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<span>Toggle Fitts' Law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fitts'_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathematical_formulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_formulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mathematical formulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_formulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applying_Fitts'_Law_in_user_interface_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applying_Fitts'_Law_in_user_interface_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Applying Fitts' Law in user interface design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applying_Fitts'_Law_in_user_interface_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control-Display_Gain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control-Display_Gain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Control-Display Gain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control-Display_Gain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_pointing_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_pointing_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Common pointing devices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_pointing_devices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common pointing devices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_pointing_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motion-tracking_pointing_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion-tracking_pointing_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Motion-tracking pointing devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion-tracking_pointing_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mouse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mouse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Mouse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mouse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trackball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trackball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Trackball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trackball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joystick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joystick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Joystick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joystick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pointing_stick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pointing_stick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Pointing stick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pointing_stick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wii_Remote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wii_Remote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Wii Remote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wii_Remote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finger_tracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finger_tracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.6</span> <span>Finger tracking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finger_tracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position-tracking_pointing_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position-tracking_pointing_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Position-tracking pointing devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position-tracking_pointing_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graphics_tablet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphics_tablet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Graphics tablet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphics_tablet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stylus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stylus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Stylus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stylus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Touchpad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Touchpad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Touchpad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Touchpad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Touchscreen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Touchscreen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Touchscreen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Touchscreen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure-tracking_pointing_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure-tracking_pointing_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pressure-tracking pointing devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure-tracking_pointing_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isometric_Joystick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isometric_Joystick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Isometric Joystick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isometric_Joystick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pointing device</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="جهاز تأشير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاز تأشير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursoru_idar%C9%99_ed%C9%99n_qur%C4%9Fu" title="Kursoru idarə edən qurğu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kursoru idarə edən qurğu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8" title="পয়েন্টিং ডিভাইস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পয়েন্টিং ডিভাইস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispositiu_apuntador" title="Dispositiu apuntador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dispositiu apuntador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeigeger%C3%A4t" title="Zeigegerät – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zeigegerät" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispositivo_apuntador" title="Dispositivo apuntador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dispositivo apuntador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrilo" title="Montrilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Montrilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="ابزار اشاره‌گر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابزار اشاره‌گر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispositif_de_pointage" title="Dispositif de pointage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dispositif de pointage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%9D%B8%ED%8C%85_%EC%9E%A5%EC%B9%98" title="포인팅 장치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포인팅 장치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संकेतन यंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संकेतन यंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokaziva%C4%8Dki_ure%C4%91aj" title="Pokazivački