Education

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, viewport-fit=cover"> <title>Education</title> <meta property="og:title" content="Education"> <meta name="logo" href="/-/media/Examples/Irena/Images/Navigation/IRENA_logo.svg" /> <meta name="description" content="This webpage, created in response to a request from educators, education managers and operators, provides a rapid, direct and easy access to IRENA key reports, infographics, data and tools. 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<h2 class="Heading__text "> ENERGY TRANSITION </h2> </div> <ul class="m-Header__sublist "> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Outlook" class="m-Header__sublink" >Outlook</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Partnerships" class="m-Header__sublink" >Partnerships</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Policy" class="m-Header__sublink" >Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Technology" class="m-Header__sublink" >Technology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Socio-economic-impact" class="m-Header__sublink" title="Scio-economic impact" >Socio-economic impact</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Country-engagement" class="m-Header__sublink" >Country engagement</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Project-Facilitation" class="m-Header__sublink" >Project Facilitation</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Planning" class="m-Header__sublink" >Planning</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Energy-Transition/Innovation" class="m-Header__sublink" >Innovation</a> </li> 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It also hosts IRENA’s Technical Papers Series, individually authored by IRENA staff and other internationally recognised experts. </p> </div> <div id="m5d18c590b0434858874f423bb93a79ce" class="m-AnchorMenu colorBgInner--13" data-jsmodule="AnchorMenu"> <div class="m-AnchorMenu__container" data-anchormenu-container=""> <nav class="m-AnchorMenu__nav" data-anchormenu-nav=""> <ul class="m-AnchorMenu__list"> <li> <a class="m-AnchorMenu__link " href="#technical-papers">Technical Papers</a> </li> <li> <a class="m-AnchorMenu__link " href="#infographics">Infographics</a> </li> <li> <a class="m-AnchorMenu__link " href="#data-and-tools">Data and Tools</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="mbc540f2e46e74f838295ae174e17fef1" class="l-section l-section--container "> <div class="l-grid__row"> <div class="l-grid__xxs--4 l-grid__m--12 l-grid__m__offset--0"> <section class="l-section " id="key-reports"> <div class="l-section__placeholder"> </div> </section> <section class="l-section " id="technical-papers"> <div class="l-section__placeholder"> <div class="m-ExploreFurther" data-jsmodule="ExploreFurther" id="ma73e536d349c4e018a1fce2700835771"> <div class="Heading Heading--border" id="ma73e536d349c4e018a1fce2700835771"> <h2 class="Heading__text"> Technical papers </h2> <a href="/Search?query&contentType=dce7902e-30c0-4675-b2e3-d6215428e1d3" class="Heading__link show-on-desktop" >See more</a> </div> <div class="m-ExploreFurther__filters m-ExploreFurther__filters--col-direction "> <div class="c-Filters " data-jscomponent="Filters"> <ul class="c-Filters__list"> <li> <button class="c-Filters__button is--active" data-js-btn="tech-papers"> Latest </button> </li> <li> <button class="c-Filters__button " data-js-btn="tech-papers-policy"> Policy </button> </li> <li> <button class="c-Filters__button " data-js-btn="tech-papers-technology"> Technology </button> </li> <li> <button class="c-Filters__button " data-js-btn="tech-papers-socio-economic-impact"> Socio-economic impact </button> </li> <li> <button class="c-Filters__button " data-js-btn="tech-papers-finance-investment"> Finance & investment </button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="mc9769857b1d643719465df1490729069" class="m-ExploreFurther__contentGrouped is--hide" data-js-tab="tech-papers-technology"> <ul class="m-ExploreFurther__list"> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Rare-Earth-elements"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Rare_Earth_Elements_2022.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=FB8E6EFF159EB12561EC89B3DE760160" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Rare_Earth_Elements_2022.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=539A9DB2AD601173668064053A1F6711 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Rare_Earth_Elements_2022.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=FB8E6EFF159EB12561EC89B3DE760160 2x" /><img alt="" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Rare_Earth_Elements_2022.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=7FFD4AD43EE1237B543E2BC1367B8399" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Rare-Earth-elements"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Critical Materials For The Energy Transition: Rare Earth elements</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>The technical paper on Critical Materials for the Energy Transition emphasises that an accelerated energy transition requires a growing supply of critical materials, with Chapter 7 of the IRENA’s World Energy Transition Outlook 2022 further elaborating on these materials. IRENA continues to publish technical papers on groups of critical materials: the first one focuses on lithium and this second paper focuses on rare earth elements.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Rare-Earth-elements">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2022-05-01">May 2022</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Critical materials, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Lithium"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2022-1-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition-lithium.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=2A71DFF03AC26E9E893DD56FE59E5869" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2022-1-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition-lithium.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=2FE203822A701AA69FAD1DA7E58B30C3 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2022-1-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition-lithium.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=2A71DFF03AC26E9E893DD56FE59E5869 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2022-1-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition-lithium.