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<span>Pilot safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilot_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egress_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egress_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Egress systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Egress_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Egress systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Egress_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zero-zero_ejection_seat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zero-zero_ejection_seat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Zero-zero ejection seat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zero-zero_ejection_seat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%82%D8%B0%D9%81%D9%8A" title="مقعد قذفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقعد قذفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katapult_oturaca%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Katapult oturacağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Katapult oturacağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Катапултиращо кресло – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Катапултиращо кресло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seient_projectable" title="Seient projectable – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Seient projectable" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyst%C5%99elovac%C3%AD_sedadlo" title="Vystřelovací sedadlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vystřelovací sedadlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katapults%C3%A6de" title="Katapultsæde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Katapultsæde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleudersitz" title="Schleudersitz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schleudersitz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katapultiste" title="Katapultiste – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katapultiste" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiento_eyectable" title="Asiento eyectable – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asiento eyectable" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="صندلی‌پران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صندلی‌پران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_%C3%A9jectable" title="Siège éjectable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège éjectable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursi_lontar" title="Kursi lontar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kursi lontar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seggiolino_eiettabile" title="Seggiolino eiettabile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seggiolino eiettabile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98" title="מושב מפלט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מושב מפלט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Катапульттеу орынтағы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Катапульттеу орынтағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katapult%C3%BCl%C3%A9s" title="Katapultülés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Katapultülés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerusi_lenting" title="Kerusi lenting – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerusi lenting" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schietstoel" title="Schietstoel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schietstoel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%84%E5%87%BA%E5%BA%A7%E5%B8%AD" title="射出座席 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="射出座席" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotel_wyrzucany" title="Fotel wyrzucany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fotel wyrzucany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assento_ejetor" title="Assento ejetor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assento ejetor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Катапультируемое кресло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катапультируемое кресло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ejection seat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katapultni_sede%C5%BE" title="Katapultni sedež – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Katapultni sedež" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Избациво седиште – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Избациво седиште" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heittoistuin" title="Heittoistuin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heittoistuin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katapultstol" title="Katapultstol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katapultstol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1rlatma_koltu%C4%9Fu" title="Fırlatma koltuğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fırlatma koltuğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Крісло-катапульта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крісло-катапульта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh%E1%BA%BF_ph%C3%B3ng" title="Ghế phóng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ghế phóng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E5%B0%84%E6%A4%85" title="彈射椅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彈射椅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q623544#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ejector_seat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ejector seat (disambiguation)">Ejector seat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ejection_seat" title="Special:EditPage/Ejection seat">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ejection+seat%22">"Ejection seat"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ejection+seat%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ejection+seat%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ejection+seat%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ejection+seat%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ejection+seat%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EjectionSeats40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/EjectionSeats40.jpg/300px-EjectionSeats40.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/EjectionSeats40.jpg/450px-EjectionSeats40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/EjectionSeats40.jpg/600px-EjectionSeats40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Various ejection seats</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, an <b>ejection seat</b> or <b>ejector seat</b> is a system designed to rescue the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">pilot</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">crew</a> of an aircraft (usually military) in an emergency. In most designs, the seat is propelled out of the aircraft by an explosive charge or <a href="/wiki/Rocket_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket motor">rocket motor</a>, carrying the pilot with it. The concept of an ejectable <a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">escape crew capsule</a> has also been tried (see <a href="/wiki/B-58_Hustler" class="mw-redirect" title="B-58 Hustler">B-58 Hustler</a>). Once clear of the aircraft, the ejection seat deploys a <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a>. Ejection seats are common on certain types of military aircraft. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejection_seat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Baker-WY6AM-Ejection_Seat(Impala_Mk2)01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Martin_Baker-WY6AM-Ejection_Seat%28Impala_Mk2%2901.jpg/170px-Martin_Baker-WY6AM-Ejection_Seat%28Impala_Mk2%2901.