A</a>, Espacenet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wood_189_191-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wood_189_191_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wood_189_191_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wood_189_191_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 1975, pp. 189-191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barneswallistrust.org/swingwing.htm">"Swing Wing."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070406082053/http://www.barneswallistrust.org/swingwing.htm">Archived</a> 6 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Barnes Wallis Memorial Trust.</i> Retrieved: 14 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen 2004, pp. 129-130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen 2004, pp. 130-132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wood_197-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wood_197_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 1975, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wood_198-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wood_198_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 1975, pp. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wood_198_199-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wood_198_199_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 1975, pp. 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wood_199-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wood_199_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wood_199_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 1975, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eden 2004 pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erg66colls-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-erg66colls_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1966" class="citation news cs1">Price, Bem (18 September 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o-VVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EuEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6856%2C3575947">"Capital still buzzing whether TFX a colossal blunder"</a>. <i>Eugene Register-Guard</i>. 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Associated Press. p. 5A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugene+Register-Guard&rft.atitle=Capital+still+buzzing+whether+TFX+a+colossal+blunder&rft.pages=5A&rft.date=1966-09-18&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Bem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Do-VVAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DEuEDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6856%252C3575947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan_p14-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Logan_p14_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Logan 1998, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_p17_9-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_p17_9_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller 1982, pp. 17, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan_p32-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Logan_p32_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Logan 1998, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-retplg-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-retplg_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=StoxAAAAIBAJ&pg=2650%2C6893340">"F-111 problems return to plague President"</a>. <i>Reading Eagle</i>. 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Associated Press. 13 January 1970. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reading+Eagle&rft.atitle=F-111+problems+return+to+plague+President&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1970-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DStoxAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2650%252C6893340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_p31_47-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_p31_47_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller 1982, pp. 31, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyne 2002, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomason 1998, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_p38-43-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_p38-43_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller 1982, pp. 38–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KD_124-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KD_124_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kandalov & Duffy 1996, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eden-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eden_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eden, Paul, ed. 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(May 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green 1972, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Carlier_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Carlier (historian) (page does not exist)">Claude Carlier</a>, Une formule aérodynamique gagnante. La grande aventure des «Mirage» à géométrie variable, 2, Le Fana de l’aviation, 537, août 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TomVS-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TomVS_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kress, Bob and RADM Gilchrist USNRet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://209.196.57.95/Me2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=The+Magazine&type=PubPagi&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle+Title&mid=13B2F0D0AFA04476A2ACC02ED28A405F&tier=4&id=660129034AD142DEB047684EBF25581F">"F-14D Tomcat vs. F/18 E/F Super Hornet."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404105502/http://209.196.57.95/Me2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=The+Magazine&type=PubPagi&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle+Title&mid=13B2F0D0AFA04476A2ACC02ED28A405F&tier=4&id=660129034AD142DEB047684EBF25581F">Archived</a> 4 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Flight Journal Magazine</i>, February 2002 Issue. Quote: "dedicated air combat occurs at below about 0.8 because of high turning drag – an arena in which the F-14's 20-degree sweep is optimal ... it has only 36 percent of the F-14's payload/range capability."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2551409.stm">"Fact file: F-14 Tomcat"</a>. 11 December 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330100613/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2551409.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fact+file%3A+F-14+Tomcat&rft.date=2002-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F2551409.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lee_p.13-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lee_p.13_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lee_p.13_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lee_p.13_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee 2008, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pace_p22-3-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pace_p22-3_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pace 1998, pp. 22-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kocivar, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9AAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA86">"Our New B-1 Bomber – High, Low, Fast, and Slow."