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=912BAEF1D8FB9D30DC75D4DCA1456896" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Lithium"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Critical Materials For The Energy Transition: Lithium</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This paper discusses the global lithium industry structure and major players while reflecting on current costs changes and their further implications, the role of the governments could play to de-risk lithium supply and the opportunities innovation can play in reducing demand growth.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Lithium">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2022-01-01">January 2022</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Critical materials, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-5-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=81E7AC7BD29440B6EE0FBBA3765118FA" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-5-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=521EAC1D898F520A4BAD779B52F55B41 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-5-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=81E7AC7BD29440B6EE0FBBA3765118FA 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-5-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=168ADE10CF27020B8E2B07A972384E93" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Critical Materials For The Energy Transition</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This paper will assess how the growth of renewables will put critical materials at the centre of the energy transformation, with the objective of highlighting the criticalities related to the sector and of identifying how technological developments and innovation can positively reduce geopolitical risks.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2021-11-01">November 2021</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Critical materials, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Capturing-Carbon"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-4-reaching-zero-with-renewables-capturing-carbon.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=149DE0FD0D44A93C16C8BA87345DDF91" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-4-reaching-zero-with-renewables-capturing-carbon.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=B0FDF000DCBC6159992E30BF749B2B87 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-4-reaching-zero-with-renewables-capturing-carbon.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=149DE0FD0D44A93C16C8BA87345DDF91 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-4-reaching-zero-with-renewables-capturing-carbon.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=6C9AB9656E812E236BF4C28C36707065" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Capturing-Carbon"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Capturing Carbon</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This paper explores the status and potential of carbon capture and storage (CCS), carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies and their roles alongside renewables in the deep decarbonisation of energy systems. </p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Capturing-Carbon">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2021-10-01">October 2021</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Technology, Carbon capture</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-1-international--oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=CE3E5A8440A18DB2AA5EEC7189FC7CFC" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-1-international--oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=B3965DDC2042CA31724BED1F4ACF1660 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-1-international--oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=CE3E5A8440A18DB2AA5EEC7189FC7CFC 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-1-international--oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=051F8953970E022B0DE29D22496FDC63" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Oil companies and the energy transition</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This paper analyses the strategies of seven international oil companies (IOCs) in the context of energy transition. </p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2021-02-01">February 2021</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Energy-subsidies-Evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-1-energy-subsidies-evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=E0017AD8B76555E322F550D5D891EC90" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-1-energy-subsidies-evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=9EB8C0F1894938ED580A00B34FE1FB6C 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-1-energy-subsidies-evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=E0017AD8B76555E322F550D5D891EC90 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-1-energy-subsidies-evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=ACC149542D0C2DA7A758AF2277DFA00E" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Energy-subsidies-Evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Energy subsidies: Evolution in the global energy transformation to 2050</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>The energy sector lacks a standard definition of subsidies. This paper contributes to research on how subsidies are calculated – for fossil-fuels, renewables and the sector as a whole.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Energy-subsidies-Evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2020-04-01">April 2020</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Costs, Policy, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> </ul> </div> <div id="mc2111fd3f36a4a30968aa3edd4336434" class="m-ExploreFurther__contentGrouped is--hide" data-js-tab="tech-papers-socio-economic-impact"> <ul class="m-ExploreFurther__list"> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-Focus-on-jobs"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-2-measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-focus-on-jobs.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=5FAE81FE7B9061BE3D197967D7358900" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-2-measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-focus-on-jobs.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=E84D395D195ADE1918E0CB1166EEBE02 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-2-measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-focus-on-jobs.