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Martin_Baker-WY6AM-Ejection_Seat%28Impala_Mk2%2901.jpg/255px-Martin_Baker-WY6AM-Ejection_Seat%28Impala_Mk2%2901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Martin_Baker-WY6AM-Ejection_Seat%28Impala_Mk2%2901.jpg/340px-Martin_Baker-WY6AM-Ejection_Seat%28Impala_Mk2%2901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2209" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin-Baker" title="Martin-Baker">Martin-Baker</a> WY6AM ejection seat.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ejectionseat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ejectionseat.jpg/170px-Ejectionseat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ejectionseat.jpg/255px-Ejectionseat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Ejectionseat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagle">F-15 Eagle</a> ejection seat test using a <a href="/wiki/Crash_test_dummy" title="Crash test dummy">Crash test dummy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Bungee_cord" title="Bungee cord">bungee</a>-assisted escape from an aircraft took place in 1910. In 1916, <a href="/wiki/Everard_Calthrop" title="Everard Calthrop">Everard Calthrop</a>, an early inventor of <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachutes</a>, patented an ejector seat using <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compression springs installed under the seat were tested.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern layout for an ejection seat was first introduced by Romanian inventor <a href="/wiki/Anastase_Dragomir" title="Anastase Dragomir">Anastase Dragomir</a> in the late 1920s. The design featured a <i>parachuted cell</i> (a dischargeable chair from an aircraft or other vehicle). It was successfully tested on 25 August 1929 at the <a href="/wiki/Paris-Orly_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Orly Airport">Paris-Orly Airport</a> near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and in October 1929 at <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Vlaicu_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurel Vlaicu International Airport">Băneasa</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. Dragomir patented his "catapult-able cockpit" at the French Patent Office.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design was perfected during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Prior to this, the only means of escape from an incapacitated aircraft was to jump clear ("bail out"), and in many cases this was difficult due to injury, the difficulty of egress from a confined space, <a href="/wiki/G_force" class="mw-redirect" title="G force"><i>g</i> forces</a>, the airflow past the aircraft, and other factors. </p><p>The first ejection seats were developed independently during World War II by <a href="/wiki/Heinkel" title="Heinkel">Heinkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saab_AB" title="Saab AB">SAAB</a>. Early models were powered by compressed air and the first aircraft to be fitted with such a system was the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_280" title="Heinkel He 280">Heinkel He 280</a> prototype <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet-engined</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a> in 1940. One of the He 280 test pilots, Helmut Schenk, became the first person to escape from a stricken aircraft with an ejection seat on 13 January 1942 after his control surfaces iced up and became inoperative. The fighter was being used in tests of the <a href="/wiki/Argus_As_014" title="Argus As 014">Argus As 014</a> impulse jets for <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a> development. It had its usual <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HeS_8" title="Heinkel HeS 8">Heinkel HeS 8A</a> turbojets removed, and was towed aloft from <a href="/wiki/Rechlin-L%C3%A4rz_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Rechlin-Lärz Airfield">the <i>Erprobungsstelle Rechlin</i> central test facility of the Luftwaffe</a> in Germany by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Messerschmitt Bf 110</a>C tugs in a heavy snow-shower. At 7,875 ft (2,400 m), Schenk found he had no control, jettisoned his towline, and ejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The He 280 was never put into production status. The first operational type built anywhere to provide ejection seats for the crew was the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_219" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 219">Heinkel He 219 <i>Uhu</i></a> night fighter in 1942. </p><p>In Sweden, a version using compressed air was tested in 1941. A gunpowder ejection seat was developed by <a href="/wiki/Bofors" title="Bofors">Bofors</a> and tested in 1943 for the <a href="/wiki/Saab_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab 21">Saab 21</a>. The first test in the air was on a <a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">Saab 17</a> on 27 February 1944,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first real use occurred by Lt. Bengt Johansson<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 29 July 1946 after a mid-air collision between a J 21 and a J 22.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the first operational military jet in late 1944 to ever feature one, the winner of the German <i>Volksjäger</i> "people's fighter" home defense jet fighter design competition; the lightweight <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_162" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 162">Heinkel He 162</a>A <i>Spatz</i>, featured a new type of ejection seat, this time fired by an explosive cartridge. In this system, the seat rode on wheels set between two pipes running up the back of the <a href="/wiki/Cockpit_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockpit (aviation)">cockpit</a>. When lowered into position, caps at the top of the seat fitted over the pipes to close them. Cartridges, basically identical to <a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">shotgun</a> shells, were placed in the bottom of the pipes, facing upward. When fired, the gases would fill the pipes, "popping" the caps off the end, and thereby forcing the seat to ride up the pipes on its wheels and out of the aircraft. By the end of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_335" title="Dornier Do 335">Dornier Do 335</a> <i>Pfeil</i>—primarily from it having a rear-mounted engine (of <a href="/wiki/Push-pull_configuration" title="Push-pull configuration">the twin engines</a> powering the design) powering a <a href="/wiki/Pusher_configuration" title="Pusher configuration">pusher propeller</a> located at the aft end of the fuselage presenting a hazard to a normal "bailout" escape—and a few late-war prototype aircraft were also fitted with ejection seats. </p><p>After World War II, the need for such systems became pressing, as aircraft speeds were getting ever higher, and it was not long before the <a href="/wiki/Sound_barrier" title="Sound barrier">sound barrier</a> was broken. Manual escape at such speeds would be impossible. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> experimented with downward-ejecting systems operated by a <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">spring</a>, but it was the work of <a href="/wiki/James_Martin_(engineer)" title="James Martin (engineer)">James Martin</a> and his company <a href="/wiki/Martin-Baker" title="Martin-Baker">Martin-Baker</a> that proved crucial. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ejector_Seat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ejector_Seat.jpg/220px-Ejector_Seat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ejector_Seat.jpg/330px-Ejector_Seat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ejector_Seat.jpg/440px-Ejector_Seat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Seat on display at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_Cosford" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Air Force Museum Cosford">RAF Museum Cosford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first live flight test of the Martin-Baker system took place on 24 July 1946, when fitter Bernard Lynch ejected from a <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor Mk III</a> jet. Shortly afterward, on 17 August 1946, 1st Sgt. Larry Lambert was the first live U.S. ejectee. Lynch demonstrated the ejection seat at the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i> Air Pageant in 1948, ejecting from a Meteor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin-Baker ejector seats were fitted to prototype and production aircraft from the late 1940s, and the first emergency use of such a seat occurred in 1949 during testing of the jet-powered <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_A.W.52" title="Armstrong Whitworth A.W.52">Armstrong Whitworth A.W.52</a> experimental <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wing</a>. </p><p>Early seats used a solid propellant charge to eject the pilot and seat by igniting the charge inside a telescoping tube attached to the seat. As aircraft speeds increased still further, this method proved inadequate to get the pilot sufficiently clear of the airframe. Increasing the amount of propellant risked damaging the occupant's spine, so experiments with <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket propulsion">rocket propulsion</a> began. In 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Convair_F-102_Delta_Dagger" title="Convair F-102 Delta Dagger">Convair F-102 Delta Dagger</a> was the first aircraft to be fitted with a rocket-propelled seat. Martin-Baker developed a similar design, using multiple rocket units feeding a single nozzle. The greater thrust from this configuration had the advantage of being able to eject the pilot to a safe height even if the aircraft was on or very near the ground. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_040616-N-6213R-001_Aviation_Structural_Mechanic_3rd_Class_Robert_Hall,_of_Whidbey_Island,_Wash.,_works_on_a_rocket_propelled_ejection_seat,_removed_from_the_cockpit_of_an_EA-6B_Prowler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_Navy_040616-N-6213R-001_Aviation_Structural_Mechanic_3rd_Class_Robert_Hall%2C_of_Whidbey_Island%2C_Wash.%2C_works_on_a_rocket_propelled_ejection_seat%2C_removed_from_the_cockpit_of_an_EA-6B_Prowler.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_Navy_040616-N-6213R-001_Aviation_Structural_Mechanic_3rd_Class_Robert_Hall%2C_of_Whidbey_Island%2C_Wash.%2C_works_on_a_rocket_propelled_ejection_seat%2C_removed_from_the_cockpit_of_an_EA-6B_Prowler.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_Navy_040616-N-6213R-001_Aviation_Structural_Mechanic_3rd_Class_Robert_Hall%2C_of_Whidbey_Island%2C_Wash.%2C_works_on_a_rocket_propelled_ejection_seat%2C_removed_from_the_cockpit_of_an_EA-6B_Prowler.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>An Aviation Structural Mechanic works on an ejection seat removed from the cockpit of an <a href="/wiki/EA-6B_Prowler" class="mw-redirect" title="EA-6B Prowler">EA-6B Prowler</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_John_C._Stennis" title="USS John C. Stennis">USS <i>John C. Stennis</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1960s, deployment of rocket-powered ejection seats designed for use at supersonic speeds began in such planes as the <a href="/wiki/Convair_F-106_Delta_Dart" title="Convair F-106 Delta Dart">Convair F-106 Delta Dart</a>. Six pilots have ejected at speeds exceeding 700 knots (1,300 km/h; 810 mph). The highest altitude at which a Martin-Baker seat was deployed was 57,000 ft (17,400 m) (from a <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">Canberra</a> bomber in 1958). Following an accident on 30 July 1966 in the attempted launch of a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_D-21/M-21" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed D-21/M-21">D-21 drone</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_M-21" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed M-21">Lockheed M-21</a><sup id="cite_ref-Crickmore_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crickmore-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> crew members ejected at <a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach 3.25</a> at an altitude of 80,000 ft (24,000 m). The pilot was recovered successfully, but the launch control officer drowned after a water landing. Despite these records, most ejections occur at fairly low speeds and altitudes, when the pilot can see that there is no hope of regaining aircraft control before impact with the ground. </p><p>Late in the Vietnam War, the U.S. Air Force and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> became concerned about its pilots ejecting over hostile territory and those pilots either being captured or killed and the losses in men and aircraft in attempts to rescue them. Both services began a program titled <i>Air Crew Escape/Rescue Capability</i> or <i>Aerial Escape and Rescue Capability</i> (AERCAB) ejection seats (both terms have been used by the US military and defence industry), where after the pilot ejected, the ejection seat would fly them to a location far enough away from where they ejected to where they could safely be picked up. A Request for Proposals for concepts for AERCAB ejection seats were issued in the late 1960s. Three companies submitted papers for further development: A <a href="/wiki/Rogallo_wing" title="Rogallo wing">Rogallo wing</a> design by Bell Systems; a <a href="/wiki/Autogyro" title="Autogyro">gyrocopter</a> design by <a href="/wiki/Kaman_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaman Aircraft">Kaman Aircraft</a>; and a mini-conventional fixed wing aircraft employing a Princeton Wing (i.e. a wing made of flexible material that rolls out and then becomes rigid by means of internal struts or supports etc. deploying) by <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Hiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairchild Hiller">Fairchild Hiller</a>. All three, after ejection, would be propelled by small turbojet engine developed for target drones. With the exception of the Kaman design, the pilot would still be required to parachute to the ground after reaching a safety-point for rescue. The AERCAB project was terminated in the 1970s with the end of the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kaman design, in early 1972, was the only one which was to reach the hardware stage. It came close to being tested with a special landing-gear platform attached to the AERCAB ejection seat for first-stage ground take offs and landings with a test pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pilot_safety">Pilot safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejection_seat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pilot safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilot_ejects_from_a_Douglas_A-4E_Skyhawk_of_VA-152_aboard_USS_Shangri-La_(CVS-38),_2_July_1970_(NH_90350).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pilot_ejects_from_a_Douglas_A-4E_Skyhawk_of_VA-152_aboard_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29%2C_2_July_1970_%28NH_90350%29.jpg/220px-Pilot_ejects_from_a_Douglas_A-4E_Skyhawk_of_VA-152_aboard_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29%2C_2_July_1970_%28NH_90350%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pilot_ejects_from_a_Douglas_A-4E_Skyhawk_of_VA-152_aboard_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29%2C_2_July_1970_%28NH_90350%29.jpg/330px-Pilot_ejects_from_a_Douglas_A-4E_Skyhawk_of_VA-152_aboard_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29%2C_2_July_1970_%28NH_90350%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pilot_ejects_from_a_Douglas_A-4E_Skyhawk_of_VA-152_aboard_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29%2C_2_July_1970_%28NH_90350%29.jpg/440px-Pilot_ejects_from_a_Douglas_A-4E_Skyhawk_of_VA-152_aboard_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29%2C_2_July_1970_%28NH_90350%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Lt. (j.g.) William Belden ejects from an <a href="/wiki/A-4E_Skyhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="A-4E Skyhawk">A-4E Skyhawk</a> as it rolls into the carrier's catwalk after a brake failure on the deck of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Shangri-La" title="USS Shangri-La">USS <i>Shangri-La</i></a> on 2 July 1970. The pilot was recovered by helicopter.