CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Lake Erie - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fde0031e-834d-4587-ae7c-5cf301270ad1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Lake_Erie","wgTitle":"Lake Erie","wgCurRevisionId":1255687973,"wgRevisionId":1255687973,"wgArticleId":17946,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2012","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from October 2019","Articles containing Ojibwe-language text","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles using infobox body of water without alt","Articles using infobox body of water without alt bathymetry","Articles containing French-language text", "Articles with text in Iroquoian languages","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Lake Erie","Great Lakes","Great Lakes Waterway","International lakes of North America","Lakes of Michigan","Lakes of New York (state)","Lakes of Ohio","Lakes of Ontario","Lakes of Pennsylvania","Erie Canal","Regions of Ohio","Saint Lawrence Seaway","Southwestern Ontario","Canada–United States border"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Lake_Erie","wgRelevantArticleId":17946,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true ,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":42.2,"lon":-81.2},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5492","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready" ,"skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg/1200px-A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="559"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg/800px-A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="373"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg/640px-A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="298"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Lake Erie - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Lake_Erie rootpage-Lake_Erie skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lake+Erie" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lake+Erie" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lake+Erie" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lake+Erie" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographic_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Geographic features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Water levels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_exploration_and_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_exploration_and_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 European exploration and settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_exploration_and_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Lakes_Compact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Lakes_Compact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Great Lakes Compact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Lakes_Compact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lake_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Lake environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lake_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lake environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lake_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lake_Erie_in_winter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_Erie_in_winter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Lake Erie in winter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lake_Erie_in_winter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windy_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windy_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Windy conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windy_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microclimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microclimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Microclimates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microclimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_weather_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_weather_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Long-term weather patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_weather_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ecosystems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Invasive species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eutrophication_and_cyanobacterial_blooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eutrophication_and_cyanobacterial_blooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eutrophication_and_cyanobacterial_blooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Snakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects_and_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects_and_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Insects and birds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects_and_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_quality_issues_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_quality_issues_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Water quality issues and restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_quality_issues_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Fishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Species_of_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_of_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Species of fish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_of_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Commercial fishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Government regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Sport fishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Ice fishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diving_for_shipwrecks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_for_shipwrecks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Diving for shipwrecks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diving_for_shipwrecks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Public parks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Biking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Water sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighthouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighthouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.6 Lighthouses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighthouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.7 Folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipping_traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping_traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Shipping traffic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping_traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferryboats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferryboats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Ferryboats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferryboats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Border crossings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lake Erie</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" > 96 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriemeer" title="Eriemeer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eriemeer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="بحيرة إري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحيرة إري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%9D" title="ܝܡܬܐ ܕܐܝܪܝ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܬܐ ܕܐܝܪܝ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llagu_Erie" title="Llagu Erie – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llagu Erie" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri_g%C3%B6l%C3%BC" title="Eri gölü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eri gölü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6" title="ইরি হ্রদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরি হ্রদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_%C3%94%CD%98" title="Erie Ô͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Erie Ô͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB)" title="Эри (күл) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эри (күл)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Эры (возера) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эры (возера)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Ери (езеро) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ери (езеро)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriesee" title="Eriesee – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eriesee" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_(jezero)" title="Erie (jezero) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Erie (jezero)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenn_Erie" title="Lenn Erie – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lenn Erie" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llac_Erie" title="Llac Erie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llac Erie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D3%B3%D0%BB%C4%95)" title="Эри (кӳлĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эри (кӳлĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie_(lanaw_sa_Kanada)" title="Lake Erie (lanaw sa Kanada) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lake Erie (lanaw sa Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erijsk%C3%A9_jezero" title="Erijské jezero – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Erijské jezero" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyn_Erie" title="Llyn Erie – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyn Erie" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lake Erie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriesee" title="Eriesee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eriesee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_j%C3%A4rv" title="Erie järv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erie järv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%89%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Λίμνη Ήρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λίμνη Ήρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Erie" title="Lago Erie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lago Erie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eria_Lago" title="Eria Lago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eria Lago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie" title="Erie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دریاچه ایری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریاچه ایری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erievatn" title="Erievatn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Erievatn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_%C3%89ri%C3%A9" title="Lac Érié – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lac Érié" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earymar" title="Earymar – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Earymar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Erie" title="Loch Erie – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Loch Erie" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Erie" title="Loch Erie – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Loch Erie" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Erie" title="Lago Erie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lago Erie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%AC%ED%98%B8" title="이리호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이리호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B3" title="Էրի լիճ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրի լիճ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ईरी झील – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईरी झील" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_(jezero)" title="Erie (jezero) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Erie (jezero)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau_Erie" title="Danau Erie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Danau Erie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laco_Erie" title="Laco Erie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Laco Erie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie-vatn" title="Erie-vatn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erie-vatn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Erie" title="Lago Erie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lago Erie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99" title="ימת אירי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ימת אירי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ერის ტბა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერის ტბა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB)" title="Эри (көл) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эри (көл)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_(ziwa)" title="Erie (ziwa) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Erie (ziwa)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gola_Erie" title="Gola Erie – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gola Erie" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacus_Erieus" title="Lacus Erieus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lacus Erieus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92ri_ezers" title="Ēri ezers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ēri ezers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eries%C3%A9i" title="Erieséi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Erieséi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris" title="Eris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriemaer" title="Eriemaer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eriemaer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie-t%C3%B3" title="Erie-tó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erie-tó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="इरी ताल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इरी ताल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ири – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ири" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ഈറി തടാകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈറി തടാകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="ईरी सरोवर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ईरी सरोवर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90)" title="ერი (ტობა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერი (ტობა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="بحيره ارى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بحيره ارى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ایری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasik_Erie" title="Tasik Erie – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tasik Erie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriemeer" title="Eriemeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eriemeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="इरी ताल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इरी ताल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E6%B9%96" title="エリー湖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリー湖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriesj%C3%B8en" title="Eriesjøen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eriesjøen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriesj%C3%B8en" title="Eriesjøen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eriesjøen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Erie" title="Lac Erie – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lac Erie" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri" title="Eri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9D%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2" title="ਈਰੀ ਝੀਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈਰੀ ਝੀਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جھیل ایری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جھیل ایری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagh_Erie" title="Lagh Erie – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lagh Erie" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_(jezioro)" title="Erie (jezioro) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erie (jezioro)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Erie" title="Lago Erie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lago Erie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriesee" title="Eriesee – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Eriesee" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacul_Erie" title="Lacul Erie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lacul Erie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_qucha" title="Erie qucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Erie qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Эри (озеро) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эри (озеро)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Erie" title="Loch Erie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Loch Erie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqeni_Erie" title="Liqeni Erie – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Liqeni Erie" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lake Erie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erijsk%C3%A9_jazero" title="Erijské jazero – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Erijské jazero" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriejsko_jezero" title="Eriejsko jezero – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eriejsko jezero" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Ири (језеро) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ири (језеро)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_(jezero)" title="Erie (jezero) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Erie (jezero)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriej%C3%A4rvi" title="Eriejärvi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eriejärvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriesj%C3%B6n" title="Eriesjön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eriesjön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="ஈரீ ஏரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈரீ ஏரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agelmim_Erie" title="Agelmim Erie – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agelmim Erie" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ทะเลสาบอิรี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลสาบอิรี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC" title="Erie Gölü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erie Gölü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96_(%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Ері (озеро) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ері (озеро)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جھیل ایری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جھیل ایری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Erie" title="Hồ Erie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồ Erie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_j%C3%A4rv" title="Erie järv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Erie järv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danaw_Erie" title="Danaw Erie – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Danaw Erie" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%B9%96" title="伊利湖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊利湖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%B9%96" title="伊利湖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊利湖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%B9%96" title="伊利湖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊利湖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5492#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lake_Erie" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lake_Erie" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Lake_Erie" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&oldid=1255687973" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Lake_Erie&id=1255687973&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLake_Erie">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLake_Erie">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lake_Erie&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lake_Erie" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5492" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Erie&params=42.2_N_81.2_W_type:waterbody_scale:3000000">42°12′N 81°12′W / 42.2°N 81.2°W / 42.2; -81.2</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the Great Lakes in North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lake_Eyre" title="Lake Eyre">Lake Eyre</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lake Erie (disambiguation)">Lake Erie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Lake Erie</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;">Waabishkiigoo-gichigami / Aanikegamaa-gichigami (<a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><a href="/wiki/File:A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg/264px-A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg/396px-A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg/528px-A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="748" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">NOAA satellite image of Lake Erie from July 7, 2023. Light green swirls are <a href="/wiki/Algae_bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Algae bloom">algae bloom</a> on the western edge of the lake.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><a href="/wiki/File:North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Lake Erie in North America."><img alt="Location of Lake Erie in North America." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/256px-North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/384px-North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/512px-North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1185" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.396%;left:66.698%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Location of Lake Erie in North America." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Lake Erie</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Saint_Clair_bathymetry_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Saint_Clair_bathymetry_map.png/256px-Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Saint_Clair_bathymetry_map.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Saint_Clair_bathymetry_map.png/384px-Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Saint_Clair_bathymetry_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Saint_Clair_bathymetry_map.png/512px-Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Saint_Clair_bathymetry_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Lake Erie and <a href="/wiki/Lake_St._Clair" title="Lake St. Clair">Lake Saint Clair</a> <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetric</a> map.<a href="#cite_note-GLBathEr-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-GLBathHur-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-GLBathOnt-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GLOBE-4">[4]</a> The deepest point is marked with "×".<a href="#cite_note-NOAA_GLERL-5">[5]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Group</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Erie&params=42.2_N_81.2_W_type:waterbody_scale:3000000">42°12′N 81°12′W / 42.2°N 81.2°W / 42.2; -81.2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lake#Types_of_lakes" title="Lake">Lake type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">Glacial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)">Primary inflows</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a><a href="#cite_note-StateofOhio-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">Primary outflows</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a><a href="#cite_note-EPA-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">241 mi (388 km)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th><td class="infobox-data">57 mi (92 km)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_by_area" title="List of lakes by area">Surface area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,910 sq mi (25,700 km2)<a href="#cite_note-EPA-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">62 ft (19 m)<a href="#cite_note-EPA-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">210 ft (64 m)<a href="#cite_note-nyt-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_by_volume" title="List of lakes by volume">Water volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">116 cu mi (480 km3)<a href="#cite_note-EPA-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lake_retention_time" title="Lake retention time">Residence time</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.6 years</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shore length1</th><td class="infobox-data">799 mi (1,286 km) plus 72 mi (116 km) for islands<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">569 ft (173 m)<a href="#cite_note-EPA-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_the_Great_Lakes" title="Category:Islands of the Great Lakes">Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24+ (see <a href="#Islands">list</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a> <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a> <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a> <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Michigan" title="Monroe, Michigan">Monroe, Michigan</a> <a href="/wiki/Leamington,_Ontario" title="Leamington, Ontario">Leamington, Ontario</a> <a href="/wiki/Port_Colborne,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Colborne, Ontario">Port Colborne, Ontario</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff; border-top: 1px solid #cedeff">1 Shore length is <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">not a well-defined measure</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake-Erie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lake-Erie.svg/220px-Lake-Erie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lake-Erie.svg/330px-Lake-Erie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lake-Erie.svg/440px-Lake-Erie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, with Lake Erie highlighted in darker blue </figcaption></figure> Lake Erie (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɪri/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">EER-ee</a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Lac Érié) is the fourth-largest <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> by surface area of the five <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and the eleventh-largest globally.<a href="#cite_note-StateofOhio-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas_list-10">[10]</a> It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> of the Great Lakes<a href="#cite_note-GLIN_F&F-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and also has the shortest average water <a href="/wiki/Lake_retention_time" title="Lake retention time">residence time</a>. At its deepest point, Lake Erie is 210 feet (64 m) deep, making it the only Great Lake whose deepest point is above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Situated on the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">International Boundary</a> between <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, Lake Erie's northern shore is the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Peninsula" title="Ontario Peninsula">Ontario Peninsula</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> on its western, southern, and eastern shores. These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake with water boundaries. The largest city on the lake is <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, anchoring the third largest U.S. metro area in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Greater Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit</a>. Other major cities along the lake shore include <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>; <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>. Situated below <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>, Erie's primary inlet is the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a>. The main natural outflow from the lake is via the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a>, which provides <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric power</a> to Canada and the U.S. as it spins huge turbines near <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lewiston_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewiston (town), New York">Lewiston, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queenston" title="Queenston">Queenston, Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ54-14">[14]</a> Some outflow occurs via the <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a>, which diverts water for ship passages from <a href="/wiki/Port_Colborne" title="Port Colborne">Port Colborne</a>, Ontario, on Lake Erie, to <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>, an elevation difference of 326 ft (99 m). Lake Erie's environmental health has been an ongoing concern for decades, with issues such as <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algae blooms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> generating headlines.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ61-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT031413-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS067-E-90447_Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Ontario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ISS067-E-90447_Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Ontario.jpg/220px-ISS067-E-90447_Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Ontario.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ISS067-E-90447_Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Ontario.jpg/330px-ISS067-E-90447_Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Ontario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ISS067-E-90447_Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Ontario.jpg/440px-ISS067-E-90447_Lake_Erie_and_Lake_Ontario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4176" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>Lake Erie on May 28, 2022, taken from the International Space Station</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Erie_North_Short_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lake_Erie_North_Short_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-Lake_Erie_North_Short_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lake_Erie_North_Short_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/330px-Lake_Erie_North_Short_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lake_Erie_North_Short_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/440px-Lake_Erie_North_Short_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>North shore in mid-December 2014</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_features">Geographic features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic features">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_Basin" title="Lake Erie Basin">Lake Erie Basin</a></div> Lake Erie (42.2° N, 81.2W) has a mean elevation of 571 feet (174 m)<a href="#cite_note-nyt-8">[8]</a> above sea level. It has a surface area of 9,990 square miles (25,874 km2)<a href="#cite_note-EPA-7">[7]</a> with a length of 241 <a href="/wiki/Statute_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute mile">statute miles</a> (388 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 209 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a>)<a href="#cite_note-EPA-7">[7]</a> and breadth of 57 statute miles (92 km; 50 nmi)<a href="#cite_note-EPA-7">[7]</a> at its widest points. It is the shallowest of the Great Lakes with an average depth of 10 <a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">fathoms</a> 3 feet or 63 ft (19 m)<a href="#cite_note-EPA-7">[7]</a> and a maximum depth of 35 fathoms (210 ft; 64 m)<a href="#cite_note-EPA-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-8">[8]</a> Because Erie is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a> which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool.<a href="#cite_note-twsX213-18">[18]</a> The warm summer of 1999 caused lake temperatures to come close to the 85 °F (29 °C) limit necessary to keep the plants cool.<a href="#cite_note-twsX213-18">[18]</a> Also because of its shallowness, it is the first to freeze in the winter.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The shallowest section of Lake Erie is the <a href="/wiki/Western_Basin_of_Lake_Erie" title="Western Basin of Lake Erie">western basin</a> where depths average only 25 to 30 feet (7.6 to 9.1 m); as a result, "the slightest breeze can kick up lively waves", also known as <a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">seiches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX43d-20">[20]</a> The "waves build very quickly", according to other accounts.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ31-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsX312c-22">[22]</a> The region around the lake is known as the "thunderstorm capital of Canada" with "breathtaking" lightning displays.<a href="#cite_note-twsX312c-22">[22]</a> Sometimes fierce waves springing up unexpectedly have led to dramatic rescues; in one instance, a <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> resident trying to measure the dock near his house became trapped but was rescued by a fire department diver from <a href="/wiki/Avon_Lake,_Ohio" title="Avon Lake, Ohio">Avon Lake, Ohio</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In a tug of war against the waves, the two were finally hauled out by rope. After being trapped for an hour-and-a-half, Baker was back on dry land, exhausted and battered but alive.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tatiana Morales, <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>, 2004<a href="#cite_note-twsX411-23">[23]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Lake Erie is primarily fed by the Detroit River (from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Saint_Clair_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Saint Clair (North America)">Lake St. Clair</a>) and drains via the Niagara River and Niagara Falls into Lake Ontario. Navigation downstream is provided by the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Other major contributors to Lake Erie include <a href="/wiki/Grand_River_(Ontario)" title="Grand River (Ontario)">Grand River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huron_River_(Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron River (Michigan)">Huron River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maumee_River" title="Maumee River">Maumee River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandusky_River" title="Sandusky River">Sandusky River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_River_(New_York)" title="Buffalo River (New York)">Buffalo River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> covers 30,140 square miles (78,100 km2). <a href="/wiki/Point_Pelee_National_Park" title="Point Pelee National Park">Point Pelee National Park</a>, the southernmost point of the Canadian mainland, is located on a peninsula extending into the lake. Lake Erie has 31 islands (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Lake_Erie_Islands" title="List of Lake Erie Islands">13 in Canada, 18 in the U.S.</a>), located generally in the western side of the lake. The largest of these is <a href="/wiki/Pelee,_Ontario" title="Pelee, Ontario">Pelee Island</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bass_Islands_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bass_Islands_map.png/170px-Bass_Islands_map.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bass_Islands_map.png/255px-Bass_Islands_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bass_Islands_map.png/340px-Bass_Islands_map.