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=5FAE81FE7B9061BE3D197967D7358900 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-2-measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-focus-on-jobs.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=B3C628D33B5E55CC270DFF5D75AEFB91" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-Focus-on-jobs"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Measuring the socio-economics of transition: Focus on jobs</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>Well-crafted deployment, integrating and enabling policies could create millions of new jobs. This report outlines the evolving global and regional distribution of energy employment.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-Focus-on-jobs">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2020-08-01">August 2020</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Socio-economic impact</span> </div> </div>  </li> </ul> </div> <div id="mfa3adced98fb4ce384d87329a35e0137" class="m-ExploreFurther__contentGrouped is--hide" data-js-tab="tech-papers-finance-investment"> <ul class="m-ExploreFurther__list"> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/The-Renewable-Spring"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technicalpaper20213therenewablespringtheinterplaybetweenfinanceandpolicyintheenergytransition.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=94DD1C5E9042C1E92C98A88D195DEF3C" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technicalpaper20213therenewablespringtheinterplaybetweenfinanceandpolicyintheenergytransition.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=E088A7501C6D79DFA6A5810B7B16EC22 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technicalpaper20213therenewablespringtheinterplaybetweenfinanceandpolicyintheenergytransition.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=94DD1C5E9042C1E92C98A88D195DEF3C 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technicalpaper20213therenewablespringtheinterplaybetweenfinanceandpolicyintheenergytransition.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=17E84E2CAB42962BFBEA1633A79B9D3C" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/The-Renewable-Spring"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">The Renewable Spring: The interplay between finance and policy in the energy transition</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This paper presents a brief overview of technology revolutions and how they interact with financial markets.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/The-Renewable-Spring">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2021-10-01">October 2021</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Finance & investment</span> </div> </div>  </li> </ul> </div> <div id="m2ddd9b1a8bfe4dee98a7b8b9c1dc7884" class="m-ExploreFurther__contentGrouped is--hide" data-js-tab="tech-papers-regional-focus"> <ul class="m-ExploreFurther__list"> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Renewable-energy-targets-in-SIDS"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Images/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Nov/IRENA_RE_targets_SIDS_2022_Cover.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=68C159179DB643BAA2EBD01B76414651" /><source srcset="/-/media/Images/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Nov/IRENA_RE_targets_SIDS_2022_Cover.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=C5015CCCB35D54754903D2FB0949488D 1x, /-/media/Images/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Nov/IRENA_RE_targets_SIDS_2022_Cover.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=68C159179DB643BAA2EBD01B76414651 2x" /><img alt="" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Images/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Nov/IRENA_RE_targets_SIDS_2022_Cover.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=B35EEF75D28EA9A5D4CC4917E6827D13" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Renewable-energy-targets-in-SIDS"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Renewable energy targets in small island developing states</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This technical paper presents a quantification of SIDS’ renewable energy targets, both in their national energy plans and in their NDCs.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Renewable-energy-targets-in-SIDS">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2022-11-16">November 2022</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Targets & NDCs</span> <span class="c-Publication__language">English</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Potential-Limitations-of-Marginal-Pricing-for-a-Power-System-Based-on-Renewables"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Limitations_Marginal_Pricing_Renewables_2022.png?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=2F103615B083032F074FCF40B80644B4" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Limitations_Marginal_Pricing_Renewables_2022.png?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=127CD0DEFF637EBA4E5E3BFBA219FED6 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Limitations_Marginal_Pricing_Renewables_2022.png?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=2F103615B083032F074FCF40B80644B4 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Limitations_Marginal_Pricing_Renewables_2022.png?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=A5CCE0ACC914B13752889603C815DE79" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Potential-Limitations-of-Marginal-Pricing-for-a-Power-System-Based-on-Renewables"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Potential Limitations of Marginal Pricing for a Power System Based on Renewables</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>Marginal pricing wholesale power markets could produce significant barriers for the energy transition, and on their own do not appear to be appropriate organisational structures for renewables-based power systems.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Potential-Limitations-of-Marginal-Pricing-for-a-Power-System-Based-on-Renewables">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2022-09-01">September 2022</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Policy</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Rare-Earth-elements"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Rare_Earth_Elements_2022.