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class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Rivadavia</i>-class battleship</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%E2%80%9E%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%E2%80%9C" title="Линейни кораби тип „Ривадавия“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Линейни кораби тип „Ривадавия“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99%C3%ADda_Rivadavia" title="Třída Rivadavia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Třída Rivadavia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivadavia-Klasse" title="Rivadavia-Klasse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rivadavia-Klasse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clase_Rivadavia" title="Clase Rivadavia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clase Rivadavia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نبردناو کلاس-رایودویا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبردناو کلاس-رایودویا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_Rivadavia" title="Classe Rivadavia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classe Rivadavia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%80%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E7%B4%9A%E6%88%A6%E8%89%A6" title="リバダビア級戦艦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リバダビア級戦艦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_Rivadavia" title="Classe Rivadavia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Classe Rivadavia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%C2%BB" title="Линейные корабли типа «Ривадавия» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Линейные корабли типа «Ривадавия»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivadavia-luokka_(taistelulaiva)" title="Rivadavia-luokka (taistelulaiva) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rivadavia-luokka (taistelulaiva)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivadavia-klass" title="Rivadavia-klass – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rivadavia-klass" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%C2%BB" title="Лінійні кораблі типу «Рівадавія» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лінійні кораблі типу «Рівадавія»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9562#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1914 Argentine battleship class</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rivadavia_Battleship_LOC_14781u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rivadavia_Battleship_LOC_14781u.jpg/300px-Rivadavia_Battleship_LOC_14781u.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rivadavia_Battleship_LOC_14781u.jpg/450px-Rivadavia_Battleship_LOC_14781u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rivadavia_Battleship_LOC_14781u.jpg/600px-Rivadavia_Battleship_LOC_14781u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4398" data-file-height="3492" /></a></span><div><i>Rivadavia</i> c. 1914–15, possibly on a <a href="/wiki/Sea_trial" title="Sea trial">speed trial</a>.</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Class overview</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builders</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Fore_River_Shipyard" title="Fore River Shipyard">Fore River Shipbuilding Company</a> (<i>Rivadavia</i>)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Shipbuilding" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Shipbuilding">New York Shipbuilding Corporation</a> (<i>Moreno</i>)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Operators</td><td><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Argentine Navy</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Preceded by</td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independencia-class_battleship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independencia-class battleship (page does not exist)"><i>Independencia</i> class</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Succeeded by</td><td>None</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Built</td><td>1910–15</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">In commission</td><td>1914–56</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Completed</td><td>2</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Preserved</td><td>0</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics 1915</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Type</td><td><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">27,500 long tons (27,900 t) <a href="/wiki/Standard_displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard displacement">standard</a>,</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">30,100 long tons (30,600 t) <a href="/wiki/Full-load_displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-load displacement">full load</a></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">594 ft 9 in (181.28 m) <a href="/wiki/Length_overall" title="Length overall">oa</a>,</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">585 ft (178 m) <a href="/wiki/Length_between_perpendiculars" title="Length between perpendiculars">pp</a><sup id="cite_ref-Conways_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conways-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>98 ft 4.5 in (29.985 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draft</td><td>27 ft 8.5 in (8.446 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">3-shaft, <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_%26_Company" title="John Brown & Company">Curtis</a> geared <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">turbines</a>,</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">18 <a href="/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox" title="Babcock & Wilcox">Babcock & Wilcox</a> <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boilers</a>;</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">40,000 <a href="/wiki/Shaft_horsepower" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaft horsepower">shaft horsepower</a></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Speed</td><td>22.5 knots (25.9 mph; 41.7 km/h)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Range</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">7,000 nautical miles (8,100 mi; 13,000 km) at 15 knots (17 mph; 28 km/h)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">11,000 nautical miles (13,000 mi; 20,000 km) at 11 knots (13 mph; 20 km/h)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">12 × <a href="/wiki/12%22/50_caliber_gun_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="12"/50 caliber gun (Argentina)">12 inch (305 mm)/50</a> guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">12 × <a href="/wiki/6%22/50_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="6"/50 caliber gun">6 inch (152 mm)/50</a> guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">16 × <a href="/wiki/4%22/50_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="4"/50 caliber gun">4 inch (102 mm)</a> guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">2 × <a href="/wiki/American_21_inch_torpedo" class="mw-redirect" title="American 21 inch torpedo">21 inch (533 mm)</a> <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armor</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">Belt</a>: 12–10 inches (300–250 mm)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Turrets: 12 inches (305 mm)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Casemates: 9<sup>1/3</sup>–6<sup>1/5</sup> inches (238–159 mm)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Conning tower: 12 inches (300 mm)</li> </ul></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <b><i>Rivadavia</i> class</b> consisted of two <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> designed by the American <a href="/wiki/Fore_River_Shipyard" title="Fore River Shipyard">Fore River Shipbuilding Company</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Argentine Navy</a>. Named <a href="/wiki/ARA_Rivadavia" title="ARA Rivadavia"><i>Rivadavia</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/ARA_Moreno" title="ARA Moreno"><i>Moreno</i></a> after important figures in Argentine history, they were Argentina's entry in the <a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">South American dreadnought race</a> and a counter to Brazil's two <a href="/wiki/Minas_Geraes-class_battleship" title="Minas Geraes-class battleship"><i>Minas Geraes</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>. </p><p>In 1904, Brazil scrapped a previous naval building program in favor of an order that included three warships of the new "<a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnought</a>" type, despite signs that such an action would spark a <a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">South American naval arms race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To counter this acquisition by a major rival, Argentina began <a href="/wiki/Call_for_bids" class="mw-redirect" title="Call for bids">seeking bids</a> for at least two dreadnoughts in 1908. Over the next two years, shipbuilders from five countries vied for the contracts, complemented by efforts from their respective governments. Argentina was able to play this hyper-competitive environment to its own advantage by rejecting all of the initial proposals and calling for new ones that required the best aspects of each. They then repeated this process, despite complaints from shipbuilders that their trade secrets were being given away. The contracts were awarded to the lowest bidder, Fore River, in early 1910. This move shocked the European bidders, but could partly be explained by the American <a href="/wiki/Trust_(business)" title="Trust (business)">steel trust's</a> ability to produce steel at a lower cost than any other country. </p><p>With increasing tensions in Europe that would eventually lead to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, newspapers speculated that the Argentine dreadnoughts would be sold to another country. Under diplomatic pressure, Argentina kept the ships. Throughout their careers, <i>Rivadavia</i> and <i>Moreno</i> were based in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Belgrano" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Belgrano">Puerto Belgrano</a> and served principally as <a href="/wiki/Training_ship" title="Training ship">training ships</a> and diplomatic envoys. They were modernized in the United States in 1924 and 1925 and were inactive for much of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> due to Argentina's neutrality. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stricken" class="extiw" title="wikt:stricken">Struck</a> from the navy lists on 1 February 1957, <i>Rivadavia</i> was <a href="/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">scrapped</a> in Italy beginning in 1959. <i>Moreno</i> was struck on 1 October 1956 and was towed to Japan in 1957 for scrapping. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race" title="Argentine–Chilean naval arms race">Argentine–Chilean naval arms race</a></div> <p>The <i>raison d'être</i> for the <i>Rivadavia</i> class can be traced back to Argentine–Chilean territorial disputes over the boundary of <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> and control of the <a href="/wiki/Beagle_Channel" title="Beagle Channel">Beagle Channel</a> going back to the 1840s. It nearly led to war in 1878 and kindled a naval arms race from 1887 to 1902 which was only settled via British mediation. As part of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Arbitration_Between_Chile_and_Argentina_of_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Arbitration Between Chile and Argentina of 1902">the three pacts</a> which ended the dispute, restrictions were placed on the navies of both countries. The British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> bought two <a href="/wiki/Swiftsure-class_battleship" title="Swiftsure-class battleship"><i>Swiftsure</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-dreadnought">pre-dreadnought</a> battleships that were being built for Chile, and Argentina sold its two <a href="/wiki/Kasuga-class_cruiser" title="Kasuga-class cruiser"><i>Rivadavia</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruisers</a> under construction in Italy to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence after an <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil#Fall" title="Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil">1889 revolution</a>, which deposed <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Politics of the Empire of Brazil">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Dom_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (title)">Dom</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Revolta_da_Armada" title="Revolta da Armada">1893 civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg/260px-Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg/390px-Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg/520px-Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>The gun trials of the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnought</a> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes" title="Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes"><i>Minas Geraes</i></a>, the ship that began the dreadnought race. Here, all guns capable of training to the port side were fired, forming what was at that time the heaviest <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">broadside</a> ever fired off a warship.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>By 1904, however, Brazil began to seriously consider upgrading its navy to compete with Argentina and Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore32_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Brazil#History" title="Coffee production in Brazil">Soaring demand</a> for coffee and <a href="/wiki/Rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber boom">rubber</a> brought the Brazilian economy an influx of revenue,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which paid for a US$31.25 million<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> naval repair scheme, a substantial amount for the time period. The bill authorized 28 ships, including three battleships and three armored cruisers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not possible to <a href="/wiki/Keel_laying" title="Keel laying">lay down</a> the battleships until 1906, the same year the trend-setting <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a> was constructed. This ship prompted the Brazilians to cancel their battleship plans in favor of two <a href="/wiki/Minas_Geraes-class_battleship" title="Minas Geraes-class battleship"><i>Minas Geraes</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore32_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ordering of these powerful ships—designed to carry the heaviest armament in the world at the time—shocked Argentina and Chile. Historian Robert Scheina comments that the dreadnoughts alone "outclassed the entire [elderly] Argentinian fleet."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debates raged in Argentina over the wisdom of acquiring dreadnoughts to counter Brazil's. The <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomist_Party" title="National Autonomist Party">National Autonomist Party</a> cabinet was in favor, despite a probable cost of nearly $10 million, but a specific plan for two 14,000-long-ton (14,225 t) battleships and ten destroyers was not popular with the public. Alarmed, the American ambassador to Brazil sent a <a href="/wiki/Cablegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Cablegram">cablegram</a> to his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a>, warning them of the destabilizing effects that would occur if the situation devolved into a full naval arms race.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite American entreaties to preclude the naval arms race, Brazil continued development on the ships. This, combined with renewed border disputes, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">River Plate</a> (<i>Río de la Plata</i>, literally "Silver River") area, spurred Argentina to move forward with plans for their own battleships. Inflamed by newspaper editors, opinion had swung towards supporting a naval building program. While an early plan called for $35 million to be invested—$7 million from foreign loans—a $55 million plan was adopted in August 1908. Hoping to end the arms race, Argentina made an offer to purchase one of the two Brazilian ships, but the refusal prompted the dispatch of an Argentine naval commission to Europe to acquire dreadnoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bidding">Bidding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bidding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argentine_Rivadavia_Class_Battleship_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Argentine_Rivadavia_Class_Battleship_1912.jpg/220px-Argentine_Rivadavia_Class_Battleship_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Argentine_Rivadavia_Class_Battleship_1912.jpg/330px-Argentine_Rivadavia_Class_Battleship_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Argentine_Rivadavia_Class_Battleship_1912.jpg/440px-Argentine_Rivadavia_Class_Battleship_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="5198" /></a><figcaption><i>Rivadavia</i> under construction, 2 December 1912.</figcaption></figure> <p>Proposals from shipbuilders for two dreadnoughts (along with a possible third, to match Brazil should a third ship be ordered) and twelve destroyers were solicited in 1908 by <a href="/wiki/Call_for_bids" class="mw-redirect" title="Call for bids">open tender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to ensure that the designs reflected the most modern practices, the requirements were intentionally vague.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fifteen shipyards from the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, and Italy began bidding on the battleships.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diplomatic pressure to give the contracts was brought to bear from all these countries, especially the first three.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore34_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore34-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with this assistance, industry leaders in the United States believed that they had no chance in the bidding without active cooperation from their government, as Europe was the traditional arms supplier to Argentina (and to all of South America).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when this was given, including the removal of import tariffs on <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hides</a> from Argentina, promises for additional concessions if American shipbuilders were selected,<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore36_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore36-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an offer to include the most technologically advanced <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">fire-control system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a> available on the Argentine battleships, the United States was widely viewed as a non-contender.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina83_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina83-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seward_W._Livermore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seward W. Livermore (page does not exist)">Seward W. Livermore</a> remarked that "opposition to the United States was formidable. The naval commission was pro-British; the vice-president of the republic, <a href="/wiki/Roque_S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Roque Sáenz Peña">Roque Sáenz Peña</a>, favored Italy, where he had been the Argentine envoy for many years; and the minister of war wanted the contracts to go to Germany, so as to standardize the military and naval equipment of the country."<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore36_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore36-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president of the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Shipbuilding_Newport_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding Newport News">Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company</a> believed that the United States would not receive contracts due to what he saw as a large amount of European meddling in Argentina: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The political influence of foreign powers is being exerted in a very forceful manner to turn the business to English and Continental firms; the King of Italy, the German Emperor, and the force of English diplomacy are being made use of; and American firms will have very little consideration, I fear, unless our government will exert some very powerful influence in favor of this country.