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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_(Landform)" title="Alvar (Landform) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alvar (Landform)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loopealne" title="Loopealne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loopealne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آلوار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلوار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_(g%C3%A9ologie)" title="Alvar (géologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alvar (géologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alv%C4%81rs" title="Alvārs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alvārs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar" title="Alvar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alvar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Альвар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альвар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvari" title="Alvari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alvari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_(landform)" title="Alvar (landform) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alvar (landform)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the landform. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alvar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alvar (disambiguation)">Alvar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loopealne_Keilas_18-06-2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Loopealne_Keilas_18-06-2012.jpg/330px-Loopealne_Keilas_18-06-2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Loopealne_Keilas_18-06-2012.jpg/500px-Loopealne_Keilas_18-06-2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Loopealne_Keilas_18-06-2012.jpg/960px-Loopealne_Keilas_18-06-2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4721" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Alvar in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Keila" title="Keila">Keila</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%96sterplana_hed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%C3%96sterplana_hed.jpg/220px-%C3%96sterplana_hed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%C3%96sterplana_hed.jpg/330px-%C3%96sterplana_hed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%C3%96sterplana_hed.jpg/440px-%C3%96sterplana_hed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Alvar at <a href="/wiki/Kinnekulle" title="Kinnekulle">Kinnekulle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. Most plants are confined to the numerous cracks in the limestone.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>alvar</b> is a biological environment based on a <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plain</a> with thin or no soil and, as a result, sparse grassland vegetation. Often flooded in the spring, and affected by drought in midsummer, alvars support a distinctive group of prairie-like plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy_2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most alvars occur either in northern Europe<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or around the Great Lakes in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stressed habitat supports a community of <a href="/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">rare</a> plants and animals, including species more commonly found on <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">Lichen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> are common species. Trees and bushes are absent or severely stunted. </p><p>The primary cause of alvars is the shallow exposed bedrock. Flooding and drought, as noted, add to the stress of the site and prevent many species from growing.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy_2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disturbance may also play a role. In Europe, grazing is frequent, while in North America, there is some evidence that fire may also prevent encroachment by forest.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The habitat also has strong competition gradients, with better competitors occupying the deeper soil and excluding other species to less productive locations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crevices in the limestone provide a distinctive habitat which is somewhat protected from grazing, and which may provide habitat for unusual ferns such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pellaea_atropurpurea" title="Pellaea atropurpurea">Pellaea atropurpurea</a></i>. Bare rock flats provide areas with extremely low competition that serve as refugia for weak competitors such as the <a href="/wiki/Sandwort" title="Sandwort">sandwort</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minuartia_michauxii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minuartia michauxii (page does not exist)">Minuartia michauxii</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Micranthes_virginiensis" title="Micranthes virginiensis">Micranthes virginiensis</a></i>. In a representative set of four Ontario alvars, seven habitat types were described. From deep to shallow soil these were: tall grassy meadows, tall <a href="/wiki/Forb" title="Forb">forb</a>-rich meadows, low grassy meadows, low forb-rich meadows, dry grassland, rock margin grassland and bare rock flats.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alvars comprise a small percentage of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> by land extent. Although some 120 exist in the Great Lakes region, in total there are only about 43 sq mi (110 km<sup>2</sup>) left across the entire Great Lakes basin, and many of these have been degraded by agriculture and other human uses. More than half of all remaining alvars occur in Ontario. There are smaller areas in New York, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin and Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, alvars provide habitat for birds such as <a href="/wiki/Bobolink" title="Bobolink">bobolinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_meadowlark" title="Eastern meadowlark">eastern meadowlarks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upland_sandpiper" title="Upland sandpiper">upland sandpipers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_towhee" title="Eastern towhee">eastern towhees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_thrasher" title="Brown thrasher">brown thrashers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_shrike" title="Loggerhead shrike">loggerhead shrikes</a> whose habitat is declining elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">Rare plants</a> include <a href="/wiki/Lobelia_kalmii" title="Lobelia kalmii">Kalm's lobelia (<i>Lobelia kalmii</i>)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphyotrichum_pilosum" title="Symphyotrichum pilosum">Pringle's aster (<i>Symphyotrichum pilosum</i> var. <i>pringlei</i>)</a>, juniper sedge (<i><a href="/wiki/Carex_juniperorum" title="Carex juniperorum">Carex juniperorum</a></i>), lakeside daisy (<i><a href="/wiki/Hymenoxys_acaulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenoxys acaulis">Hymenoxys acaulis</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Cypripedium_arietinum" title="Cypripedium arietinum">ram's-head lady's-slipper (<i>Cypripedium arietinum</i>)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iris_lacustris" title="Iris lacustris">dwarf lake iris (<i>Iris lacustris</i>)</a>. Also associated with alvars