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=FB8E6EFF159EB12561EC89B3DE760160" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Rare_Earth_Elements_2022.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=539A9DB2AD601173668064053A1F6711 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Rare_Earth_Elements_2022.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=FB8E6EFF159EB12561EC89B3DE760160 2x" /><img alt="" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Rare_Earth_Elements_2022.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=7FFD4AD43EE1237B543E2BC1367B8399" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Rare-Earth-elements"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Critical Materials For The Energy Transition: Rare Earth elements</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>The technical paper on Critical Materials for the Energy Transition emphasises that an accelerated energy transition requires a growing supply of critical materials, with Chapter 7 of the IRENA’s World Energy Transition Outlook 2022 further elaborating on these materials. IRENA continues to publish technical papers on groups of critical materials: the first one focuses on lithium and this second paper focuses on rare earth elements.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Rare-Earth-elements">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2022-05-01">May 2022</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Critical materials, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Lithium"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2022-1-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition-lithium.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=2A71DFF03AC26E9E893DD56FE59E5869" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2022-1-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition-lithium.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=2FE203822A701AA69FAD1DA7E58B30C3 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2022-1-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition-lithium.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=2A71DFF03AC26E9E893DD56FE59E5869 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2022-1-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition-lithium.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=912BAEF1D8FB9D30DC75D4DCA1456896" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Lithium"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Critical Materials For The Energy Transition: Lithium</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This paper discusses the global lithium industry structure and major players while reflecting on current costs changes and their further implications, the role of the governments could play to de-risk lithium supply and the opportunities innovation can play in reducing demand growth.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Lithium">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2022-01-01">January 2022</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Critical materials, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> </ul> </div> <div id="m26ff1d9d1bc54154b8c28c2061e349a4" class="m-ExploreFurther__contentGrouped " data-js-tab="tech-papers"> <div class="m-ExploreFurther__desc">Technical paper series are produced as a contribution to technical discussions and to disseminate new findings on relevant topics in the area of the author’s expertise. This publication does not represent IRENA’s official position or views on any topic. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s). IRENA does not assume responsibility for the content of this work or the accuracy of the data included herein. Neither IRENA nor any of its officials, agents, data or other third-party content providers provides a warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of the publication or material herein. The mention of specific companies, projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended, either by IRENA or the author(s). The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA or the author(s) concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries.</div> <ul class="m-ExploreFurther__list"> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Renewable-energy-targets-in-SIDS"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Images/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Nov/IRENA_RE_targets_SIDS_2022_Cover.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=68C159179DB643BAA2EBD01B76414651" /><source srcset="/-/media/Images/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Nov/IRENA_RE_targets_SIDS_2022_Cover.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=C5015CCCB35D54754903D2FB0949488D 1x, /-/media/Images/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Nov/IRENA_RE_targets_SIDS_2022_Cover.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=68C159179DB643BAA2EBD01B76414651 2x" /><img alt="" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Images/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Nov/IRENA_RE_targets_SIDS_2022_Cover.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=B35EEF75D28EA9A5D4CC4917E6827D13" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Renewable-energy-targets-in-SIDS"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Renewable energy targets in small island developing states</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This technical paper presents a quantification of SIDS’ renewable energy targets, both in their national energy plans and in their NDCs.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Renewable-energy-targets-in-SIDS">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2022-11-16">November 2022</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Targets & NDCs</span> <span class="c-Publication__language">English</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Potential-Limitations-of-Marginal-Pricing-for-a-Power-System-Based-on-Renewables"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Limitations_Marginal_Pricing_Renewables_2022.png?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=2F103615B083032F074FCF40B80644B4" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Limitations_Marginal_Pricing_Renewables_2022.png?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=127CD0DEFF637EBA4E5E3BFBA219FED6 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Limitations_Marginal_Pricing_Renewables_2022.png?