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The United States, however, found an ally in Buenos Aires' main daily newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Prensa_(Buenos_Aires)" title="La Prensa (Buenos Aires)">La Prensa</a></i>. The owner, editor, and naval editor were all in favor of acquiring American-designed dreadnoughts. In addition, the paper found evidence of British wrongdoing in a related naval contract. Under public pressure, the naval commission was forced to reconsider its original list, which had placed Italy first and Britain second. It now featured the United States first, Britain second, and Italy last.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore36_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore36-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a surprise move, the Argentine naval commission then threw out all of the opening tenders and called for another round of bidding; they simultaneously updated the specifications to include what were judged to be the best aspects of all the plans.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The competitors were given three weeks to come up with new designs and cost estimates. After diplomatic protests, this was modified slightly; the original bids were kept, but alterations to attempt to conform to the new desired characteristics were allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore37_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore37-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARA_Rivadavia_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ARA_Rivadavia_launch.jpg/260px-ARA_Rivadavia_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ARA_Rivadavia_launch.jpg/390px-ARA_Rivadavia_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ARA_Rivadavia_launch.jpg/520px-ARA_Rivadavia_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption><i>Rivadavia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s launch, 16 August 1911.</figcaption></figure> <p>The commission found that the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company bid was lowest on one battleship, and the <a href="/wiki/Fore_River_Shipyard" title="Fore River Shipyard">Fore River Shipbuilding Company</a> was lowest on the other. Despite a British attempt to allow the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth" title="Armstrong Whitworth">Armstrong Whitworth</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vickers_Limited" title="Vickers Limited">Vickers</a> team to lower their price by $570,000, prompt American diplomacy granting various assurances regarding recent events between the United States and Brazil, the upcoming 1910 <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a>, and a guarantee of American participation in the Argentine centennial celebrations secured the battleship contracts for Fore River on 21 January 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore38_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore38-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum price Fore River tendered, $10.7 million, underbid the British by more than $973,000, but their ship's <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">displacement</a> was 2,000 long tons (2,000 t) smaller, the <a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">belt armor</a> was 2 inches (51 mm) thinner, and the top speed was slightly lower.<sup id="cite_ref-Alger595_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alger595-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orders for the twelve destroyers were divided among Britain, France, and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Rivadavia</i> was built by Fore River at its shipyard in Massachusetts, but they were contractually obligated to <a href="/wiki/Subcontractor" title="Subcontractor">subcontract</a> the second ship to a different shipyard in the hope that both would be completed faster, so <i>Moreno</i> was constructed by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Shipbuilding" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Shipbuilding">New York Shipbuilding Corporation</a> of Camden, New Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The steel for the ships was largely supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethlehem Steel Company">Bethlehem Steel Company</a> of Pennsylvania,<sup id="cite_ref-Evening_Post_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evening_Post-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, due to their ability to produce steel at a lower price than other nations, was an integral cost-saving measure.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore39_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore39-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Secretary of the Argentine Naval Commission, the body which chose the final design, said the reason the American tender was lower than that of the English was that "steel for construction work and armor-plating is a great deal cheaper in the United States than in England. Wages are higher there, but the contractors ... are able to obtain it more cheaply owing to the manipulations of the Steel Trust."<sup id="cite_ref-Alger595_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alger595-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>G<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third dreadnought, provided for in the contract, was strongly supported by Argentina and by U.S. diplomats during 1910, while the <i>Minas Geraes</i> class was still under construction. <i>La Prensa</i> and one of its rivals, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n" title="La Nación">La Argentina</a></i>, heavily advocated a third ship; the latter even started a petition to raise money for a new battleship. An American diplomat wrote back to the United States that "this newspaper rivalry promises the early conclusion of a movement which means a third battleship whether by public subscription or by Government funds."<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore44_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore44-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Brazil's 21–26 November <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Lash" title="Revolt of the Lash">Revolt of the Lash</a>—in which the three most powerful ships in the fleet (the battleships <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes" title="Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes"><i>Minas Geraes</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Brazilian battleship São Paulo"><i>São Paulo</i></a> and the cruiser <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cruiser_Bahia" title="Brazilian cruiser Bahia"><i>Bahia</i></a>) and several smaller warships violently rebelled—crushed the previous sentiment for a new battleship.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About two years later in October 1912, a third dreadnought was authorized by Argentina in case Brazil's <a href="/wiki/HMS_Agincourt_(1913)" title="HMS Agincourt (1913)"><i>Rio de Janeiro</i></a> was completed and delivered. The ship was never named or built, as <i>Rio de Janeiro</i> was sold to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> due to monetary issues, and a later planned Brazilian ship (<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_Riachuelo_(1914)" title="Brazilian battleship Riachuelo (1914)"><i>Riachuelo</i></a>) was canceled due to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reaction">International reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The choice of Fore River came as a complete surprise to the European bidders.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina83_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina83-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain's reaction in particular was scathing: Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_H._Biles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John H. Biles (page does not exist)">John H. Biles</a>, a professor and well-known <a href="/wiki/Naval_architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval architect">naval architect</a>, decried the bidding process as "unethical": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... it may be presumed that everything ... good in the first proposals [was] seized upon by the Argentine authorities and asked for in the new design. This second request went not only to British builders but to all the builders of the world, and in this way it is exceedingly probable that a serious leakage of ideas and practice of our ships was disseminated through the world by the Argentine government.... The third inquiry that was issued showed to all the builders of the world what has been eliminated or modified in the second inquiry; and so the process of leakage went merrily on, and with it that of the education of foreign builders and the Argentine government.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Various British newspapers also cried foul. The <i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></i> believed that as "Argentina's greatest creditor and greatest client",<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore39_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore39-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain ought to have been awarded the two ships. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> took a different track, accusing American shipbuilders of slashing prices to an obscene degree,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accusing the government of exerting undue diplomatic pressure to obtain the contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore39_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore39-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARA_Rivadavia_speed_trials_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/ARA_Rivadavia_speed_trials_2.jpg/260px-ARA_Rivadavia_speed_trials_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/ARA_Rivadavia_speed_trials_2.jpg/390px-ARA_Rivadavia_speed_trials_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/ARA_Rivadavia_speed_trials_2.jpg/520px-ARA_Rivadavia_speed_trials_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption><i>Rivadavia</i> on its speed trials</figcaption></figure> <p>New Zealand's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)" title="The Evening Post (New Zealand)">Evening Post</a></i> noted that the United States had previously built major warships for other countries, including Russia, and Britain's ally Japan, and commented, "The severity of the blow to England rests in ... the amount of English capital in [Argentina]", possibly echoing the <i>Evening Standard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s argument. They referred to a "startling" fact printed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i>: the steel used for the armor of the American design was obtained for a much lower price. With Bethlehem's ability to produce it at £8 less per ton than British foundries, a cost savings of more than 10% in steel over the British ship could be realized.<sup id="cite_ref-Evening_Post_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evening_Post-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany asserted that the United States was given the opportunity to view the other nations' tenders and lower their price accordingly. Germany also alleged that the United States had secured the deal by pledging to come to Argentina's defense should they become embroiled in a military conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The New York Times</i> noted that with Argentina's and Brazil's dreadnought orders, countries in North and South America were building the five biggest <a href="/wiki/Capital_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital ships">capital ships</a> in the world (Brazil's <i>Rio de Janeiro</i>, Argentina's <i>Rivadavia</i> and <i>Moreno</i>, and the United States' <a href="/wiki/USS_New_York_(BB-34)" title="USS New York (BB-34)"><i>New York</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(BB-35)" title="USS Texas (BB-35)"><i>Texas</i></a>) in addition to seven of the ten largest (including the United States' <a href="/wiki/USS_Wyoming_(BB-32)" title="USS Wyoming (BB-32)"><i>Wyoming</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Arkansas_(BB-33)" title="USS Arkansas (BB-33)"><i>Arkansas</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after <i>Rivadavia</i> had completed its trials, the U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Inspection_and_Survey" title="Board of Inspection and Survey">Board of Inspection and Survey</a> remarked that the ship "handle[d] remarkably well ... with comparatively minor modifications the vessel would practically meet the requirements of our own vessels."<sup id="cite_ref-Conways402_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conways402-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Inspection was less pleased with the wing turrets, stating that "while theoretically the <i>Rivadavia</i> has an ahead and astern fire of six guns, this is not so in reality, as it is almost certain that the blast from the waist turrets would dish in the smokepipes and damage the uptakes."<sup id="cite_ref-Conways402_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conways402-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_sale">Possible sale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Possible sale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Brazil sold <i>Rio de Janeiro</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Argentina began to actively seek a buyer for their two ships so the profits could be invested in education. In the tension that preceded the First World War, there were many suitors. The United States, however, abhorred the idea of their latest technological advances falling into the hands of a possible future combat opponent. While the contract allowed the United States Navy an option to acquire the ships if a deal was reached with a third nation, the Navy did not want the ships; with the rapid advances in dreadnought technology, such as the <a href="/wiki/All_or_nothing_(armor)" title="All or nothing (armor)">"all or nothing" armor arrangement</a>, even new ships like <i>Rivadavia</i> and <i>Moreno</i> were seen as outmoded.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three bills directing that the battleships be sold were introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine National Congress">Argentine National Congress</a> in the summer of 1914, but all were defeated. Still, soon after the beginning of the First World War, the German ambassador to Argentina alleged to the U.S. State Department that Britain's Royal Navy was going to take over the ships as soon as the ships reached the River Plate, and the British put diplomatic pressure on the United States to try to ensure the ships were not sold to any other country (as this new country could in turn sell them to Germany).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>I<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy, the Ottomans, and Greece were all reportedly interested in buying both ships, the latter as a counter to the Ottoman purchase of <i>Rio de Janeiro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States, worried that its neutrality would not be respected and its technology would be released for study to a foreign competitor, put diplomatic pressure on Argentina to keep the ships, which it eventually did.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_influences">Design influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Rivadavia</i> design was very similar to a 1906 proposal from Fore River for an American dreadnought class.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>J<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ship would have mounted a <a href="/wiki/Main_battery" title="Main battery">main battery</a> of fourteen 12-inch (300 mm) guns in twin turrets (two <a href="/wiki/Superfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfire">superfiring</a> fore, two <a href="/wiki/Wing_turret" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing turret">wing</a>, and three non-superfiring aft), a secondary battery of twenty 4-inch (102 mm) guns and four <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a> on a hull of 22,000 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a> (22,000 t) that would be capable of 21 knots (24 mph; 39 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign practices also bore a large influence on the design; most were acquired through the unique design process of rejecting multiple bids and calling for the best aspects of each.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the superfiring arrangement of the main battery was an American innovation, while the wing turrets were similar to British designs of the time. The secondary battery of 6-inch (152 mm) guns and the three-shaft system were influenced by German design practices, while the engine and boiler layout was reminiscent of the Italian battleship <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Dante_Alighieri" title="Italian battleship Dante Alighieri"><i>Dante Alighieri</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_histories">Service histories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Service histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:264px;max-width:264px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Argentine_battleship_Rivadavia_in_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Argentine_battleship_Rivadavia_in_1948.jpg/260px-Argentine_battleship_Rivadavia_in_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Argentine_battleship_Rivadavia_in_1948.jpg/390px-Argentine_battleship_Rivadavia_in_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Argentine_battleship_Rivadavia_in_1948.jpg/520px-Argentine_battleship_Rivadavia_in_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="849" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Argentine_battleship_Moreno_in_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Argentine_battleship_Moreno_in_1947.jpg/260px-Argentine_battleship_Moreno_in_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Argentine_battleship_Moreno_in_1947.jpg/390px-Argentine_battleship_Moreno_in_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Argentine_battleship_Moreno_in_1947.jpg/520px-Argentine_battleship_Moreno_in_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The two battleships near the end of their lives: <i>Rivadavia</i> in 1948 (top), and <i>Moreno</i> in 1947 (bottom).</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ARA_Rivadavia" title="ARA Rivadavia"><i>Rivadavia</i></a> was named after <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a>, the first president of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, and was built by <a href="/wiki/Fore_River_Shipyard" title="Fore River Shipyard">Fore River Shipyard</a>. The ship was <a href="/wiki/Keel_laying" title="Keel laying">laid down</a> on 25 May 1910, <a href="/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship naming and launching">launched</a> on 26 August 1911, and completed in December 1914. <a href="/wiki/ARA_Moreno" title="ARA Moreno"><i>Moreno</i></a> was named after <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Moreno" title="Mariano Moreno">Mariano Moreno</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Primera_Junta" title="Primera Junta">first Argentine government</a>; laid down on 9 July 1910 by <a href="/wiki/New_York_Shipbuilding_Corporation" title="New York Shipbuilding Corporation">New York Shipbuilding Corporation</a>, it was launched on 23 September 1911 and completed in February 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Conways_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conways-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whitley21_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley21-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both ships had engine trouble soon after completion: <i>Rivadavia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s completion was delayed due to a damaged turbine,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <i>Moreno</i> had an entire turbine fail while on its trials.