are rare <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the word "alvar" to refer to this type of environment originated in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest alvar in Europe is located on the Swedish island of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a>. Here the thin soil mantle is only 0.5 to 2.0 centimeters thick in most places and in many extents consists of exposed limestone slabs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The landscape there has been designated a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. There are other more local names for similar landforms, such as a <b>pavement barren</b>, although this term is also used for similar <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom the exposed landform is called a <a href="/wiki/Limestone_pavement" title="Limestone pavement">limestone pavement</a> and thinly covered limestone is known as <a href="/wiki/Calcareous_grassland" title="Calcareous grassland">calcareous grassland</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_alvar_locations">European alvar locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: European alvar locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stora_Alvaret" title="Stora Alvaret">Stora Alvaret</a> – largest alvar extent in Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a> – several locations on limestone mountain <a href="/wiki/Kinnekulle" title="Kinnekulle">Kinnekulle</a>, smaller fragments on <a href="/wiki/Falbygden" title="Falbygden">Falbygden</a>, e.g. in Dala and Högstena parishes</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> <ul><li>Alvars are distributed along the whole northern coast of Estonia from approx. the town of <a href="/wiki/Paldiski" title="Paldiski">Paldiski</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sillam%C3%A4e" title="Sillamäe">Sillamäe</a>, wherever limestone comes to the surface near the seashore (see <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Klint" title="Baltic Klint">Baltic Klint</a>), as well as on the islands of the <a href="/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago" title="West Estonian archipelago">West Estonian archipelago</a>. Estonia used to be home to approximately one third of the world's alvars; however, the total area of alvars has decreased from 43,000 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> in the 1930s to 12,000 hectares in 2000, and approximately 9,000 hectares in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-sümbolmaastik_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sümbolmaastik-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estonian alvars are home to 267 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, approximately one fifth of which are protected. There are also 142 species of <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> and 263 species of <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sümbolmaastik_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sümbolmaastik-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Republic of Estonia">Estonian government</a> has committed itself to protect at least 9,800 hectares of the country's alvars as part of the <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Loopealse" title="Loopealse">Loopealse</a> subdistrict of <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> is named after alvar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardi_Nature_Reserve" title="Vardi Nature Reserve">Vardi Nature Reserve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rapla_County" title="Rapla County">Rapla County</a> is an Estonian nature reserve especially designated to protect one of the more representative alvar areas of Estonia.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> and North <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> – under protection in the UK <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">Biodiversity Action Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Burren" title="The Burren">The Burren</a>, a large alvar in northwest <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarve_loopealne_Hiiumaal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarve alvar in Hiiumaa island"><img alt="Sarve alvar in Hiiumaa island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sarve_loopealne_Hiiumaal.jpg/120px-Sarve_loopealne_Hiiumaal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sarve_loopealne_Hiiumaal.jpg/250px-Sarve_loopealne_Hiiumaal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sarve alvar in <a href="/wiki/Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a> island</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A4ike-Pakri_loopealsel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alvar in Väike-Pakri island"><img alt="Alvar in Väike-Pakri island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/V%C3%A4ike-Pakri_loopealsel.jpg/120px-V%C3%A4ike-Pakri_loopealsel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/V%C3%A4ike-Pakri_loopealsel.jpg/250px-V%C3%A4ike-Pakri_loopealsel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alvar in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ike-Pakri" class="mw-redirect" title="Väike-Pakri">Väike-Pakri</a> island</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%96sterplana_hed_vegetation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sparse vegetation, Kinnekulle, Sweden"><img alt="Sparse vegetation, Kinnekulle, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%C3%96sterplana_hed_vegetation.jpg/120px-%C3%96sterplana_hed_vegetation.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%C3%96sterplana_hed_vegetation.jpg/250px-%C3%96sterplana_hed_vegetation.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sparse vegetation, <a href="/wiki/Kinnekulle" title="Kinnekulle">Kinnekulle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_pavement_above_Malham_Cove.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Limestone pavement at Malham Cove, UK"><img alt="Limestone pavement at Malham Cove, UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Limestone_pavement_above_Malham_Cove.jpg/120px-Limestone_pavement_above_Malham_Cove.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Limestone_pavement_above_Malham_Cove.jpg/180px-Limestone_pavement_above_Malham_Cove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Limestone_pavement_above_Malham_Cove.jpg/240px-Limestone_pavement_above_Malham_Cove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Limestone pavement at <a href="/wiki/Malham_Cove" title="Malham Cove">Malham Cove</a>, UK</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_North_American_alvar_locations">Some North American alvar locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Some North American alvar locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alvar_near_Singing_Sands.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alvar_near_Singing_Sands.JPG/250px-Alvar_near_Singing_Sands.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alvar_near_Singing_Sands.JPG/330px-Alvar_near_Singing_Sands.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alvar_near_Singing_Sands.JPG/500px-Alvar_near_Singing_Sands.