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=2F103615B083032F074FCF40B80644B4 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Limitations_Marginal_Pricing_Renewables_2022.png?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=A5CCE0ACC914B13752889603C815DE79" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Potential-Limitations-of-Marginal-Pricing-for-a-Power-System-Based-on-Renewables"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Potential Limitations of Marginal Pricing for a Power System Based on Renewables</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>Marginal pricing wholesale power markets could produce significant barriers for the energy transition, and on their own do not appear to be appropriate organisational structures for renewables-based power systems.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Potential-Limitations-of-Marginal-Pricing-for-a-Power-System-Based-on-Renewables">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2022-09-01">September 2022</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Policy</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Rare-Earth-elements"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Rare_Earth_Elements_2022.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=FB8E6EFF159EB12561EC89B3DE760160" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Rare_Earth_Elements_2022.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=539A9DB2AD601173668064053A1F6711 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Rare_Earth_Elements_2022.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=FB8E6EFF159EB12561EC89B3DE760160 2x" /><img alt="" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Rare_Earth_Elements_2022.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=7FFD4AD43EE1237B543E2BC1367B8399" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Rare-Earth-elements"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Critical Materials For The Energy Transition: Rare Earth elements</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>The technical paper on Critical Materials for the Energy Transition emphasises that an accelerated energy transition requires a growing supply of critical materials, with Chapter 7 of the IRENA’s World Energy Transition Outlook 2022 further elaborating on these materials. IRENA continues to publish technical papers on groups of critical materials: the first one focuses on lithium and this second paper focuses on rare earth elements.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Rare-Earth-elements">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2022-05-01">May 2022</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Critical materials, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Lithium"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2022-1-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition-lithium.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=2A71DFF03AC26E9E893DD56FE59E5869" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2022-1-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition-lithium.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=2FE203822A701AA69FAD1DA7E58B30C3 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2022-1-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition-lithium.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=2A71DFF03AC26E9E893DD56FE59E5869 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2022-1-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition-lithium.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=912BAEF1D8FB9D30DC75D4DCA1456896" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Lithium"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Critical Materials For The Energy Transition: Lithium</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This paper discusses the global lithium industry structure and major players while reflecting on current costs changes and their further implications, the role of the governments could play to de-risk lithium supply and the opportunities innovation can play in reducing demand growth.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition-Lithium">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2022-01-01">January 2022</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Critical materials, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-5-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=81E7AC7BD29440B6EE0FBBA3765118FA" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-5-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=521EAC1D898F520A4BAD779B52F55B41 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-5-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=81E7AC7BD29440B6EE0FBBA3765118FA 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-5-critical-materials-for-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=168ADE10CF27020B8E2B07A972384E93" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Critical Materials For The Energy Transition</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This paper will assess how the growth of renewables will put critical materials at the centre of the energy transformation, with the objective of highlighting the criticalities related to the sector and of identifying how technological developments and innovation can positively reduce geopolitical risks.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2021-11-01">November 2021</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Critical materials, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Capturing-Carbon"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-4-reaching-zero-with-renewables-capturing-carbon.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=149DE0FD0D44A93C16C8BA87345DDF91" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-4-reaching-zero-with-renewables-capturing-carbon.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=B0FDF000DCBC6159992E30BF749B2B87 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-4-reaching-zero-with-renewables-capturing-carbon.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=149DE0FD0D44A93C16C8BA87345DDF91 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-4-reaching-zero-with-renewables-capturing-carbon.