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>Partial map of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Erie Islands">Lake Erie Islands</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_levels">Water levels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Water levels">edit</a>]</div> Lake Erie has a <a href="/wiki/Lake_retention_time" title="Lake retention time">lake retention time</a> of 2.6 years,<a href="#cite_note-twsX314a-24">[24]</a> the shortest of all the Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_Basic-25">[25]</a> The lake's surface area is 9,910 square miles (25,667 km2).<a href="#cite_note-EPA-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsJanY112-26">[26]</a> Lake Erie's water level fluctuates with the seasons as in the other Great Lakes. Generally, the lowest levels are in January and February and the highest in June or July, although there have been exceptions. The average yearly level varies depending on long-term precipitation. Short-term level changes are often caused by <a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">seiches</a> that are particularly high when southwesterly winds blow across the length of the lake during storms. These cause water to pile up at the eastern end of the lake. Storm-driven seiches can cause damage onshore. During one storm in November 2003, the water level at Buffalo rose by 7 feet (2.1 m) with waves of 10–15 feet (3.0–4.6 metres) for a rise of 22 feet (6.7 m).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Meanwhile, at the western end of the lake, Toledo experienced a similar drop in water level. <ul><li>Historic High Water. In the summer of 1986, Lake Erie reached its highest level at 5.08 feet (1.55 m) above the datum.<a href="#cite_note-COE-2009-28">[28]</a> The high water records were set from April 1986 through January 1987. Levels ranged from 4.33 to 5.08 feet (1.32–1.55 m) above the datum.<a href="#cite_note-COE-2009-28">[28]</a></li> <li>Historic Low Water. In the winter of 1934, Lake Erie reached its lowest level at 1.5 feet (0.46 m) below the datum.<a href="#cite_note-COE-2009-28">[28]</a> Monthly low water records were set from July 1934 through June 1935. During this twelve-month period water levels ranged from 1.5 feet (0.46 m) below the datum to even with the datum.<a href="#cite_note-COE-2009-28">[28]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> Lake Erie was carved out by <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> ice<a href="#cite_note-StateofOhio-6">[6]</a> and in its current form is less than 4,000 years old, which is a short span in geological terms. Before this, the land on which the lake now sits went through several complex stages. A large lowland basin formed over two million years ago as a result of an eastern flowing river that existed well before the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Pleistocene ice ages</a>. This ancient drainage system was destroyed by the first major glacier in the area, while it deepened and enlarged the lowland areas, allowing water to settle and form a lake. The glaciers were able to carve away more land on the eastern side of the lowland because the bedrock is made of <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> which is softer than the carbonate rocks of <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> on the western side. Thus, the eastern and central basins of the modern lake are much deeper than the western basin, which averages only 25 feet (7.6 m) deep and is rich in nutrients and fish.<a href="#cite_note-twsOhioStateUniv-29">[29]</a> Lake Erie is the shallowest of the Great Lakes because the ice was relatively thin and lacked erosion power when it reached that far south, according to one view. As many as three glaciers advanced and retreated over the land, causing temporary lakes to form in the time periods in between each of them. Because each lake had a different volume of water, their shorelines rested at differing elevations. The last of these lakes to form, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Warren" title="Lake Warren">Lake Warren</a>, existed between about 13,000 and 12,000 years ago. It was deeper than the current Lake Erie, and its shoreline existed about eight miles (13 km) inland from the modern one. The shorelines of these lakes left behind high ground sand ridges that cut through swamps and were used as trails for Native peoples and later, pioneers. These trails became primitive roads which were eventually paved. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_30" title="U.S. Route 30">U.S. Route 30</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Delphos,_Ohio" title="Delphos, Ohio">Delphos, Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_20" title="U.S. Route 20">U.S. Route 20</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Ohio" title="Norwalk, Ohio">Norwalk</a> and east of Cleveland were formed in this manner. The ancient sand dunes are visible in the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Openings_Region" title="Oak Openings Region">Oak Openings Region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ohio" title="Northwest Ohio">Northwest Ohio</a>. There, the sandy dry lake bed soil was not sufficient to support large trees with the exception of a few species of oaks, forming a rare <a href="/wiki/Oak_savanna" title="Oak savanna">oak savanna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples">edit</a>]</div> At the time of European contact, there were several Indigenous peoples living around the shores of the eastern end of the lake. The <a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie tribe</a> (from whom the lake takes its name) lived along the southern edge, while the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral Nation">Neutrals</a> (also known as Attawandaron) lived along the northern shore. The tribal name "erie" is a shortened form of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a> word erielhonan, meaning "long tail".<a href="#cite_note-Room20062-31">[31]</a> The name may also come from the word eri, meaning "cherry tree".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Near Port Stanley, there is an Indigenous village dating from the 16th century known as the Southwold Earthworks where as many as 800 Neutral Indigenous peoples once lived; the archaeological remains include double earth walls winding around the grass-covered perimeter.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> Europeans named the tribe the Neutral Indians since these people refused to fight with other tribes.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> Both the Erie and Neutrals were colonized and assimilated by their hostile eastern neighbors, the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois Confederacy</a>, between 1651 and 1657 during the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> For decades after those wars, the land around eastern Lake Erie was claimed and utilized by the Iroquois as a hunting ground. As the power of the Iroquois waned during the last quarter of the 17th century, several other, mainly <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>, displaced them from the territories they claimed on the north shore of the lake.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> There was a legend of an Indigenous woman named Huldah, who, despairing over her lost British lover, hurled herself from a high rock from Pelee Island.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ31-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_exploration_and_settlement">European exploration and settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European exploration and settlement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Map_of_the_Western_parts_of_the_Colony_of_Virginia,_1754.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A_Map_of_the_Western_parts_of_the_Colony_of_Virginia%2C_1754.jpg/170px-A_Map_of_the_Western_parts_of_the_Colony_of_Virginia%2C_1754.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A_Map_of_the_Western_parts_of_the_Colony_of_Virginia%2C_1754.jpg/255px-A_Map_of_the_Western_parts_of_the_Colony_of_Virginia%2C_1754.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A_Map_of_the_Western_parts_of_the_Colony_of_Virginia%2C_1754.jpg/340px-A_Map_of_the_Western_parts_of_the_Colony_of_Virginia%2C_1754.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Lake Erie, 1754</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Lakes_Steamship_Walk-in-the-Water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Lakes_Steamship_Walk-in-the-Water.jpg/220px-Great_Lakes_Steamship_Walk-in-the-Water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Lakes_Steamship_Walk-in-the-Water.jpg/330px-Great_Lakes_Steamship_Walk-in-the-Water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Lakes_Steamship_Walk-in-the-Water.jpg/440px-Great_Lakes_Steamship_Walk-in-the-Water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Walk in Water, built in Buffalo, was the first steamship on Lake Erie. Picture <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1816.</figcaption></figure> In 1669, Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolliet" title="Louis Jolliet">Louis Jolliet</a> was the first documented European to sight Lake Erie, although there is speculation that <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9" title="Étienne Brûlé">Étienne Brûlé</a> may have come across it in 1615.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Lake Erie was the last of the Great Lakes to be explored by Europeans, since the Iroquois who occupied the Niagara River area were in conflict with the French, and they did not allow explorers or traders to pass through; explorers followed rivers out of Lake Ontario and portaged to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>. British authorities in Canada were nervous about possible expansion by American settlers across Lake Erie, so Colonel <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Upper_Canada)" title="Thomas Talbot (Upper Canada)">Thomas Talbot</a> developed the Talbot Trail in 1809 as a way to stimulate settlement to the area; Talbot recruited settlers from Ireland and Scotland, and there are numerous places named after him in southern Ontario, such as <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot,_Ontario" title="Port Talbot, Ontario">Port Talbot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Talbot_River_(Ontario)" title="Talbot River (Ontario)">Talbot River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talbotville,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Talbotville, Ontario">Talbotville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_erie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Battle_erie.jpg/220px-Battle_erie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Battle_erie.jpg/330px-Battle_erie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Battle_erie.jpg/440px-Battle_erie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Lake Erie (1865) by <a href="/wiki/William_H._Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Powell">William H. Powell</a> depicts US Navy commander <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</a> captured an entire <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">British fleet</a> in 1813<a href="#cite_note-twsZ41a2-37">[37]</a> near <a href="/wiki/Put-in-Bay,_Ohio" title="Put-in-Bay, Ohio">Put-in-Bay, Ohio</a>, despite having inferior numbers.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ16-38">[38]</a> American soldiers swept through the Ontario area around <a href="/wiki/Port_Rowan,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Rowan, Ontario">Port Rowan</a> burning towns and villages.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> Generally, however, with the exceptions of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and the War of 1812—which involved conflicts between the U.S. and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>—relations between the U.S. and Canada have been remarkably friendly with an "unfortified boundary" and an agreement "that has kept all fleets of war off the Great Lakes."<a href="#cite_note-twsZ21bb-39">[39]</a> In 1837, rebellions broke about between Canadian settlers and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Colonial government</a>. These primarily concerned political reforms and land allocation issues. Some of the rebels stationed themselves in the U.S. and crossed the ice from <a href="/wiki/Sandusky_Bay" title="Sandusky Bay">Sandusky Bay</a> to Pelee Island wearing "tattered overcoats and worn-out boots", and carrying muskets, pitchforks, and swords,<a href="#cite_note-twsZ31-21">[21]</a> but the islanders had already fled.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ31-21">[21]</a> Later, there was a battle on the ice with the Royal 32nd Regiment, with the rebels being driven to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ31-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brig_Niagara_(Lorain,_Ohio).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Brig_Niagara_%28Lorain%2C_Ohio%29.jpg/220px-Brig_Niagara_%28Lorain%2C_Ohio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Brig_Niagara_%28Lorain%2C_Ohio%29.jpg/330px-Brig_Niagara_%28Lorain%2C_Ohio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Brig_Niagara_%28Lorain%2C_Ohio%29.jpg/440px-Brig_Niagara_%28Lorain%2C_Ohio%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2151" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>At an Ohio history festival, the 19th-century style brig warship Niagara passes the <a href="/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio" title="Lorain, Ohio">Lorain</a> lighthouse.</figcaption></figure> Settlers established commercial fisheries on the north coast of the lake around the 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-twsX14b-40">[40]</a> An important business was fishing.<a href="#cite_note-twsX314a-24">[24]</a> In the pre-Civil War years, railways sprouted everywhere, and around 1852 there were railways circling the lake.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ15-41">[41]</a> Maritime traffic picked up, although the lake was usually closed because of ice from December to early April, and ships had to wait for the ice to clear before proceeding.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ17-42">[42]</a> Since slavery had been abolished in Canada in 1833 but was still legal in <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern U.S.</a>, a Lake Erie crossing was sometimes required for fugitive slaves seeking freedom: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When Kentucky fugitive Lewis Clarke arrived in Cleveland, he had no idea how to find Canada. "I went out to the shore of the lake again and again, to try and see the other side, but I could see no hill, mountain, nor city of the asylum I sought," he once told an interviewer. "I was afraid to inquire where (Canada) was, lest it would betray such a degree of ignorance as to excite suspicion at once." Many fugitives also had to overcome fears instilled by their former masters ...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chris Lackner in the Ottawa Citizen, 2006<a href="#cite_note-twsZ51-43">[43]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Prior to modern radar and <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasting</a>, merchant ships were often caught up in intense gales: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A violent gale is blowing on Lake Erie ... The schooner Stranger came in this morning and reports seeing a vessel about 12 miles [19 km] up, 2 miles [3.2 km] from the Canada shore, with three men clinging to the masts, which alone were visible above the water–heard their cries and screams ...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The New York Times, October 1853<a href="#cite_note-twsZ11-44">[44]</a></cite></div></blockquote> There were reports of disasters usually from sea captains passing information to reporters; in 1868, the captain of the Grace Whitney saw a sunken vessel with "three men clinging to the masthead," but he could not help because of the gale and high seas.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ19-45">[45]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Balloonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloonist">balloonist</a> named John Steiner of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> made an ambitious trip across the lake in 1857.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY312-46">[46]</a> His voyage was described in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He arose to the height of about three miles, and started off at a slow but steady rate ... The lake could be seen from one end to the other nearly ... At one time Mr. Steiner counted 38 sail vessels, all in sight, and far below him. The hands on board several of the vessels saw him, and rightly apprehending that he was an aeronaut, cheered him heartily ... He neared the Canada shore a little below Long Point ... he was accordingly driven towards Buffalo ... Night was drawing on and it became apparent that he could not, with this current, get away from the water before dark, and after nightfall it would not be safe to come down. Seeing a propeller (powered boat) ... the Mary Stewart ... He first struck the water about 25 miles below Long Point ... During this time Mr. Steiner says he thinks his balloon bounded from the water at least twenty times. It would strike and then rebound, like a ball, going into the air from twenty to fifty feet, and still rushing down the lake at railroad speed ... Mr. Steiner then abandoned the balloon, leaping into the water and swimming towards the boat, which speedily reached him ...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, July 23, 1857<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY312-46">[46]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In 1885, lake winds were so strong that water levels dropped substantially, sometimes by as much as two feet, so that at ports such as Toledo, watercraft could not load coal or depart the port.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ22-47">[47]</a> During the history of the lake as a fishery, there has been marked battling by opposing interest groups: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The preservation of the fisheries of Lake Erie has become a serious problem to all who have given it close attention ... the fisheries are being exhausted by the wasteful methods which are now in vogue ... it is still the custom of the pound fishermen about Sandusky to take fish of all sizes, and if they are too small to be marketable they are turned over to a fertilizer factory. If left undisturbed for two or three years more, these little fish would be a very valuable product ...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 1895<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY314-48">[48]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Put-in-Bay_view_from_the_Peace_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Put-in-Bay_view_from_the_Peace_Memorial.jpg/220px-Put-in-Bay_view_from_the_Peace_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Put-in-Bay_view_from_the_Peace_Memorial.jpg/330px-Put-in-Bay_view_from_the_Peace_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Put-in-Bay_view_from_the_Peace_Memorial.jpg/440px-Put-in-Bay_view_from_the_Peace_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>View from <a href="/wiki/Perry%27s_Victory_and_International_Peace_Memorial" title="Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial">Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial</a> at <a href="/wiki/Put-in-Bay,_Ohio" title="Put-in-Bay, Ohio">Put-in-Bay, Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Erie_historical_map,_1901_-_DPLA_-_94a2d4b0d5bd2a5b21428b55acec7eab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lake_Erie_historical_map%2C_1901_-_DPLA_-_94a2d4b0d5bd2a5b21428b55acec7eab.jpg/220px-Lake_Erie_historical_map%2C_1901_-_DPLA_-_94a2d4b0d5bd2a5b21428b55acec7eab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lake_Erie_historical_map%2C_1901_-_DPLA_-_94a2d4b0d5bd2a5b21428b55acec7eab.jpg/330px-Lake_Erie_historical_map%2C_1901_-_DPLA_-_94a2d4b0d5bd2a5b21428b55acec7eab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lake_Erie_historical_map%2C_1901_-_DPLA_-_94a2d4b0d5bd2a5b21428b55acec7eab.jpg/440px-Lake_Erie_historical_map%2C_1901_-_DPLA_-_94a2d4b0d5bd2a5b21428b55acec7eab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8999" data-file-height="6098" /></a><figcaption>Lake Erie historical map, 1901</figcaption></figure> Predictions of the lake being over-fished in 1895 were premature, since the fishery has survived commercial and sport fishing, pollution in the middle of the 20th century, invasive species and other ailments, but state and provincial governments, as well as national governments, have played a greater role as time went by. Business boomed; in 1901, the Carnegie Company proposed building a new harbor near Erie, Pennsylvania, in <a href="/wiki/Elk_Creek_(Lake_Erie)" title="Elk Creek (Lake Erie)">Elk Creek</a> to accommodate shipments from its tube-plant site nearby.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ18-49">[49]</a> In 1913, a memorial to Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry was built on Put-in-Bay island featuring a Doric column.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ21bb-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_passenger_steamers" title="Great Lakes passenger steamers">Steamships</a> have operated on Lake Erie since the early 1800s. Large, opulent cruise liners carried passengers between Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo and other cities on the lake until the rise of the automobile in the 1950s drastically cut demand for their services. The <a href="/wiki/Detroit_and_Cleveland_Navigation_Company" title="Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company">Detroit and Cleveland Navigation</a> company was one of the largest and most renowned of these companies.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> years from 1919 to 1933, a "great deal of alcohol crossed Erie"<a href="#cite_note-twsZ31-21">[21]</a> along with "mobster corpses" dumped into the Detroit River which sometimes washed up on the beaches of Pelee Island.<a href="#cite_note-twsX312a-51">[51]</a> Notable <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">rum runners</a> included <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_McGinty" title="Thomas Joseph McGinty">Thomas Joseph McGinty</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Gang" title="The Purple Gang">the Purple Gang</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> attempted to interdict the Canadian liquor with its <a href="/wiki/Rum_Patrol" title="Rum Patrol">Rum Patrol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and a casino operated on <a href="/wiki/Middle_Island_(Lake_Erie)" title="Middle Island (Lake Erie)">Middle Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> During the 20th century, commercial fishing was prevalent but so was the boom in manufacturing industry around the lake, and often rivers and streams were used as sewers to flush untreated sewage which ended up in the lake.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY214a-58">[58]</a> Sometimes poorly constructed sanitary systems meant that when old pipes broke, raw sewage would spill directly into the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a> and into the lake.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY214a-58">[58]</a> A report in <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine in 1969 described the lake as a "gigantic cesspool" since only three of 62 beaches were rated "completely safe for swimming".<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY214a-58">[58]</a> By 1975 the popular commercial fish <a href="/wiki/Blue_walleye" title="Blue walleye">blue pike</a> had been declared extinct, although the declaration may have been premature.<a href="#cite_note-twsX512-59">[59]</a> By the 1980s, there were about 130 fishing vessels with about 3,000 workers,<a href="#cite_note-twsX14b-40">[40]</a> but commercial fishing was declining rapidly, particularly from the American side. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Lakes_Compact">Great Lakes Compact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Great Lakes Compact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Compact" title="Great Lakes Compact">Great Lakes Compact</a></div> In 2005, the Great Lakes states of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and the Canadian Provinces of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> endorsed the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Compact. It was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in September 2008. An international water-rights policy overseen by the Great Lakes Commission, the compact aims to prevent diversion of water from Great Lakes to distant states, as well as to set standards for use and conservation. It had support from both political parties, including United States Senator <a href="/wiki/George_Voinovich" title="George Voinovich">George Voinovich</a> of Ohio and Governor <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a> of Michigan, but is not popular in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">southwestern states</a> because of frequent drought conditions and <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lake_environment">Lake environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lake environment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lake_Erie_in_winter">Lake Erie in winter</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lake Erie in winter">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LakeEffectSnow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/LakeEffectSnow.png/220px-LakeEffectSnow.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/LakeEffectSnow.png/330px-LakeEffectSnow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/LakeEffectSnow.png/440px-LakeEffectSnow.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Cold air travels over warm lake water. The air becomes warmer, moister, less dense, so that it rises; when it passes over land, the reduced airspace causes the air to "pile up" resulting in "frictional convergence." This lifts the air even further to where it cools, turning into droplets or snowflakes. The result is enhanced snowfall.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY313b-60">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LakeErie-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/LakeErie-1.jpg/220px-LakeErie-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/LakeErie-1.jpg/330px-LakeErie-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/LakeErie-1.jpg/440px-LakeErie-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Lake Erie in winter</figcaption></figure> Like the other Great Lakes, Erie produces <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">lake-effect snow</a> when the first cold winds of winter pass over the warm waters. When the temperatures of the relatively warm surface water and the colder air separate to at least 18 °F (10 °C) to 23 °F (13 °C) apart, then "lake-effect snow becomes possible:"<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY313b-60">[60]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As cold air flows over the warm water, the lake warms and moistens the air. Since warm, moist air is less dense than cold air, the heated air rises. Rising air cools and water vapor condenses into cloud droplets ... the efficiency of snow production increases when the wind pushes the clouds over land. Friction with the ground causes air to pile up. This frictional convergence creates lift and enhances snowfall.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bob Swanson and Adrienne Lewis of <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, 2008<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY313b-60">[60]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Heavy lake-effect snowfalls can occur when cold air travels 60 miles (97 km) or longer over a large unfrozen lake.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY313b-60">[60]</a> Lake-effect snow makes Buffalo and Erie the eleventh and thirteenth snowiest cities in the entire United States respectively, according to data collected from the <a href="/wiki/National_Climatic_Data_Center" title="National Climatic Data Center">National Climatic Data Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Since winds blow primarily west to east along the main axis of the lake, lake-effect snowstorms are more pronounced on the eastern parts of the lake. Buffalo typically gets 95 inches (240 cm) of snow each winter and sometimes ten feet (3.0 m) of snow;<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY313a-62">[62]</a> the snowiest city is <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>, which can receive heavy snowfall from both the lake effect process and large coastal cyclones. A storm around Christmas in 2001 pounded Buffalo with 7 feet (2.1 m) of snow.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY111-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frozen_Lake_Erie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Frozen_Lake_Erie.jpg/220px-Frozen_Lake_Erie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Frozen_Lake_Erie.jpg/330px-Frozen_Lake_Erie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Frozen_Lake_Erie.jpg/440px-Frozen_Lake_Erie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Lake Erie in winter</figcaption></figure> The effects of the warmer lake water is reduced when the lake freezes over.<a href="#cite_note-twsX36-64">[64]</a> In January 2011, for example, residents of Cleveland were glad when Lake Erie was "90 percent frozen" since it meant that the area had "made it over the hump" in terms of enduring repeated snowfalls which required much shoveling.<a href="#cite_note-twsX211-65">[65]</a> Being the shallowest of the Great Lakes, it is the most likely to freeze and frequently does.<a href="#cite_note-Straight_Dope-66">[66]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> has never completely frozen over since the warmer and deeper portion is in the south, although it came close to being totally frozen during three harsh winters over the past century.<a href="#cite_note-twsX35-67">[67]</a> In past years, lake ice was so thick that it was possible to drive over it or go sailing on <a href="/wiki/Iceboat" title="Iceboat">iceboats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX312a-51">[51]</a> Many lake residents take advantage of the ice and travel; some drive to Canada and back:<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY114-68">[68]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The first ice usually forms in late November, and by January it locks into place. For islanders in the Western Basin, it is the equivalent of summer vacation ... Once the lake freezes, islanders organize impromptu ice rallies. Families gather to drink hot wine and race all-terrain vehicles across the lake. They also race <a href="/wiki/Ice_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice boat">iceboats</a>, which resemble sailboats on skates ... Many people drive to other islands for dinner with friends. They ride in cars with the roofs and doors chopped off so they can escape if the vehicles fall through the ice. Islanders stab evergreen trees into the ice every 50 yards [46 m] to mark a route ... Even in the coldest winters, there are dangerous patches of thin ice. The cracks are so predictable that the Put-in-Bay Ice Yacht Club prints them on a map ... On a normal winter day, the ice is dotted with 2,000 fishing shanties.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Christopher Maag in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 2004<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY114-68">[68]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Windy_conditions">Windy conditions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Windy conditions">edit</a>]</div> Strong winds have caused lake currents to shift sediment on the bottom, leading to shifting <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">sandbars</a> that have been the cause of shipwrecks.<a href="#cite_note-twsX312a-51">[51]</a> But winds can have a peaceful purpose as well; there have been proposals to place electricity–producing <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> in windy and shallow points in the lake and along the coast. <a href="/wiki/Steel_Winds" title="Steel Winds">Steel Winds</a>, a former steel mill site in Buffalo, has been developed as an urban wind farm housing 14 turbines capable of generating up to 35 megawatts of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A plan by <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Corporation">Samsung</a> to build an offshore <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farm</a> on the north shore of the lake, from <a href="/wiki/Port_Maitland,_Ontario" title="Port Maitland, Ontario">Port Maitland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nanticoke,_Ontario" title="Nanticoke, Ontario">Nanticoke</a> for a distance of 15.5 mi (24.9 km),<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY113-70">[70]</a> has been met with opposition from residents. Canadians near <a href="/wiki/Leamington,_Ontario" title="Leamington, Ontario">Leamington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingsville,_Ontario" title="Kingsville, Ontario">Kingsville</a> have organized protest groups to thwart attempts to bring wind turbines to the lake; reasons against the turbines include spoiling lake views.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ24-71">[71]</a> Plans to install turbines in Pigeon Bay, south of <a href="/wiki/Leamington,_Ontario" title="Leamington, Ontario">Leamington</a> were met with opposition as well.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ56-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsZ55-73">[73]</a> The notion that bird and bat migration may be hurt by the wind turbines has been used to argue against the wind turbines as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microclimates">Microclimates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Microclimates">edit</a>]</div> The lake is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a> that are important to agriculture. Along its north shore is one of the richest areas of Canada's fruit and vegetable production; this southernmost tip, particularly in the area around Leamington, is known as Canada's "tomato capital".<a href="#cite_note-twsZ24-71">[71]</a> The area around <a href="/wiki/Port_Rowan,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Rowan, Ontario">Port Rowan</a> has special trees that grow because of the "tempering effect of the lake", and species include <a href="/wiki/Liriodendron" title="Liriodendron">tulip trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornus" title="Cornus">dogwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">sassafras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nyssa_sylvatica" title="Nyssa sylvatica">sour gum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> This area's many greenhouses produce a "variety of tropical plants rarely cultivated so far north", including some species of cacti, because of the lake's tempering effect.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> Along the southeastern shore of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York is an important <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>-growing region, as are the islands in the lake. <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apple</a> orchards are abundant in northeast Ohio to western New York. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long-term_weather_patterns">Long-term weather patterns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Long-term weather patterns">edit</a>]</div> According to one estimate, 34 to 36 inches (860 to 910 mm) of water evaporate each year from the surface of the lake,<a href="#cite_note-StateofOhio-6">[6]</a> which allows for rainfall and other precipitation in surrounding areas. Reports are conflicting about the overall effect of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> on the Great Lakes region, including Lake Erie. One account suggests that climate change is causing greater <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> of lake water, leading to warmer temperatures, as well as thinner or nonexistent ice in winter, which is fueling concerns that "Erie appears to be shrinking" and is the most likely candidate among the five Great Lakes to "turn into a festering mud puddle."