</a> <i>Popular Science</i>, Volume 197, Issue 5, November 1970, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reagan_approves-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reagan_approves_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coates, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417123825/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/635722892.html?dids=635722892:635722892&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+03%2C+1981&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Reagan+approves+B-1%2C+alters+basing+for+MX&pqatl=google">"Reagan approves B-1, alters basing for MX."</a> <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, 3 October 1981. Retrieved: 28 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pace 1998, pp. 62, 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins_p83-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_p83_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins 1999, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergeyev2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sergeyev, Pavel (30 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pda.lenta.ru/articles/2008/04/30/tu/"><bdi lang="ru">Белый лебедь</bdi></a> [White Swan]. <i><a href="/wiki/Lenta.ru" title="Lenta.ru">Lenta.ru</a></i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717041514/http://pda.lenta.ru/articles/2008/04/30/tu/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lenta.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C&rft.date=2008-04-30&rft.aulast=Sergeyev&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpda.lenta.ru%2Farticles%2F2008%2F04%2F30%2Ftu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1998" class="citation book cs1">Miller, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6L_moj5Fo74C&pg=PT162"><i>The Cold War: A Military History</i></a> (Pimlico 2001 ed.). London: John Murray, Random House. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-44813793-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-44813793-4"><bdi>1-44813793-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%3A+A+Military+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=162&rft.edition=Pimlico+2001&rft.pub=John+Murray%2C+Random+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-44813793-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6L_moj5Fo74C%26pg%3DPT162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-military-aircraft-by-weight-operational-bomber">"Largest military aircraft by weight, operational bomber"</a>. Guinness World Records. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006225602/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-military-aircraft-by-weight-operational-bomber">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+military+aircraft+by+weight%2C+operational+bomber&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2Flargest-military-aircraft-by-weight-operational-bomber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/b2707-design.htm">"Boeing 2707 SST"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boeing+2707+SST&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fsystems%2Faircraft%2Fb2707-design.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2015" class="citation news cs1">Stevenson, Beth (30 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russia-to-reestablish-tu-160-supersonic-bomber-production-411778/">"Russia to reestablish Tu-160 supersonic bomber production line"</a>. <i>Flightglobal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151217015929/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russia-to-reestablish-tu-160-supersonic-bomber-production-411778/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flightglobal&rft.atitle=Russia+to+reestablish+Tu-160+supersonic+bomber+production+line&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Frussia-to-reestablish-tu-160-supersonic-bomber-production-411778%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.ru/en/russia/797164">"Putin made decision to revive production of Tu-160M strategic bomber — Air Force commander"</a>. TASS. 28 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210821/http://tass.ru/en/russia/797164">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Putin+made+decision+to+revive+production+of+Tu-160M+strategic+bomber+%E2%80%94+Air+Force+commander&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fen%2Frussia%2F797164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rostec.ru/news/vnov-izgotovlennyy-tu-160m-sovershil-pervyy-polet/">"Вновь изготовленный Ту-160М совершил первый полет"</a>. <i>rostec.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rostec.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%A2%D1%83-160%D0%9C+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frostec.ru%2Fnews%2Fvnov-izgotovlennyy-tu-160m-sovershil-pervyy-polet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland de Narbonne; "Quand l'ingenier délire", <i>Le Fana de l'Aviation</i>, No. 461, April 2008. pp.66-69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawker's Secret Projects: Cold War Aircraft That Never Flew By Christopher Budgen 2023, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781399047906" title="Special:BookSources/9781399047906">9781399047906</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raigap.livejournal.com/1032994.html">"Проект штурмовика УВВП Hawker Siddeley P.1017 (Великобритания. 1962 год)"</a>. 22 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%92%D0%92%D0%9F+Hawker+Siddeley+P.1017+%28%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+1962+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%29&rft.date=2022-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraigap.livejournal.com%2F1032994.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://theaviationgeekclub.com/the-a-5-vigilante-variable-geometry-wings-variants-that-never-were-but-that-paved-the-way-for-tfx-studies/">https://theaviationgeekclub.com/the-a-5-vigilante-variable-geometry-wings-variants-that-never-were-but-that-paved-the-way-for-tfx-studies/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morpurgo, 1981. Date of first flight, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukins, A.H.; <i>The Book of Westland Aircraft</i>, Aircraft (Technical) Publications Ltd, 1943 or 1944. pp.68-9.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable-sweep_wing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyne2002" class="citation cs2">Boyne, Walter J (2002), <i>Air Warfare: an International Encyclopedia</i>, vol. 1, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-345-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-345-9"><bdi>1-57607-345-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Warfare%3A+an+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57607-345-9&rft.aulast=Boyne&rft.aufirst=Walter+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, John (1 June 2013). <i>The Race for Hitler's X-Planes : Britain's 1945 Mission to Capture Secret Luftwaffe Technology</i>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752464572" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752464572"><bdi>978-0752464572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race+for+Hitler%27s+X-Planes+%3A+Britain%27s+1945+Mission+to+Capture+Secret+Luftwaffe+Technology.