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=6C9AB9656E812E236BF4C28C36707065" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Capturing-Carbon"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Capturing Carbon</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This paper explores the status and potential of carbon capture and storage (CCS), carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies and their roles alongside renewables in the deep decarbonisation of energy systems. </p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Capturing-Carbon">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2021-10-01">October 2021</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Technology, Carbon capture</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/The-Renewable-Spring"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technicalpaper20213therenewablespringtheinterplaybetweenfinanceandpolicyintheenergytransition.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=94DD1C5E9042C1E92C98A88D195DEF3C" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technicalpaper20213therenewablespringtheinterplaybetweenfinanceandpolicyintheenergytransition.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=E088A7501C6D79DFA6A5810B7B16EC22 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technicalpaper20213therenewablespringtheinterplaybetweenfinanceandpolicyintheenergytransition.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=94DD1C5E9042C1E92C98A88D195DEF3C 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technicalpaper20213therenewablespringtheinterplaybetweenfinanceandpolicyintheenergytransition.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=17E84E2CAB42962BFBEA1633A79B9D3C" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/The-Renewable-Spring"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">The Renewable Spring: The interplay between finance and policy in the energy transition</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This paper presents a brief overview of technology revolutions and how they interact with financial markets.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/The-Renewable-Spring">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2021-10-01">October 2021</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Finance & investment</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-1-international--oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=CE3E5A8440A18DB2AA5EEC7189FC7CFC" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-1-international--oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=B3965DDC2042CA31724BED1F4ACF1660 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-1-international--oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=CE3E5A8440A18DB2AA5EEC7189FC7CFC 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2021-1-international--oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=051F8953970E022B0DE29D22496FDC63" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Oil companies and the energy transition</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>This paper analyses the strategies of seven international oil companies (IOCs) in the context of energy transition. </p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Oil-companies-and-the-energy-transition">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2021-02-01">February 2021</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-Focus-on-jobs"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-2-measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-focus-on-jobs.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=5FAE81FE7B9061BE3D197967D7358900" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-2-measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-focus-on-jobs.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=E84D395D195ADE1918E0CB1166EEBE02 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-2-measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-focus-on-jobs.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=5FAE81FE7B9061BE3D197967D7358900 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-2-measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-focus-on-jobs.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=B3C628D33B5E55CC270DFF5D75AEFB91" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-Focus-on-jobs"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Measuring the socio-economics of transition: Focus on jobs</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>Well-crafted deployment, integrating and enabling policies could create millions of new jobs. This report outlines the evolving global and regional distribution of energy employment.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Measuring-the-socio-economics-of-transition-Focus-on-jobs">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2020-08-01">August 2020</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Socio-economic impact</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Energy-subsidies-Evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-1-energy-subsidies-evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=E0017AD8B76555E322F550D5D891EC90" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-1-energy-subsidies-evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=9EB8C0F1894938ED580A00B34FE1FB6C 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-1-energy-subsidies-evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=E0017AD8B76555E322F550D5D891EC90 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-1-energy-subsidies-evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=ACC149542D0C2DA7A758AF2277DFA00E" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Energy-subsidies-Evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Energy subsidies: Evolution in the global energy transformation to 2050</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>The energy sector lacks a standard definition of subsidies. This paper contributes to research on how subsidies are calculated – for fossil-fuels, renewables and the sector as a whole.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Energy-subsidies-Evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2020-04-01">April 2020</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Costs, Policy, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> </ul> </div> <div id="m236c299098554a28a41e8138d136927b" class="m-ExploreFurther__contentGrouped is--hide" data-js-tab="tech-papers-policy"> <ul class="m-ExploreFurther__list"> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Potential-Limitations-of-Marginal-Pricing-for-a-Power-System-Based-on-Renewables"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Limitations_Marginal_Pricing_Renewables_2022.png?