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ships were also plagued by an abnormally high coal consumption even after their trials.<sup id="cite_ref-Janes1919_p451_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janes1919_p451-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>K<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ships finally arrived in Argentina in February and May 1915, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley21_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley21-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1920s, both ships spent time in the reserve fleet due to an <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">economic depression</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but enough money was available by 1924 to have the dreadnoughts modernized in the United States. Both refits included a conversion from coal to fuel oil, a new fire-control system,<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley21_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley21-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other minor improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-Conways402405_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conways402405-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s they participated in training cruises and diplomatic trips, including: </p> <ul><li><i>Moreno</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 1933 visit to Brazil with Argentine president <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Pedro_Justo" title="Agustín Pedro Justo">Agustín Pedro Justo</a> aboard;<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley21-22_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley21-22-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A second visit in 1934 to mark the centennial of Brazilian independence;<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley21-22_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley21-22-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Rivadavia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s and <i>Moreno</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 1937 voyage to Europe, where they visited <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (Germany);<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley21-22_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley21-22-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Moreno</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s additional participation on the same voyage in the British <a href="/wiki/Fleet_review_(Commonwealth_realms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet review (Commonwealth realms)">Spithead Naval Review</a>, where the <i>New York Times</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> <a href="/wiki/Hanson_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanson Baldwin">Hanson Baldwin</a> described it as "a strange vestigial sea monster in this company of more modern fighting ships";<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Rivadavia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s and <i>Moreno</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 1939 training cruise to Brazil with naval cadets embarked; with the beginning of the Second World War in September, destroyers had to be sent from Argentina to escort them home.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley21-22_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley21-22-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>During the war, both ships were mainly inactive due to Argentine neutrality. <i>Rivadavia</i> undertook a last diplomatic cruise to Trinidad, Venezuela, and Colombia in 1946, but both ships were immobile by 1948. <i>Moreno</i> was stricken from the naval register on 1 October 1956 and was brought to Japan in 1957 for <a href="/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">scrapping</a>. <i>Rivadavia</i> was stricken on 1 February 1957 and scrapped in Italy beginning in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The money gained from selling the two dreadnoughts along with an older armored cruiser, <a href="/wiki/ARA_Pueyrred%C3%B3n" title="ARA Pueyrredón"><i>Pueyrredón</i></a>, was used to buy an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> from the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(R31)" title="HMS Warrior (R31)"><i>Independencia</i></a> (ex-<i>Warrior</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rivadavia-class_battleships.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rivadavia-class_battleships.jpg/310px-Rivadavia-class_battleships.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rivadavia-class_battleships.jpg/465px-Rivadavia-class_battleships.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rivadavia-class_battleships.jpg/620px-Rivadavia-class_battleships.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Rivadavia</i> class were the second dreadnought class purchased by a South American country and the only ones to not be built by a British company. Ordered in response to the <i>Minas Geraes</i> class, they mounted the same-size <a href="/wiki/Main_battery" title="Main battery">main battery</a> as the Brazilian ships (12-inch), but the Argentine ships were much larger and significantly better-armored.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The two ships of the <i>Rivadavia</i> class were 594 feet 9 inches (181.28 m) <a href="/wiki/Length_overall" title="Length overall">overall</a> and 585 feet (178 m) <a href="/wiki/Length_between_perpendiculars" title="Length between perpendiculars">between perpendiculars</a>. They had a <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a> of 98 feet 4.5 inches (29.985 m), a normal <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a> of 27 feet 8.5 inches (8.446 m), and <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">displaced</a> 27,500 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a> (27,900 t) <a href="/wiki/Normal_displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal displacement">normally</a> and 30,100 long tons (30,600 t) <a href="/wiki/Full-load_displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-load displacement">at full load</a>. The ships were staffed by 130 officers and about 1000 enlisted men.<sup id="cite_ref-Conways_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conways-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For armament, the <i>Rivadavia</i> class was equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Main_battery" title="Main battery">main battery</a> of twelve <a href="/wiki/12%22/50_caliber_gun_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="12"/50 caliber gun (Argentina)">12-inch/50</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)" title="Caliber (artillery)">caliber</a> guns, a secondary battery of twelve <a href="/wiki/6%22/50_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="6"/50 caliber gun">6 inch (152 mm)/50</a> and twelve <a href="/wiki/4%22/50_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="4"/50 caliber gun">4-inch (102 mm)/50</a> <a href="/wiki/Quick-firing_gun" title="Quick-firing gun">QF</a>, and two 21-inch (533 mm) <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Conways_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conways-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 12"/50 was a <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethlehem Steel Company">Bethlehem</a> development. It was most likely based on the weapon used in the United States' <a href="/wiki/Wyoming-class_battleship" title="Wyoming-class battleship"><i>Wyoming</i>-class battleship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/12%22/50_caliber_Mark_7_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="12"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun">12"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun</a>. The twelve guns were mounted in six twin turrets. Four turrets were <a href="/wiki/Superfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfire">superfiring</a> fore and aft, while the other two were located <i><a href="/wiki/En_echelon_(turret_arrangement)" class="mw-redirect" title="En echelon (turret arrangement)">en echelon</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Wing_turret" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing turret">wing turrets</a>. The latter weapons could, in theory, fire on a 180° range on their respective sides of the hull and 100° on the other, but in reality this was not possible, as the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_flash#Problems_caused_by_muzzle_blast" title="Muzzle flash">blast damage</a> from the weapons would damage the ship. A more reasonable estimate would be 90° on their sides.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 6-inch secondary armament was placed in <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemates</a>, with six on either side of the ship. For protection, they were provided with 6 inches of armor. The 4-inch weaponry, intended for use against marauding <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, was mounted unarmored in various places around the ship, including the main deck, <a href="/wiki/Superstructure_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstructure (ship)">superstructure</a>, and far up near the bow. As originally built, there were sixteen 4-inch guns, but four of those were replaced with four 3-inch AA guns and four <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_3_pounder_Vickers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers">3-pounders</a> during the 1924–1926 modernization.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The torpedo tubes were located underneath the waterline and were loaded in a dedicated compartment.