<a href="#cite_note-twsX312a-51">[51]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Star" title="Windsor Star">Windsor Star</a> reported that the lake experienced record-breaking water temperatures, reaching 81 °F (27 °C) in mid-August and compared the lake to a "bath tub".<a href="#cite_note-twsZ27-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecosystems">Ecosystems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ecosystems">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avon_Lake_power_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Avon_Lake_power_plant.jpg/220px-Avon_Lake_power_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Avon_Lake_power_plant.jpg/330px-Avon_Lake_power_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Avon_Lake_power_plant.jpg/440px-Avon_Lake_power_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">coal-fired power plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Avon_Lake,_Ohio" title="Avon Lake, Ohio">Avon Lake, Ohio</a>, located on Lake Erie</figcaption></figure> Lake Erie has a complex ecosystem with many species in interaction. Human activity, such as pollution and maritime ship traffic, can affect this environment in numerous ways. The interactions between new species can sometimes have beneficial effects, as well as harmful effects. Some introductions have been seen as beneficial such as the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Pacific salmon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX312a-51">[51]</a> Occasionally there have been mass die-offs of certain species of fish, sometimes for reasons unknown, such as many numbers of <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_smelt" title="Rainbow smelt">rainbow smelt</a> in May 2010.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invasive_species">Invasive species</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Invasive species">edit</a>]</div> The lake has been plagued with a number of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">zebra</a><a href="#cite_note-twsX312a-51">[51]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quagga_mussel" title="Quagga mussel">quagga</a> mussels, the <a href="/wiki/Round_goby" title="Round goby">goby</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass carp</a>. One estimate was that 180 invasive species are in the Great Lakes, some having traveled in ballast water in international ships.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ28a-76">[76]</a> Zebra mussels and gobies have been credited with the increased population and size of <a href="/wiki/Smallmouth_bass" title="Smallmouth bass">smallmouth bass</a> in Lake Erie.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In 2008, concerns arose that the "newest invader swarming in the Great Lakes", the <a href="/wiki/Hemimysis_anomala" title="Hemimysis anomala">bloody-red shrimp</a>, might harm fish populations and promote <a href="/wiki/Algae_bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Algae bloom">algal blooms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ45-78">[78]</a> Environmentalists and biologists study lake conditions via installations such as the Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory on <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Island" title="Gibraltar Island">Gibraltar Island</a>. The lab, which was established in 1895, is the oldest biological field station in the United States. Stone Laboratory was donated to the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> by Julius Stone in 1925 as part of the university's Ohio Sea Grant College program.<a href="#cite_note-twsOhioStateUniv-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsZ28a-76">[76]</a> The Great Lakes Institute of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor" title="University of Windsor">University of Windsor</a> has experts who study issues such as lake sediment pollution and the flow of contaminants such as <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ28a-76">[76]</a> Other invasive species in Lake Erie include <a href="/wiki/Bythotrephes_longimanus" title="Bythotrephes longimanus">spiny water fleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cercopagis_pengoi" title="Cercopagis pengoi">fishhook water fleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_lamprey" title="Sea lamprey">sea lamprey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_perch" title="White perch">white perch</a>. The invasive plant species in Lake Erie consist mainly of <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_milfoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian milfoil">Eurasian milfoil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trapa_natans" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapa natans">Trapa natans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purple_loosestrife" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple loosestrife">purple loosestrife</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The shore of the lake is also host to invasive species of the <a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">Phragmites</a> reed genus.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eutrophication_and_cyanobacterial_blooms">Eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HAZARDOUS_WALK_OFF_HUNTINGTON_BEACH_ON_LAKE_ERIE_THROUGH_ALGAE_AND_UPROOTED_TREES._HIGH_WATER_AND_UNCONTROLLED..._-_NARA_-_550242.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HAZARDOUS_WALK_OFF_HUNTINGTON_BEACH_ON_LAKE_ERIE_THROUGH_ALGAE_AND_UPROOTED_TREES._HIGH_WATER_AND_UNCONTROLLED..._-_NARA_-_550242.jpg/170px-HAZARDOUS_WALK_OFF_HUNTINGTON_BEACH_ON_LAKE_ERIE_THROUGH_ALGAE_AND_UPROOTED_TREES._HIGH_WATER_AND_UNCONTROLLED..._-_NARA_-_550242.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HAZARDOUS_WALK_OFF_HUNTINGTON_BEACH_ON_LAKE_ERIE_THROUGH_ALGAE_AND_UPROOTED_TREES._HIGH_WATER_AND_UNCONTROLLED..._-_NARA_-_550242.jpg/255px-HAZARDOUS_WALK_OFF_HUNTINGTON_BEACH_ON_LAKE_ERIE_THROUGH_ALGAE_AND_UPROOTED_TREES._HIGH_WATER_AND_UNCONTROLLED..._-_NARA_-_550242.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HAZARDOUS_WALK_OFF_HUNTINGTON_BEACH_ON_LAKE_ERIE_THROUGH_ALGAE_AND_UPROOTED_TREES._HIGH_WATER_AND_UNCONTROLLED..._-_NARA_-_550242.jpg/340px-HAZARDOUS_WALK_OFF_HUNTINGTON_BEACH_ON_LAKE_ERIE_THROUGH_ALGAE_AND_UPROOTED_TREES._HIGH_WATER_AND_UNCONTROLLED..._-_NARA_-_550242.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A 1973 photo from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">beach erosion</a>, algae, and uprooted trees as a result of environmental issues</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg/220px-Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg/330px-Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg/440px-Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The green scum shown in this image taken in October 2011 is the worst <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal bloom</a> Lake Erie has experienced in decades.</figcaption></figure> An ongoing concern is that nutrient overloading from fertilizers and human and animal waste, known as <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>, in which additional <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> enter the lake, will cause plant life to "run wild and multiply like crazy".<a href="#cite_note-twsZ61-15">[15]</a> Since fewer <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> remain to filter nutrients, and greater channelization of waterways, nutrients in water can cause algal blooms to sprout, with "low-oxygen dead zones" in a complex interaction of natural forces.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ61-15">[15]</a> As of the 2010s, much of the phosphorus in the lake comes from fertilizer applied to <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">no-till</a> soybean and corn fields, but washed into streams by heavy rains. The algal blooms result from growth of <a href="/wiki/Microcystis" title="Microcystis">Microcystis</a>, a toxic <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">blue-green alga</a> that the zebra mussels, which infest the lake, do not eat.<a href="#cite_note-NYT031413-16">[16]</a> Periodically, a dead zone, or region of low oxygen, occurs in the lake, the location of which varies. Scientists from the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> have been studying the lake's blue-green algal blooms and trying to find ways to predict when they are spreading or where they might make landfall; typically, the blooms arrive late each summer.<a href="#cite_note-twsX412a-81">[81]</a> This problem was extreme in the mid- and late 1960s, and the <a href="/wiki/Angelo_F._Coniglio" title="Angelo F. Coniglio">Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study</a> conducted by the Buffalo District of the U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Corps of Engineers</a> determined that the eutrophication was caused by point sources such as industrial outfalls and municipal sanitary and storm sewer outfalls, as well as diffuse sources, such as overland runoff from farm and forest land. All of these sources contribute nutrients, primarily phosphorus, to the lake. Growth of organisms in the lake is then spiked to the point that oxygen levels are depleted. Recommendations were made for reducing point-source outflows, and reducing farm contributions of phosphorus by changing fertilizer usage, employing no-till farming, and other conservative practices. Many industrial and municipal sources have since been greatly reduced. The improved farming practices, which were voluntary, were followed for a while, resulting in remarkable recovery of the lake in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The conservation practices are not monitored and have not been kept up. One recent account suggests that the seasonal algal blooms in Lake Erie were possibly caused by runoff from cities, fertilizers, zebra mussels, and livestock near water.<a href="#cite_note-twsX412a-81">[81]</a> A second report focuses on the zebra mussels as being the cause of dead zones, since they filter so much sediment that this produces an overgrowth of algae.<a href="#cite_note-twsX312a-51">[51]</a> One report suggests the oxygen-poor zone began about 1993 in the lake's central basin and becomes more pronounced during summer, but is somewhat of a mystery why this happens.<a href="#cite_note-twsX414-83">[83]</a> Some scientists speculate that the dead zone is a naturally occurring phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ28a-76">[76]</a> Another report cites Ohio's <a href="/wiki/Maumee_River" title="Maumee River">Maumee River</a> as the main source of polluted runoff of phosphorus from industries, municipalities, tributaries and agriculture, and in 2008, satellite images showed the algal bloom heading toward Pelee Island.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ28a-76">[76]</a> Two two-year, $2 million studies are trying to understand the "growing zone", which was described as a 10-foot-thick layer of cold water at the bottom, 55 feet (17 m) in one area, which stretches 100 miles [160 km] across the lake's center.<a href="#cite_note-twsX414-83">[83]</a> It kills fish and microscopic creatures of the lake's food chain and fouls the water, and may cause further problems in later years for sport and commercial fishing.<a href="#cite_note-twsX414-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal blooms</a> continued in early 2013, but new farming techniques, climate change, and even a change in Lake Erie's ecosystem make phosphorus pollution more intractable.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Blue-green algae (<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>) bloom,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> were problematic in August 2019. According to a news report in August, "scientists fully expect [it] to overwhelm much of western Lake Erie again this summer".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> By August 12, 2019, the bloom extended for roughly 50 kilometres (31 mi).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> A large bloom does not necessarily mean the cyanobacteria ... will produce toxins", said Michael McKay, executive director of the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor" title="University of Windsor">University of Windsor</a>. "Not enough is being done to stop fertilizer and phosphorus from getting into the lake and causing blooms," he added. Water testing was being conducted in August.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The largest Lake Erie blooms to date occurred in 2015, exceeding the severity index at 10.5 and in 2011 at a 10, according to the NOAA. In early August, the 2019 bloom was expected to measure 7.5 on the severity index, but could range between 6 and 9.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> At that time, satellite images depicted a bloom stretching up to 1,300 square kilometres (500 sq mi) on Lake Erie, with the epicenter near <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Snakes">Snakes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Snakes">edit</a>]</div> The Lake Erie water snake, a subspecies of the northern water snake (<a href="/wiki/Common_watersnake" title="Common watersnake">Nerodia sipedon</a>), lives in the vicinity of Ohio's Put-in-Bay Harbor and had been placed on the threatened species list.<a href="#cite_note-twsX12-91">[91]</a> By 2010, the water snake population was over 12,000 snakes.<a href="#cite_note-twsX12-91">[91]</a> While they have a nonvenomous bite, they are a key predator in the lake's aquatic ecosystem since they feed on <a href="/wiki/Necturus" title="Necturus">mudpuppies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smallmouth_bass" title="Smallmouth bass">smallmouth bass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX12-91">[91]</a> The snake is helpful in keeping the population of goby fish in check.<a href="#cite_note-twsX12-91">[91]</a> They mate from late May through early June and can be found in large mating balls with one female bunched within several males.<a href="#cite_note-twsX13-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insects_and_birds">Insects and birds</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Insects and birds">edit</a>]</div> In 1999, a local TV station's <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">Doppler weather radar</a> detected millions of <a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">mayflies</a> heading for Presque Isle in blue and green splotches on the radar in clouds measuring 10 mi (16 km) long.<a href="#cite_note-twsX24-93">[93]</a> These insects were a sign of Lake Erie's move back to health, since the mayflies require clean water to thrive.<a href="#cite_note-twsX24-93">[93]</a> Biologist Masteller of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> declared the insects to be a "nice nuisance" since they signified the lake's return to health after 40 years of absence.<a href="#cite_note-twsX24-93">[93]</a> Each is 1.5 in (38 mm) long; the three main species of mayflies are Ephemera simulans, Hexagenia rigida, and H. limbata.<a href="#cite_note-twsX24-93">[93]</a> The insects mate over a 72-hour period from June through September; they fly in masses up to the shore, mate in the air, then females lay up to 8,000 eggs each over the water; the eggs sink back down and the cycle repeats.<a href="#cite_note-twsX24-93">[93]</a> Sometimes, the clouds of mayflies have caused power outages<a href="#cite_note-twsX37-94">[94]</a> and roads to become slippery with squashed insects.<a href="#cite_note-twsX24-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">Zebra mussels</a> filtering extra nutrients from the lake allows the mayfly larvae to thrive.<a href="#cite_note-twsX37-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cygnus_buccinator_-Lake_Erie,_Michigan,_USA-8_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cygnus_buccinator_-Lake_Erie%2C_Michigan%2C_USA-8_%281%29.jpg/220px-Cygnus_buccinator_-Lake_Erie%2C_Michigan%2C_USA-8_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cygnus_buccinator_-Lake_Erie%2C_Michigan%2C_USA-8_%281%29.jpg/330px-Cygnus_buccinator_-Lake_Erie%2C_Michigan%2C_USA-8_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cygnus_buccinator_-Lake_Erie%2C_Michigan%2C_USA-8_%281%29.jpg/440px-Cygnus_buccinator_-Lake_Erie%2C_Michigan%2C_USA-8_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trumpeter_swan" title="Trumpeter swan">Trumpeter swans</a> (Cygnus buccinator) on Lake Erie</figcaption></figure> Incidents of birds dying from <a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">botulism</a> have occurred, in 2000<a href="#cite_note-twsX31-95">[95]</a> and in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-twsX26-96">[96]</a> Birds affected included <a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">grebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_merganser" title="Common merganser">common</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red-breasted_merganser" title="Red-breasted merganser">red-breasted mergansers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">loons</a>, diving ducks, <a href="/wiki/Ring-billed_gull" title="Ring-billed gull">ring-billed gulls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herring_gull" title="Herring gull">herring gulls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX31-95">[95]</a> One account suggests that bird populations are in trouble, notably the <a href="/wiki/Wood_warbler" title="Wood warbler">wood warbler</a>, which had population declines around 60% in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-twsX312a-51">[51]</a> Possible causes for declines in bird populations are farming practices, loss of habitats, soil depletion and erosion, and toxic chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-twsX312a-51">[51]</a> In 2006, concerns arose of possible <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian influenza</a> (bird flu) after two wild swans on the lake were found diseased, but they did not contain the <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N1">H5N1 virus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY311-97">[97]</a> Sightings of a <a href="/wiki/Magnificent_frigatebird" title="Magnificent frigatebird">magnificent frigatebird</a>, a tropical bird with a 2 m wingspan, happened over the lake in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ34-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_quality_issues_and_restoration">Water quality issues and restoration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Water quality issues and restoration">edit</a>]</div> Lake Erie infamously became very polluted in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of the quantity of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> situated in cities on its shores, with reports of bacteria-laden beaches and fish contaminated by industrial waste.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ36-99">[99]</a> In the 1970s, patches of the lake were declared dead because of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial waste</a> and sewage from runoffs; as <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reporter Denny Lee wrote in 2004, "The lake, after all, is where the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a> meets the water."<a href="#cite_note-twsX43d-20">[20]</a> Incidents occurred of the oily surfaces of tributary rivers emptying into Lake Erie catching fire: in 1969, Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a> erupted in flames,<a href="#cite_note-twsX215-100">[100]</a> chronicled in a Time magazine article which lamented a tendency to use rivers flowing through major cities as "convenient, free sewers";<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY214a-58">[58]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a> caught fire on another occasion.<a href="#cite_note-twsX312a-51">[51]</a> The outlook was gloomy: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Each day, Detroit, Cleveland and 120 other municipalities fill Erie with 1.5 billion US gallons [5.7 million cubic metres] of "inadequately treated wastes, including nitrates and phosphates ... These chemicals act as fertilizer for growths of algae that suck oxygen from the lower depths and rise to the surface as odoriferous green scum ... Commercial and game fish—blue pike, whitefish, sturgeon, northern pike—have nearly vanished, yielding the waters to trash fish that need less oxygen. Weeds proliferate, turning water frontage into swamp. In short, Lake Erie is in danger of dying by suffocation.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine, August 1969<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY214a-58">[58]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In December 1970, a federal <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> investigation led by U.S. Attorney <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jones_(Ohio_lawyer)" title="Robert Jones (Ohio lawyer)">Robert Jones</a> began, of water pollution allegedly being caused by about 12 companies in northeastern Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> It was the first grand jury investigation of water pollution in the area. The grand jury indicted four corporations for polluting Lake Erie and waterways in northeast Ohio. Facing fines were Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., Shell Oil Co., Uniroyal Chemical Division of Uniroyal Inc. and Olin Corp.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> John N. Mitchell gave a press conference December 18, 1970, referencing new pollution control litigation, with particular reference to work with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, and announcing the filing of a lawsuit that morning against the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation for discharging substantial quantities of <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> into the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Jones filed the misdemeanor charges in <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">district court</a>, alleging violations of the <a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1899" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899">1899 Rivers and Harbors Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Cleveland's director of public utilities Ben Stefanski pursued a massive effort to "scrub the Cuyahoga"; the effort cost $100 million in bonds, according to one estimate.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY214a-58">[58]</a> New sewer lines were built.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY214a-58">[58]</a> Clevelanders approved a bond issue by 2 to 1 to upgrade Cleveland's sewage system.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY214a-58">[58]</a> Federal officials acted as well: the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> of 1972,<a href="#cite_note-twsX215-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> and the United States and Canada established <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> limits in an international water quality agreement. The Corps' LEWMS was also instituted at that time. The clearing of the water column is partly the result of the introduction and rapid spread of zebra mussels from Europe, which had the effect of covering the lake bottom, with each creature filtering a liter of fresh water each day, helping to restore the lake to a cleaner state.<a href="#cite_note-twsX43d-20">[20]</a> The 1972 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement significantly reduced the dumping and runoff of phosphorus into the lake. The lake has since become clean enough to allow sunlight to infiltrate its water and produce algae and sea weed, but a dead zone persists.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> There have been instances of beach closings at Presque Isle because of unexplained E. Coli contaminations,<a href="#cite_note-twsX22a-107">[107]</a> possibly caused by sewer water overflows after heavy downpours. Since the 1970s environmental regulation has led to a great increase in water quality and the return of economically important fish species such as <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a> and other biological life.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> There was substantial evidence that the new controls had substantially reduced levels of <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> in the water by 1979.<a href="#cite_note-twsX215cc-109">[109]</a> Cleanup efforts were described in 1979 as a notable environmental success story, suggesting that the cumulative effect of legislation, studies, and bans had reversed the effects of pollution:<a href="#cite_note-twsX215cc-109">[109]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The globs of oil, the multicolored industrial discharges, the flotsam from shoreline cities, the fecal and bacterial wastes are no longer dumped in the lakes in vast quantities.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine, 1979<a href="#cite_note-twsX215cc-109">[109]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Joint U.S.–Canadian agreements pushed 600 of 864 major industrial dischargers to meet requirements for keeping the water clean.<a href="#cite_note-twsX215cc-109">[109]</a> One estimate was that $5 billion was spent to upgrade plants to treat sewage.<a href="#cite_note-twsX215cc-109">[109]</a> The change toward cleaner water has been in a positive direction since the 1970s. There was a tentative exploratory plan to capture <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a>, compress it to a liquid form, and pump it a half-mile (800 m) beneath Lake Erie's surface underneath the porous rock structure.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ62-110">[110]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineer</a> Peter Douglas, there is sufficient storage space beneath Lake Erie to hold between 15 and 50 years of liquid CO2 emissions from the 4,000 megawatt Nanticoke coal plant.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ62-110">[110]</a> But there has been no substantial progress on this issue since 2007. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fishing">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Species_of_fish">Species of fish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Species of fish">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erie_07-04-2008_01;14;23PM.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Erie_07-04-2008_01%3B14%3B23PM.JPG/220px-Erie_07-04-2008_01%3B14%3B23PM.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Erie_07-04-2008_01%3B14%3B23PM.JPG/330px-Erie_07-04-2008_01%3B14%3B23PM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Erie_07-04-2008_01%3B14%3B23PM.JPG/440px-Erie_07-04-2008_01%3B14%3B23PM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Summer morning west of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></figcaption></figure> Lake Erie is home to one of the world's largest freshwater commercial fisheries. Lake Erie's fish populations are the most abundant of the Great Lakes, partially because of the lake's relatively mild temperatures and plentiful supply of <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, which is the basic building block of the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX14b-40">[40]</a> The lake's fish population accounts for an estimated 50% of all fish inhabiting the Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The lake contains <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">steelhead</a>,<a href="#cite_note-twsZ14-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a> (known in Canada as pickerel),<a href="#cite_note-twsX14b-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsZ14-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Largemouth_bass" title="Largemouth bass">largemouth bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallmouth_bass" title="Smallmouth bass">smallmouth bass</a>,<a href="#cite_note-twsZ14-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">perch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-twsZ14-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_trout" title="Lake trout">lake trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">king salmon</a>, whitefish, <a href="/wiki/Smelt_(fish)" title="Smelt (fish)">smelt</a>, and many others.<a href="#cite_note-twsX14b-40">[40]</a> The lake consists of a long list of well established <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a>. Common non-indigenous fish species include the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_smelt" title="Rainbow smelt">rainbow smelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alewife_(fish)" title="Alewife (fish)">alewife</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_perch" title="White perch">white perch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common carp</a>. Non-native sport fish such as <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a> are stocked specifically for anglers to catch. Attempts failed to stock <a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho salmon</a>, and its numbers are dwindling. Commercial landings are dominated by yellow perch and walleye, with substantial quantities of rainbow smelt and white bass also taken. Anglers target walleye and yellow perch, with some effort directed at rainbow trout. Up until the end of the 1950s, the most commonly caught commercial fish (more than 50% of the commercial catch) was a subspecies of the walleye known as the <a href="/wiki/Blue_walleye" title="Blue walleye">blue walleye</a> (Sander vitreus glaucus) sometimes erroneously called "blue pike". In the 1970s and 1980s, as pollution in the lake declined, counts of walleyes which were caught grew from 112,000 in 1975 to 4.1 million in 1985, with estimates of the numbers of walleyes in the lake at around 33 million in the basin, with many of 8 pounds (3.6 kg) or more.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY211-113">[113]</a> Not all walleyes thrived. The combination of overfishing and the <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of the lake by pollution caused the population to collapse, and in the mid-1980s, the blue walleye was declared extinct. But the Lake Erie walleye was reportedly having record numbers, even in 1989, according to one report.<a href="#cite_note-twsX41-114">[114]</a> There have been concerns about rising levels of mercury in walleye fish; a study by the Canadian Ministry of the Environment noted an "increasing concentration trend" but that concentrations were within acceptable limits established by authorities in Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-twsX511-115">[115]</a> Because of the threat of <a href="/wiki/PCBs" class="mw-redirect" title="PCBs">PCBs</a>, It was recommended, that persons eat no more than one walleye meal per month.<a href="#cite_note-twsX511-115">[115]</a> Because of these and other concerns, in 1990, the National Wildlife Federation was on the verge of having a "negative fish consumption advisory" for walleye and smallmouth bass, which had been the main catch of an $800 million commercial fishing industry.<a href="#cite_note-twsX513-116">[116]</a> The longest fish in Lake Erie is reportedly the <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> which can grow to 10 feet (3.0 m) long and weight 300 pounds (140 kg), but it is an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> and mostly lives on the bottom of the lake.<a href="#cite_note-twsX27a-117">[117]</a> In 2009, there was a confirmed instance of a sturgeon being caught, which was returned to the lake alive, and there are hopes that the population of sturgeons is resurging.<a href="#cite_note-twsX32-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commercial_fishing">Commercial fishing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Commercial fishing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Erie_Sunset_with_fish_net.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lake_Erie_Sunset_with_fish_net.JPG/220px-Lake_Erie_Sunset_with_fish_net.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lake_Erie_Sunset_with_fish_net.JPG/330px-Lake_Erie_Sunset_with_fish_net.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lake_Erie_Sunset_with_fish_net.JPG/440px-Lake_Erie_Sunset_with_fish_net.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sunset on Lake Erie seen through a fishing net</figcaption></figure> Estimates vary about the fishing market for the Great Lakes region. In 2007, one estimate of the total market for fishing in the Great Lakes, including commercial and recreational fishing, was $4 billion annually.<a href="#cite_note-twsX412a-81">[81]</a> Another estimate was more than $7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-twsX14b-40">[40]</a> But since high levels of pollution were discovered in the 1960s and 1970s, there has been continued debate over the desired intensity of commercial fishing. Commercial fishing in Lake Erie has been hurt by pollution as well as government regulations which limit the size of their catch; one report suggested that the numbers of fishing boats and employees had declined by two-thirds in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-twsX14b-40">[40]</a> Another concern had been that pollution in the lake, as well as toxins found inside fish, were working against commercial fishing interests.<a href="#cite_note-twsX215-100">[100]</a> U.S. fishermen based along Lake Erie lost their livelihood over the past few decades and no longer catch fish such as whitefish for markets in New York.<a href="#cite_note-twsX314a-24">[24]</a> Pennsylvania had a special $3 stamp on fishing licenses to help "compensate commercial fishermen for their losses", but this program ended after five years.<a href="#cite_note-twsX314a-24">[24]</a> One blamed the commercial fishing ban on a "test of wills" between commercial and recreational fishermen: "One side needed large hauls. The other feared the lake was being emptied."<a href="#cite_note-twsX314a-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15-04-19_008_Modern_fish_tug,_AMANDA_MAY_on_Lake_Erie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/15-04-19_008_Modern_fish_tug%2C_AMANDA_MAY_on_Lake_Erie.jpg/220px-15-04-19_008_Modern_fish_tug%2C_AMANDA_MAY_on_Lake_Erie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/15-04-19_008_Modern_fish_tug%2C_AMANDA_MAY_on_Lake_Erie.jpg/330px-15-04-19_008_Modern_fish_tug%2C_AMANDA_MAY_on_Lake_Erie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/15-04-19_008_Modern_fish_tug%2C_AMANDA_MAY_on_Lake_Erie.jpg/440px-15-04-19_008_Modern_fish_tug%2C_AMANDA_MAY_on_Lake_Erie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Canadian commercial fishing boat coming into the harbor at Port Burwell on Lake Erie</figcaption></figure> Commercial fishing is now predominantly based in Canadian communities, with a much smaller fishery—largely restricted to <a href="/wiki/Yellow_perch" title="Yellow perch">yellow perch</a>—in Ohio. The Ontario fishery is one of the most intensively managed in the world. However, there are reports that some Canadian commercial fishermen are dissatisfied with fishing quotas and have sued the government about this matter, and there have been complaints that the legislative body writing the quotas is dominated by the U.S. and that sport fishing interests are favored at the expense of commercial fishing interests.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ32-119">[119]</a> Cuts of 30 to 45 percent for certain fish were made in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ32-119">[119]</a> The Lake Erie fishery was one of the first fisheries in the world managed on individual transferable quotas and features mandatory daily catch reporting and intensive auditing of the catch reporting system. Still, the commercial fishery is the target of critics who would like to see the lake managed for the exclusive benefit of sport fishing and the various industries serving the sport fishery. According to one report, the Canadian town of <a href="/wiki/Port_Dover,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Dover, Ontario">Port Dover</a> is the home of the lake's largest fishing fleet.