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=2F103615B083032F074FCF40B80644B4" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Limitations_Marginal_Pricing_Renewables_2022.png?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=127CD0DEFF637EBA4E5E3BFBA219FED6 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Limitations_Marginal_Pricing_Renewables_2022.png?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=2F103615B083032F074FCF40B80644B4 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/IRENA_Limitations_Marginal_Pricing_Renewables_2022.png?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=A5CCE0ACC914B13752889603C815DE79" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Potential-Limitations-of-Marginal-Pricing-for-a-Power-System-Based-on-Renewables"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Potential Limitations of Marginal Pricing for a Power System Based on Renewables</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>Marginal pricing wholesale power markets could produce significant barriers for the energy transition, and on their own do not appear to be appropriate organisational structures for renewables-based power systems.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Potential-Limitations-of-Marginal-Pricing-for-a-Power-System-Based-on-Renewables">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2022-09-01">September 2022</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Energy transition, Policy</span> </div> </div>  </li> <li>  <div class="c-Publication c-Publication--border" data-jscomponent="Publication"> <div class="c-Publication__image "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Energy-subsidies-Evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-1-energy-subsidies-evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=E0017AD8B76555E322F550D5D891EC90" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-1-energy-subsidies-evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050.jpg?w=188&h=266&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=9EB8C0F1894938ED580A00B34FE1FB6C 1x, /-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-1-energy-subsidies-evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050.jpg?w=376&h=532&as=1&cc=1&hash=E0017AD8B76555E322F550D5D891EC90 2x" /><img alt="Technical paper cover" class="c-Publication__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Images/Technical-Papers/technical-paper-2020-1-energy-subsidies-evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050.jpg?w=62&h=88&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=ACC149542D0C2DA7A758AF2277DFA00E" /></picture> </a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__content "> <a href="/Technical-Papers/Energy-subsidies-Evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050"> <div class="Heading ">  <h3 class="Heading__text ">Energy subsidies: Evolution in the global energy transformation to 2050</h3> </div> </a> <div class="c-Publication__text "><p>The energy sector lacks a standard definition of subsidies. This paper contributes to research on how subsidies are calculated – for fossil-fuels, renewables and the sector as a whole.</p></div> <a class="Link c-Publication__link" href="/Technical-Papers/Energy-subsidies-Evolution-in-the-global-energy-transformation-to-2050">View</a> </div> <div class="c-Publication__info"> <time class="c-Publication__date" datetime="2020-04-01">April 2020</time> <span class="c-Publication__topics">Costs, Policy, Technology</span> </div> </div>  </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section id="m9a80a52c70764a708ddd1a686aff0726" class="l-section l-section--fluid "> <div class="l-section__placeholder"> </div> </section> <section id="infographics" class="l-section l-section--container "> <div class="l-section__placeholder"> <div class="m-BoxRelatedContent " data-jsmodule="BoxRelatedContent" data-boxrelatedcontent-space=""> <div class="swiper-container "> <div class="Heading m-BoxRelatedContent__heading Heading--border"> <h2 class="Heading__text "> Infographics </h2> </div> <div class="swiper-navigation"> <button class="icon icon--swiper swiper-button-prev"> <svg><use xlink:href="/assets/icons/arrows.svg#arrows-swiper"></use></svg> </button> <button class="icon icon--swiper swiper-button-next"> <svg><use xlink:href="/assets/icons/arrows.svg#arrows-swiper"></use></svg> </button> </div> <ul class="swiper-wrapper"> <li class="swiper-slide"> <div class="c-InfographicItem" data-jscomponent="InfographicItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Enabling-policy-framework-for-a-just-and-inclusive-energy-transition.jpg?w=1000&h=500&as=1&cc=1&hash=09814144BB54B3F33999F48AC11CA9FE" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Enabling-policy-framework-for-a-just-and-inclusive-energy-transition.jpg?w=500&h=250&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=BF67BBD271DF27D00BB16F81E25DDA15 1x, /-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Enabling-policy-framework-for-a-just-and-inclusive-energy-transition.jpg?w=1000&h=500&as=1&cc=1&hash=09814144BB54B3F33999F48AC11CA9FE 2x" /><img alt="Enabling policy framework for a just and inclusive energy transition chart" class="c-InfographicItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Enabling-policy-framework-for-a-just-and-inclusive-energy-transition.jpg?w=166&h=83&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=17D62621B46A2A02DD83545C2663CCD8" /></picture> <div class="c-InfographicItem__content"> <button class="c-InfographicItem__link" data-jscomponent="Button" data-zoom="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Enabling-policy-framework-for-a-just-and-inclusive-energy-transition.jpg?h=8841&w=15350&la=en&hash=61DB5983EEBB475FE6C07175E6FA0661" > <div class="Heading c-InfographicItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text "> Enabling policy framework for a just and inclusive energy transition </h3> </div> </button> <div class="c-InfographicItem__buttons"> <a href="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Enabling-policy-framework-for-a-just-and-inclusive-energy-transition.jpg?h=8841&w=15350&la=en&hash=61DB5983EEBB475FE6C07175E6FA0661" class="c-Button " data-jscomponent="Button" download="screen.jpg"> <span class="icon" aria-hidden="true"> <svg><use xlink:href="/assets/icons/button.svg#button-download"></use></svg> </span> <span class="c-Button__label">Download</span> </a> <button