<sup id="cite_ref-Conways_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conways-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Full ammunition loads were 1,440 rounds for the 12-inch guns (120 per gun), 3,600 rounds for the 6-inch (300), 5,600 rounds for the 4-inch (350), and 16 torpedoes manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whitehead" title="Robert Whitehead">Whitehead</a>. To assist the main battery with targeting during a battle, the two ships were equipped with two <a href="/wiki/Barr_%26_Stroud" class="mw-redirect" title="Barr & Stroud">Barr & Stroud</a> <a href="/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">rangefinders</a> that were located above the <a href="/wiki/Conning_tower" title="Conning tower">conning towers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Conways_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conways-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Rivadavia</i> and <i>Moreno</i> used <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_%26_Company" title="John Brown & Company">Brown–Curtis</a> geared <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbines</a>, powered by 18 <a href="/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox" title="Babcock & Wilcox">Babcock & Wilcox</a> <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boilers</a> and connected to three <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propellers</a>. With a total output of about 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower" title="Horsepower">shaft horsepower</a> (30,000 kW), the ships were designed to travel at a maximum speed of 22.5 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (41.7 km/h; 25.9 mph) and may have been capable of slightly more. At speeds of 11 to 15 knots (20 to 28 km/h; 13 to 17 mph), their endurance ranged from 11,000 to 7,000 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (20,000 to 13,000 km; 12,700 to 8,100 mi), respectively. Their fuel was a <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> mix and the ships carried 3,900 long tons (4,000 t) of the former and 590 long tons (600 t) of the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-Conways_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conways-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical of American-designed dreadnoughts at the time, the <i>Rivadavia</i> class included substantial armor protection. A 12-inch (305 mm) <a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">belt</a> was fitted amidships, covering 5 feet (1.5 m) above and 6 feet (1.8 m) below the designed <a href="/wiki/Waterline" title="Waterline">waterline</a>, gradually decreasing towards the bow and stern to 5 inches (127 mm) and 4 inches (100 mm), respectively. The gun turrets received heavy armor, including 12 inches (305 mm) on the front, 9 inches (230 mm) on the sides, 9.5 inches (240 mm) on the back, and 4 inches (100 mm) on the top. Deck armor consisted of .5 inches (13 mm) <a href="/wiki/Maraging_steel" title="Maraging steel">medium steel</a> and 2 inches (51 mm) <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">nickel steel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Conways_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conways-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/32px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/48px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/64px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Argentina" title="Portal:Argentina">Argentina portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnoughtus" title="Dreadnoughtus">Dreadnoughtus</a></i> – a fossilized dinosaur found in <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, Argentina, named in part because of the <i>Rivadavia</i> class</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Three were ordered, but only two were built right away. The third's <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> was laid down and ripped up several times before becoming <i>Rio de Janeiro</i>, later the British <a href="/wiki/HMS_Agincourt_(1913)" title="HMS Agincourt (1913)">HMS <i>Agincourt</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chile's naval tonnage was 36,896 long tons (37,488 t), Argentina's 34,425 long tons (34,977 t), and Brazil's 27,661 long tons (28,105 t).<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore32_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Argentina uses "$" to represent their <a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">peso</a> and "US$" or similar for the U.S. dollar; however, "$" generally means "dollar" in English sources and in this article.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the United States had done little to promote American armament interests in Latin America under President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, this was drastically reversed after the election of <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> in 1908, most notably demonstrated with the creation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Latin_American_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Latin American Affairs (page does not exist)">Division of Latin American Affairs</a> and the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Sherrill_(ambassador)" title="Charles H. Sherrill (ambassador)">Charles H. Sherrill</a> to be the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Argentina">American minister to Argentina</a>. As part of this, American bankers were persuaded to offer a $10 million loan to Argentina to help pay for the dreadnoughts should they be built in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore34_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore34-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a global perspective, this was a concentrated effort to obtain naval contracts from countries as varied as Spain, Russia, Greece, Turkey, and China, as well as Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While both Scheina and Livermore explicitly state that the commission threw out all the bids twice,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina83_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina83-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Livermore39_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore39-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neither makes it clear when this occurred. Livermore only goes into detail about one of these occasions, of which it is not clear if it is the second or third round.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore37_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore37-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hough states that Armstrong was forced to draw up four designs, which could mean that the bid was thrown out as many as three times.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There were five specific assurances (quoted from Livermore):<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore38_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore38-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>A denial that the United States contemplated any understanding with Brazil in regard to joint or simultaneous action in reference to Latin-American affairs.</li> <li>A statement from Secretary Knox giving that Senor Portela, the Argentine minister, credit for the suggestion of British mediation in the Alsop case—or at least denying that Senor Nabuco, the Brazilian ambassador, was the first to suggest it.</li> <li>A specific denial for the benefit of Senor de la Plaza, the foreign minister, that the state department had ever acknowledged the claim of the Brazilian foreign office for credit in the settlement of the Alsop case.</li> <li>A substantial congressional appropriation for the Pan-American conference in Buenos Aires in July 1910.</li> <li>The dispatch of a squadron of American warships to the Argentine Centennial Celebration in May 1910.</li> <li>The United States to discourage Brazil and Uruguay from raising the question of jurisdiction of the waters of the Rio de la Plata.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The disparity in cost per ton was quite large (units are <a href="/wiki/Pounds_sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds sterling">pounds sterling</a>): American, 78.3; Italian, 85.9; British, 86.3; French, 87.4; and German, 88.2.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ironically, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i> had previously stated on 17 January 1909 that it believed the British would eventually win the Argentine contracts by slashing prices.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was possibly referencing an earlier (March 1914) incident where French bankers—given direction by Russia—offered Argentina twice the amount they paid for the <i>Rivadavia</i>-class ships so that the ships could be turned over to Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore46_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore46-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scheina mentions a 1913 Russian attempt to purchase both Argentine and both Chilean battleships, but gives no specifics.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The plan from the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Construction_and_Repair" title="Bureau of Construction and Repair">Bureau of Construction and Repair</a> was selected over that of Fore River and was used for the two <a href="/wiki/Delaware-class_battleship" title="Delaware-class battleship"><i>Delaware</i>s</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Delaware_(BB-28)" title="USS Delaware (BB-28)"><i>Delaware</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_North_Dakota_(BB-29)" title="USS North Dakota (BB-29)"><i>North Dakota</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One 1918 voyage from Buenos Aires to New York and back required about 15,000 long tons (15,000 t) of coal, 4,000 long tons (4,100 t) more than expected.