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_regulations">Government regulations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Government regulations">edit</a>]</div> The lake can be thought of as a common asset with multiple purposes including being a fishery. There was direct competition between commercial fishermen and sport fishermen (including charter boats and sales of fishing licenses) throughout the lake's history, with both sides seeking government assistance from either <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, and trying to make their case to the <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public</a> through newspaper reporting.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY314-48">[48]</a> But other groups have entered the political process as well, including <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalists</a>, lakefront property owners, industry owners and workers seeking cost-effective solutions for sewage, ferry boat operators, even corporations making electric-generating wind turbines. Management of the fishery is by consensus of all management agencies with an interest in the resource and work under the mandate of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Fishery_Commission" title="Great Lakes Fishery Commission">Great Lakes Fishery Commission</a>. The commission makes assessments using sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical modeling</a> systems. The commission has been the focus of considerable recrimination, primarily from angler and charter fishing groups in the U.S. which have had a historical antipathy to commercial fishing interests. This conflict is complex, dating from the 1960s and earlier, with the result in the United States that, in 2011, commercial fishing was mostly eliminated from Great Lakes states. One report suggests that battling between diverse fishing interests began around Lake Michigan and evolved to cover the entire Great Lakes region.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The analysis suggests that in the Lake Erie context, the competition between sport and commercial fishing involves universals and that these conflicts are cultural, not scientific, and therefore not resolvable by reference to ecological data.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sport_fishing">Sport fishing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sport fishing">edit</a>]</div> The lake supports a strong sport fishery. While commercial fishing declined, sport fishing has remained. The deep cool waters that spawn the best fishing is in the Canadian side of the lake.<a href="#cite_note-twsX413a-122">[122]</a> As a result, a fishing boat that crosses the international border triggers the security concerns of border crossings, and fishermen are advised to carry their passport.<a href="#cite_note-twsX413a-122">[122]</a> If their boat crosses the invisible border line in the lake, upon returning to the American shore, passengers need to report to a local border protection office.<a href="#cite_note-twsX413a-122">[122]</a> In 2008, the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission tried stocking the lake with <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a> in an effort to build what's called a put-grow-and-take fishery.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY115-123">[123]</a> There was a report that charter boat fishing increased substantially on the American side, from 46 to 638 charter boats in operation in Ohio alone, during a period from 1975 to 1985 as pollution levels declined and after populations of walleye increased substantially in the lake.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY211-113">[113]</a> In 1984, Ohio sold 27,000 nonresident fishing permits, and sport fishing was described as big business.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY211-113">[113]</a> In 1992, there were accounts of fishermen regularly catching walleye weighing up to 12 pounds (5.4 kg).<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY212-124">[124]</a> It is possible to fish off piers in winter for <a href="/wiki/Burbot" title="Burbot">burbot</a>; the burbot make a midwinter spawning run and is reportedly one of Erie's glacial relics.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ14-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ice_fishing">Ice fishing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ice fishing">edit</a>]</div> In winter when the lake freezes, many fishermen go out on the ice, cut holes, and fish. It is even possible to build bonfires on the ice.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY114-68">[68]</a> But venturing on Lake Erie ice can be dangerous. In a 2009 incident, warming temperatures, winds of 35 miles per hour (56 km/h) and currents pushing eastward dislodged a miles-wide ice floe which broke away from the shore, trapping more than 130 fishermen offshore; one man died while the rest were rescued by helicopters or boats.<a href="#cite_note-twsX16-125">[125]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The day began with fishermen setting down wooden pallets to create a bridge over a crack in the ice so they could roam farther out on the lake. But the planks fell into the water when the ice shifted, stranding the fishermen about 1,000 yards offshore ... When fishermen realized late Saturday morning that the ice had broken away, they began to debate the best way off. Some chose to sit and wait for authorities, while others headed east in search of an ice bridge ... Others managed to get to land on their own by riding their all-terrain vehicles about five miles east to where ice hadn't broken away. ... When the rescued fishermen made it to shore, authorities had them line up single-file to take down their names.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Seewer, February 2009<a href="#cite_note-twsX16-125">[125]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lonz_Winery_6-27-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lonz_Winery_6-27-10.jpg/220px-Lonz_Winery_6-27-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lonz_Winery_6-27-10.jpg/330px-Lonz_Winery_6-27-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lonz_Winery_6-27-10.jpg/440px-Lonz_Winery_6-27-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="1974" /></a><figcaption>Winery on <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bass_Island" title="Middle Bass Island">Middle Bass Island</a></figcaption></figure> The lake's formerly more extensive lakebed creates a favorable environment for agriculture in the bordering areas of Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York. The Lake Erie sections of western New York have a suitable climate for growing grapes, and there are many vineyards and wineries in <a href="/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_New_York" title="Chautauqua County, New York">Chautauqua County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie County, Pennsylvania">Erie County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX42-126">[126]</a> The Canadian region of Lake Erie's north shore is becoming a more prominent wine region as well; it has been dubbed the Lake Erie North Shore, or LENS region, and includes Pelee Island,<a href="#cite_note-twsZ52-127">[127]</a> and since it is farther north than comparable wine-growing areas in the world, the length of the days in the summer are longer.<a href="#cite_note-twsX415-128">[128]</a> A longer growing season because of the lake-moderated temperatures make the risk of early frosts less likely.<a href="#cite_note-twsX415-128">[128]</a> The drainage basin has led to well fertilized soil. The north coast of Ohio is widely referred to as its nursery capital.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diving_for_shipwrecks">Diving for shipwrecks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Diving for shipwrecks">edit</a>]</div> Lake Erie is a favorite for divers since there are many shipwrecks, perhaps 1,400 to 8,000 according to one estimate,<a href="#cite_note-twsZ41a2-37">[37]</a> of which about 270 are confirmed shipwreck locations.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ41a2-37">[37]</a> Research into shipwrecks has been organized by the Peachman Lake Erie Shipwreck Research Center, located on the grounds of the Great Lakes Historical Society.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ41a2-37">[37]</a> Most wrecks are undiscovered but believed to be well preserved and at most 200 feet (61 m) below the water surface.<a href="#cite_note-twsX15a-130">[130]</a> One report suggests there are more wrecks per square mile than any other <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a> location, including wrecks from Indigenous watercraft. There are efforts to identify shipwreck sites and survey the lake floor to map the location of underwater sites, possibly for further study or exploration.<a href="#cite_note-twsX28a-131">[131]</a> While the lake is relatively warmer than the other Great Lakes, there is a thermocline, meaning that as a diver descends, the water temperature drops about 30 degrees Fahrenheit change (17 °C), requiring a <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">wetsuit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX15a-130">[130]</a> One estimate is that Lake Erie has a quarter of all 8,000 estimated shipwrecks in the Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-twsX15a-130">[130]</a> They are preserved because the water is cold and salt-free.<a href="#cite_note-twsX15a-130">[130]</a> Divers have a policy of not removing or touching anything at the wreck.<a href="#cite_note-twsX15a-130">[130]</a> The cold conditions make diving difficult, requiring divers with skill and experience.<a href="#cite_note-twsX15a-130">[130]</a> One charter firm from western New York State takes about 1,500 divers to Lake Erie shipwrecks in a typical season from April through October.<a href="#cite_note-twsX15a-130">[130]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Among the diving community, they are considered world class, offering opportunities to visit an underwater museum that most people will never see.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>reporter Shannon M. Nass of the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a>, 2010<a href="#cite_note-twsX15a-130">[130]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steamship_General_Anthony_Wayne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Steamship_General_Anthony_Wayne.jpg/220px-Steamship_General_Anthony_Wayne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Steamship_General_Anthony_Wayne.jpg/330px-Steamship_General_Anthony_Wayne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Steamship_General_Anthony_Wayne.jpg/440px-Steamship_General_Anthony_Wayne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>The paddle steamer Anthony Wayne sank in 1850 and was located in 2006 about six miles (9.7 km) north of Vermilion, Ohio.</figcaption></figure> In 1991, the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamer</a> Atlantic was discovered.<a href="#cite_note-twsX23-132">[132]</a> It had sunk in 1852 after a collision with the steamship Ogdensburg, six miles (9.7 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Long_Point,_Ontario" title="Long Point, Ontario">Long Point, Ontario</a>, and survivors from Atlantic were saved by the crew of Ogdensburg.<a href="#cite_note-twsX23-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsJanY315-133">[133]</a> One account suggests 130 people drowned<a href="#cite_note-twsX23-132">[132]</a> while another suggests about 20 drowned.<a href="#cite_note-twsJanY315-133">[133]</a> There was speculation that the sunken vessel had been a gambling ship, and therefore there might have been money aboard, but most historians were skeptical.<a href="#cite_note-twsX23-132">[132]</a> In 1998, the wreckage of Adventure became the first shipwreck registered as an "underwater archaeological site"; when it was discovered that Adventure's propeller had been removed and given to a junkyard. The propeller was reclaimed days before being converted to scrap metal and brought back to the dive site.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ41a2-37">[37]</a> In 2003, divers discovered the steamer Canobie near Presque Isle, which had sunk in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-twsX28a-131">[131]</a> Other wrecks include the fish tub Neal H. Dow (1910), the "steamer-cum-barge" Elderado (1880),<a href="#cite_note-twsX28a-131">[131]</a> W. R. Hanna,<a href="#cite_note-twsZ41a2-37">[37]</a> Dundee which sank north of Cleveland in 1900,<a href="#cite_note-twsZ41a2-37">[37]</a> F. H. Prince,<a href="#cite_note-twsZ41a2-37">[37]</a> and The Craftsman.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ41a2-37">[37]</a> In 2007, the wreck of the steamship named after <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">"Mad" Anthony Wayne</a> was found near <a href="/wiki/Vermilion,_Ohio" title="Vermilion, Ohio">Vermilion, Ohio</a>, in 50 feet (15 m) of water; the vessel sank in 1850 after its boilers exploded, and 38 people died.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ37-134">[134]</a> The wreck belongs to the state of Ohio, and salvaging it is illegal, but divers can visit.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ37-134">[134]</a> In addition, there are wrecks of smaller vessels, with occasional drownings of fishermen.<a href="#cite_note-twsX214-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_parks">Public parks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Public parks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PresqueIsleStatePark.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/PresqueIsleStatePark.JPG/220px-PresqueIsleStatePark.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/PresqueIsleStatePark.JPG/330px-PresqueIsleStatePark.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/PresqueIsleStatePark.JPG/440px-PresqueIsleStatePark.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2871" data-file-height="1854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle_State_Park" title="Presque Isle State Park">Presque Isle State Park</a> in Pennsylvania is a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> in Lake Erie</figcaption></figure> There are numerous public parks around the lake. In western Pennsylvania, a <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Wildlife_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick Wildlife Reserve">wildlife reserve</a> was established in 1991 in Springfield Township for hiking, fishing, cross-country skiing and walking along the beach.<a href="#cite_note-twsX17-136">[136]</a> In Ontario, Long Point is a peninsula on the northwest shore near Port Rowan that extends 20 miles (32 km) into Lake Erie which is a stopover for birds migrating as well as turtles; <a href="/wiki/Long_Point_Provincial_Park" title="Long Point Provincial Park">Long Point Provincial Park</a> is located there and has been designated as a <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">UNESCO Biosphere reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> In Ontario's Sand Hill Park, east of <a href="/wiki/Port_Burwell,_Ontario" title="Port Burwell, Ontario">Port Burwell</a>, there is a 450-foot (140 m) high dune which people climb for picturesque views of the lake.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ35b-137">[137]</a> In southern Michigan, <a href="/wiki/Sterling_State_Park" title="Sterling State Park">Sterling State Park</a> has campgrounds, 1,300 acres (530 ha) for hiking, biking, fishing, boating, with a sand beach for sunbathing, swimming, and picnicking.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ13-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biking">Biking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Biking">edit</a>]</div> In 1997, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reporter Donna Marchetti took a bike tour around the Lake Erie perimeter, traveling 40 miles (64 km) per day and staying at <a href="/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast" title="Bed and breakfast">bed and breakfasts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> She biked through the cities of Cleveland, Erie, Windsor, Detroit and Toledo as well as resort towns, vineyards, and cornfields.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> The trip highlights were the "small port towns and rural farmlands of southern Ontario".<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> There are few bike repair shops in Ontario on the route.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islands">Islands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Islands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alvar4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alvar4.jpg/170px-Alvar4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alvar4.jpg/255px-Alvar4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alvar4.jpg/340px-Alvar4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alvar" title="Alvar">Alvar</a> habitat on <a href="/wiki/Kelleys_Island,_Ohio" title="Kelleys Island, Ohio">Kelleys Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Bass_Island" title="South Bass Island">South Bass Island</a> visible in distance.</figcaption></figure> Lake Erie islands tend to be in the westernmost part of the lake and have different characters. Some of them include: <ul><li>Kelleys Island has activities such as beach lounging, hiking, biking, and viewing the deep <a href="/wiki/Glacial_striation" title="Glacial striation">glacial grooves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX21a-139">[139]</a></li> <li>Pelee Island is reached by ferry from Leamington, Ontario, or by plane or ferry in <a href="/wiki/Sandusky,_Ohio" title="Sandusky, Ohio">Sandusky, Ohio</a>, and is the largest of the Lake Erie islands.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> The island has a unique ecosystem with plants rarely found in Canada such as wild hyacinth, yellow horse gentian, and prickly pear cactus.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> There are two endangered snakes including the blue racer and the Lake Erie water snake. Songbirds migrate there in spring, and monarch butterflies stop over during the fall.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bass_Island" title="South Bass Island">South Bass Island</a> has the island-village of <a href="/wiki/Put-in-Bay,_Ohio" title="Put-in-Bay, Ohio">Put-in-Bay, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX21a-139">[139]</a> It has been described as a party island with scenic rocky cliffs with a year-round population in the hundreds that grows during summer.<a href="#cite_note-twsX21a-139">[139]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_sports">Water sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Water sports">edit</a>]</div> Kayaking has become more popular along the lake, particularly in places such as Put-in-Bay, Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-twsX43d-20">[20]</a> There are extensive views with steep cliffs with exotic wildlife and extensive shoreline.<a href="#cite_note-twsX43d-20">[20]</a> Long-distance swimmers have swum across the lake to set records; for example, a 15-year-old amputee swam the 12-mile (19 km) stretch across the lake in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-twsX311-140">[140]</a> In 2008, 14-year-old Jade Scognamillo swam from New York's Sturgeon Point to Ontario's <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Beach,_Ontario" title="Crystal Beach, Ontario">Crystal Beach</a> and completed the 11.9-mile (19.2-km) swim in five hours, 40 minutes and 35 seconds, and became the youngest swimmer to make the crossing.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ33-141">[141]</a> It is illegal for swimmers younger than 14 to attempt such a crossing.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ33-141">[141]</a> In Port Dover, Ontario, swimmers do high-dives at the annual "Polar Bear Swim" on the beach.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ23-142">[142]</a> Currents can pose a problem, and there have been occasional incidents of drownings.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ25-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsZ43-144">[144]</a>Since 2011, there have been 228 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Lighthouses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HPIM8229.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/HPIM8229.JPG/170px-HPIM8229.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/HPIM8229.JPG/255px-HPIM8229.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/HPIM8229.JPG/340px-HPIM8229.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Lighthouse on <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Island" title="Mohawk Island">Mohawk Island</a>, Ontario</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_West_Pierhead_Lighthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cleveland_West_Pierhead_Lighthouse.jpg/220px-Cleveland_West_Pierhead_Lighthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cleveland_West_Pierhead_Lighthouse.jpg/330px-Cleveland_West_Pierhead_Lighthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cleveland_West_Pierhead_Lighthouse.jpg/440px-Cleveland_West_Pierhead_Lighthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3784" data-file-height="2701" /></a><figcaption>The West Pierhead Lighthouse in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio</figcaption></figure> The lake is dotted by distinct lighthouses. A lighthouse off the coast of Cleveland, beset with cold lake winter spray, has an unusual artistic icy shape, although sometimes ice prevents the light from being seen by maritime vessels.<a href="#cite_note-twsX25-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Folklore">Folklore</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Folklore">edit</a>]</div> There have been unconfirmed reports of persons spotting a creature akin to the <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster" title="Loch Ness Monster">Loch Ness Monster</a>, beginning in the 19th century and sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Bessie_(lake_monster)" title="Bessie (lake monster)">Bessie</a>" or "South Bay Bessie".<a href="#cite_note-twsX27a-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsX33a-147">[147]</a> There were reports in 1990 of people seeing a "large creature moving in the water about 1,000 feet (300 m) from their boat" described as black in color, about 35 feet (11 m) long, with a snakelike head, and moving as fast as a boat.<a href="#cite_note-twsX27a-117">[117]</a> Five other people reported seeing something similar on three separate occasions, but there is no scientific evidence of such a creature.<a href="#cite_note-twsX27a-117">[117]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Brewing_Company#Beers" title="Great Lakes Brewing Company">Lake Erie Monster</a> beer and a <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Monsters" title="Cleveland Monsters">Cleveland Monsters</a> hockey team.<a href="#cite_note-twsX33a-147">[147]</a> There have been sporadic reports of people in Cleveland being able to see the Canadian shoreline as if it were immediately offshore, even though Canada is 50 miles (80 km) from Cleveland. It has been speculated that this is a weather-related phenomenon, working on similar principles as a <a href="/wiki/Looming_and_similar_refraction_phenomena#Looming" title="Looming and similar refraction phenomena">mirage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping_traffic">Shipping traffic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Shipping traffic">edit</a>]</div> The lake has been a shipping lane for maritime vessels for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-twsX15a-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsX28a-131">[131]</a> Ships headed eastward can take the <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a><a href="#cite_note-twsX34-149">[149]</a> and a series of eight locks descending 326 feet (99 m) to Lake Ontario which takes about 12 hours.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> Thousands of ships make this journey each year.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> During the 19th century, ships could enter the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_River_(New_York)" title="Buffalo River (New York)">Buffalo River</a> and travel the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> eastward to <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> then south to New York City along the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>. Generally there is heavy traffic on the lake except during the winter months from January through March when ice prevents vessels from traveling safely.<a href="#cite_note-twsX34-149">[149]</a> In 2007, there was a protest against Ontario's energy policy which allows the shipping of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> in the lake; <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> activists climbed a ladder on a freighter and "locked themselves to the conveyor belt device that helps to unload the ship's cargo"; three activists were arrested and the ship was delayed for more than four hours, and anti-coal messages were painted on the ship.<a href="#cite_note-twsX315-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferryboats">Ferryboats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ferryboats">edit</a>]</div> Ferryboats operate in numerous places: such as the passenger-only <a href="/wiki/Jet_Express_(ferry_line)" title="Jet Express (ferry line)">Jet Express Ferry</a> from Sandusky and Port Clinton to Put-in-Bay and Kelly's Island. The Miller Ferry from Catawba Island to Put-In-Bay and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bass_Island" title="Middle Bass Island">Middle Bass Island</a>, the Kellys Island ferry from Marblehead to Kellys Island, and the Owen Sound Transportation Company from Leamington or Kingsville to Pelee Island and Sandusky. However, plans to operate a ferryboat between the U.S. port of Erie and the Ontario port of Port Dover ran into a slew of political problems, including security restrictions on both sides as well as additional fees required to hire border inspectors.<a href="#cite_note-twsX314a-24">[24]</a> The project was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-twsX314a-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Circle_Tour" title="Great Lakes Circle Tour">Great Lakes Circle Tour</a> is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Drivers can cross from the United States to the Canadian town of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Erie,_Ontario" title="Fort Erie, Ontario">Fort Erie</a> by going over the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Bridge" title="Peace Bridge">Peace Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsX18-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_crossings">Border crossings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Border crossings">edit</a>]</div> Since the border between the two nations is largely unpatrolled, it is possible for people to cross undetected from one country to the other, in either direction, by boat. In 2010, Canadian police arrested persons crossing the border illegally from the United States to Canada, near the Ontario town of <a href="/wiki/Amherstburg,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Amherstburg, Ontario">Amherstburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsZ26-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/28px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/42px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/56px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Islands" title="Bass Islands">Bass Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Point" title="Cedar Point">Cedar Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_AVA" title="Lake Erie AVA">Lake Erie AVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Ohio">List of lakes in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maumee_Bay" title="Maumee Bay">Maumee Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Lake_Erie_skydiving_disaster" title="1967 Lake Erie skydiving disaster">1967 Lake Erie skydiving disaster</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GLBathEr-1"><a href="#cite_ref-GLBathEr_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/greatlakes.html">National Geophysical Data Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403230341/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/greatlakes.html">Archived</a> April 3, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1999. Bathymetry of Lake Erie and Lake Saint Clair. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5KS6PHK [access date: March 23, 2015]. </li> <li id="cite_note-GLBathHur-2"><a href="#cite_ref-GLBathHur_2-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/greatlakes.html">National Geophysical Data Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403230341/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/greatlakes.html">Archived</a> April 3, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1999. Bathymetry of Lake Huron. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5G15XS5 [access date: March 23, 2015]. (only small portion of this map) </li> <li id="cite_note-GLBathOnt-3"><a href="#cite_ref-GLBathOnt_3-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/greatlakes.html">National Geophysical Data Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403230341/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/greatlakes.html">Archived</a> April 3, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1999. Bathymetry of Lake Ontario. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V56H4FBH [access date: March 23, 2015]. (only small portion of this map) </li> <li id="cite_note-GLOBE-4"><a href="#cite_ref-GLOBE_4-0">^</a> National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/gltiles.html">Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210142322/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/gltiles.html">Archived</a> February 10, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hastings, D. and P.K. Dunbar. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS [access date: March 16, 2015]. </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA_GLERL-5"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_GLERL_5-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110505021024/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pr/ourlakes/gl_tour.html">"About Our Great Lakes: Tour"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pr/ourlakes/gl_tour.html">the original</a> on May 5, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Our+Great+Lakes%3A+Tour&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration+%28NOAA%29+-+Great+Lakes+Environmental+Research+Laboratory+%28GLERL%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glerl.noaa.gov%2Fpr%2Fourlakes%2Fgl_tour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> Google Earth Great Lakes Tour <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pr/pr_images/tour/GreatLakesTour_Merged.kmz">GreatLakesTour_Merged.kmz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105214620/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pr/pr_images/tour/GreatLakesTour_Merged.kmz">Archived</a> January 5, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-StateofOhio-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StateofOhio_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StateofOhio_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StateofOhio_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StateofOhio_6-3">d</a> State of Ohio, Division of Geological Survey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/tabid/7828/default.aspx">Lake Erie Facts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130325145738/http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/tabid/7828/Default.aspx">Archived</a> March 25, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Accessed May 4, 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_7-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/physical-features-great-lakes">"Physical Features of the Great Lakes"</a>. US Environmental Protection Agency. September 16, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018082941/https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/physical-features-great-lakes">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physical+Features+of+the+Great+Lakes&rft.pub=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fgreatlakes%2Fphysical-features-great-lakes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John W., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorktimes200600wrig">The New York Times Almanac</a> (2007 ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorktimes200600wrig/page/64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303820-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303820-6"><bdi>0-14-303820-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Almanac&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=2007&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-303820-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyorktimes200600wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,4561,7-135-3313_3677-15959--,00.html">Shorelines of the Great Lakes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405211915/https://www.michigan.gov/deq/0%2C4561%2C7-135-3313_3677-15959--%2C00.html">Archived</a> April 5, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldatlas_list-10"><a href="#cite_ref-worldatlas_list_10-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-largest-lakes-in-the-world.html">10 Largest Lakes in the World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031061910/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-largest-lakes-in-the-world.html">Archived</a> October 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. worldatlas.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-GLIN_F&F-11"><a href="#cite_ref-GLIN_F&F_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130104082350/http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/ref/eriefact.html">"Lake Erie – Facts and Figures"</a>. Great Lakes Information Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/ref/eriefact.html">the original</a> on January 4, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lake+Erie+%E2%80%93+Facts+and+Figures&rft.pub=Great+Lakes+Information+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.great-lakes.net%2Flakes%2Fref%2Feriefact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/us/A0817584.html">"Erie, Lake - FactMonster"</a>. www.factmonster.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229070745/http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/us/A0817584.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.factmonster.com&rft.atitle=Erie%2C+Lake+-+FactMonster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmonster.com%2Fce6%2Fus%2FA0817584.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vividmaps.com/great-lakes-profile/">"Great Lakes Profile"</a>. Vivid Maps. January 18, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123233925/https://vividmaps.com/great-lakes-profile/">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vivid+Maps&rft.atitle=Great+Lakes+Profile&rft.date=2017-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvividmaps.com%2Fgreat-lakes-profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ54-14"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ54_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/topics/1750-11987/">"From Honeymoon City to Hydro City"</a>. CBC Digital Archives. August 25, 1957. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204131256/http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/topics/1750-11987/">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+Honeymoon+City+to+Hydro+City&rft.date=1957-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cbc.ca%2Fscience_technology%2Fenergy_production%2Ftopics%2F1750-11987%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ61-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ61_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ61_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ61_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Macdonald2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Nancy Macdonald (August 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090824092017/http://www2.macleans.ca/2009/08/20/canada%E2%80%99s-sickest-lake/">"Canada's sickest lake"</a>. Maclean's. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.macleans.ca/2009/08/20/canada%E2%80%99s-sickest-lake/">the original</a> on August 24, 2009. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+sickest+lake&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft.au=Nancy+Macdonald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.macleans.ca%2F2009%2F08%2F20%2Fcanada%25E2%2580%2599s-sickest-lake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT031413-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT031413_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT031413_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Wines2013" class="citation news cs1">Michael Wines (March 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/15/science/earth/algae-blooms-threaten-lake-erie.html">"Spring Rain, Then Foul Algae in Ailing Lake Erie"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315120454/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/15/science/earth/algae-blooms-threaten-lake-erie.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spring+Rain%2C+Then+Foul+Algae+in+Ailing+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.au=Michael+Wines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F15%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Falgae-blooms-threaten-lake-erie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130210140618/http://www.wkyc.com/news/article/70035/219/Dr-Charles-E-Herdendorf">"Dr. Charles E. Herdendorf"</a>. Wkyc.com. February 26, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wkyc.com/news/article/70035/219/Dr-Charles-E-Herdendorf">the original</a> on February 10, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Charles+E.+Herdendorf&rft.pub=Wkyc.com&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wkyc.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F70035%2F219%2FDr-Charles-E-Herdendorf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX213-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX213_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX213_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-aug-10-mn-64303-story.html">"Lake Erie Heat Wave Threatens Nuclear Plants' Cooling Systems"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. August 10, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124031145/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/aug/10/news/mn-64303">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Lake+Erie+Heat+Wave+Threatens+Nuclear+Plants%27+Cooling+Systems&rft.date=1999-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1999-aug-10-mn-64303-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140119031600/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/glcfs/glcfs.php?lake=l&ext=ice&type=N&hr=00">"GLCFS-FVCOM Products"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/glcfs/glcfs.php?hr=00&ext=ice&type=N&lake=l">the original</a> on January 19, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLCFS-FVCOM+Products&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glerl.noaa.gov%2Fres%2Fglcfs%2Fglcfs.php%3Fhr%3D00%26ext%3Dice%26type%3DN%26lake%3Dl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX43d-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX43d_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX43d_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX43d_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX43d_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX43d_20-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenny_lee2004" class="citation news cs1">Denny lee (September 10, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2004/09/10/travel/escapes/10ERIE.html">"Reborn, Lake Erie Beckons Kayakers"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reborn%2C+Lake+Erie+Beckons+Kayakers&rft.date=2004-09-10&rft.au=Denny+lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F09%2F10%2Ftravel%2Fescapes%2F10ERIE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ31-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ31_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ31_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ31_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ31_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ31_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ31_21-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222336/http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=23d49fb1-6607-4bc3-b282-5c69a645659d">"Author's imagination stoked by Lake Erie tales"</a>. Canada.com. The Windsor Star. November 24, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=23d49fb1-6607-4bc3-b282-5c69a645659d">the original</a> on August 25, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada.com&rft.atitle=Author%27s+imagination+stoked+by+Lake+Erie+tales&rft.date=2008-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fwindsorstar%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D23d49fb1-6607-4bc3-b282-5c69a645659d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX312c-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX312c_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX312c_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Atwood2008" class="citation news cs1">Margaret Atwood (January 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016195000/http://www.thestar.com/SpecialSections/EarthHour/article/294693">"On Lake Erie's demise"</a>. The Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/SpecialSections/EarthHour/article/294693">the original</a> on October 16, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011. <q>Also, the western end of Lake Erie is the thunderstorm capital of Canada – the lightning displays are breathtaking, the winds can hit gale force, and, due to the lake's shallowness, the waves build very quickly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=On+Lake+Erie%27s+demise&rft.date=2008-01-19&rft.au=Margaret+Atwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2FSpecialSections%2FEarthHour%2Farticle%2F294693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX411-23"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX411_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatiana_Morales2004" class="citation news cs1">Tatiana Morales (July 19, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dramatic-lake-erie-rescue/">"Dramatic Lake Erie Rescue"</a>. CBS News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128230411/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/07/19/earlyshow/living/main630462.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dramatic+Lake+Erie+Rescue&rft.date=2004-07-19&rft.au=Tatiana+Morales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fdramatic-lake-erie-rescue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX314a-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX314a_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX314a_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX314a_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX314a_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX314a_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX314a_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX314a_24-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_B._Roddy2010" class="citation news cs1">Dennis B. Roddy (September 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101003072413/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10273/1091470-454.stm">"Caught in a net of laws and bans, fishermen lost their livelihood"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10273/1091470-454.stm">the original</a> on October 3, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Caught+in+a+net+of+laws+and+bans%2C+fishermen+lost+their+livelihood&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft.au=Dennis+B.+Roddy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F10273%2F1091470-454.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_Basic-25"><a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Basic_25-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/basicinfo.html#erie">Great Lakes; Basic Information: Lake Erie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201211425/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/basicinfo.html#erie">Archived</a> December 1, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY112-26"><a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY112_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicely_A._Richard2010" class="citation news cs1">Cicely A. Richard (January 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316143007/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/fishing-lakes-pennsylvania-17655.html">"Fishing Lakes in Pennsylvania"</a>. USA Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traveltips.usatoday.com/fishing-lakes-pennsylvania-17655.html">the original</a> on March 16, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2010. <q>Lake Erie, one of North America's Great Lakes, offers more than 470,000 acres of surface water.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Fishing+Lakes+in+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft.au=Cicely+A.+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraveltips.usatoday.com%2Ffishing-lakes-pennsylvania-17655.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409230328/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/glwlphotos/Seiche/1113Storm/November2003.html">"Great Lakes Storm Surges November 12–13, 2003"</a>. Glerl.noaa.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/glwlphotos/Seiche/1113Storm/November2003.html">the original</a> on April 9, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Lakes+Storm+Surges+November+12%E2%80%9313%2C+2003&rft.pub=Glerl.noaa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glerl.noaa.gov%2Fseagrant%2Fglwlphotos%2FSeiche%2F1113Storm%2FNovember2003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-COE-2009-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COE-2009_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COE-2009_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COE-2009_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COE-2009_28-3">d</a> Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes; September 2009; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District </li> <li id="cite_note-twsOhioStateUniv-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsOhioStateUniv_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsOhioStateUniv_29-1">b</a> Publishers: (1) Lake Erie Coastal Ohio Trail National Scenic Byway (2) Ohio Chapter of The Nature Conservancy (3) Ohio Sea Grant; Editors: Art Weber, Melinda Huntley of the Ohio Sea Grant College Program, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/_documents/publications/GS/GS-025ExploretheLakeErieIslandsAGuidetoNatureandHistoryAlongtheLakeErieCoastalTrail.pdf">Explore the Lake Erie Islands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222214756/http://www.ohioseagrant.osu.edu/_documents/publications/GS/GS-025ExploretheLakeErieIslandsAGuidetoNatureandHistoryAlongtheLakeErieCoastalTrail.pdf">Archived</a> February 22, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved September 1, 2014, (see page 5) "... Lake Erie's shallow, nutrient-rich western basin and the much deeper central and eastern basins. ... The western basin ... dolomite and limestone are more durable than the softer shales ... glacier dug through the stones ... resistance from the dolomite and limestone in the western basin ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiodnr.com/geosurvey/lakeerie/lefact1/tabid/7829/Default.aspx">"Hansen, Michael C. "The History of Lake Erie""</a>. Ohiodnr.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124080806/http://www.ohiodnr.com/geosurvey/lakeerie/lefact1/tabid/7829/Default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hansen%2C+Michael+C.+%22The+History+of+Lake+Erie%22&rft.pub=Ohiodnr.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiodnr.com%2Fgeosurvey%2Flakeerie%2Flefact1%2Ftabid%2F7829%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Room20062-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Room20062_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoom2006" class="citation book cs1">Room, A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&pg=PA150">Placenames of the World: Origins And Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features And Historic Sites</a>. McFarland. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2248-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-2248-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World%3A+Origins+And+Meanings+of+the+Names+for+6%2C600+Countries%2C+Cities%2C+Territories%2C+Natural+Features+And+Historic+Sites&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1JIPAN-eJ4C%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelâge2006" class="citation book cs1">Delâge, Denys (2006). "Aboriginal Influence on the Canadians and French at the time of New France". In Christie, Gordon (ed.). Aboriginality and Governance: A Multidisciplinary Approach. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penticton_Indian_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penticton Indian Reserve (page does not exist)">Penticton Indian Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>: Theytus Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1894778243" title="Special:BookSources/1894778243"><bdi>1894778243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Influence+on+the+Canadians+and+French+at+the+time+of+New+France&rft.btitle=Aboriginality+and+Governance%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Approach&rft.place=Penticton+Indian+Reserve%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Theytus+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1894778243&rft.aulast=Del%C3%A2ge&rft.aufirst=Denys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX18-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX18_33-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchetti1997" class="citation news cs1">Marchetti, Donna (June 29, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/29/travel/circling-lake-erie-by-bike.html">"Circling Lake Erie by Bike"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715064544/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/29/travel/circling-lake-erie-by-bike.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Circling+Lake+Erie+by+Bike&rft.date=1997-06-29&rft.aulast=Marchetti&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F06%2F29%2Ftravel%2Fcircling-lake-erie-by-bike.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Trigger, Bruce; The Children of Aataentsic (McGill-Queen's University Press, Kingston and Montreal,1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0626-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0626-8">0-7735-0626-8</a>), pp. 789–797. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Schmalz, Peter S.; The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario (University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Buffalo, London, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-2736-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-2736-9">0-8020-2736-9</a>), pp. 13–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Ashworth, William (1987). The Late, Great Lakes: An Environmental History, p. 36. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-1887-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-1887-8">0-8143-1887-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ41a2-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ41a2_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ41a2_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ41a2_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ41a2_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ41a2_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ41a2_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ41a2_37-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ41a2_37-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ41a2_37-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100814033117/http://inlandseas.org/plesrc/index.html">"Peachman Lake Erie Shipwreck Research Center (PLESRC)"</a>. The Great Lakes Historical Society. January 26, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inlandseas.org/plesrc/index.html">the original</a> on August 14, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Peachman+Lake+Erie+Shipwreck+Research+Center+%28PLESRC%29&rft.date=2011-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inlandseas.org%2Fplesrc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ16-38"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ16_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E11F93A5D10738DDDA80994D1405B8584F0D3">"The lake erie hero.; a statue to commodore perry unveiled at newport"</a>. The New York Times. 1884. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111024021/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E11F93A5D10738DDDA80994D1405B8584F0D3">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+lake+erie+hero.%3B+a+statue+to+commodore+perry+unveiled+at+newport.&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFA0E11F93A5D10738DDDA80994D1405B8584F0D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ21bb-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ21bb_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ21bb_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F5081EFC3D5E157A93C3A8178ED85F4D8185F9">"League of Nations Monument on Lake Erie"</a>. The New York Times. May 11, 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111024027/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F5081EFC3D5E157A93C3A8178ED85F4D8185F9">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=League+of+Nations+Monument+on+Lake+Erie&rft.date=1919-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF5081EFC3D5E157A93C3A8178ED85F4D8185F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX14b-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX14b_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX14b_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX14b_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX14b_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX14b_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX14b_40-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX14b_40-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Flesher,_Associated_Press2010" class="citation news cs1">John Flesher, Associated Press (November 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/environment/2010-11-26-asian-carp_N.htm">"Asian carp create nagging fear in Lake Erie towns"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130050728/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/environment/2010-11-26-asian-carp_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Asian+carp+create+nagging+fear+in+Lake+Erie+towns&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft.au=John+Flesher%2C+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fenvironment%2F2010-11-26-asian-carp_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ15-41"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ15_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B12FD3955147B93C3AB178BD95F468584F9">"Railways Round Lake Erie"</a>. The New York Times. October 21, 1852. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111024034/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B12FD3955147B93C3AB178BD95F468584F9">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Railways+Round+Lake+Erie&rft.date=1852-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF60B12FD3955147B93C3AB178BD95F468584F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ17-42"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ17_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60F11F63855177493C6A8178FD85F468584F9">"Navigation on Lake Erie"</a>. The New York Times. April 14, 1852. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111024040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60F11F63855177493C6A8178FD85F468584F9">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Navigation+on+Lake+Erie&rft.date=1852-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF60F11F63855177493C6A8178FD85F468584F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ51-43"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ51_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Lackner2006" class="citation news cs1">Chris Lackner (August 23, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823025429/http://www2.canada.com/ottawacitizen/features/freedom/story.html?id=2c82d713-151f-400f-a852-373026568d09">"A strong desire to be free"</a>. The Ottawa Citizen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.canada.com/ottawacitizen/features/freedom/story.html?id=2c82d713-151f-400f-a852-373026568d09">the original</a> on August 23, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=A+strong+desire+to+be+free&rft.date=2006-08-23&rft.au=Chris+Lackner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.canada.com%2Fottawacitizen%2Ffeatures%2Ffreedom%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D2c82d713-151f-400f-a852-373026568d09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ11-44"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ11_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00811FE3A55147B93C7A9178BD95F478584F9">"Severe Gale on Lake Erie"</a>. The New York Times. October 5, 1853. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111024046/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00811FE3A55147B93C7A9178BD95F478584F9">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Severe+Gale+on+Lake+Erie&rft.date=1853-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF00811FE3A55147B93C7A9178BD95F478584F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ19-45"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ19_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10716FE3B541B7493C1A9178AD95F4C8684F9">"Fishing: When thermometer plummets, tactics change on Lake Erie tributaries"</a>. The New York Times. November 3, 1868. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111024051/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10716FE3B541B7493C1A9178AD95F4C8684F9">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011. <q>The Captain of the schooner Grace Whitney reports passing a sunken vessel off Port Burwell Sunday morning. Three men were clinging to the masthead, but he could render no assistance, owing to the gale and high seas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fishing%3A+When+thermometer+plummets%2C+tactics+change+on+Lake+Erie+tributaries&rft.date=1868-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF10716FE3B541B7493C1A9178AD95F4C8684F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY312-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY312_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY312_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CEFD91238EE3BBC4B51DFB066838C649FDE">"Perilous Balloon Ascension—The Eronaut in Lake Erie"</a>. The New York Times. July 23, 1857. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405230622/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CEFD91238EE3BBC4B51DFB066838C649FDE">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Perilous+Balloon+Ascension%E2%80%94The+Eronaut+in+Lake+Erie.&rft.date=1857-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9A0CEFD91238EE3BBC4B51DFB066838C649FDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ22-47"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ22_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50617F63E5B10738DDDAC0994D8415B8584F0D3">"The wind stirs up lake erie"</a>. The New York Times. October 15, 1885. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111024103/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50617F63E5B10738DDDAC0994D8415B8584F0D3">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+wind+stirs+up+lake+erie&rft.date=1885-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF50617F63E5B10738DDDAC0994D8415B8584F0D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY314-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY314_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY314_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20913F8395911738DDDA80B94D9405B8585F0D3">"A GREAT INDUSTRY IN DANGER; The Fish Supply of Lake Erie Likely to be Exhausted Unless the State of Ohio Takes Action"</a>. The New York Times. January 31, 1895. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111024109/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20913F8395911738DDDA80B94D9405B8585F0D3">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+GREAT+INDUSTRY+IN+DANGER%3B+The+Fish+Supply+of+Lake+Erie+Likely+to+be+Exhausted+Unless+the+State+of+Ohio+Takes+Action.&rft.date=1895-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF20913F8395911738DDDA80B94D9405B8585F0D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ18-49"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ18_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3081FFC385414728DDDAA0994D9405B818CF1D3">"NEW HARBOR ON LAKE ERIE?; Report that One Is to be Built at Elk Creek, Penn"</a>. The New York Times. January 13, 1901. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111024115/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3081FFC385414728DDDAA0994D9405B818CF1D3">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NEW+HARBOR+ON+LAKE+ERIE%3F%3B+Report+that+One+Is+to+be+Built+at+Elk+Creek%2C+Penn.&rft.date=1901-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF3081FFC385414728DDDAA0994D9405B818CF1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin" class="citation web cs1">Austin, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicdetroit.org/buildings/greater-detroit">"Greater Detroit"</a>. historicdetroit.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230802052334/https://historicdetroit.org/buildings/greater-detroit">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historicdetroit.org&rft.atitle=Greater+Detroit&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricdetroit.org%2Fbuildings%2Fgreater-detroit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX312a-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX312a_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX312a_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX312a_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX312a_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX312a_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX312a_51-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX312a_51-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX312a_51-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX312a_51-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX312a_51-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Atwood2008" class="citation news cs1">Margaret Atwood (January 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016195000/http://www.thestar.com/SpecialSections/EarthHour/article/294693">"On Lake Erie's demise"</a>. The Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/SpecialSections/EarthHour/article/294693">the original</a> on October 16, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=On+Lake+Erie%27s+demise&rft.date=2008-01-19&rft.au=Margaret+Atwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2FSpecialSections%2FEarthHour%2Farticle%2F294693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dalitzinvegas.com/moe-dalitz/life.html">"Moe Dalitz in Vegas"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803024317/http://dalitzinvegas.com/moe-dalitz/life.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moe+Dalitz+in+Vegas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdalitzinvegas.com%2Fmoe-dalitz%2Flife.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland.com/avon-lake/2018/09/avon_lake_alcohol_history_turn.html">"Avon Lake alcohol history turns into fundraising opportunity at Bicentennial Beer Festival coming up on September 22"</a>. September 17, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803065740/https://www.cleveland.com/avon-lake/2018/09/avon_lake_alcohol_history_turn.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avon+Lake+alcohol+history+turns+into+fundraising+opportunity+at+Bicentennial+Beer+Festival+coming+up+on+September+22&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Favon-lake%2F2018%2F09%2Favon_lake_alcohol_history_turn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Newton, Michael (2009). Mr. Mob: The Life and Crimes of Moe Dalitz. McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786435166" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786435166">978-0786435166</a> P. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eriehistory.blogspot.com/2015/07/prohibition-eries-rebellion.html">"Prohibition: Erie's Rebellion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803024049/https://eriehistory.blogspot.com/2015/07/prohibition-eries-rebellion.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prohibition%3A+Erie%27s+Rebellion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feriehistory.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F07%2Fprohibition-eries-rebellion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toledoblade.com/frontpage/2008/12/15/Part-9-Jack-Kennedy-s-death-brings-crackdown-on-crime.html">"The Blade | Toledo's breaking news, sports, and entertainment watchdog"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803023549/https://www.toledoblade.com/frontpage/2008/12/15/Part-9-Jack-Kennedy-s-death-brings-crackdown-on-crime.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Blade+%26%23124%3B+Toledo%27s+breaking+news%2C+sports%2C+and+entertainment+watchdog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toledoblade.com%2Ffrontpage%2F2008%2F12%2F15%2FPart-9-Jack-Kennedy-s-death-brings-crackdown-on-crime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622181542/http://lighthouse.boatnerd.com/gallery/erie/MiddleIsland.htm">"Lighthouses of the Great Lakes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lighthouse.boatnerd.com/gallery/Erie/MiddleIsland.htm">the original</a> on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lighthouses+of+the+Great+Lakes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flighthouse.boatnerd.com%2Fgallery%2FErie%2FMiddleIsland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY214a-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY214a_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY214a_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY214a_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY214a_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY214a_58-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY214a_58-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY214a_58-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY214a_58-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817171805/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901182,00.html">"America's Sewage System and the Price of Optimism"</a>. Time magazine. August 1, 1969. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901182,00.html">the original</a> on August 17, 2007. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=America%27s+Sewage+System+and+the+Price+of+Optimism&rft.date=1969-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C901182%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX512-59"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX512_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPam_belluck1999" class="citation news cs1">Pam belluck (March 15, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/15/us/in-angler-s-freezer-since-62-fish-may-refute-extinction.html">"In Angler's Freezer Since '62, Fish May Refute 'Extinction'"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524215653/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/15/us/in-angler-s-freezer-since-62-fish-may-refute-extinction.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Angler%27s+Freezer+Since+%2762%2C+Fish+May+Refute+%27Extinction%27&rft.date=1999-03-15&rft.au=Pam+belluck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F03%2F15%2Fus%2Fin-angler-s-freezer-since-62-fish-may-refute-extinction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY313b-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY313b_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY313b_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY313b_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY313b_60-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Swanson_and_Adrienne_Lewis2008" class="citation news cs1">Bob Swanson and Adrienne Lewis (November 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/graphics/2008-10-29-lake-effect-snow-formation_N.htm">"Many ingredients go into lake-effect snow"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117125438/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/graphics/2008-10-29-lake-effect-snow-formation_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Many+ingredients+go+into+lake-effect+snow&rft.date=2008-11-05&rft.au=Bob+Swanson+and+Adrienne+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fweather%2Fresources%2Fgraphics%2F2008-10-29-lake-effect-snow-formation_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/2003-10-01-snowiest-cities_x.htm">Answers: 10 snowiest 'cities' aren't all in New York</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012221017/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/2003-10-01-snowiest-cities_x.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Also creating the <a href="/wiki/Snow_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow belt">snow belt</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>. Chris Cappella, USATODAY.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY313a-62"><a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY313a_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Swanson_and_Adrienne_Lewis2008" class="citation news cs1">Bob Swanson and Adrienne Lewis (November 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/graphics/2008-10-29-lake-effect-snow-formation_N.htm">"Many ingredients go into lake-effect snow"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117125438/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/graphics/2008-10-29-lake-effect-snow-formation_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010. <q>How would you like to shovel 10 feet of snow each winter? That's not uncommon for some locations downwind of the Great Lakes, where snowfall averages more than 120 inches annually.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Many+ingredients+go+into+lake-effect+snow&rft.date=2008-11-05&rft.au=Bob+Swanson+and+Adrienne+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fweather%2Fresources%2Fgraphics%2F2008-10-29-lake-effect-snow-formation_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY111-63"><a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY111_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarolyn_Thompson,_Associated_Press_Writer2007" class="citation news cs1">Carolyn Thompson, Associated Press Writer (November 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/weather/storms/winter/2007-11-06-buffalo-snow_N.htm">"First snow arrives off Lake Erie, spares Buffalo"</a>. USA Today. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=First+snow+arrives+off+Lake+Erie%2C+spares+Buffalo&rft.date=2007-11-08&rft.au=Carolyn+Thompson%2C+Associated+Press+Writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fweather%2Fstorms%2Fwinter%2F2007-11-06-buffalo-snow_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX36-64"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX36_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Skilling,_chief_meteorologist2004" class="citation news cs1">Tom Skilling, chief meteorologist (March 25, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/03/25/dear-tomdoes-much-ice-remain-on-northern/">"Dear Tom, Does much ice remain on northern Lake ..."</a> Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204141413/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-03-25/news/0403250108_1_lake-erie-lake-michigan-lake-effect-snow">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Dear+Tom%2C+Does+much+ice+remain+on+northern+Lake+...