&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0752464572&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>DeMeis, Richard. "No Room to Swing a Cat." <i>Wings</i>, Volume 6, No. 4, August 1976.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden2004" class="citation cs2">Eden, Paul, ed. (2004), "General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark/EF-111 Raven", <i>Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft</i>, London: Amber Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904687-84-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-904687-84-9"><bdi>1-904687-84-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Dynamics+F-111+Aardvark%2FEF-111+Raven&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Military+Aircraft&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-904687-84-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2013" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Roger (2013). <i>Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II</i>. London, United Kingdom: Amber Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909160569" title="Special:BookSources/9781909160569"><bdi>9781909160569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%27s+Secret+Weapons+of+World+War+II&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781909160569&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Green, William. <i>The Observer's Book of Aircraft</i>. London. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd., 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7232-1507-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7232-1507-3">0-7232-1507-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2004" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, James R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDDQ8jQmPTEC&pg=PA127"><i>The Bird Is on the Wing: Aerodynamics and the Progress of the American Airplane</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5854-4243-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-5854-4243-7"><bdi>1-5854-4243-7</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bird+Is+on+the+Wing%3A+Aerodynamics+and+the+Progress+of+the+American+Airplane&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-5854-4243-7&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGDDQ8jQmPTEC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Heron, Group Captain Jock. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105085913/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/documents/Journal%2027A%20-%20Seminar%20-%20Birth%20of%20Tornado.pdf">"Eroding the Requirement." <i>The Birth of Tornado.</i></a> London: Royal Air Force Historical Society, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9530345-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9530345-0-X">0-9530345-0-X</a>.</li> <li>Hirschel, Ernst Heinrich., Horst Prem and Gero Madelung. <i>Aeronautical Research in Germany: From Lilienthal until Today.</i> Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-642-18484-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-642-18484-7">3-642-18484-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1999" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Dennis R (1999). <i>B-1 Lancer: The Most Complicated Warplane Ever Developed</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-134694-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-134694-5"><bdi>0-07-134694-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B-1+Lancer%3A+The+Most+Complicated+Warplane+Ever+Developed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-07-134694-5&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kandalov, Andrei; Duffy, Paul (1996). <i>Tupolev – The Man and His Aircraft: The Man and His Aircraft</i>. Society of Automotive Engineers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560918993" title="Special:BookSources/1560918993">1560918993</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Tae-Woo (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militarytechnolo0000leet"><i>Military Technologies of the World</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99535-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99535-5"><bdi>978-0-275-99535-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Technologies+of+the+World&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99535-5&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Tae-Woo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitarytechnolo0000leet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Logan, Don. <i>General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark</i>. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-0587-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7643-0587-5">0-7643-0587-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeekcomsMorgan1994" class="citation book cs1">Meekcoms, K J; Morgan, E B (1994). <i>The British Aircraft Specification File</i>. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: <a href="/wiki/Air-Britain" title="Air-Britain">Air-Britain</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-220-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85130-220-3"><bdi>0-85130-220-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Aircraft+Specification+File&rft.place=Tonbridge%2C+Kent%2C+UK&rft.pub=Air-Britain&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-85130-220-3&rft.aulast=Meekcoms&rft.aufirst=K+J&rft.au=Morgan%2C+E+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Miller, Jay. <i>General Dynamics F-111 "Aardvark"</i>. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8168-0606-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8168-0606-3">0-8168-0606-3</a>.</li> <li>Morpurgo, J.E. <i>Barnes Wallis: A Biography.</i> 2nd Edn, 1981. (1st Edn, Longmans, 1972).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPace1998" class="citation book cs1">Pace, Steve (1998). <i>Boeing North American B-1 Lancer</i>. North Branch, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">MN</a>: Specialty Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58007-012-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58007-012-4"><bdi>1-58007-012-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boeing+North+American+B-1+Lancer&rft.place=North+Branch%2C+MN&rft.pub=Specialty+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-58007-012-4&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable-sweep+wing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thomason, Tommy. <i>Grumman Navy F-111B Swing Wing</i> (Navy Fighters No. 41). Simi Valley, California: Steve Ginter, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942612-41-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-942612-41-8">0-942612-41-8</a>.</li> <li>Winchester, Jim. <i>The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters</i>. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904687-34-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-904687-34-2">1-904687-34-2</a>.</li> <li>Wood, Derek. <i>Project Cancelled</i>. Macdonald and Jane's Publishers, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-08109-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-08109-5">0-356-08109-5</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection 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