Technology

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, viewport-fit=cover"> <title>Technology</title> <meta property="og:title" content="Technology"> <meta name="logo" href="/-/media/Examples/Irena/Images/Navigation/IRENA_logo.svg" /> <link rel="manifest" href="/assets/static/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/assets/static/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#dd082b"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/assets/static/browserconfig.json" /> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PR8BPS9');</script> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/Graphik/Graphik-Light.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/Graphik/Graphik-Semibold.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/Graphik/Graphik-Bold.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/styles/default.css?v=37173878"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/styles/print.css?v=37173878" media="print"> <script> var IR_APP_CFG = { global: { errorMsg: 'An error occurred. 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<h2 class="Heading__text "> ENERGY TRANSITION </h2> </div> <ul class="m-Header__sublist "> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Outlook" class="m-Header__sublink" >Outlook</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Partnerships" class="m-Header__sublink" >Partnerships</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Policy" class="m-Header__sublink" >Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology" class="m-Header__sublink" >Technology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Socio-economic-impact" class="m-Header__sublink" title="Scio-economic impact" >Socio-economic impact</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Country-engagement" class="m-Header__sublink" >Country engagement</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Project-Facilitation" class="m-Header__sublink" >Project Facilitation</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Planning" class="m-Header__sublink" >Planning</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Innovation" class="m-Header__sublink" >Innovation</a> </li> 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</li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="l-section " id="renewable-generation"> <div class="l-section__placeholder"> <div class="Heading Heading--border h3">  <h2 class="Heading__text "> Renewable Generation </h2> </div>  <div class="m-RichText " data-jsmodule="RichText">  <div class="c-RichText " data-jscomponent="RichText"> <p class="bigger">The rapid emergence of increasingly <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology#costs-trends">cost-effective</a> renewable energy is allowing countries across the globe to switch away from carbon-emitting sources at pace. IRENA’s data gathering and analysis of all the major renewables enables it to guide and advise its member countries on their conversion to low-carbon status. </p> </div>  </div>  <div class="m-CompanyValues" data-jsmodule="CompanyValues"> <ul class="m-CompanyValues__list "> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Bioenergy-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=8CF6FA20F1DF7920DA37B0E81F37F41E" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Bioenergy-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=8A8095E0CE96942CE57D0AA4A6435DB1 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Bioenergy-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=8CF6FA20F1DF7920DA37B0E81F37F41E 2x" /><img alt="Bioenergy" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Bioenergy-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=FE710FEA9C7AAC28A38B758796D93CE8" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Bioenergy & biofuels </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> The sustainable supply of energy from biomass includes technologies for heat and power, and its transformation into upgraded energy carriers (e.g. advanced biofuels). </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Bioenergy-and-biofuels" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="" aria-label="" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Geothermal-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=32086FE80103E307C33059E14662927B" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Geothermal-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=73B257C2169946B7C427F87560CFDF47 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Geothermal-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=32086FE80103E307C33059E14662927B 2x" /><img alt="Geothermal" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Geothermal-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=C5DEE1EA7C9B48BE6F79AF41DD5985DF" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Geothermal energy </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Geothermal energy technologies for power generation and heat offer significant potential in a sustainable energy system. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Geothermal-energy" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="Geothermal energy" aria-label="Geothermal energy" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Hydropower-technology-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=5D2AD35C0F3CF8BDF8058863DF43F2AB" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Hydropower-technology-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=F6582BFECA96998AAE45F4607F0EB682 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Hydropower-technology-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=5D2AD35C0F3CF8BDF8058863DF43F2AB 2x" /><img alt="Hydropower technology" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Hydropower-technology-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=43946E7005452799FF3963E9414CDE5A" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Hydropower </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> By far the largest renewable source today, hydroelectric technologies are longstanding enablers of the generation, management and storage of power. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Hydropower" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="Hydropower" aria-label="Hydropower" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/ocean-energy_537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=E80B5AB416897BDCF2A35689911DAB52" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/ocean-energy_537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=57E1811CE96C231CBB1D60B032A0BAEC 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/ocean-energy_537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=E80B5AB416897BDCF2A35689911DAB52 2x" /><img alt="ocean energy" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/ocean-energy_537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=F8CB12EC83E20ABD7EF3756F3CC0E5C1" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Ocean </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Ocean energy technologies and their application can support the achievement of a blue economy and SDG14 (conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources). </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Ocean-energy" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="more" aria-label="more" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Solar-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=AA7F253F8A840E70E7D0CC5A7CB885C0" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Solar-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=725C5BEE8B731140D6C44734BE2B0EB3 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Solar-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=AA7F253F8A840E70E7D0CC5A7CB885C0 2x" /><img alt="Solar energy" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Solar-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=79434B8C636AAC6AEDF25E84A95E38EB" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Solar energy </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Solar energy Solar technologies offer vast potential in their application for the provision of power, heating and cooling, both on-grid and off-grid. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Solar-energy" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="more" aria-label="more" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Wind-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=5C633CF9F3EB2E63DE788EED3CE51B9A" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Wind-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=20090C3BF580DC47A97A02B59449EB80 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Wind-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=5C633CF9F3EB2E63DE788EED3CE51B9A 2x" /><img alt="Wind" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Wind-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=FE6B46BCC420232B70658E2FC95F2703" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Wind energy </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Onshore and offshore wind technologies use turbine technology to harness the energy of the wind for the provision of power. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Wind-energy" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="more" aria-label="more" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <section class="l-section " id="end-use-sectors"> <div class="l-section__placeholder"> <div class="Heading Heading--border h3">  <h2 class="Heading__text "> End use sectors </h2> </div>  <div class="m-RichText " data-jsmodule="RichText">  <div class="c-RichText " data-jscomponent="RichText"> <p class="bigger">The competitiveness of technologies available to decarbonise the major energy-using sectors is continually improving. IRENA applies its research and analysis of the best-performing solutions to develop viable options tailored to its member countries’ circumstances. </p> </div>  </div>  <div class="m-CompanyValues" data-jsmodule="CompanyValues"> <ul class="m-CompanyValues__list "> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/BuildingCities-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=8B2BDB1CAE40A17B8404D92F9E336D18" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/BuildingCities-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=9ABF95BBB0682E4D46F0A82E8C85E357 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/BuildingCities-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=8B2BDB1CAE40A17B8404D92F9E336D18 2x" /><img alt="Building Cities" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/BuildingCities-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=E129B93CA41C02093C3D8B389F7F95CA" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Buildings & cities </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Renewable energy technologies and fuels can help cities achieve their carbon reduction targets while lowering energy costs for residents and improving quality of life. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Cities-and-buildings" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="more" aria-label="more" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Industry-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=3B5574DC5C6A607A796577C226BEA5F1" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Industry-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=AEAF4230A3024A6DB20204055B6C68BF 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Industry-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=3B5574DC5C6A607A796577C226BEA5F1 2x" /><img alt="Industry" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Industry-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=208C7882B6DE6E2D6F13D208DA460359" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Industry </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Reaching net zero emissions across industrial sectors of iron and steel, cement, chemicals and petrochemicals, and aluminium will require radical shifts in how materials are produced, consumed and disposed of. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Industry" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="" aria-label="" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Transport-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=C7F0044B1D59F52E050850E32C5DF145" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Transport-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=2B8D31F4EC8610AF0276775C6CC179A5 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Transport-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=C7F0044B1D59F52E050850E32C5DF145 2x" /><img alt="Transport" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Transport-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=B0492E4478CC359192466C780761D7AC" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Transport </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> The transport sector is responsible for close to a quarter of global energy-related CO2 emissions due to its heavy reliance on fossil fuels. It is crucial to advance towards a zero-carbon transport with renewables providing a large share of solutions. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Transport" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="" aria-label="" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <section class="l-section " id="enabling-technologies"> <div class="l-section__placeholder"> <div class="Heading Heading--border h3">  <h2 class="Heading__text "> Enabling technologies </h2> </div>  <div class="m-RichText " data-jsmodule="RichText">  <div class="c-RichText " data-jscomponent="RichText"> <p class="bigger">The transition to a sustainable energy system brings a combination of new opportunities and challenges. A range of enabling technologies is available to help member countries overcome these challenges. IRENA’s ongoing research and analysis of these solutions allow it to advise on the most suitable options. </p> </div>  </div>  <div class="m-CompanyValues" data-jsmodule="CompanyValues"> <ul class="m-CompanyValues__list "> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Carbon-capture-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=EAE11B7EA03698937FA91AB5800CAE64" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Carbon-capture-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=091D40B6CC5AC7BBCD2FD29C16977208 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Carbon-capture-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=EAE11B7EA03698937FA91AB5800CAE64 2x" /><img alt="Carbon capture" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Carbon-capture-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=88FAA524DD6D66F0F8707FD8AAB78552" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Carbon capture </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> These technologies capture, transport and store the CO2 from burning fossil fuels before it is released into the atmosphere. They include capture with bioenergy and direct air capture. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Carbon-Capture" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="" aria-label="" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Critical-materials-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=3F89831A5FB63B29EA3F98BC714B7F43" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Critical-materials-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=AA43064957470ADB7E5F2CBC80B074F5 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Critical-materials-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=3F89831A5FB63B29EA3F98BC714B7F43 2x" /><img alt="Critical materials" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Critical-materials-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=5FB0B4976A771D2F96DBCCC0C277BCFA" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Critical materials </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Critical materials are the resources needed to produce key technologies for the energy transition, including wind turbines, solar panels, batteries for EVs and electrolysers. It is crucial to ensure their availability and affordability. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Critical-materials" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="more" aria-label="more" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/EnergyStorage-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=CFAD4B89A8F6E5E67B305CC30FE06960" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/EnergyStorage-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=0EE74FB840111DE84E8F49DDA641B383 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/EnergyStorage-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=CFAD4B89A8F6E5E67B305CC30FE06960 2x" /><img alt="Energy Storage" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/EnergyStorage-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=1F8BFF7A9C9F5BBC6B7E1483ABF118F7" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Energy storage </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Energy storage technologies (e.g. batteries, flywheels, pumped hydro storage) offer notable flexibility potential and value to power systems in transition. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Energy-Storage" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="" aria-label="" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Hydrogen-tech-537x255jpg.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=58C956BC4CD04FC01FCB301199B45896" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Hydrogen-tech-537x255jpg.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=DDF5CB980B61DFFBB869EFC1AD5633BA 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Hydrogen-tech-537x255jpg.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=58C956BC4CD04FC01FCB301199B45896 2x" /><img alt="Hydrogen" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Hydrogen-tech-537x255jpg.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=5648489AA20280B4ED1031B7C25CBE7B" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Hydrogen </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Green hydrogen technologies, production pathways and products are providing opportunities to decarbonise transport and hard-to-abate sectors, and for sector coupling. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Hydrogen" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="" aria-label="" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Technology-infrastructure-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=78A5C30347BCEADEE720DFF0D51CBB1B" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Technology-infrastructure-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=283AD3CC35E4A5C1E3680AC403C5A975 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Technology-infrastructure-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=78A5C30347BCEADEE720DFF0D51CBB1B 2x" /><img alt="" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Technology-infrastructure-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=2BB5568161336D6E1FA9A3F856C99F63" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Technology & infrastructure </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Renewable energy technology and infrastructure solutions support climate action plans and resilient energy systems, particularly in SIDS and LDCs. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Technology-and-infrastructure" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="" aria-label="" target="|Custom" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <section class="l-section " id="costs-trends"> <div class="l-section__placeholder"> <div class="Heading Heading--border h3">  <h2 class="Heading__text "> Costs trends </h2> </div> <div class="m-CompanyValues" data-jsmodule="CompanyValues"> <ul class="m-CompanyValues__list "> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Power-generation-costs-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=C9934F2458ACAA9A62D48329F78EC56F" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Power-generation-costs-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=CB5992EDD2549EF16AF2B080D71197ED 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Power-generation-costs-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=C9934F2458ACAA9A62D48329F78EC56F 2x" /><img alt="" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Power-generation-costs-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=78EB3391BEA9B558712D24E6E56611C9" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Power generation costs </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> IRENA has tracked the costs and performance of renewable energy technologies and fuels since 2012. As renewable energy, and in particular power generation, has entered a virtuous cycle of falling costs, increasing deployment and accelerated technological progress, up-to-date data on costs has become a critical for policy makers, business, researchers and others. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Power-generation-costs" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="" aria-label="" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/stationary-application-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=942F8F9745772887CED6404E88411276" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/stationary-application-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=D17FAA5C478DC37F8EAD5D88D3C0BEF1 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/stationary-application-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=942F8F9745772887CED6404E88411276 2x" /><img alt="" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/stationary-application-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=ABD2FE9B905AE63117492729A867C102" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Stationary applications </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Forthcoming work by IRENA will document the costs and performance of solar thermal heat for commercial and industrial processes and residential heat pumps. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Stationary-Applications" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="" aria-label="" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Transportation-costs-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=3A10434AB7F3F3B912A6A331D650B2C9" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Transportation-costs-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=58012EC5172679E6297F4D00C69DA3F1 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Transportation-costs-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=3A10434AB7F3F3B912A6A331D650B2C9 2x" /><img alt="" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Transportation-costs-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=081C906B4687F8246D82385D11078F11" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> Transportation costs </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Of all the sectors of global energy use, renewable energy currently contributes least to the transport sector. Renewables accounted for only 4% of energy consumption in the transport sector in 2016. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Transportation-costs" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="more" aria-label="more" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Electricity-storage-costs-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=8F218D77C616D8BF9C8A4F41A37DAE91" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Electricity-storage-costs-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=32DEBD38E8194C81BF52CA2F2A3E4F3F 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Electricity-storage-costs-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=8F218D77C616D8BF9C8A4F41A37DAE91 2x" /><img alt="" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Electricity-storage-costs-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=75234CC53A1036A1EBEA1FFAB2D9208F" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h2 class="Heading__text"> Energy storage costs </h2> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> Informing the viable application of electricity storage technologies, including batteries and pumped hydro storage, with the latest data and analysis on costs and performance. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/Energy-storage-costs" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="more" aria-label="more" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem c-BoxRelatedContentItem--value" data-jscomponent="BoxRelatedContentItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Renewable-costing-alliance-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=D6AAB9A9C67B9EC5D2496FB70FE542DA" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Renewable-costing-alliance-537x255.jpg?w=268&h=127&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=94642185B5EF953B1BEE5D2FBEE79911 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Renewable-costing-alliance-537x255.jpg?w=537&h=255&as=1&cc=1&hash=D6AAB9A9C67B9EC5D2496FB70FE542DA 2x" /><img alt="" class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/hub/hub-boxes-3-rows/Renewable-costing-alliance-537x255.jpg?w=89&h=42&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=EA17A49D7F7D980F0460A825F12F65FF" /></picture> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__content"> <div class="Heading c-BoxRelatedContentItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text"> IRENA Renewable Costing Alliance </h3> </div> <div class="c-BoxRelatedContentItem__description"> IRENA Renewable Costing Alliance is a key outcome of efforts to gather precise, reliable information and data on costs of renewable energy sources and technologies. </div> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology/IRENA-Renewable-Costing-Alliance" class="Link c-BoxRelatedContentItem__link" title="" aria-label="" >more</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> </main> <footer id="footer"> <div class="m-Footer" data-jsmodule="Footer"> <div class="l-wrapper"> <div class="m-Footer__bottom"> <div class="m-Footer__bottomLeft"> <div class="Heading m-Footer__heading"> <h4 class="Heading__text "> IRENA essentials </h4> </div> <ul> <li> <a href="/About" >About IRENA</a> </li> <li> <a href="/About/Employment" title="Employment" >Employment</a> </li> <li> <a href="/About/Procurement" title="Procurement" >Procurement</a> </li> <li> <a href="/About/Contact" >Contact</a> </li> <li> <a href="/About/Membership" >Membership</a> </li> <li> <a href="/How-we-work/Collaborative-frameworks" title="Collaborative Frameworks" 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