&rft.date=2004-03-25&rft.au=Tom+Skilling%2C+chief+meteorologist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2004%2F03%2F25%2Fdear-tomdoes-much-ice-remain-on-northern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX211-65"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX211_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128202531/http://www.ohio.com/news/break_news/114553729.html">"Freezing of Lake Erie celebrated by those tired of lake-effect snow"</a>. Ohio.com. Associated Press. January 25, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohio.com/news/break_news/114553729.html">the original</a> on January 28, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Freezing+of+Lake+Erie+celebrated+by+those+tired+of+lake-effect+snow&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohio.com%2Fnews%2Fbreak_news%2F114553729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Straight_Dope-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Straight_Dope_66-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mlakeeffectsnow.html">What's the physics behind "lake effect snow"?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111209090407/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2007/whats-the-physics-behind-lake-effect-snow">Archived</a> December 9, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. the Straight Dope Science Advisory Board. </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX35-67"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX35_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Skilling,_meteorologist2002" class="citation news cs1">Tom Skilling, meteorologist (November 13, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2002/11/13/dear-tomhow-often-does-lake-michigan-freeze/">"Dear Tom, How often does Lake Michigan freeze over ..."</a> Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204123200/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-11-13/news/0211130174_1_lake-michigan-lake-erie-great-lakes">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Dear+Tom%2C+How+often+does+Lake+Michigan+freeze+over+...&rft.date=2002-11-13&rft.au=Tom+Skilling%2C+meteorologist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2002%2F11%2F13%2Fdear-tomhow-often-does-lake-michigan-freeze%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY114-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY114_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY114_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY114_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_maag2006" class="citation news cs1">Christopher maag (February 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/national/19lake.html">"On Great Lakes, Winter Is Served Straight Up"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811014803/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/national/19lake.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Great+Lakes%2C+Winter+Is+Served+Straight+Up&rft.date=2006-02-19&rft.au=Christopher+maag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F02%2F19%2Fnational%2F19lake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2012" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, David (February 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223023415/http://www.buffalonews.com/business/local-business/article736169.ece">"Megawatts up at Steel Winds"</a>. The Buffalo News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buffalonews.com/business/local-business/article736169.ece">the original</a> on February 23, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Megawatts+up+at+Steel+Winds&rft.date=2012-02-20&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buffalonews.com%2Fbusiness%2Flocal-business%2Farticle736169.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY113-70"><a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY113_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Canadian_Press2009" class="citation news cs1">The Canadian Press (September 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/Business/article/701839">"Samsung eyes Lake Erie"</a>. The Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173444/http://www.thestar.com/Business/article/701839">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Samsung+eyes+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.au=The+Canadian+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2FBusiness%2Farticle%2F701839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ24-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ24_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ24_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Radwanski2010" class="citation news cs1">Adam Radwanski (September 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/adam-radwanski/an-ill-wind-on-lake-erie/article1697544/">"An ill wind on Lake Erie"</a>. The Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129125915/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/adam-radwanski/an-ill-wind-on-lake-erie/article1697544/">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=An+ill+wind+on+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2010-09-06&rft.au=Adam+Radwanski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fadam-radwanski%2Fan-ill-wind-on-lake-erie%2Farticle1697544%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ56-72"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ56_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828054955/http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=0f24492c-75be-46f9-a24d-ea18e1a31d9e">"Province kills lake wind farm"</a>. Canada.com. The Windsor Star. October 4, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=0f24492c-75be-46f9-a24d-ea18e1a31d9e">the original</a> on August 28, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada.com&rft.atitle=Province+kills+lake+wind+farm&rft.date=2006-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fwindsorstar%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D0f24492c-75be-46f9-a24d-ea18e1a31d9e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ55-73"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ55_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822012640/http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=7ab955af-5c44-4bea-aa5f-37d8f312c26a">"No turbines in Lake Erie: Council"</a>. The Windsor Star. January 25, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=7ab955af-5c44-4bea-aa5f-37d8f312c26a">the original</a> on August 22, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Windsor+Star&rft.atitle=No+turbines+in+Lake+Erie%3A+Council&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.canada.com%2Fwindsorstar%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D7ab955af-5c44-4bea-aa5f-37d8f312c26a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ27-74"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ27_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDylan_Kristy2010" class="citation news cs1">Dylan Kristy (August 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100921000007/http://www.vancouversun.com/technology/Lake%2BErie%2Bsoaring%2Brecord%2Bbreaking%2Btemperatures/3409194/story.html">"Lake Erie soaring to record-breaking temperatures"</a>. The Windsor Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/technology/Lake+Erie+soaring+record+breaking+temperatures/3409194/story.html">the original</a> on September 21, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Windsor+Star&rft.atitle=Lake+Erie+soaring+to+record-breaking+temperatures&rft.date=2010-08-17&rft.au=Dylan+Kristy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Ftechnology%2FLake%2BErie%2Bsoaring%2Brecord%2Bbreaking%2Btemperatures%2F3409194%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ-75"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon_Hill2010" class="citation news cs1">Sharon Hill (May 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823082428/http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=acf7937c-d4c2-48ad-8380-225d058bde41">"Heaps of decaying smelt blanket Lake Erie shore"</a>. The Windsor Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=acf7937c-d4c2-48ad-8380-225d058bde41">the original</a> on August 23, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Windsor+Star&rft.atitle=Heaps+of+decaying+smelt+blanket+Lake+Erie+shore&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft.au=Sharon+Hill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.canada.com%2Fwindsorstar%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3Dacf7937c-d4c2-48ad-8380-225d058bde41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ28a-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ28a_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ28a_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ28a_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ28a_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ28a_76-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822212113/http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/story.html?id=c93bc013-1130-45fd-bd28-976a43b6374c&k=3267">"Lake Erie undergoing 'huge' ecological changes"</a>. Canada.com. April 28, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/story.html?id=c93bc013-1130-45fd-bd28-976a43b6374c&k=3267">the original</a> on August 22, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lake+Erie+undergoing+%27huge%27+ecological+changes&rft.date=2008-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fwindsorstar%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3Dc93bc013-1130-45fd-bd28-976a43b6374c%26k%3D3267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/outdoors/bassmaster/news/story?page=tourn_03_north_open_NY_erie_preview">2003–04 CITGO Bassmaster Northern Open</a>. BASS Communications – September 3, 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ45-78"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ45_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118200028/http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=767745f9-c160-4a0f-8ea0-cc8c2a037d59&k=64512">"Bloody-red shrimp invades Great Lakes: The newest invader swarming in the Great Lakes is the bloody-red shrimp and they're bloody likely to have a negative impact"</a>. Canada.com. January 24, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=767745f9-c160-4a0f-8ea0-cc8c2a037d59&k=64512">the original</a> on January 18, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bloody-red+shrimp+invades+Great+Lakes%3A+The+newest+invader+swarming+in+the+Great+Lakes+is+the+bloody-red+shrimp+and+they%27re+bloody+likely+to+have+a+negative+impact.&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fwindsorstar%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D767745f9-c160-4a0f-8ea0-cc8c2a037d59%26k%3D64512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seagrant.sunysb.edu/ais/pdfs/AIS-LErieOnt.pdf">"Invasive Species of Lakes Erie and Ontario"</a> (PDF). Stony Brook University. pp. G–2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128141116/https://seagrant.sunysb.edu/ais/pdfs/AIS-LErieOnt.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invasive+Species+of+Lakes+Erie+and+Ontario&rft.pages=G-2&rft.pub=Stony+Brook+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseagrant.sunysb.edu%2Fais%2Fpdfs%2FAIS-LErieOnt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greatlakesphragmites.net/resources/casestudies-3/lake-erie-cwma/">"Great Lakes Phragmites Collaborative"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111204642/https://www.greatlakesphragmites.net/resources/casestudies-3/lake-erie-cwma/">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Lakes+Phragmites+Collaborative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatlakesphragmites.net%2Fresources%2Fcasestudies-3%2Flake-erie-cwma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX412a-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX412a_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX412a_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX412a_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-09-13-14954030_x.htm">"Researchers track Lake Erie algae blooms"</a>. USA Today. September 13, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Researchers+track+Lake+Erie+algae+blooms&rft.date=2007-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2F2007-09-13-14954030_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111082657/http://www.ijc.org/php/publications/pdf/ID506.pdf">"International Reference Group on Great Lakes Pollution from Land Use Activities"</a> (PDF). International Joint Commission. pp. G–2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijc.org/php/publications/pdf/ID506.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Reference+Group+on+Great+Lakes+Pollution+from+Land+Use+Activities&rft.pages=G-2&rft.pub=International+Joint+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijc.org%2Fphp%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2FID506.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX414-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX414_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX414_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX414_83-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Vergano2003" class="citation news cs1">Dan Vergano (September 24, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/science/2003-09-24-lake-erie_x.htm">"Enlarged environmental 'dead zone' ripples across Lake Erie"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040723160042/http://www.usatoday.com/news/science/2003-09-24-lake-erie_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2004. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Enlarged+environmental+%27dead+zone%27+ripples+across+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2003-09-24&rft.au=Dan+Vergano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2F2003-09-24-lake-erie_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/15/science/earth/algae-blooms-threaten-lake-erie.html">"Spring Rain, Then Foul Algae in Ailing Lake Erie"</a>. The New York Times. March 14, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315120454/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/15/science/earth/algae-blooms-threaten-lake-erie.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spring+Rain%2C+Then+Foul+Algae+in+Ailing+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F15%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Falgae-blooms-threaten-lake-erie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812144803/https://www.weather.gov/cle/LakeErieHAB">"Lake Erie Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)"</a>. National Weather Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/cle/LakeErieHAB">the original</a> on August 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lake+Erie+Harmful+Algal+Bloom+%28HAB%29&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fcle%2FLakeErieHAB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2019" class="citation web cs1">Henry, Tom (August 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toledoblade.com/local/environment/2019/08/07/summer-2019-algal-bloom-coming-strong-western-lake-erie-algae-scientists-canada/stories/20190807160">"Summer algal bloom coming on strong in western Lake Erie"</a>. Toledo Blade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803002207/https://www.toledoblade.com/local/environment/2019/08/07/summer-2019-algal-bloom-coming-strong-western-lake-erie-algae-scientists-canada/stories/20190807160">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&rft.atitle=Summer+algal+bloom+coming+on+strong+in+western+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2019-08-07&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toledoblade.com%2Flocal%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2F08%2F07%2Fsummer-2019-algal-bloom-coming-strong-western-lake-erie-algae-scientists-canada%2Fstories%2F20190807160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2019" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Kate (August 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2019/08/12/scientists-on-high-alert-as-massive-green-menace-threatens-lake-erie.html">"Scientists on high alert as green menace threatens Lake Erie"</a>. Toronto Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231248/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2019/08/12/scientists-on-high-alert-as-massive-green-menace-threatens-lake-erie.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Scientists+on+high+alert+as+green+menace+threatens+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2019%2F08%2F12%2Fscientists-on-high-alert-as-massive-green-menace-threatens-lake-erie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2019" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Sharon (August 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811140408/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/large-lake-erie-algal-bloom-nearing-colchester-tested-for-toxicity">"Large Lake Erie algal bloom nearing Colchester tested for toxicity"</a>. Windsor Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/large-lake-erie-algal-bloom-nearing-colchester-tested-for-toxicity">the original</a> on August 11, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windsor+Star&rft.atitle=Large+Lake+Erie+algal+bloom+nearing+Colchester+tested+for+toxicity&rft.date=2019-08-07&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwindsorstar.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Flarge-lake-erie-algal-bloom-nearing-colchester-tested-for-toxicity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2019" class="citation web cs1">Sutherland, Scott (August 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/ootw-algae-forecast-predict-large-summer-harmful-algal-bloom-for-lake-erie">"Lake Erie's toxic algal bloom spreads, prompting warnings"</a>. The Weather Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802234642/https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/ootw-algae-forecast-predict-large-summer-harmful-algal-bloom-for-lake-erie">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Weather+Network&rft.atitle=Lake+Erie%27s+toxic+algal+bloom+spreads%2C+prompting+warnings&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweathernetwork.com%2Fca%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Footw-algae-forecast-predict-large-summer-harmful-algal-bloom-for-lake-erie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812145246/http://www.uwindsor.ca/dailynews/2019-08-07/uwindsor-researchers-test-waters-harmful-algae-bloom">"UWindsor researchers test the waters for harmful algae bloom"</a>. University of Windsor. August 8, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwindsor.ca/dailynews/2019-08-07/uwindsor-researchers-test-waters-harmful-algae-bloom">the original</a> on August 12, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UWindsor+researchers+test+the+waters+for+harmful+algae+bloom&rft.pub=University+of+Windsor&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwindsor.ca%2Fdailynews%2F2019-08-07%2Fuwindsor-researchers-test-waters-harmful-algae-bloom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX12-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX12_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX12_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX12_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX12_91-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Steinberg2010" class="citation news cs1">Stephanie Steinberg (June 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/environment/2010-06-07-Watersnake07_st_N.htm">"Lake Erie water snakes grow in numbers, help ecosystem"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611014824/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/environment/2010-06-07-Watersnake07_st_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Lake+Erie+water+snakes+grow+in+numbers%2C+help+ecosystem&rft.date=2010-06-06&rft.au=Stephanie+Steinberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fenvironment%2F2010-06-07-Watersnake07_st_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX13-92"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX13_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102183230/http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/reptiles/le-facts.html">"Lake Erie Watersnake"</a>. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Endangered Species. September 14, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/reptiles/le-facts.html">the original</a> on January 2, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lake+Erie+Watersnake&rft.date=2010-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fmidwest%2Fendangered%2Freptiles%2Fle-facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX24-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX24_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX24_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX24_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX24_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX24_93-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX24_93-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Hopey1999" class="citation news cs1">Don Hopey (July 26, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911112043/https://old.post-gazette.com/healthscience/19990726mayfly1.asp">"Swarms of mayflies on wing over Lake Erie"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/healthscience/19990726mayfly1.asp">the original</a> on September 11, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Swarms+of+mayflies+on+wing+over+Lake+Erie&rft.date=1999-07-26&rft.au=Don+Hopey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fhealthscience%2F19990726mayfly1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX37-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX37_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX37_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribune_News_Services1996" class="citation news cs1">Tribune News Services (August 15, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/08/15/mussels-blamed-for-mayflies/">"Mussels Blamed For Mayflies"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204134924/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-08-15/news/9608150091_1_zebra-mussel-lake-erie-mussels">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Mussels+Blamed+For+Mayflies&rft.date=1996-08-15&rft.au=Tribune+News+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1996%2F08%2F15%2Fmussels-blamed-for-mayflies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX31-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX31_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX31_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/06/nyregion/8000-lake-erie-water-birds-dead-of-botulism-experts-say.html">"8,000 Lake Erie Water Birds Dead of Botulism, Experts Say"</a>. The New York Times. December 6, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524215516/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/06/nyregion/8000-lake-erie-water-birds-dead-of-botulism-experts-say.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=8%2C000+Lake+Erie+Water+Birds+Dead+of+Botulism%2C+Experts+Say&rft.date=2000-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F12%2F06%2Fnyregion%2F8000-lake-erie-water-birds-dead-of-botulism-experts-say.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX26-96"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX26_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_robbins2002" class="citation news cs1">Jim robbins (November 19, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/19/science/birds-feeding-at-lake-erie-die-in-botulism-outbreak.html">"Birds Feeding at Lake Erie Die in Botulism Outbreak"</a>. The New York Times: Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110116025045/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/19/science/birds-feeding-at-lake-erie-die-in-botulism-outbreak.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times%3A+Science&rft.atitle=Birds+Feeding+at+Lake+Erie+Die+in+Botulism+Outbreak&rft.date=2002-11-19&rft.au=Jim+robbins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F11%2F19%2Fscience%2Fbirds-feeding-at-lake-erie-die-in-botulism-outbreak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY311-97"><a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY311_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNews_services2006" class="citation news cs1">News services (August 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2006/08/15/possible-h5n1-bird-flu-in-wild-birds-near-lake-erie/">"Possible H5N1 bird flu in wild birds near Lake Erie"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204123154/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-08-15/news/0608150296_1_mute-swans-bird-flu-asian-h5n1">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Possible+H5N1+bird+flu+in+wild+birds+near+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2006-08-15&rft.au=News+services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2006%2F08%2F15%2Fpossible-h5n1-bird-flu-in-wild-birds-near-lake-erie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ34-98"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ34_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822071623/http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/story.html?id=87e753ac-fb61-42a4-ae89-1b9d7549f427">"Giant tropical bird spotted over Lake Erie"</a>. The Windsor Star. October 14, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/story.html?id=87e753ac-fb61-42a4-ae89-1b9d7549f427">the original</a> on August 22, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Windsor+Star&rft.atitle=Giant+tropical+bird+spotted+over+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2008-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fwindsorstar%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D87e753ac-fb61-42a4-ae89-1b9d7549f427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ36-99"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ36_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/environment/pollution/topics/1390/">"Troubled Waters: Pollution in the Great Lakes: Topic spans: 1959–1996"</a>. CBC Digital Archives. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209012941/http://archives.cbc.ca/environment/pollution/topics/1390/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Troubled+Waters%3A+Pollution+in+the+Great+Lakes%3A+Topic+spans%3A+1959%E2%80%931996&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cbc.ca%2Fenvironment%2Fpollution%2Ftopics%2F1390%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX215-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX215_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX215_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX215_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408152157/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948661,00.html">"Environment: Comeback for the Great Lakes"</a>. Time magazine. December 3, 1979. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948661,00.html">the original</a> on April 8, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=Environment%3A+Comeback+for+the+Great+Lakes&rft.date=1979-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C948661%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-51-%E2%80%9CUS-Opens-Probe-Here-on-Pollution%E2%80%9D-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-December-1970">"REF 51 "U.S. Opens Probe Here on Pollution" The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, December 1970"</a>. Home | Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive. June 24, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225161957/https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-51-%E2%80%9CUS-Opens-Probe-Here-on-Pollution%E2%80%9D-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-December-1970">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Home+%7C+Robert+Walter+Jones+J.D.+Library+and+Archive&rft.atitle=REF+51+%22U.S.+Opens+Probe+Here+on+Pollution%22+The+Plain+Dealer%2C+Cleveland%2C+Ohio%2C+December+1970.&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frojoneswi.wixsite.com%2Frobertjonesjdlibrary%2Fsingle-post%2F2018%2F06%2F24%2FREF-51-%25E2%2580%259CUS-Opens-Probe-Here-on-Pollution%25E2%2580%259D-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-December-1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-52-US-Jury-Indicts-CEI-on-Ash-Dumping-in-Lake%E2%80%9D-by-Brian-Williams-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-December-1970">"REF 52 U.S. Jury Indicts CEI on Ash Dumping in Lake" by Brian Williams, The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, December 1970"</a>. Home | Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive. June 24, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802231202/https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-52-US-Jury-Indicts-CEI-on-Ash-Dumping-in-Lake%E2%80%9D-by-Brian-Williams-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-December-1970">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Home+%7C+Robert+Walter+Jones+J.D.+Library+and+Archive&rft.atitle=REF+52+U.S.+Jury+Indicts+CEI+on+Ash+Dumping+in+Lake%22+by+Brian+Williams%2C+The+Plain+Dealer%2C+Cleveland%2C+Ohio%2C+December+1970.&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frojoneswi.wixsite.com%2Frobertjonesjdlibrary%2Fsingle-post%2F2018%2F06%2F24%2FREF-52-US-Jury-Indicts-CEI-on-Ash-Dumping-in-Lake%25E2%2580%259D-by-Brian-Williams-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-December-1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2011/08/23/12-18-1970.pdf">"Press Conference Attorney General John Mitchell 12-18-1970"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070125/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2011/08/23/12-18-1970.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Conference+Attorney+General+John+Mitchell+12-18-1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fag%2Flegacy%2F2011%2F08%2F23%2F12-18-1970.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-53-%E2%80%9CCharges-JL-With-Pollution%E2%80%9D-AP-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-December-31st-1970">"REF 53 "Charges J&L With Pollution" (AP) The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, December 31st, 1970"</a>. Home | Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive. June 24, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225161919/https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-53-%E2%80%9CCharges-JL-With-Pollution%E2%80%9D-AP-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-December-31st-1970">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Home+%7C+Robert+Walter+Jones+J.D.+Library+and+Archive&rft.atitle=REF+53+%22Charges+J%26L+With+Pollution%22+%28AP%29+The+Plain+Dealer%2C+Cleveland%2C+Ohio%2C+December+31st%2C+1970.&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frojoneswi.wixsite.com%2Frobertjonesjdlibrary%2Fsingle-post%2F2018%2F06%2F24%2FREF-53-%25E2%2580%259CCharges-JL-With-Pollution%25E2%2580%259D-AP-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-December-31st-1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Ashworth (1987), pp. 143–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/lakeerie/eriedeadzone.html">"Lake Erie"</a>. US Environmental Protection Agency. August 20, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120108040642/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/lakeerie/eriedeadzone.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=Lake+Erie&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fglnpo%2Flakeerie%2Feriedeadzone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX22a-107"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX22a_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Hopey2006" class="citation news cs1">Don Hopey (August 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124074008/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06239/716416-85.stm">"Mystery lurks in Lake Erie: E. coli pollution has closed beaches the past two summers; experts can't determine where it comes from or how to stop it"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06239/716416-85.stm">the original</a> on November 24, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Mystery+lurks+in+Lake+Erie%3A+E.+coli+pollution+has+closed+beaches+the+past+two+summers%3B+experts+can%27t+determine+where+it+comes+from+or+how+to+stop+it&rft.date=2006-08-27&rft.au=Don+Hopey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F06239%2F716416-85.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10366_46403_46404-145852--,00.html">Recovery of Lake Erie Walleye a Success Story</a>. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011160409/http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0%2C1607%2C7-153-10366_46403_46404-145852--%2C00.html">Archived</a> October 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX215cc-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX215cc_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX215cc_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX215cc_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX215cc_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX215cc_109-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408152157/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948661,00.html">"Environment: Comeback for the Great Lakes"</a>. Time magazine. December 3, 1979. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948661,00.html">the original</a> on April 8, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2011. <q>The lakes contain 95% of the U.S. supply of fresh water in lakes and reservoirs and 20% of the world's; they supply drinking water for 23.5 million Americans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=Environment%3A+Comeback+for+the+Great+Lakes&rft.date=1979-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C948661%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ62-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ62_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ62_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler_Hamilton2007" class="citation news cs1">Tyler Hamilton (July 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023100125/http://www.thestar.com/business/article/233699--risky-business">"Risky business"</a>. The Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/business/article/233699--risky-business">the original</a> on October 23, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Risky+business&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft.au=Tyler+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F233699--risky-business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politifact.com/ohio/statements/2012/mar/22/marcy-kaptur/rep-marcy-kaptur-says-lake-erie-has-more-native-fi/">"Rep. Marcy Kaptur says Lake Erie has more native fish than all other Great Lakes combined"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022230/http://www.politifact.com/ohio/statements/2012/mar/22/marcy-kaptur/rep-marcy-kaptur-says-lake-erie-has-more-native-fi/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved September 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rep.+Marcy+Kaptur+says+Lake+Erie+has+more+native+fish+than+all+other+Great+Lakes+combined&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Fohio%2Fstatements%2F2012%2Fmar%2F22%2Fmarcy-kaptur%2Frep-marcy-kaptur-says-lake-erie-has-more-native-fi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ14-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ14_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ14_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ14_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ14_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ14_112-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisberg2008" class="citation news cs1">Weisberg, Deborah (January 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109052948/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08027/852559-358.stm">"Fishing: Meet the burbot: The freshwater cod are running, but night fishing at Lake Erie can be brutally cold"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08027/852559-358.stm">the original</a> on November 9, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Fishing%3A+Meet+the+burbot%3A+The+freshwater+cod+are+running%2C+but+night+fishing+at+Lake+Erie+can+be+brutally+cold&rft.date=2008-01-27&rft.aulast=Weisberg&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F08027%2F852559-358.