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Alvar near the Singing Sands beach of <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula_National_Park" title="Bruce Peninsula National Park">Bruce Peninsula National Park</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alvar2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alvar2.JPG/250px-Alvar2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alvar2.JPG/330px-Alvar2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alvar2.JPG/500px-Alvar2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">Lichen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a> and grasses on <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> surface. <a href="/wiki/Kelley%27s_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelley's Island">Kelley's Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <i>rare</i> Charitable Research Reserve – <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario" title="Cambridge, Ontario">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelley%27s_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelley's Island">Kelley's Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> – North Shore Alvar State Nature Preserve<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marblehead,_Ohio" title="Marblehead, Ohio">Marblehead, Ohio</a> – mostly destroyed by limestone quarrying</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelee_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelee Island">Pelee Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> – Stone Road Alvar Nature Reserve<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a> <ul><li>Maxton Plains Proposed Natural Area, <a href="/wiki/Drummond_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Drummond Island">Drummond Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Belanger Bay Alvar, <a href="/wiki/Manitoulin_Island" title="Manitoulin Island">Manitoulin Island</a>, Ontario<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Quarry Bay Nature Reserve, Manitoulin Island, Ontario<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bruce Alvar Nature Reserve, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce Peninsula</a>, Ontario<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Baptise Harbour Nature Reserve, Bruce Peninsula, Ontario<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misery_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Misery Bay">Misery Bay</a> Provincial Park, Manitoulin Island, Ontario<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> <ul><li>Red Banks Alvar, <a href="/wiki/Red_Banks,_Brown_County,_Wisconsin" title="Red Banks, Brown County, Wisconsin">Red Banks, Brown County, Wisconsin</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> <ul><li>Carden Plain Alvar, City of Kawartha Lakes, Ontario, including <a href="/wiki/Carden_Alvar_Provincial_Park" title="Carden Alvar Provincial Park">Carden Alvar Provincial Park</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chaumont Barrens Preserve, New York<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Three Mile Creek Barrens, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_Lands_alvar" title="Burnt Lands alvar">Burnt Lands Alvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almonte,_Ontario" title="Almonte, Ontario">Almonte</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balsam_Lake_(Ontario)" title="Balsam Lake (Ontario)">Balsam Lake</a> Indian Point Provincial Park, Ontario<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quyon,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Quyon, Quebec">Quyon</a></li> <li>Alvar d'<a href="/wiki/Aylmer,_Quebec" title="Aylmer, Quebec">Aylmer</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interlake_Region" title="Interlake Region">Interlake</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_grassland" title="Calcareous grassland">Calcareous grassland</a> – Ecosystem associated with thin basic soil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_heath" title="Chalk heath">Chalk heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edaphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Edaphic">Edaphic</a> – Science concerned with the influence of soils on living beings<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypcrust" title="Gypcrust">Gypcrust</a> – Hardened layer of soil with a high percentage of gypsum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum_flora_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Gypsum flora of Nova Scotia">Gypsum flora of Nova Scotia</a> – Group of plants in Nova Scotia, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendzina" title="Rendzina">Rendzina</a> – Humus-rich shallow soil type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barren_vegetation" title="Barren vegetation">Barren vegetation</a> – Area of land where plant growth may be limited</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Keddy_2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy_2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy_2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rare+Species+Surveys+and+Stewardship+Activities+of+the+Manitoba+Conservation+Data+Centre&rft.place=Winnipeg%2C+Manitoba&rft.pub=Manitoba+Conservation+Data+Centre&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hamel&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Foster%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fconservation%2Fcdc%2Fpdf%2Frs_surv_stdshp_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManitoba_Alvar_Initiative2012" class="citation book cs1">Manitoba Alvar Initiative (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natureconservancy.ca/assets/documents/mb/2012-Alvar-Initiative-FINAL-Report-PUBLIC-DISTRIBUTION-Jan-2013.pdf"><i>Alvars in Manitoba: A Description of Their Extent, Characteristics & Land Use</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Nature Conservancy of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvars+in+Manitoba%3A+A+Description+of+Their+Extent%2C+Characteristics+%26+Land+Use&rft.place=Winnipeg%2C+Manitoba&rft.pub=Nature+Conservancy+of+Canada&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Manitoba+Alvar+Initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natureconservancy.ca%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2Fmb%2F2012-Alvar-Initiative-FINAL-Report-PUBLIC-DISTRIBUTION-Jan-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alvar_(landform)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alvar (landform)">Alvar</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.epa.gov/ecopage/shore/alvars/">http://www.epa.gov/ecopage/shore/alvars/</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvar&oldid=1129688422">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvar&oldid=1129688422</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alkaline_soils" title="Category:Alkaline soils">Alkaline soils</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Habitats" title="Category:Habitats">Habitats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landforms" title="Category:Landforms">Landforms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_soil" title="Category:Types of soil">Types of soil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alpine_flora" title="Category:Alpine flora">Alpine flora</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gotland" title="Category:Gotland">Gotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Gotland_County" title="Category:Geography of Gotland County">Geography of Gotland County</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Estonian-language_sources_(et)" title="Category:CS1 Estonian-language sources (et)">CS1 Estonian-language sources (et)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons link is locally defined">Commons link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 December 2022, at 17:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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