class="c-Button " data-jscomponent="Button" data-zoom="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Enabling-policy-framework-for-a-just-and-inclusive-energy-transition.jpg?h=8841&w=15350&la=en&hash=61DB5983EEBB475FE6C07175E6FA0661" > <span class="icon" aria-hidden="true" > <svg><use xlink:href="/assets/icons/button.svg#button-magnifier"></use></svg> </span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="swiper-slide"> <div class="c-InfographicItem" data-jscomponent="InfographicItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Reducing-emissions-by-2050-through-six-technological-avenues.jpg?w=1000&h=500&as=1&cc=1&hash=931324ACFF6F2DEDB68C9A3A66877F92" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Reducing-emissions-by-2050-through-six-technological-avenues.jpg?w=500&h=250&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=E2A7030C35D2165FC611ACD20575C9DA 1x, /-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Reducing-emissions-by-2050-through-six-technological-avenues.jpg?w=1000&h=500&as=1&cc=1&hash=931324ACFF6F2DEDB68C9A3A66877F92 2x" /><img alt="Reducing emissions chart" class="c-InfographicItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Reducing-emissions-by-2050-through-six-technological-avenues.jpg?w=166&h=83&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=53A4FBA646CBD038CB0D78CDDFB6081C" /></picture> <div class="c-InfographicItem__content"> <button class="c-InfographicItem__link" data-jscomponent="Button" data-zoom="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Reducing-emissions-by-2050-through-six-technological-avenues.jpg?h=1013&w=1800&la=en&hash=425B17FD72364D16A94FE50242E1E5D1" > <div class="Heading c-InfographicItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text "> Reducing emissions by 2050 through six technological avenues </h3> </div> </button> <div class="c-InfographicItem__buttons"> <a href="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Reducing-emissions-by-2050-through-six-technological-avenues.jpg?h=1013&w=1800&la=en&hash=425B17FD72364D16A94FE50242E1E5D1" class="c-Button " data-jscomponent="Button" download="screen.jpg"> <span class="icon" aria-hidden="true"> <svg><use xlink:href="/assets/icons/button.svg#button-download"></use></svg> </span> <span class="c-Button__label">Download</span> </a> <button class="c-Button " data-jscomponent="Button" 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/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Renewable-energy-jobs-will-grow-substantially-by-2030.jpg?w=1000&h=500&as=1&cc=1&hash=4806BBDA154EBAABF49DB53E34E776ED 2x" /><img alt="Renewable energy jobs chart" class="c-InfographicItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Renewable-energy-jobs-will-grow-substantially-by-2030.jpg?w=166&h=83&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=9CD6E25403DE2AA25956B614797A2D0A" /></picture> <div class="c-InfographicItem__content"> <button class="c-InfographicItem__link" data-jscomponent="Button" data-zoom="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Renewable-energy-jobs-will-grow-substantially-by-2030.jpg?h=1875&w=3334&la=en&hash=07DAB2D5A84E369F4D1D954193103929" > <div class="Heading c-InfographicItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text "> Renewable energy jobs will grow substantially by 2030 </h3> </div> </button> <div class="c-InfographicItem__buttons"> <a href="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Renewable-energy-jobs-will-grow-substantially-by-2030.jpg?h=1875&w=3334&la=en&hash=07DAB2D5A84E369F4D1D954193103929" class="c-Button " data-jscomponent="Button" download="screen.jpg"> <span class="icon" aria-hidden="true"> <svg><use xlink:href="/assets/icons/button.svg#button-download"></use></svg> </span> <span class="c-Button__label">Download</span> </a> <button class="c-Button " data-jscomponent="Button" data-zoom="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Renewable-energy-jobs-will-grow-substantially-by-2030.jpg?h=1875&w=3334&la=en&hash=07DAB2D5A84E369F4D1D954193103929" > <span class="icon" aria-hidden="true" > <svg><use xlink:href="/assets/icons/button.svg#button-magnifier"></use></svg> </span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="swiper-slide"> <div class="c-InfographicItem" data-jscomponent="InfographicItem"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 2540px)" srcset="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/The-impact-on-emissions-of-replacing-fossil-fuels-with-renewables-and-increasing-energy.jpg?w=1000&h=500&as=1&cc=1&hash=9F1328DFE75DDE68815AE3D7511CE829" /><source srcset="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/The-impact-on-emissions-of-replacing-fossil-fuels-with-renewables-and-increasing-energy.jpg?w=500&h=250&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=8CE76BE0D3D11210B297388CA950B781 1x, /-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/The-impact-on-emissions-of-replacing-fossil-fuels-with-renewables-and-increasing-energy.jpg?w=1000&h=500&as=1&cc=1&hash=9F1328DFE75DDE68815AE3D7511CE829 2x" /><img alt="The impact on emissions of replacing fossil fuels chart" class="c-InfographicItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/The-impact-on-emissions-of-replacing-fossil-fuels-with-renewables-and-increasing-energy.jpg?w=166&h=83&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=2B1EB3349D801118A3C8E51DA27AFB99" /></picture> <div 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/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Renewables-scale-up-by-2030.jpg?w=1000&h=500&as=1&cc=1&hash=D3A9B3200DFACD7582DD00D8CCFC1C6B 2x" /><img alt="Renewables scale-up by 2030 chart" class="c-InfographicItem__image" loading="lazy" src="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Renewables-scale-up-by-2030.jpg?w=166&h=83&as=1&bc=ffffff&cc=1&hash=B36F1F1CF58B765FB0A9A31270A49BD5" /></picture> <div class="c-InfographicItem__content"> <button class="c-InfographicItem__link" data-jscomponent="Button" data-zoom="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Renewables-scale-up-by-2030.jpg?h=1875&w=3334&la=en&hash=68E822FA6B8C0565A3F80305D1B33BDB" > <div class="Heading c-InfographicItem__heading"> <h3 class="Heading__text "> Renewables scale-up by 2030 </h3> </div> </button> <div class="c-InfographicItem__buttons"> <a href="/-/media/Irena/Modules-Content/Infographics/Renewables-scale-up-by-2030.jpg?h=1875&w=3334&la=en&hash=68E822FA6B8C0565A3F80305D1B33BDB" class="c-Button " 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