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY211-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY211_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY211_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY211_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusar1985" class="citation news cs1">Husar, John (August 18, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/08/18/heres-proof-lake-eries-alive-and-well/">"Here's Proof Lake Erie's Alive And Well"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807122426/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-08-18/sports/8502240030_1_lake-erie-walleyes-lunkers">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Here%27s+Proof+Lake+Erie%27s+Alive+And+Well&rft.date=1985-08-18&rft.aulast=Husar&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1985%2F08%2F18%2Fheres-proof-lake-eries-alive-and-well%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX41-114"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX41_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Sheer1989" class="citation news cs1">Julie Sheer (March 30, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1989/03/30/fishing-hole-of-the-week-12/">"Fishing Hole of the Week"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204131329/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-03-30/sports/8903310711_1_lake-erie-walleye-minnows">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Fishing+Hole+of+the+Week&rft.date=1989-03-30&rft.au=Julie+Sheer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1989%2F03%2F30%2Ffishing-hole-of-the-week-12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX511-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX511_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX511_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeborah_Weisberg2010" class="citation news cs1">Deborah Weisberg (July 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202135837/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10185/1070323-358.stm">"Mercury levels rising"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10185/1070323-358.stm">the original</a> on December 2, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Mercury+levels+rising&rft.date=2010-07-04&rft.au=Deborah+Weisberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F10185%2F1070323-358.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX513-116"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX513_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Husar1990" class="citation news cs1">John Husar (January 31, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1990/01/31/mussel-mess-a-heavy-burden-for-lake-erie/">"Mussel Mess A Heavy Burden For Lake Erie"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204140906/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-01-31/sports/9001090502_1_lake-erie-lake-michigan-walleyes">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Mussel+Mess+A+Heavy+Burden+For+Lake+Erie&rft.date=1990-01-31&rft.au=John+Husar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1990%2F01%2F31%2Fmussel-mess-a-heavy-burden-for-lake-erie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX27a-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX27a_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX27a_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX27a_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX27a_117-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-30-mn-2507-story.html">"Legend of Lake Erie Monster Rises Again"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. September 30, 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715045922/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-09-30/news/mn-2507_1_lake-erie">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Legend+of+Lake+Erie+Monster+Rises+Again&rft.date=1990-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-09-30-mn-2507-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX32-118"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX32_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeborah_Weisberg2009" class="citation news cs1">Deborah Weisberg (July 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124072727/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09200/984887-358.stm">"Sturgeon resurgence in Lake Erie"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09200/984887-358.stm">the original</a> on November 24, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Sturgeon+resurgence+in+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2009-07-19&rft.au=Deborah+Weisberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F09200%2F984887-358.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ32-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ32_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ32_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828013743/http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/story.html?id=c664e767-a81e-450e-b471-c90bd072691b&k=54718">"Lake Erie fishermen suing government over quotas"</a>. Canada.com. The Windsor Star. September 18, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/story.html?id=c664e767-a81e-450e-b471-c90bd072691b&k=54718">the original</a> on August 28, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada.com&rft.atitle=Lake+Erie+fishermen+suing+government+over+quotas&rft.date=2007-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fwindsorstar%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3Dc664e767-a81e-450e-b471-c90bd072691b%26k%3D54718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/9.1/szylvian.html">Szylvian, K.M. 2004.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305053512/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/9.1/szylvian.html">Archived</a> March 5, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Transforming Lake Michigan into the 'World's Greatest Fishing Hole': The Environmental Politics of Michigan's Great Lakes Sport Fishing, 1965–1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Berkes, F. 1984. Competition between commercial and sport fishermen: an ecological analysis. Human Ecology 12: 413–429. </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX413a-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX413a_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX413a_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX413a_122-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2008" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Mimi (March 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/environment/2008-03-26-fishing_N.htm">"Going fishing? Pack your passport"</a>. USA TODAY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081104124707/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/environment/2008-03-26-fishing_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2011. <q>That's because half of Lake Erie – as it happens, the half with the deeper and cooler waters that often spawn the best fishing – is in Canada.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Going+fishing%3F+Pack+your+passport&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Mimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fenvironment%2F2008-03-26-fishing_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY115-123"><a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY115_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeborah_Weisberg2008" class="citation news cs1">Deborah Weisberg (December 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124074306/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08363/938086-358.stm">"Looking ahead to 2009 (and '10): New plan to stock trout in Erie steelhead streams"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08363/938086-358.stm">the original</a> on November 24, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Looking+ahead+to+2009+%28and+%2710%29%3A+New+plan+to+stock+trout+in+Erie+steelhead+streams&rft.date=2008-12-28&rft.au=Deborah+Weisberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F08363%2F938086-358.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY212-124"><a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY212_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusar1992" class="citation news cs1">Husar, John (December 6, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1992/12/06/feeding-frenzy-lake-erie-is-awash-in-hungry-walleye/">"Feeding Frenzy: Lake Erie Is Awash In Hungry Walleye"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204134920/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1992-12-06/sports/9204210276_1_lake-erie-big-fish-charter-captain">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Feeding+Frenzy%3A+Lake+Erie+Is+Awash+In+Hungry+Walleye&rft.date=1992-12-06&rft.aulast=Husar&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1992%2F12%2F06%2Ffeeding-frenzy-lake-erie-is-awash-in-hungry-walleye%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX16-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX16_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX16_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeewer2009" class="citation web cs1">Seewer, John (February 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/07/hundreds-trapped-on-ice-i_n_164908.html">"Officials: 1 dead, 134 rescued from Lake Erie ice"</a>. Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112091002/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/07/hundreds-trapped-on-ice-i_n_164908.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Officials%3A+1+dead%2C+134+rescued+from+Lake+Erie+ice&rft.date=2009-02-07&rft.aulast=Seewer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2009%2F02%2F07%2Fhundreds-trapped-on-ice-i_n_164908.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX42-126"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX42_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatz_Jr.2006" class="citation news cs1">Batz Jr., Bob (October 22, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522012228/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06295/731405-34.stm">"Well-trod Chautauqua-Lake Erie Wine Trail features explosion of wineries"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06295/731405-34.stm">the original</a> on May 22, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Well-trod+Chautauqua-Lake+Erie+Wine+Trail+features+explosion+of+wineries&rft.date=2006-10-22&rft.aulast=Batz+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F06295%2F731405-34.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ52-127"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ52_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKlippe2011" class="citation news cs1">VanderKlippe, Nathan (January 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100902031038/http://www.vancouversun.com/travel/Sample%2BCanada%2Bfinest%2Bwine%2Bvisiting%2Bexquisite%2Bgraperies/1600568/story.html">"Sample Canada's finest wine by visiting its exquisite graperies"</a>. Vancouver Sun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/travel/Sample+Canada+finest+wine+visiting+exquisite+graperies/1600568/story.html">the original</a> on September 2, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=Sample+Canada%27s+finest+wine+by+visiting+its+exquisite+graperies&rft.date=2011-01-26&rft.aulast=VanderKlippe&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Ftravel%2FSample%2BCanada%2Bfinest%2Bwine%2Bvisiting%2Bexquisite%2Bgraperies%2F1600568%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX415-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX415_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX415_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkus2009" class="citation news cs1">Pinkus, Michael (September 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100606061318/http://www.thestar.com/specialsections/localwines/article/688943--cork-set-to-pop-off-lake-erie-wineries">"Cork set to pop off Lake Erie wineries"</a>. The Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/specialsections/localwines/article/688943--cork-set-to-pop-off-lake-erie-wineries">the original</a> on June 6, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Cork+set+to+pop+off+Lake+Erie+wineries&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft.aulast=Pinkus&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fspecialsections%2Flocalwines%2Farticle%2F688943--cork-set-to-pop-off-lake-erie-wineries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lakecountyoh.net/businessmenu/business.php">Lake County Ohio Business and Personal Directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617072857/http://www.lakecountyoh.net/businessmenu/business.php">Archived</a> June 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX15a-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX15a_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX15a_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX15a_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX15a_130-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX15a_130-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX15a_130-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX15a_130-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX15a_130-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX15a_130-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNass2010" class="citation news cs1">Nass, Shannon M. (October 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124080448/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10276/1091928-140.stm">"Lake Erie shipwrecks, well-preserved by fresh water, are favorites among divers"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10276/1091928-140.stm">the original</a> on November 24, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Lake+Erie+shipwrecks%2C+well-preserved+by+fresh+water%2C+are+favorites+among+divers&rft.date=2010-10-03&rft.aulast=Nass&rft.aufirst=Shannon+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F10276%2F1091928-140.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX28a-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX28a_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX28a_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX28a_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX28a_131-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpice2003" class="citation news cs1">Spice, Byron (June 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124074313/http://www.post-gazette.com/healthscience/20030616underwater0616p2.asp">"Archaeologists surveying Lake Erie floor for shipwrecks"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/healthscience/20030616underwater0616p2.asp">the original</a> on November 24, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+surveying+Lake+Erie+floor+for+shipwrecks&rft.date=2003-06-16&rft.aulast=Spice&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fhealthscience%2F20030616underwater0616p2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX23-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX23_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX23_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX23_132-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX23_132-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/us/lake-erie-journal-a-dive-to-solve-a-treasure-mystery.html">"Lake Erie Journal; A Dive to Solve a Treasure Mystery"</a>. The New York Times. June 28, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524211804/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/us/lake-erie-journal-a-dive-to-solve-a-treasure-mystery.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lake+Erie+Journal%3B+A+Dive+to+Solve+a+Treasure+Mystery&rft.date=1991-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F06%2F28%2Fus%2Flake-erie-journal-a-dive-to-solve-a-treasure-mystery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJanY315-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY315_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsJanY315_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F7061FFE3955147B93C1AB1783D85F468584F9">"The Catastrophe on Lake Erie"</a>. The New York Times. August 23, 1852. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111024121/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F7061FFE3955147B93C1AB1783D85F468584F9">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Catastrophe+on+Lake+Erie&rft.date=1852-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF7061FFE3955147B93C1AB1783D85F468584F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ37-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ37_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ37_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/article/227944">"1850 shipwreck found in Lake Erie"</a>. The Star. Associated Press. June 21, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023100213/http://www.thestar.com/article/227944">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=1850+shipwreck+found+in+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Farticle%2F227944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX214-135"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX214_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArt_Barnum1994" class="citation news cs1">Art Barnum (April 19, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1994/04/19/lake-erie-search-ends-for-missing-fisherman/">"Lake Erie Search Ends For Missing Fisherman"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204134642/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-04-19/news/9404190247_1_lake-erie-toledo-and-cleveland-capsized">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Lake+Erie+Search+Ends+For+Missing+Fisherman&rft.date=1994-04-19&rft.au=Art+Barnum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1994%2F04%2F19%2Flake-erie-search-ends-for-missing-fisherman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX17-136"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX17_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSostek2010" class="citation news cs1">Sostek, Anya (December 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105025227/http://post-gazette.com/pg/10359/1113491-454.stm">"Western Pa. Conservancy secures 113 acres along Lake Erie"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10359/1113491-454.stm">the original</a> on January 5, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Western+Pa.+Conservancy+secures+113+acres+along+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2010-12-25&rft.aulast=Sostek&rft.aufirst=Anya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F10359%2F1113491-454.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ35b-137"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ35b_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField_Jager2010" class="citation news cs1">Field Jager, Rebecca (April 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/m/story.html?id=2783949&s=Life&p=2">"Central Canada charms: On the Erie shores, a very eerie sight"</a>. National Post. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Central+Canada+charms%3A+On+the+Erie+shores%2C+a+very+eerie+sight&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft.aulast=Field+Jager&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fm%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D2783949%26s%3DLife%26p%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ13-138"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ13_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2011" class="citation news cs1">Grayson, Lee (January 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125064732/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/campgrounds-southern-michigan-4805.html">"Campgrounds in Southern Michigan"</a>. USA Today: Travel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traveltips.usatoday.com/campgrounds-southern-michigan-4805.html">the original</a> on November 25, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today%3A+Travel&rft.atitle=Campgrounds+in+Southern+Michigan&rft.date=2011-01-26&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraveltips.usatoday.com%2Fcampgrounds-southern-michigan-4805.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX21a-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX21a_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX21a_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX21a_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_Noel2009" class="citation news cs1">Josh Noel (August 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2009/08/30/a-tale-of-2-islands/">"A tale of 2 Lake Erie islands"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204135349/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-08-30/travel/0908270279_1_lake-erie-kelleys-island-south-bass-island">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+2+Lake+Erie+islands&rft.date=2009-08-30&rft.au=Josh+Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2009%2F08%2F30%2Fa-tale-of-2-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX311-140"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX311_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2001/09/09/disabled-athlete-swims-12-miles-across-lake-erie/">"Disabled athlete swims 12 miles across Lake Erie"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Tribune news services. September 9, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204130511/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-09-09/news/0109090206_1_lake-erie-swim-miles">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Disabled+athlete+swims+12+miles+across+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2001-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2001%2F09%2F09%2Fdisabled-athlete-swims-12-miles-across-lake-erie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ33-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ33_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsZ33_141-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunny_Freeman2008" class="citation news cs1">Sunny Freeman (July 13, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/article/459375">"Girl, 14, smashes week-old record for Lake Erie swim"</a>. The Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100516040321/http://www.thestar.com/article/459375">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Girl%2C+14%2C+smashes+week-old+record+for+Lake+Erie+swim&rft.date=2008-07-13&rft.au=Sunny+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Farticle%2F459375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ23-142"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ23_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Chidley2011" class="citation news cs1">Dave Chidley (January 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110109150804/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/revellers-from-coast-to-coast-greet-the-new-year-with-a-traditional-cold-water-swim/article1855470/">"In Pictures: Revellers from coast to coast greet the New Year with a traditional cold-water swim"</a>. The Globe and Mail. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/revellers-from-coast-to-coast-greet-the-new-year-with-a-traditional-cold-water-swim/article1855470/">the original</a> on January 9, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=In+Pictures%3A+Revellers+from+coast+to+coast+greet+the+New+Year+with+a+traditional+cold-water+swim&rft.date=2011-01-02&rft.au=Dave+Chidley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Frevellers-from-coast-to-coast-greet-the-new-year-with-a-traditional-cold-water-swim%2Farticle1855470%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ25-143"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ25_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/remains-of-calgary-rescuer-recovered-from-lake-erie-1.956463">"Remains of Calgary rescuer recovered from Lake Erie: Woman, 53, missing since Monday"</a>. CBC News. August 25, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100828084832/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/windsor/story/2010/08/25/windsor-pelee-recovery-missing-calgary.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remains+of+Calgary+rescuer+recovered+from+Lake+Erie%3A+Woman%2C+53%2C+missing+since+Monday&rft.date=2010-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fwindsor%2Fremains-of-calgary-rescuer-recovered-from-lake-erie-1.956463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ43-144"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ43_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeri_Pecoskie2010" class="citation news cs1">Teri Pecoskie (August 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/850325--burlington-man-drowns-in-lake-erie">"Burlington man drowns in Lake Erie"</a>. The Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824055308/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/850325--burlington-man-drowns-in-lake-erie">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Burlington+man+drowns+in+Lake+Erie&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.au=Teri+Pecoskie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2Farticle%2F850325--burlington-man-drowns-in-lake-erie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.briantoweylaw.com/deaths-at-lake-erie/">"Deaths at Lake Erie [2014-2024]"</a>. Towey Law PLLC. Retrieved September 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Towey+Law+PLLC&rft.atitle=Deaths+at+Lake+Erie+%5B2014-2024%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.briantoweylaw.com%2Fdeaths-at-lake-erie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX25-146"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX25_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean_Praetorius2010" class="citation web cs1">Dean Praetorius (December 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/16/frozen-lighthouse_n_797750.html">"Frozen Lighthouse: Nature's Artwork On Lake Erie (VIDEO)"</a>. Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220100408/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/16/frozen-lighthouse_n_797750.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Frozen+Lighthouse%3A+Nature%27s+Artwork+On+Lake+Erie+%28VIDEO%29&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft.au=Dean+Praetorius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2010%2F12%2F16%2Ffrozen-lighthouse_n_797750.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX33a-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX33a_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX33a_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Batz_Jr.2010" class="citation news cs1">Bob Batz Jr. (June 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705141109/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10154/1062551-389.stm">"The Lake Erie Monster is coming!"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10154/1062551-389.stm">the original</a> on July 5, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Lake+Erie+Monster+is+coming%21&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.au=Bob+Batz+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F10154%2F1062551-389.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press2006" class="citation web cs1">Associated Press (July 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015120744/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2006/07/31/erie_pla.html?category=travel&guid=20060731110030">"Erie Mirage May Be Real"</a>. Discovery.com. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2006/07/31/erie_pla.html?category=travel&guid=20060731110030">the original</a> on October 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erie+Mirage+May+Be+Real&rft.pub=Discovery.com&rft.date=2006-07-31&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsc.discovery.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F07%2F31%2Ferie_pla.html%3Fcategory%3Dtravel%26guid%3D20060731110030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX34-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsX34_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsX34_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/01/06/last-ship-clears-great-lakes/">"Last Ship Clears Great Lakes"</a>. Chicago Tribune. January 6, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204131011/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-01-06/travel/9101020283_1_lake-erie-st-lawrence-seaway-lake-ontario">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Last+Ship+Clears+Great+Lakes&rft.date=1991-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1991%2F01%2F06%2Flast-ship-clears-great-lakes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsX315-150"><a href="#cite_ref-twsX315_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorrie2007" class="citation news cs1">Gorrie, Peter (August 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023100506/http://www.thestar.com/article/251941">"3 Greenpeace members held in Lake Erie stunt"</a>. The Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/article/251941">the original</a> on October 23, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=3+Greenpeace+members+held+in+Lake+Erie+stunt&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft.aulast=Gorrie&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Farticle%2F251941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725204133/http://www.great-lakes.net/tourism/circletour/">"Great Lakes Circle Tour"</a>. www.great-lakes.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.great-lakes.net/tourism/circletour/">the original</a> on July 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.great-lakes.net&rft.atitle=Great+Lakes+Circle+Tour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.great-lakes.net%2Ftourism%2Fcircletour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsZ26-152"><a href="#cite_ref-twsZ26_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm2010" class="citation news cs1">Wilhelm, Trevor (August 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100924055207/http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Ontario%2Bpolice%2Bfive%2Bhuman%2Bsmuggling/3417695/story.html">"5 nabbed on Lake Erie beach for entering Canada illegally"</a>. The Windsor Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/news/Ontario+police+five+human+smuggling/3417695/story.html">the original</a> on September 24, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Windsor+Star&rft.atitle=5+nabbed+on+Lake+Erie+beach+for+entering+Canada+illegally&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fnews%2FOntario%2Bpolice%2Bfive%2Bhuman%2Bsmuggling%2F3417695%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Erie" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Assel, R.A. (1983). Lake Erie regional ice cover analysis: preliminary results [NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL 48]. Ann Arbor, MI: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory.</li> <li>Saylor, J.H. and G.S. Miller. (1983). Investigation of the currents and density structure of Lake Erie [NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL 49]. Ann Arbor, MI: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lake_Erie" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of an 1879 <a href="/wiki/American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Erie,_Lake" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Erie, Lake">Lake Erie</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/4039900">Lake Erie</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190619215144/http://www.middlebass2.org/IslandsInLakeErie.PDF">How many Islands are there in Lake Erie?