uređaj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pokazivački uređaj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranti_penunjuk" title="Peranti penunjuk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peranti penunjuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispositivo_di_puntamento" title="Dispositivo di puntamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dispositivo di puntamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91)" title="אמצעי הצבעה (מחשב) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמצעי הצבעה (מחשב)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiteuzi" title="Kiteuzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiteuzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="संकेतन उपकरणे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संकेतन उपकरणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanwijsapparaat" title="Aanwijsapparaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aanwijsapparaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%87%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="ポインティングデバイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポインティングデバイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urz%C4%85dzenie_wskazuj%C4%85ce" title="Urządzenie wskazujące – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Urządzenie wskazujące" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_devices" title="Pointing devices – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pointing devices" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoitinlaite" title="Osoitinlaite – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osoitinlaite" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekdon" title="Pekdon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pekdon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Faretleme_ayg%C4%B1t%C4%B1" title="İşaretleme aygıtı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşaretleme aygıtı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Вказівний пристрій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вказівний пристрій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about computer pointing devices. For the measuring tool used to copy sculptures, see <a href="/wiki/Pointing_machine" title="Pointing machine">Pointing machine</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logitech_Mouse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Logitech_Mouse.JPG/220px-Logitech_Mouse.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Logitech_Mouse.JPG/330px-Logitech_Mouse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Logitech_Mouse.JPG/440px-Logitech_Mouse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">computer mouse</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touchpad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Touchpad.jpg/220px-Touchpad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Touchpad.jpg/330px-Touchpad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Touchpad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">pointing stick</a> on an <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> notebook</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouse_pointing_stick.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mouse_pointing_stick.jpeg/220px-Mouse_pointing_stick.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mouse_pointing_stick.jpeg/330px-Mouse_pointing_stick.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mouse_pointing_stick.jpeg/440px-Mouse_pointing_stick.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trackpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Trackpoint">Trackpoint</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boule-stick-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Boule-stick-001.jpg/220px-Boule-stick-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Boule-stick-001.jpg/330px-Boule-stick-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Boule-stick-001.jpg/440px-Boule-stick-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption>An elder <a href="/wiki/3D_mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="3D mouse">3D mouse</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG/220px-PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG/330px-PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG/440px-PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>3D pointing device</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pointing device</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Human_interface_device" title="Human interface device">human interface device</a> that allows a <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)#End-user" title="User (computing)">user</a> to input <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">spatial</a> (i.e., continuous and multi-dimensional) data to a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interfaces</a> (GUI) and <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> systems allow the user to control and provide data to the computer using physical <a href="/wiki/Mouse_gesture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse gesture">gestures</a> by moving a hand-held <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse</a> or similar device across the surface of the physical desktop and activating switches on the mouse. Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of the <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computing_WIMP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointer (computing WIMP)">pointer</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(user_interface)" title="Cursor (user interface)">cursor</a>) and other visual changes. Common gestures are <a href="/wiki/Point_and_click" title="Point and click">point and click</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drag_and_drop" title="Drag and drop">drag and drop</a>. </p><p>While the most common pointing device by far is the mouse, many more devices have been developed. However, the term <i>mouse</i> is commonly used as a metaphor for devices that move a computer cursor. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fitts%27s_law" title="Fitts's law">Fitts's law</a> can be used to predict the speed with which users can use a pointing device. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To classify several pointing devices, a certain number of features can be considered. For example, the device's movement, controlling, positioning or resistance. The following points should provide an overview of the different classifications.