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-6eject.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/A-6eject.gif/220px-A-6eject.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/A-6eject.gif/330px-A-6eject.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/A-6eject.gif 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Pilot ejecting from A-6 Intruder after failed aircraft carrier landing</figcaption></figure> <p>The purpose of an ejection seat is pilot survival. The pilot typically experiences an acceleration of about 12–14<a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g</a>. Western seats usually impose lighter loads on the pilots; 1960s–70s era Soviet technology often goes up to 20–22 <i>g</i> (with SM-1 and KM-1 gunbarrel-type ejection seats). <a href="/wiki/Compression_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression fracture">Compression fractures</a> of vertebrae are a recurrent side effect of ejection. </p><p>It was theorised early on that ejection at supersonic speeds would be unsurvivable; extensive tests, including <a href="/wiki/Project_Whoosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Whoosh">Project Whoosh</a> with <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzee</a> test subjects, were undertaken to determine that it was feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capabilities of the <a href="/wiki/NPP_Zvezda_K-36" title="NPP Zvezda K-36">NPP Zvezda K-36</a> were unintentionally demonstrated at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_International_Air_Tattoo" title="Royal International Air Tattoo">Fairford Air Show</a> on 24 July 1993 when the pilots of two <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">MiG-29</a> fighters ejected after a mid-air collision.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The minimal ejection altitude for ACES II seat in inverted flight is about 140 feet (43 m) above ground level at 150 KIAS, while the Russian counterpart – K-36DM has the minimal ejection altitude from inverted flight of 100 feet (30 m) AGL. When an aircraft is equipped with the <a href="/wiki/NPP_Zvezda" title="NPP Zvezda">NPP Zvezda</a> K-36DM ejection seat and the pilot is wearing the КО-15 protective gear, they are able to eject at airspeeds from 0 to 1,400 kilometres per hour (870 mph) and altitudes of 0 to 25 km (16 mi or about 82,000 ft). The K-36DM ejection seat features drag chutes and a small shield that rises between the pilot's legs to deflect air around the pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pilots have successfully ejected from underwater in a handful of instances, after being forced to ditch in water. The first recorded case was Lt. B. D. Macfarlane of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> when he successfully ejected under water using his Martin-Baker Mk.1 ejection seat after his <a href="/wiki/Westland_Wyvern#Operational_history" title="Westland Wyvern">Westland Wyvern</a> had ditched on launch and been cut in two by the carrier on 13 October 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Documented evidence also exists that pilots of the US<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Indian navies have also performed this feat.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 20 June 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ejection_seat&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> – when two Spanish Air Force pilots ejected over San Javier airport – the number of lives saved by Martin-Baker products was 7,402 from 93 air forces.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company runs a club called the "Ejection Tie Club" and gives survivors a unique tie and lapel pin.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total figure for all types of ejection seats is unknown, but may be considerably higher. </p><p>Early models of the ejection seat were equipped with only an overhead ejection handle which doubled in function by forcing the pilot to assume the right posture and by having them pull a screen down to protect both their face and oxygen mask from the subsequent air blast. Martin Baker added a secondary handle in the front of the seat to allow ejection even when pilots weren't able to reach upwards because of high g-force. Later (e.g. in Martin Baker's MK9) the top handle was discarded because the lower handle had proven easier to operate and the technology of helmets had advanced to also protect from the air blast.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egress_systems">Egress systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejection_seat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Egress systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ejection_seat" title="Special:EditPage/Ejection seat">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danger-Eject.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Danger-Eject.svg/170px-Danger-Eject.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Danger-Eject.svg/255px-Danger-Eject.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Danger-Eject.svg/340px-Danger-Eject.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A warning applied on the cockpit side of some aircraft using an ejection seat system intended especially for the maintenance and emergency crews</figcaption></figure> <p>The "standard" ejection system operates in two stages. First, the entire canopy or hatch above the aviator is opened, shattered, or jettisoned, and the seat and occupant are launched through the opening. In most earlier aircraft this required two separate actions by the aviator, while later egress system designs, such as the Advanced Concept Ejection Seat model 2 (ACES II), perform both functions as a single action. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg/170px-2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg/255px-2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg/340px-2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Capt. Christopher Stricklin ejects from his <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a> aircraft with an <a href="/wiki/ACES_II" title="ACES II">ACES II</a> ejection seat on 14 September 2003 at <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Home_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Home AFB">Mountain Home AFB</a>, Idaho. Stricklin was not injured.