<sup id="cite_ref-Janes1919_p451_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janes1919_p451-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endnotes">Endnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Endnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1915-04-27/ed-1/seq-3/">Argentine Pride Outweighs $6,000,000 Profit Greece Offers for Moreno</a>," <i>New-York Tribune</i>, 27 April 1913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burzaco-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burzaco_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burzaco and Ortíz, <i>Acorazados y Cruceros</i>, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conways-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conways_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conways_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conways_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conways_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conways_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conways_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conways_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conways_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, "Argentina," 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246–249, 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 45–52; Garrett, "Beagle Channel Dispute," 86–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore32-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore32_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore32_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore32_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Brazilian Battleship 'Minas Geraes'," <i>Scientific American</i>, 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sondhaus, <i>Naval Warfare</i>, 216; Scheina, "Brazil," 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sondhaus, <i>Naval Warfare</i>, 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, "Argentina," 400; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0CE4D9123EE233A2575AC0A96E9C946997D6CF">Germany may buy English warships</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 1 August 1908, C8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, "Argentina," 401; Scheina, <i>Latin America</i>, 82; Whitley, <i>Battleships</i>, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, "Argentina," 401; Scheina, <i>Latin America</i>, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, "Argentina," 401; Scheina, <i>Latin America</i>, 83; Whitley, <i>Battleships</i>, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore34-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore34_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore34_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "American Navy," 875–876.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore36-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore36_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore36_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore36_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheina83-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina83_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina83_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina83_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Latin America</i>, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Latin America</i>, 83; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore37-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore37_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore37_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore39-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore39_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore39_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore39_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore39_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hough, <i>Big Battleship</i>, 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore38-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore38_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore38_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alger595-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alger595_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alger595_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alger, "Professional Notes," 595.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 38; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1910/01/23/archives/america-to-build-argentine-ships-report-confirmed-that-contract-for.html">America to Build Argentine Ships</a>," <i>The New York Times</i>, 23 January 1910, C4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Latin America</i>, 83; Sarcone and Rines, <i>A History of Shipbuilding</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evening_Post-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evening_Post_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evening_Post_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19100323.2.42">Argentine Navy; Dreadnought Orders</a>," <a href="/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)" title="The Evening Post (New Zealand)"><i>Evening Post</i></a>, 23 March 1910, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 39; Alger, "Professional Notes," 595.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore44-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Livermore44_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Latin America</i>, 104–107; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Latin America</i>, 321; Scheina, "Argentina" and "Brazil," 402, 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JH Biles, "The Argentine Dreadnoughts," <i>Times</i> (London), 25 February 1910, 4c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Latin America</i>, 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1911/11/26/archives/accuse-america-of-unfair-competition-german-shipbuilders-bitter-in.html">Accuse America of Unfair Competition</a>," <i>The New York Times</i>, 26 November 1911, C4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1910/12/11/archives/our-navy-close-to-englands-now-with-the-projected-battleship-new.html">Our Navy Close to England's Now</a>," <i>The New York Times</i>, 11 December 1910, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conways402-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conways402_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conways402_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, "Argentina," 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore46-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Livermore46_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Latin America</i>, 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=PBH19140103.2.48">Turkey and Greece; Purpose of Dreadnoughts</a>," <i>Poverty Bay Herald</i>, 2 January 1914, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>U.S. Battleships</i>, 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>U.S. Battleships</i>, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>U.S. Battleships</i>, 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, "Argentina," 401; Scheina, Latin America, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley, <i>Battleships</i>, 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1911/09/24/archives/moreno-launched-for-argentine-navy-12000000-warship-latest-of-the.html">Moreno Launched For Argentine Navy</a>," <i>The New York Times</i>, 24 September 1911, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitley21-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley21_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley21_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley21_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley, <i>Battleships</i>, 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1914/08/27/archives/the-rivadavia-delayed-argentinas-new-battleship-not-yet-placed-in.html">The Rivadavia Delayed</a>," <i>The New York Times</i>, 24 August 1914, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05E4DF1738E633A25750C0A9679D946596D6CF">New Battleship Disabled</a>," <i>The New York Times</i>, 3 November 1914, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janes1919_p451-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janes1919_p451_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janes1919_p451_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkes and Prendergast, <i>Jane's Fighting Ships 1919</i>, 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Latin America</i>, 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conways402405-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conways402405_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, "Argentina" and "Brazil," 402, 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitley21-22-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley21-22_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley21-22_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley21-22_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley21-22_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley, <i>Battleships</i>, 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanson Baldwin, "158 Warships Boom Salute to George in Spithead Review," <i>New York Times</i>, 21 May 1937, 1, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, <i>Battleships</i>, 21–22; "96 Day Tow," <i>The New York Times</i>, 18 August 1957, 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Latin America</i>, 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, <i>Naval History</i>, 82; Scheina, "Argentina" and "Brazil," 401, 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, "Argentina," 401; Tony DiGiulian, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNARG_12-50_Bethlehem.htm">12"/50 (30.5 cm) Bethlehem</a>," NavWeaps, accessed 11 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley, <i>Battleships of World War II</i>, 21–22.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alger, Philip. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tiJKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA595">Professional Notes; Ships of War, Budgets and Personnel; Argentine Republic</a>." <i>Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute</i> 36, no. 2 (1910): 595–647. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2496995">2496995</a>.</li> <li>Friedman, Norman. <i>U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-715-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-715-1">0-87021-715-1</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12214729">12214729</a>.</li> <li>Gardiner, Robert and Randal Gray, eds. <i>Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-907-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-907-3">0-87021-907-3</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12119866">12119866</a>.