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>direct vs. indirect input</b></li></ul> <p>In case of a direct-input pointing device, the on-screen pointer is at the same physical position as the pointing device (e.g., finger on a touch screen, stylus on a tablet computer). An indirect-input pointing device is not at the same physical position as the pointer but translates its movement onto the screen (e.g., computer mouse, joystick, stylus on a graphics tablet). </p> <ul><li><b>absolute vs. relative movement</b></li></ul> <p>An absolute-movement input device (e.g., stylus, finger on touch screen) provides a consistent mapping between a point in the input space (location/state of the input device) and a point in the output space (position of pointer on screen). A relative-movement input device (e.g., mouse, joystick) maps displacement in the input space to displacement in the output state. It therefore controls the relative position of the cursor compared to its initial position. </p> <ul><li><b> isotonic vs. <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elastic</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Isometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Isometre">isometric</a></b></li></ul> <p>An isotonic pointing device is movable and measures its displacement (mouse, pen, human arm) whereas an isometric device is fixed and measures the force which acts on it (trackpoint, force-sensing touch screen). An elastic device increases its force resistance with displacement (joystick). </p> <ul><li><b>position control vs. rate control</b></li></ul> <p>A position-control input device (e.g., mouse, finger on touch screen) directly changes the absolute or relative position of the on-screen pointer. A rate-control input device (e.g., trackpoint, joystick) changes the speed and direction of the movement of the on-screen pointer. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Translation_(geometry)#Translations_in_physics" title="Translation (geometry)">translation</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotation</a></b></li></ul> <p>Another classification is the differentiation between whether the device is physically translated or rotated. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)" title="Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)">degrees of freedom</a></b></li></ul> <p>Different pointing devices have different degrees of freedom (DOF). A computer mouse has two degrees of freedom, namely its movement on the x- and y-axis. However the <a href="/wiki/Wiimote" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiimote">Wiimote</a> has 6 degrees of freedom: x-, y- and z-axis for movement as well as for rotation. </p> <ul><li><b>possible states</b></li></ul> <p>As mentioned later in this article, pointing devices have different possible states. Examples for these states are <i>out of range, tracking or dragging</i>. </p><p><b>Examples</b> </p> <ul><li>a computer mouse is an <i>indirect</i>, <i>relative</i>, <i>isotonic</i>, <i>position-control</i>, <i>translational</i> input device with two <i>degrees of freedom</i> (x, y position) and two states (tracking, dragging).</li> <li>a touch screen is a <i>direct</i>, <i>absolute</i>, <i>isometric</i>, <i>position-control</i> input device with two or more <i>degrees of freedom</i> (x, y position and optionally pressure) and two states (out of range, dragging).</li> <li>a joystick is an <i>indirect</i>, <i>relative</i>, <i>elastic</i>, <i>rate-control</i>, <i>translational</i> input device with two <i>degrees of freedom</i> (x, y angle) and two states (tracked, dragging).</li> <li>a Wiimote is an <i>indirect</i>, <i>relative</i>, <i>elastic</i>, <i>rate-control</i>, <i>translational</i> input device with six <i>degrees of freedom</i> (x, y, z orientation and x, y, z position) and two or three states (tracking, dragging for orientation and position; out-of-range for position).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buxton's_taxonomy"><span id="Buxton.27s_taxonomy"></span>Buxton's taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Buxton's taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows a classification of pointing devices by their number of dimensions (columns) and which property is sensed (rows) introduced by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Buxton" title="Bill Buxton">Bill Buxton</a>. The sub-rows distinguish between mechanical intermediary (i.e. stylus) (M) and <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touch-sensitive</a> (T). It is rooted in the human <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">motor/sensory system</a>. Continuous manual input devices are categorized. Sub-columns distinguish devices that use comparable motor control for their operation. The table is based on the original graphic of Bill Buxton's work on "Taxonomies of Input".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="9">Number of Dimensions </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">1 </th> <th colspan="4">2 </th> <th colspan="1">3 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">Property Sensed </th> <th rowspan="2">Position </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_Pot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary Pot (page does not exist)">Rotary Pot</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sliding_Pot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sliding Pot (page does not exist)">Sliding Pot</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet#Puck" title="Graphics tablet">Tablet & Puck</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a> & <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">Stylus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Light_Pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Pen">Light Pen</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_Joystick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Floating Joystick (page does not exist)">Floating Joystick</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_Joystick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3D Joystick (page does not exist)">3D Joystick</a> </td> <td>M </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Touch_Tablet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Touch Tablet (page does not exist)">Touch Tablet</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Touch_Screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch Screen">Touch Screen</a></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>T </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Motion </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continuous_Rotary_Pot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continuous Rotary Pot (page does not exist)">Continuous Rotary Pot</a></td> <td>Treadmill </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_Trackball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3D Trackball (page does not exist)">3D Trackball</a> </td> <td>M </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferinstat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferinstat (page does not exist)">Ferinstat</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=X/Y_Pad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X/Y Pad (page does not exist)">X/Y Pad</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>T </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1">Pressure </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_Sensor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torque Sensor (page does not exist)">Torque Sensor</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isometric_Joystick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isometric Joystick (page does not exist)">Isometric Joystick</a></td> <td> </td> <td>T </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buxton's_Three-State-Model"><span id="Buxton.27s_Three-State-Model"></span>Buxton's Three-State-Model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Buxton's Three-State-Model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This model describes different states that a pointing device can assume. The three common states as described by Buxton are <i>out of range, tracking and dragging</i>. Not every pointing device can switch to all states.