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ACES II ejection seat is used in most American-built fighters. The A-10 uses connected firing handles that activate both the canopy jettison systems, followed by the seat ejection. The F-15 has the same connected system as the A-10 seat. Both handles accomplish the same task, so pulling either one suffices. The F-16 has only one handle located between the pilot's knees, since the cockpit is too narrow for side-mounted handles. </p><p>Non-standard egress systems include Downward Track (used for some crew positions in bomber aircraft, including the <a href="/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52 Stratofortress">B-52 Stratofortress</a>), Canopy Destruct (CD) and Through-Canopy Penetration (TCP), Drag Extraction, Encapsulated Seat, and even <a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Crew Capsule</a>. </p><p>Early models of the <a href="/wiki/F-104_Starfighter" class="mw-redirect" title="F-104 Starfighter">F-104 Starfighter</a> were equipped with a Downward Track ejection seat due to the hazard of the <a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a>. In order to make this work, the pilot was equipped with "spurs" which were attached to cables that would pull the legs inward so the pilot could be ejected. Following this development, some other egress systems began using leg retractors as a way to prevent injuries to flailing legs, and to provide a more stable <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a>. Some models of the F-104 were equipped with upward-ejecting seats. </p><p>Similarly, two of the six ejection seats on the B-52 Stratofortress fire downward, through hatch openings on the bottom of the aircraft; the downward hatches are released from the aircraft by a thruster that unlocks the hatch, while gravity and wind remove the hatch and arm the seat. The four seats on the forward upper deck (two of them, EWO and Gunner, facing the rear of the airplane) fire upwards as usual. Any such downward-firing system is of no use on or near the ground if aircraft is in level flight at the time of the ejection. </p><p>Aircraft designed for low-level use sometimes have ejection seats which fire through the canopy, as waiting for the canopy to be ejected is too slow. Many aircraft types (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/BAE_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Hawk">BAE Hawk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harrier_jump_jet" title="Harrier jump jet">Harrier</a> line of aircraft) use Canopy Destruct systems, which have an explosive cord (MDC – Miniature Detonation Cord or FLSC – Flexible Linear Shaped Charge) embedded within the acrylic plastic of the canopy. The MDC is initiated when the eject handle is pulled, and shatters the canopy over the seat a few milliseconds before the seat is launched. This system was developed for the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">Hawker Siddeley Harrier</a> family of <a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a> aircraft as ejection may be necessary while the aircraft was in the hover, and jettisoning the canopy might result in the pilot and seat striking it. This system is also used in the <a href="/wiki/T-6_Texan_II" class="mw-redirect" title="T-6 Texan II">T-6 Texan II</a> and <a href="/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aces_2_ejection_seat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Aces_2_ejection_seat.jpg/220px-Aces_2_ejection_seat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Aces_2_ejection_seat.jpg/330px-Aces_2_ejection_seat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Aces_2_ejection_seat.jpg/440px-Aces_2_ejection_seat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3536" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption>The ACES II Ejection seat commonly used on <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> jets</figcaption></figure> <p>Through-Canopy Penetration is similar to Canopy Destruct, but a sharp spike on the top of the seat, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Egg_tooth" title="Egg tooth">shell tooth</a>", strikes the underside of the canopy and shatters it. The A-10 Thunderbolt II is equipped with canopy breakers on either side of its headrest in the event that the canopy fails to jettison. The T-6 is also equipped with such breakers if the MDC fails to detonate. In ground emergencies, a ground crewman or pilot can use a breaker knife attached to the inside of the canopy to shatter the transparency. The A-6 Intruder and EA-6B Prowler seats were capable of ejecting through the canopy, with canopy jettison a separate option if there is enough time. </p><p>CD and TCP systems cannot be used with canopies made of flexible materials, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lexan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexan">Lexan</a> <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a> canopy used on the F-16. </p><p>Soviet <a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a> naval fighter planes such as the <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-38" title="Yakovlev Yak-38">Yakovlev Yak-38</a> were equipped with ejection seats which were automatically activated during at least some part of the flight envelope.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Drag Extraction is the lightest and simplest egress system available, and has been used on many experimental aircraft. Halfway between simply "bailing out" and using explosive-eject systems, Drag Extraction uses the airflow past the aircraft (or spacecraft) to move the aviator out of the cockpit and away from the stricken craft on a guide rail. Some operate like a standard ejector seat, by jettisoning the canopy, then deploying a drag chute into the airflow. That chute pulls the occupant out of the aircraft, either with the seat or following release of the seat straps, who then rides off the end of a rail extending far enough out to help clear the structure. In the case of the Space Shuttle, the astronauts would have ridden a long, curved rail, blown by the wind against their bodies, then deployed their chutes after free-falling to a safe altitude. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-58_Escape_Capsule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/B-58_Escape_Capsule.jpg/220px-B-58_Escape_Capsule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/B-58_Escape_Capsule.jpg/330px-B-58_Escape_Capsule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/B-58_Escape_Capsule.jpg/440px-B-58_Escape_Capsule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Crewmember <a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">escape capsule</a> from a <a href="/wiki/B-58_Hustler" class="mw-redirect" title="B-58 Hustler">B-58 Hustler</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Encapsulated Seat egress systems were developed for use in the <a href="/wiki/B-58_Hustler" class="mw-redirect" title="B-58 Hustler">B-58 Hustler</a> and <a href="/wiki/B-70_Valkyrie" class="mw-redirect" title="B-70 Valkyrie">B-70 Valkyrie</a> supersonic bombers. These seats were enclosed in an air-operated clamshell, which permitted the aircrew to escape at airspeeds and altitudes high enough to otherwise cause bodily harm. These seats were designed to allow the pilot to control the plane even with the clamshell closed, and the capsule would float in case of water landings. </p><p>Some aircraft designs, such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111" class="mw-redirect" title="General Dynamics F-111">General Dynamics F-111</a>, do not have individual ejection seats, but instead, the entire section of the airframe containing the crew can be ejected as a single <a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">capsule</a>. In this system, very powerful rockets are used, and multiple large parachutes are used to bring the capsule down, in a manner similar to the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_spacecraft#Launch_Escape_System_(LES)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo spacecraft">Launch Escape System of the Apollo spacecraft</a>. On landing, an <a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">airbag</a> system is used to cushion the landing, and this also acts as a flotation device if the Crew Capsule lands in water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zero-zero_ejection_seat">Zero-zero ejection seat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejection_seat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Zero-zero ejection