</li> <li>Garrett, James L. "The Beagle Channel Dispute: Confrontation and Negotiation in the Southern Cone." <i>Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs</i> 27, no. 3 (1985): 81–109. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/165601">165601</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-1937">0022-1937</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2239844">2239844</a>.</li> <li>Hough, Richard. <i>The Big Battleship</i>. London: Michael Joseph, 1966. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8898108">8898108</a>.</li> <li>Livermore, Seward W. "Battleship Diplomacy in South America: 1905–1925." <i>The Journal of Modern History</i> 16, no. 1 (1944): 31–44. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1870986">1870986</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-2801">0022-2801</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62219150">62219150</a>.</li> <li>———. "The American Navy as a Factor in World Politics, 1903–1913." <i>The American Historical Review</i> 63, no. 4 (1958): 863–879. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1848944">1848944</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1937-5239">1937-5239</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35776522">35776522</a>.</li> <li>Parkes, Oscar and Maurice Prendergast, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924106904885&view=1up&seq=635&q1=rivadavia"><i>Jane's Fighting Ships 1919</i></a>. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1969. First published in 1919 by Sampson Low Marston. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959870323">959870323</a>.</li> <li>Preston, Antony. "Great Britain." In Gardiner and Gray, <i>Conway's</i>, 1–104.</li> <li>Sarcone, Anthony F. and Lawrence S. Rines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomascranelibrary.org/shipbuildingheritage/history/historyindex.html"><i>A History of Shipbuilding at Fore River</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907025146/http://thomascranelibrary.org/shipbuildingheritage/history/historyindex.html">Archived</a> 7 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Quincy, MA: Quincy Junior College, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21584870">21584870</a>.</li> <li>Scheina, Robert L. "Argentina." In Gardiner and Gray, <i>Conway's</i>, 400–403.</li> <li>———. "Brazil." In Gardiner and Gray, <i>Conway's</i>, 403–407.</li> <li>———. <i>Latin America: A Naval History 1810–1987</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-295-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-295-8">0-87021-295-8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15696006">15696006</a>.</li> <li>Sondhaus, Lawrence. <i>Naval Warfare, 1815–1914</i>. London and New York: Routledge, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21478-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21478-5">0-415-21478-5</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44039349">44039349</a>.</li> <li>Topliss, David. "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts, 1904–1914." <i>Warship International</i> 25, no. 3 (1988): 240–289. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0043-0374">0043-0374</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1647131">1647131</a>.</li> <li>Vanterpool, Alan. "The Riachuleo." <i>Warship International</i> 6, no. 2 (1969): 140–141.</li> <li>Whitley, M.J. <i>Battleships of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia</i>. Annapolis: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-184-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-184-X">1-55750-184-X</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40834665">40834665</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burzaco, Ricardo and Patricio Ortíz. <i>Acorazados y Cruceros de la Armada Argentina, 1881–1982</i>. Buenos Aires: Eugenio B. Ediciones, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/987-96764-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/987-96764-0-8">987-96764-0-8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39297360">39297360</a>. (in Spanish)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivadavia-class_battleship&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rivadavia-class_battleship" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rivadavia-class battleship">Rivadavia-class battleship</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivesdirect.amdigital.co.uk/CP_LatinAmerica/Introduction">British diplomatic documents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521161125/http://www.archivesdirect.amdigital.co.uk/CP_LatinAmerica/Introduction">Archived</a> 21 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> relating to the dreadnought race (FO 508/8; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amdigital.co.uk/">Adam Matthew</a> subscription required)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605023722/http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/HistoriaAcorazadosArgentinos.htm">"Historia y Arqueología Marítima" (HistArMar) Battleships ARA <i>Moreno</i> & <i>Rivadavia</i> – History and pictures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/Buques1900a1970/AcARARivadavia-Historia.htm">"Historia y Arqueología Marítima" (HistArMar) Battleship ARA Rivadavia (1914) – Pictures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2CmqPprTBw">Acorazado Rivadavia</a> (YouTube)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1067193/">The Launching of the Battleship Rivadavia</a> (IMDB)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/tags/ararivadavia/">ARA <i>Rivadavia</i></a> on Flickr (LOC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106080403/http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/AntiguaFlotadeMar/EspTec10AcMoreno.htm">"Historia y Arqueología Marítima" (HistArMar) – Battleship ARA <i>Moreno</i> (1915) – Pictures & Specifications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/tags/aramoreno/">ARA <i>Moreno</i></a> on Flickr (LOC)</li></ul> <div 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivadavia_class_battleships" title="Template:Rivadavia class battleships"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivadavia_class_battleships" title="Template talk:Rivadavia class battleships"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivadavia_class_battleships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivadavia class battleships"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivadavia-class_battleships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Rivadavia</i>-class battleships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARA_Rivadavia" title="ARA Rivadavia"><i>Rivadavia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARA_Moreno" title="ARA Moreno"><i>Moreno</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Preceded by: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertad-class_battleship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libertad-class battleship (page does not exist)"><i>Libertad</i> class</a></li> <li>Followed by: <i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Argentine_Navy" title="List of ships of the Argentine Navy">List of ships of the Argentine Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capital_ships_of_minor_navies" title="List of capital ships of minor navies">List of capital ships of minor navies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_American_dreadnoughts" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_American_dreadnoughts" title="Template:South American dreadnoughts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_American_dreadnoughts" title="Template talk:South American dreadnoughts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_American_dreadnoughts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South American dreadnoughts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_American_dreadnoughts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">South American dreadnoughts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minas_Geraes-class_battleship" title="Minas Geraes-class battleship"><i>Minas Geraes</i> class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes" title="Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes"><i>Minas Geraes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Brazilian battleship São Paulo"><i>São Paulo</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Agincourt_(1913)" title="HMS Agincourt (1913)"><i>Rio de Janeiro</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_Riachuelo_(1914)" title="Brazilian battleship Riachuelo (1914)"><i>Riachuelo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Rivadavia</i> class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARA_Rivadavia" title="ARA Rivadavia"><i>Rivadavia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARA_Moreno" title="ARA Moreno"><i>Moreno</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almirante_Latorre-class_battleship" title="Almirante Latorre-class battleship"><i>Almirante Latorre</i> class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Almirante_Latorre" title="Chilean battleship Almirante Latorre"><i>Almirante Latorre</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Eagle_(1918)" title="HMS Eagle (1918)"><i>Almirante Cochrane</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race" title="Argentine–Chilean naval arms race">Argentine–Chilean naval arms race</a> (c. 1887–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93German_naval_arms_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–German naval arms race">Anglo–German naval arms race</a> (c. 1902–14)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco%E2%80%93Ottoman_dreadnought_race&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greco–Ottoman dreadnought race (page does not exist)">Greco–Ottoman dreadnought race</a> (c. 1907–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Lash" title="Revolt of the Lash">Revolt of the Lash</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_naval_mutiny_of_1931" title="Chilean naval mutiny of 1931">Chilean naval mutiny</a> (1931)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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