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes">EPA's Great Lakes Atlas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101029215637/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html">Archived</a> October 29, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coastwatch.glerl.noaa.gov/nrt_contour/">Great Lakes Coast Watch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321220857/https://coastwatch.glerl.noaa.gov/nrt_contour/">Archived</a> March 21, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/erie.html">Lake Erie Bathymetry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321220909/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/erie.html">Archived</a> March 21, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – National Geophysical Data Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110119163114/http://www.slate.com/blogs/blogs/trending/archive/2010/12/16/frozen-lighthouse-on-lake-erie-captivates-world-video.aspx">Frozen lighthouse video</a> via <a href="/wiki/Slate_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate Magazine">Slate Magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222214756/http://www.ohioseagrant.osu.edu/_documents/publications/GS/GS-025ExploretheLakeErieIslandsAGuidetoNatureandHistoryAlongtheLakeErieCoastalTrail.pdf">Explore the Lake Erie Islands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fishing-app.gpsnauticalcharts.com/i-boating-fishing-web-app/fishing-marine-charts-navigation.html?title=LAKE+ERIE+nautical+chart#8/42.216/-81.398">Lake Erie Nautical Chart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803033901/http://fishing-app.gpsnauticalcharts.com/i-boating-fishing-web-app/fishing-marine-charts-navigation.html?title=LAKE+ERIE+nautical+chart#8/42.216/-81.398">Archived</a> August 3, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Lakes_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greatlakes" title="Template:Greatlakes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greatlakes" title="Template talk:Greatlakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greatlakes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greatlakes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Lakes_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Superior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipigon" title="Lake Nipigon">Nipigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipissing" title="Lake Nipissing">Nipissing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Simcoe" title="Lake Simcoe">Simcoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_St._Clair" title="Lake St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnebago" title="Lake Winnebago">Winnebago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Couchiching" title="Lake Couchiching">Couchiching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bays and channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erie</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maumee_Bay" title="Maumee Bay">Maumee Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle_Bay" title="Presque Isle Bay">Presque Isle Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandusky_Bay" title="Sandusky Bay">Sandusky Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Huron</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nottawasaga_Bay" title="Nottawasaga Bay">Nottawasaga Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_George_(Michigan%E2%80%93Ontario)" title="Lake George (Michigan–Ontario)">Lake George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munuscong_Lake" title="Munuscong Lake">Munuscong Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(Ontario)" title="North Channel (Ontario)">North Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potagannissing_Bay" title="Potagannissing Bay">Potagannissing Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Bay" title="Saginaw Bay">Saginaw Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_Channel" title="St. Joseph Channel">St. Joseph Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_(Michigan)" title="Thunder Bay (Michigan)">Thunder Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Michigan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Bay" title="Grand Traverse Bay">Grand Traverse Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Green Bay (Lake Michigan)">Green Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bay_de_Noc" title="Big Bay de Noc">Big Bay de Noc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Bay_de_Noc" title="Little Bay de Noc">Little Bay de Noc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_des_Morts" title="Porte des Morts">Porte des Morts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Bay" title="Sturgeon Bay">Sturgeon Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitou_Passage" title="Manitou Passage">Manitou Passage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ontario</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Harbour" title="Hamilton Harbour">Hamilton Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_Bay" title="Humber Bay">Humber Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodus_Bay" title="Sodus Bay">Sodus Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Harbour" title="Toronto Harbour">Toronto Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellers_Bay" title="Wellers Bay">Wellers Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Au_Train_Bay" title="Au Train Bay">Au Train Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequamegon_Bay" title="Chequamegon Bay">Chequamegon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_Bay" title="Huron Bay">Huron Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Bay" title="Keweenaw Bay">Keweenaw Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokegama_Bay" title="Pokegama Bay">Pokegama Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Bay" title="Superior Bay">Superior Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_(Ontario)" title="Thunder Bay (Ontario)">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_Bay" title="Whitefish Bay">Whitefish Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batchawana_Bay" title="Batchawana Bay">Batchawana Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulais_Bay" title="Goulais Bay">Goulais Bay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">St. Clair</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bay_(Michigan)" title="Anchor Bay (Michigan)">Anchor Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_River_(Ontario)" title="French River (Ontario)">French River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Waterway" title="Great Lakes Waterway">Great Lakes Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_River" title="Chicago River">Chicago River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipigon_River" title="Nipigon River">Nipigon River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_River" title="St. Clair River">St. Clair River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_River_(Michigan%E2%80%93Ontario)" title="St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)">St. Marys River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie_Canal" title="Sault Ste. Marie Canal">Sault Ste. Marie Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soo_Locks" title="Soo Locks">Soo Locks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Mackinac" title="Straits of Mackinac">Straits of Mackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Bay_Ship_Canal" title="Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal">Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent%E2%80%93Severn_Waterway" title="Trent–Severn Waterway">Trent–Severn Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Welland_Canal" title="First Welland Canal">First canal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of islands of the Great Lakes">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostle_Islands" title="Apostle Islands">Apostle Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Detroit_River" title="List of islands in the Detroit River">Detroit River Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_Isle_Royale_National_Park" title="List of islands in Isle Royale National Park">Isle Royale National Park Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_Royale_National_Park" title="Isle Royale National Park">Isle Royale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lake_Erie_Islands" title="List of Lake Erie Islands">Lake Erie Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoulin_Island" title="Manitoulin Island">Manitoulin Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kagawong" title="Lake Kagawong">Lake Kagawong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manitou" title="Lake Manitou">Lake Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mindemoya" title="Lake Mindemoya">Lake Mindemoya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_(Ontario)" title="Treasure Island (Ontario)">Treasure Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ontario" title="List of islands of Ontario">Province of Ontario Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Michigan" title="List of islands of Michigan">State of Michigan Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michigan_islands_in_Lake_Huron" title="List of Michigan islands in Lake Huron">Lake Huron Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_islands_of_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of populated islands of the Great Lakes">Populated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_Islands" title="Potawatomi Islands">Potawatomi Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Admiralty" title="Lake Admiralty">Lake Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Algonquin" title="Lake Algonquin">Lake Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Arkona" title="Lake Arkona">Lake Arkona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Sea" title="Champlain Sea">Champlain Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chicago" title="Lake Chicago">Lake Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chippewa" title="Lake Chippewa">Lake Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Coleman" title="Lake Coleman">Lake Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Duluth" title="Lake Duluth">Lake Duluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Lake_Erie" title="Early Lake Erie">Early Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Frontenac" title="Lake Frontenac">Lake Frontenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois" title="Glacial Lake Iroquois">Glacial Lake Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maumee" title="Lake Maumee">Lake Maumee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_Great_Lakes" title="Nipissing Great Lakes">Nipissing Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Saginaw" title="Lake Saginaw">Lake Saginaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Stanley" title="Lake Stanley">Lake Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tonawanda" title="Lake Tonawanda">Lake Tonawanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Warren" title="Lake Warren">Lake Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wayne" title="Lake Wayne">Lake Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Whittlesey" title="Lake Whittlesey">Lake Whittlesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midcontinent_Rift_System" title="Midcontinent Rift System">Midcontinent Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment" title="Niagara Escarpment">Niagara Escarpment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Bonnet_Ridge" title="Scotch Bonnet Ridge">Scotch Bonnet Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Great_Lakes" title="Alliance for the Great Lakes">Alliance for the Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_and_St._Lawrence_Governors_and_Premiers" title="Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers">Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Areas_of_Concern" title="Great Lakes Areas of Concern">Great Lakes Areas of Concern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Basin_Soil_Erosion_and_Sediment_Control_Program" title="Great Lakes Basin Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Program">Great Lakes Basin Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Charter" title="Great Lakes Charter">Great Lakes Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Commission" title="Great Lakes Commission">Great Lakes Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Compact" title="Great Lakes Compact">Great Lakes Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Environmental_Research_Laboratory" title="Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory">Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Fishery_Commission" title="Great Lakes Fishery Commission">Great Lakes Fishery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes%E2%80%93Saint_Lawrence_River_Basin_Sustainable_Water_Resources_Agreement" title="Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement">Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Joint_Commission" title="International Joint Commission">International Joint Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_on_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of municipalities on the Great Lakes">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_on_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of cities on the Great Lakes">Cities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Basin" title="Great Lakes Basin">Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Yacht_Club_Race_to_Mackinac" title="Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac">Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Circle_Tour" title="Great Lakes Circle Tour">Circle Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_St._Lawrence_River_and_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of crossings of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes">Crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Loop" title="Great Loop">Great Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Door_County,_Wisconsin#Lake_breeze" title="Climate of Door County, Wisconsin">Lake breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">Lake-effect snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Lake freighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan%E2%80%93Huron" title="Lake Michigan–Huron">Lake Michigan–Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle" title="Lake Michigan Triangle">Lake Michigan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_surfing" title="Lake surfing">Lake surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_protected_areas_of_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of marine protected areas of the Great Lakes">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marysburgh_vortex" title="Marysburgh vortex">Marysburgh vortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Great_Lakes_museum_and_historic_ships" title="List of Great Lakes museum and historic ships">Museum and historic ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_on_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of ports on the Great Lakes">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia_(bioregion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentia (bioregion)">Laurentia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of shipwrecks in the Great Lakes">Shipwrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_storms_on_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of storms on the Great Lakes">Storms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Coast" title="Third Coast">Third Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Treaty_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Great Lakes Treaty (disambiguation)">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/28px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/42px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/56px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_City_of_Cleveland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleveland" title="Template:Cleveland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cleveland" title="Template talk:Cleveland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cleveland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cleveland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_City_of_Cleveland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">City of Cleveland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cleveland" title="History of Cleveland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cleveland" title="Timeline of Cleveland">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cleveland" title="Demographics of Cleveland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greater_Cleveland" title="Economy of Greater Cleveland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_media_in_Cleveland" title="List of mass media in Cleveland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cleveland" title="Flag of Cleveland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Cleveland" title="Nicknames of Cleveland">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Cleveland" title="List of people from Cleveland">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Cleveland" title="List of public art in Cleveland">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cleveland" title="List of tallest buildings in Cleveland">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">MSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio" title="Northeast Ohio">CSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Cleveland" title="Bibliography of Cleveland">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cleveland" title="Mayor of Cleveland">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_City_Council" title="Cleveland City Council">City Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_City_Hall" title="Cleveland City Hall">City Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metropolitan_School_District" title="Cleveland Metropolitan School District">Cleveland Metro School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_Heights_City_School_District" title="Shaker Heights City School District">Shaker Heights City School District</a> (part)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Lausche_State_Office_Building" title="Frank J. Lausche State Office Building">Lausche State Office Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Celebrezze_Federal_Building" title="Anthony J. Celebrezze Federal Building">Celebrezze Federal Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_District_9" title="Coast Guard District 9">Coast Guard District 9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">NASA Glenn Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_M._Metzenbaum_United_States_Courthouse" title="Howard M. Metzenbaum United States Courthouse">Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_B._Stokes_United_States_Courthouse" title="Carl B. Stokes United States Courthouse">Stokes U.S. Courthouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_EMS" title="Cleveland EMS">EMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Division_of_Fire" title="Cleveland Division of Fire">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Division_of_Police" title="Cleveland Division of Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Cleveland" title="Transportation in Cleveland">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority">RTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Memorial_Shoreway" title="Cleveland Memorial Shoreway">Shoreway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Superior_Bridge" title="Detroit–Superior Bridge">Detroit–Superior Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Memorial_Bridge" title="Hope Memorial Bridge">Hope Memorial Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Burke_Lakefront_Airport" title="Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport">Burke Lakefront Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hopkins_International_Airport" title="Cleveland Hopkins International Airport">Hopkins International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodtime_III" title="Goodtime III">Goodtime III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cleveland" title="Port of Cleveland">Port of Cleveland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Healthcare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Education_Campus" title="Health Education Campus">Health Education Campus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center" title="University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center">University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Babies_%26_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital">Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroHealth" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroHealth">MetroHealth System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_Charity_Medical_Center" title="St. Vincent Charity Medical Center">St. Vincent Charity Medical Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Cleveland" title="Category:Culture of Cleveland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cleveland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cleveland">Historic places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_Club_of_Cleveland" title="City Club of Cleveland">City Club of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Arcade" title="Cleveland Arcade">Cleveland Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Library" title="Cleveland Public Library">Cleveland Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Trust_Company_Building" title="Cleveland Trust Company Building">Cleveland Trust Company Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunham_Tavern" title="Dunham Tavern">Dunham Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Street_Cemetery" title="Erie Street Cemetery">Erie Street Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_Avenue_(Cleveland)" title="Euclid Avenue (Cleveland)">Euclid Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grays_Armory" title="Grays Armory">Grays Armory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery" title="Lake View Cemetery">Lake View Cemetery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Memorial" title="James A. Garfield Memorial">James A. Garfield Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Monument_(Cleveland)" title="Perry Monument (Cleveland)">Perry Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Square,_Cleveland" title="Public Square, Cleveland">Public Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument_(Cleveland)" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)">Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_Tower" title="Terminal Tower">Terminal Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Market" title="West Side Market">West Side Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Cleveland" title="List of museums in Cleveland">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Story_House" title="A Christmas Story House">A Christmas Story House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_Historical_Society" title="Western Reserve Historical Society">Cleveland History Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Cleveland" title="Children's Museum of Cleveland">Children's Museum of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hungarian_Museum" title="Cleveland Hungarian Museum">Cleveland Hungarian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozad%E2%80%93Bates_House" title="Cozad–Bates House">Cozad–Bates House Interpretive Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dittrick_Museum_of_Medical_History" title="Dittrick Museum of Medical History">Dittrick Museum of Medical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Science_Center" title="Great Lakes Science Center">Great Lakes Science Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_William_G._Mather_(1925)" title="SS William G. Mather (1925)">Steamship William G. Mather Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Science_Center#NASA_Glenn_Visitor_Center" title="Great Lakes Science Center">NASA Glenn Visitors Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="International Women's Air & Space Museum">International Women's Air & Space Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American_Museum_of_Cleveland" title="Italian American Museum of Cleveland">Italian American Museum of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland#Learning_Center_and_Money_Museum" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Learning Center and Money Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Cleveland" title="Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland">Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Museum-Archives" title="Ukrainian Museum-Archives">Ukrainian Museum-Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cod" title="USS Cod">USS Cod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Parks and nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Botanical_Garden" title="Cleveland Botanical Garden">Cleveland Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metroparks" title="Cleveland Metroparks">Cleveland Metroparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metroparks_Zoo" title="Cleveland Metroparks Zoo">Cleveland Metroparks Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Park,_Cleveland" title="Gordon Park, Cleveland">Gordon Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Aquarium" title="Greater Cleveland Aquarium">Greater Cleveland Aquarium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Foundation_Centennial_Lake_Link_Trail" title="Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail">Lake Link Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mall_(Cleveland)" title="The Mall (Cleveland)">The Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Park" title="Rockefeller Park">Rockefeller Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cultural_Gardens" title="Cleveland Cultural Gardens">Cleveland Cultural Gardens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Park,_Cleveland" title="Wade Park, Cleveland">Wade Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Park,_Cleveland" title="Willard Park, Cleveland">Willard Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Performing arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Ballet_(founded_2014)" title="Cleveland Ballet (founded 2014)">Cleveland Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cinematheque" title="Cleveland Cinematheque">Cleveland Cinematheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severance_Hall" title="Severance Hall">Severance Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Playhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Playhouse">Cleveland Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Theatre" title="Cleveland Public Theatre">Cleveland Public Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Theater" title="Great Lakes Theater">Great Lakes Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamu_House" title="Karamu House">Karamu House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltz_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Maltz Performing Arts Center">Maltz Performing Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_West_Theatre" title="Near West Theatre">Near West Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Square" title="Playhouse Square">Playhouse Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talespinner_Children%27s_Theatre" title="Talespinner Children's Theatre">Talespinner Children's Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Sports, concert, and convention venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora_Theatre_and_Ballroom" title="Agora Theatre and Ballroom">Agora Theatre and Ballroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Masonic_Temple" title="Cleveland Masonic Temple">Cleveland Masonic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Bank_Field" title="Huntington Bank Field">Huntington Bank Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Convention_Center_of_Cleveland" title="Huntington Convention Center of Cleveland">Huntington Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-X_Center" title="I-X Center">I-X Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobs_Pavilion" title="Jacobs Pavilion">Jacobs Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Field" title="Progressive Field">Progressive Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Auditorium" title="Public Auditorium">Public Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Mortgage_FieldHouse" title="Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse">Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolstein_Center" title="Wolstein Center">Wolstein Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Feast_of_the_Assumption_Festival" title="Cleveland Feast of the Assumption Festival">Feast of the Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amigus-dyngus#Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Śmigus-dyngus">Dyngus Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_International_Film_Festival" title="Cleveland International Film Festival">International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Kurentovanje" title="Cleveland Kurentovanje">Kurentovanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_in_the_United_States#Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Saint Patrick's Day in the United States">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetest_Day" title="Sweetest Day">Sweetest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Thyagaraja_Festival" title="Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival">Thyagaraja Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Cleveland" title="Neighborhoods in Cleveland">Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadway%E2%80%93Slavic_Village" title="Broadway–Slavic Village">Broadway–Slavic Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Centre" title="Brooklyn Centre">Brooklyn Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye%E2%80%93Shaker" title="Buckeye–Shaker">Buckeye–Shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye%E2%80%93Woodhill" title="Buckeye–Woodhill">Buckeye–Woodhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central,_Cleveland" title="Central, Cleveland">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark%E2%80%93Fulton" title="Clark–Fulton">Clark–Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collinwood" title="Collinwood">Collinwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudell,_Cleveland" title="Cudell, Cleveland">Cudell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Valley,_Cleveland" title="Cuyahoga Valley, Cleveland">Cuyahoga Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Flats" title="The Flats">The Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Island_(Cleveland)" title="Whiskey Island (Cleveland)">Whiskey Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Shoreway" title="Detroit–Shoreway">Detroit–Shoreway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland" title="Downtown Cleveland">Downtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_District" title="Campus District">Campus District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Center_(Cleveland)" title="Civic Center (Cleveland)">Civic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_4th_Street_(Cleveland)" title="East 4th Street (Cleveland)">East 4th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Sports_and_Entertainment_Complex" title="Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex">Gateway District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-Twelve_District" title="Nine-Twelve District">Nine-Twelve District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Harbor" title="North Coast Harbor">North Coast Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland#Short_Vincent" title="Downtown Cleveland">Short Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland#Superior_Arts_District" title="Downtown Cleveland">Superior Arts District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse_District,_Cleveland" title="Warehouse District, Cleveland">Warehouse District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_Cleveland" title="Edgewater, Cleveland">Edgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%E2%80%93Green" title="Euclid–Green">Euclid–Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Cleveland" title="Fairfax, Cleveland">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenville,_Cleveland" title="Glenville, Cleveland">Glenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodrich%E2%80%93Kirtland_Park" title="Goodrich–Kirtland Park">Goodrich–Kirtland Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatown,_Cleveland" title="Asiatown, Cleveland">Asiatown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hough,_Cleveland" title="Hough, Cleveland">Hough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsman,_Cleveland" title="Kinsman, Cleveland">Kinsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Miles" title="Lee–Miles">Lee–Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Cleveland" title="Mount Pleasant, Cleveland">Mount Pleasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_City,_Cleveland" title="Ohio City, Cleveland">Ohio City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brooklyn" title="Old Brooklyn">Old Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair%E2%80%93Superior" title="St. Clair–Superior">St. Clair–Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockyards,_Cleveland" title="Stockyards, Cleveland">Stockyards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Cleveland" title="Tremont, Cleveland">Tremont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Cleveland#Duck_Island" title="Tremont, Cleveland">Duck Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union%E2%80%93Miles_Park" title="Union–Miles Park">Union–Miles Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Circle" title="University Circle">University Circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_Circle#Little_Italy" title="University Circle">Little Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Boulevard" title="West Boulevard">West Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Park,_Cleveland" title="West Park, Cleveland">West Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellaire%E2%80%93Puritas,_Cleveland" title="Bellaire–Puritas, Cleveland">Bellaire–Puritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins,_Cleveland" title="Hopkins, Cleveland">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Cleveland" title="Jefferson, Cleveland">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamm%27s_Corners" title="Kamm's Corners">Kamm's Corners</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Cleveland" title="Sports in Cleveland">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Major League</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>NFL: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a></li> <li>NBA: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers" title="Cleveland Cavaliers">Cleveland Cavaliers</a></li> <li>MLB: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Cleveland Guardians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Minor League</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G League: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Charge" title="Cleveland Charge">Cleveland Charge</a></li> <li>MLIS: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Crunch" title="Cleveland Crunch">Cleveland Crunch</a></li> <li>AHL: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Monsters" title="Cleveland Monsters">Cleveland Monsters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">College</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>NCAA D1 (Horizon League): <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_Vikings" title="Cleveland State Vikings">Cleveland State Vikings</a></li> <li>NCAA D3 (UAA): <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Case Western Reserve Spartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5492#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5492#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5492#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/238370584">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316430292">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1244723/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJckRMbQgkTxpwM3rTrrMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085595-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85044620">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153524976">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12556343w">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153524976">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12556343w">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge718526&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX457922">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552895605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046097">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&oldid=1255687973">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&oldid=1255687973</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lake_Erie" title="Category:Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_Lakes" title="Category:Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_Lakes_Waterway" title="Category:Great Lakes Waterway">Great Lakes Waterway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_lakes_of_North_America" title="Category:International lakes of North America">International lakes of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Michigan" title="Category:Lakes of Michigan">Lakes of Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Lakes of New York (state)">Lakes of New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Ohio" title="Category:Lakes of Ohio">Lakes of Ohio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Ontario" title="Category:Lakes of Ontario">Lakes of Ontario</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Lakes of Pennsylvania">Lakes of Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Erie_Canal" title="Category:Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Ohio" title="Category:Regions of Ohio">Regions of Ohio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" title="Category:Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southwestern_Ontario" title="Category:Southwestern Ontario">Southwestern Ontario</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Category:Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2012" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2012">Articles with dead external links from December 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2019">Use mdy dates from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ojibwe-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ojibwe-language text">Articles containing Ojibwe-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_alt" title="Category:Articles using infobox body of water without alt">Articles using infobox body of water without alt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_alt_bathymetry" title="Category:Articles using infobox body of water without alt bathymetry">Articles using infobox body of water without alt bathymetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Iroquoian_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Iroquoian languages">Articles with text in Iroquoian languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2024, at 04:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f7b5ccf54-jsv8k","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.133","walltime":"2.512","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14395,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":415523,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21396,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":566392,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2098.437 1 -total"," 45.25% 949.638 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.14% 443.540 90 Template:Cite_news"," 16.18% 339.594 1 Template:Infobox_body_of_water"," 15.30% 321.124 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.43% 239.898 36 Template:Cite_web"," 5.69% 119.448 1 Template:Native_name_checker"," 4.81% 100.890 68 Template:Convert"," 4.51% 94.616 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.45% 93.327 1 Template:Greatlakes"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.228","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20472447,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","23.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","19.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","6.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.9"],["type","60","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.3"],["makeCheckSelfFunction \u003ClibraryUtil.lua:59\u003E","40","3.3"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.3"],["[others]","260","21.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-5mhx6","timestamp":"20241125142917","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lake Erie","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lake_Erie","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5492","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5492","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-02T17:01:50Z","dateModified":"2024-11-06T04:23:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3b\/A1.23188.1851.LakeErie.143.250m.jpg","headline":"one of the Great Lakes in North America"}</script> </body> </html>