seat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schleudersitz_MK-36DM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Schleudersitz_MK-36DM.jpg/220px-Schleudersitz_MK-36DM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Schleudersitz_MK-36DM.jpg/330px-Schleudersitz_MK-36DM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Schleudersitz_MK-36DM.jpg/440px-Schleudersitz_MK-36DM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NPP_Zvezda_K-36" title="NPP Zvezda K-36">K-36</a>DM Ejection seat used on <a href="/wiki/MiG-29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su-30" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-30">Su-30</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A zero-zero ejection seat is designed to safely extract upward and land its occupant from a grounded stationary position (i.e., zero <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> and zero <a href="/wiki/Airspeed" title="Airspeed">airspeed</a>), specifically from aircraft cockpits. The zero-zero capability was developed to help aircrews escape upward from unrecoverable emergencies during low-altitude and/or low-speed flight, as well as ground mishaps. Parachutes require a minimum altitude for opening, to give time for deceleration to a safe landing speed. Thus, prior to the introduction of zero-zero capability, ejections could only be performed above minimum altitudes and airspeeds. If the seat was to work from zero (aircraft) altitude, the seat would have to lift itself to a sufficient altitude. </p><p>These early seats were fired from the aircraft with a cannon, providing the high <a href="/wiki/Impulse_(physics)" title="Impulse (physics)">impulse</a> needed over the very short length on the cannon barrel within the seat. This limited the total energy, and thus the additional height possible, as otherwise the high forces needed would crush the pilot. </p><p>Modern zero-zero technology use small rockets to propel the seat upward to an adequate altitude and a small explosive charge to open the <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a> canopy quickly for a successful parachute descent, so that proper deployment of the parachute no longer relies on airspeed and altitude. The seat cannon clears the seat from the aircraft, then the under-seat rocket pack fires to lift the seat to altitude. As the rockets fire for longer than the cannon, they do not require the same high forces. Zero-zero rocket seats also reduced forces on the pilot during any ejection, reducing injuries and spinal compression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_vehicles">Other vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejection_seat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kamov_Ka-50" title="Kamov Ka-50">Kamov Ka-50</a>, which entered limited service with Russian forces in 1995, was the first production <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> with an ejection seat. The system is similar to that of a conventional fixed-wing aircraft; however the main <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">rotors</a> are equipped with <a href="/wiki/Explosive_bolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive bolt">explosive bolts</a> to jettison the blades moments before the seat is fired. </p><p>The only commercial jetliner ever fitted with ejection seats was the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tupolev Tu-144</a>. However, the seats were present in the prototype only, and were only available for the crew and not the passengers. The <a href="/wiki/1973_Paris_Air_Show_Tu-144_crash" title="1973 Paris Air Show Tu-144 crash">Tu-144 that crashed at the Paris Air Show in 1973</a> was a production model, and did not have ejection seats. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle" title="Lunar Landing Research Vehicle">Lunar Landing Research Vehicle</a>, (LLRV) and its successor Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (LLTV), used ejection seats. <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> ejected on 6 May 1968, following Joe Algranti and Stuart M. Present.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only spacecraft ever flown with installed ejection seats were <a href="/wiki/Vostok_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok program">Vostok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early flights of the Space Shuttle, which used <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a>, were with a crew of two, both provided with ejector seats (<a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a> to <a href="/wiki/STS-4" title="STS-4">STS-4</a>), but the seats were disabled and then removed as the crew size was increased.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Columbia</i> and <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a> were the only two <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiters</a> fitted with ejection seats. The <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran-class orbiters</a> were planned to be fitted with K-36RB (K-36M-11F35) seats, but as the program was canceled, the seats were never used. </p><p>No real life land vehicle has ever been fitted with an ejection seat, though it is a common trope in fiction. A notable example is the <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB5" title="Aston Martin DB5">Aston Martin DB5</a> from the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_films" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond films">James Bond films</a>, which had an ejecting passenger seat. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the flight simulator: <a href="/wiki/G-seat" title="G-seat">G-seat</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejection_seat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_parachutists" title="Attacks on parachutists">Attacks on parachutists</a> – discusses the 1949 Geneva Conventions on War, declaring it illegal to attack ejecting aircrew until they land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Club" title="Caterpillar Club">Caterpillar Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_response_index" title="Dynamic response index">Dynamic response index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_pod" title="Escape pod">Escape pod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_escape_system" title="Launch escape system">Launch escape system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_lifeboat" title="Airborne lifeboat">Airborne lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(rescue)" title="Lifeboat (rescue)">Lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_suit" title="Pressure suit">Pressure suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Baker#Ejection_Tie_Club" title="Martin-Baker">Ejection Tie Club</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejection_seat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejection_seat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patent no. 678566, of April 2, 1930, <i>Nouveau système de montage des parachutes dans les appareils de locomotion aérienne</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He later changed his surname to Järkenstedt.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejection_seat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122095053/http://ejection-history.org.uk/PROJECT/YEAR_Pages/1910s.htm#1916">"1910s"</a>. Ejection-history.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/PROJECT/YEAR_Pages/1910s.htm#1916">the original</a> on 2010-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1910s&rft.pub=Ejection-history.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejection-history.org.uk%2FPROJECT%2FYEAR_Pages%2F1910s.htm%231916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flight 100 Years of Aviation. R.G. Grant, ISBN-10:0756653460. Beyond the Sound Barrier, Ejection Seats p.271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1986" class="citation book cs1">Green, William (1986). <i>The Warplanes of the Third Reich</i>. New York: Galahad Books. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88365-666-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88365-666-3"><bdi>0-88365-666-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warplanes+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Galahad+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-88365-666-3&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canit.se/~griffon/aviation/text/saabejec.htm">"Moved"</a>. Canit.se. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716195219/http://www.canit.se/~griffon/aviation/text/saabejec.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moved&rft.pub=Canit.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canit.se%2F~griffon%2Faviation%2Ftext%2Fsaabejec.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canit.se/~griffon/aviation/text/21saab.htm">"Moved"</a>. Canit.se. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927003930/http://www.canit.se/~griffon/aviation/text/21saab.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moved&rft.pub=Canit.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canit.se%2F~griffon%2Faviation%2Ftext%2F21saab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1948/1948%20-%201092.html">"flight july | expressat gatwick | a/r d/wl | 1948 | 1092 |"</a>. <i>Flight</i>. Flightglobal.com. 1948-07-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106010426/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1948/1948%20-%201092.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight&rft.atitle=flight+july+%26%23124%3B+expressat+gatwick+%26%23124%3B+a%2Fr+d%2Fwl+%26%23124%3B+1948+%26%23124%3B+1092+%26%23124%3B&rft.date=1948-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1948%2F1948%2520-%25201092.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crickmore-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crickmore_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crickmore, Paul F. "<i>Lockheed's Blackbirds: A-12, YF-12 and SR-71</i>", Wings of Fame, Volume 8, AIRtime Publishing Inc., Westport, Connecticut, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880588-23-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-880588-23-4">1-880588-23-4</a>, page 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9gDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA90">"A Hot Seat"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. Hearst Magazines. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo+%23%3A+NH+90350&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Center&rft.date=2001-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FOnlineLibrary%2Fphotos%2Fimages%2Fh90000%2Fh90350c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushnell,_David1958" class="citation web cs1">Bushnell, David (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/afspbio/part4-4.htm">"History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics 1946–1958"</a>. <i>Historical Division, Office of Information Services</i>. New Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Missile_Development_Center" title="Air Force Missile Development Center">Air Force Missile Development Center</a>, Air Research and Development Command, <a href="/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base" title="Holloman Air Force Base">Holloman Air Force Base</a>. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0019QSQ1E">B0019QSQ1E</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501075426/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/afspbio/part4-4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Division%2C+Office+of+Information+Services&rft.atitle=History+of+Research+in+Space+Biology+and+Biodynamics+1946%E2%80%931958&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0019QSQ1E%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Bushnell%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2Fafspbio%2Fpart4-4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sirviper.com/index.php?page=div/mig29_crash">"The Mig-29 crash at Fairford Airbase"</a>. 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(October 2016)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zvezda-npp.ru/en/node/696">"Ejection seat К-36D-3,5"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPP_Zvezda" title="NPP Zvezda">NPP Zvezda</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212449/http://www.zvezda-npp.ru/en/node/696">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ejection+seat+%D0%9A-36D-3%2C5&rft.pub=NPP+Zvezda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zvezda-npp.ru%2Fen%2Fnode%2F696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422123941/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/WestlandWyvern.htm">ejection-history.org.uk Aircraft by Type: Westland Wyvern</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejectionsite.com/eunderh2o.htm">"Underwater Ejection"</a>. The Ejection Site. April 15, 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407055101/http://www.ejectionsite.com/eunderh2o.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Underwater+Ejection&rft.pub=The+Ejection+Site&rft.date=1997-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejectionsite.com%2Feunderh2o.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (October 2016)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasricha1986" class="citation web cs1">Pasricha, Vinod (June 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140923072428/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1970s/Pasricha.html">"Aircraft Underwater"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Rakshak" title="Bharat Rakshak">Bharat Rakshak</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1970s/Pasricha.html">the original</a> on 2014-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Underwater&rft.pub=Bharat+Rakshak&rft.date=1986-06&rft.aulast=Pasricha&rft.aufirst=Vinod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharat-rakshak.com%2FNAVY%2FHistory%2F1970s%2FPasricha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2009/sep/04/navys-first-underwater-ejection-83180.html">"Navy's first underwater ejection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a></i>. 4 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031211926/http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2009/sep/04/navys-first-underwater-ejection-83180.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Navy%27s+first+underwater+ejection&rft.date=2009-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fopinions%2F2009%2Fsep%2F04%2Fnavys-first-underwater-ejection-83180.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-martin-baker-seats-save-in-spain-358534/">"PARIS: Martin-Baker seats save in Spain"</a>. Flight Global. June 21, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212602/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-martin-baker-seats-save-in-spain-358534/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PARIS%3A+Martin-Baker+seats+save+in+Spain&rft.pub=Flight+Global&rft.date=2011-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fparis-martin-baker-seats-save-in-spain-358534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martin-baker.com/clubs/ejection-tie-club">"Ejection Tie Club"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martin-Baker" title="Martin-Baker">Martin-Baker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161102020906/http://www.martin-baker.com/clubs/ejection-tie-club">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ejection+Tie+Club&rft.pub=Martin-Baker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.martin-baker.com%2Fclubs%2Fejection-tie-club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903154208/http://www.martin-baker.com/_pdfs/history_development_mk1-mk10_ejection_seats.pdf">"The history and developments of Martin-Baker escape systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Martin-Baker. pp. 4, 17, 19, 36–37. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martin-baker.com/_pdfs/history_development_mk1-mk10_ejection_seats.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+and+developments+of+Martin-Baker+escape+systems&rft.pages=4%2C+17%2C+19%2C+36-37&rft.pub=Martin-Baker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.martin-baker.com%2F_pdfs%2Fhistory_development_mk1-mk10_ejection_seats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boingboing.net/2012/08/27/watch-neil-armstrong-narrowly.html">"Watch Neil Armstrong Narrowly"</a>. 27 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121228140634/http://boingboing.net/2012/08/27/watch-neil-armstrong-narrowly.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watch+Neil+Armstrong+Narrowly&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboingboing.net%2F2012%2F08%2F27%2Fwatch-neil-armstrong-narrowly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejectionsite.com/gemini.htm">"The Ejection Site"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403081009/http://www.ejectionsite.com/gemini.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ejection+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejectionsite.com%2Fgemini.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenkins-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1999" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Dennis R. (1999). <i>Space Shuttle – The History of Developing the National Space Transportation System</i>. Dennis R. Jenkins Publishing. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9633974-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9633974-4-3"><bdi>0-9633974-4-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle+%E2%80%93+The+History+of+Developing+the+National+Space+Transportation+System&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Dennis+R.+Jenkins+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-9633974-4-3&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejection_seat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Terry, Gerard (August–November 1984). "Talkback". <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a></i>. No. 25. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Talkback&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=79&rft.date=1984-08%2F1984-11&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejection_seat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ejector_seats" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ejector seats">Ejector seats</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-style: italic">Martin Baker Mk 1 ejection seat drawing</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130123083831/http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/photos/militaryaviation1946-2006cutaways/images/12055/martin-baker-mk1-ejector-seat-cutaway.jpg">Martin Baker Mk 1 ejection seat drawing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Flight_Global" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight Global">Flight Global</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1952/1952%20-%203272.html">"Up, Out and Down"</a>. <i>Flight International</i>. 14 November 1952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Up%2C+Out+and+Down&rft.date=1952-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1952%2F1952%2520-%25203272.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1965/1965%20-%203022.html">"Safety for Service Aircrew"</a>. <i>Flight International</i>. 16 December 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Safety+for+Service+Aircrew&rft.date=1965-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1965%2F1965%2520-%25203022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne1996–2003" class="citation web cs1">Coyne, Kevin (1996–2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejectionsite.com/">"The Ejection Site"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ejection+Site&rft.date=1996%2F2003&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejectionsite.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (October 2016)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalei2008" class="citation news cs1">Kalei, Kalikiano (February 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorsden.com/visit/viewarticle.asp?AuthorID=77566&id=36725">"A History of Military Aircraft Egress Systems (Part One of Three)"</a>. <i>Authorsden.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Authorsden.com&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Military+Aircraft+Egress+Systems+%28Part+One+of+Three%29&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft.aulast=Kalei&rft.aufirst=Kalikiano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorsden.com%2Fvisit%2Fviewarticle.asp%3FAuthorID%3D77566%26id%3D36725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (October 2016)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/lethbridge-cf-18-jet-fighter-crash/article1387692/">"IN PICTURES: Lethbridge CF-18 jet fighter crash"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. July 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=IN+PICTURES%3A+Lethbridge+CF-18+jet+fighter+crash&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Flethbridge-cf-18-jet-fighter-crash%2Farticle1387692%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1980–2014" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Michael (1980–2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/">"Ejection History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ejection+History&rft.date=1980%2F2014&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejection-history.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (October 2016)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007024640/http://www.martin-baker.com/Products/Ejection-Seats/Mk--10.aspx">"Mk10 seat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martin-Baker" title="Martin-Baker">Martin-Baker</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martin-baker.com/Products/Ejection-Seats/Mk--10.aspx">the original</a> on 2007-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mk10+seat&rft.pub=Martin-Baker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.martin-baker.com%2FProducts%2FEjection-Seats%2FMk--10.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationweek.com/air-combat-safety/pictures-potted-history-ejection-seats">"In Pictures: A Potted History Of Ejection Seats"</a>. <i>Aviation Week</i>. Oct 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week&rft.atitle=In+Pictures%3A+A+Potted+History+Of+Ejection+Seats&rft.date=2016-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fair-combat-safety%2Fpictures-potted-history-ejection-seats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullSerockiMcDowell1966" class="citation web cs1">Bull, John O.; Serocki, Edward L.; McDowell, Howard L. (September 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0801787.pdf">"Compilation of Data on Crew Emergency Escape Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compilation+of+Data+on+Crew+Emergency+Escape+Systems&rft.pub=Air+Force+Flight+Dynamics+Laboratory&rft.date=1966-09&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rft.au=Serocki%2C+Edward+L.&rft.au=McDowell%2C+Howard+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FAD0801787.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEjection+seat" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aircraft_components" title="Template talk:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aircraft_components_and_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Aircraft</a> components and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_systems" title="Aircraft systems">systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">Airframe</a> structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623544#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" 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