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody><tr> <th>Model </th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>2 State Transaction</b></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsm_mouse_svg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tsm_mouse_svg.svg/250px-Tsm_mouse_svg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tsm_mouse_svg.svg/375px-Tsm_mouse_svg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tsm_mouse_svg.svg/500px-Tsm_mouse_svg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>A mouse is moved without the button being pushed. This state can be called <i>tracking</i>, meaning the user just moves the mouse without further interacting with the system. If the mouse is pointed at an icon and the button is pressed while moving the mouse, a new state called <i>dragging</i> is entered. These states are shown in the image <i>"2 State Transaction"</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Out of Range & Tracking</b></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsm_touch_svg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tsm_touch_svg.svg/250px-Tsm_touch_svg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tsm_touch_svg.svg/375px-Tsm_touch_svg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tsm_touch_svg.svg/500px-Tsm_touch_svg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="531" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>If a touch tablet, which is able to sense touch or no-touch, is used instead of a mouse, the state model looks different. More precisely this means that any movement of the finger off the display is <i>out of range</i> and has no effect on the system. Only when the finger touches the display, the state switches to <i>tracking</i> (Figure: <i>"Out of Range & Tracking"</i>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Out of Range, Tracking & Dragging</b></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsm_stylus_svg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tsm_stylus_svg.svg/250px-Tsm_stylus_svg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tsm_stylus_svg.svg/375px-Tsm_stylus_svg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tsm_stylus_svg.svg/500px-Tsm_stylus_svg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="573" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>If a graphics tablet with a stylus is used, it is possible to sense all three states. When the stylus is lifted, it is <i>out of range</i>. When it is in range, the state switches to <i>tracking</i> and the pointer follows the stylus' movement. Performing extra pressure on the stylus initiates state 2 <i>dragging</i> (Figure: <i>"Out of Range, Tracking & Dragging"</i>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>State 2 Set</b></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsm_multiple_svg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tsm_multiple_svg.svg/250px-Tsm_multiple_svg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tsm_multiple_svg.svg/375px-Tsm_multiple_svg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tsm_multiple_svg.svg/500px-Tsm_multiple_svg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>By using a multiple-button mouse or multiple clicks, State 2 can be split into a set of states, i.e. pressing different buttons leads to different states. For example, selecting an object with <i>Button 1</i> switches to the state <i>Drag Original</i> whereas <i>Button 2</i> switches to <i>Drag Copy</i>. The same goes for multiple clicks known from <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>: one click on an object selects an object, double-clicks open it (Figure: <i>"State 2 Set"</i>). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fitts'_Law"><span id="Fitts.27_Law"></span>Fitts' Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fitts' Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fitts%27_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitts' Law">Fitts' Law</a></div> <p>Fitts's law (often cited as Fitts' law) is a predictive model of human movement primarily used in human–computer interaction and ergonomics. This scientific law predicts that the time required to rapidly move to a target area is a function of the ratio between the distance to the target and the width of the target.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitts's law is used to model the act of pointing, either by physically touching an object with a hand or finger, or virtually, by pointing to an object on a computer monitor using a pointing device. In other words, this means for example, that more time is needed to click on a small button which is distant to the cursor, than to click a large button near the cursor. Thereby it is generally possible to predict the speed which is needed for a selective movement to a certain target. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_formulation">Mathematical formulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mathematical formulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common metric to calculate the average time to complete the movement is the following: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{MT}}=a+b\cdot {\text{ID}}=a+b\cdot \log _{2}{\Bigg (}{\frac {2D}{W}}{\Bigg )}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>MT</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ID</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> <mi>W</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{MT}}=a+b\cdot {\text{ID}}=a+b\cdot \log _{2}{\Bigg (}{\frac {2D}{W}}{\Bigg )}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a02102e0df083ef5041366fdc0f9015ea0322967" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:38.132ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{MT}}=a+b\cdot {\text{ID}}=a+b\cdot \log _{2}{\Bigg (}{\frac {2D}{W}}{\Bigg )}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where: </p> <ul><li><i>MT</i> is the average time to complete the movement.</li> <li><i>a</i> and <i>b</i> are constants that depend on the choice of input device and are usually determined empirically by regression analysis.</li> <li><i>ID</i> is the index of difficulty.</li> <li><i>D</i> is the distance from the starting point to the center of the target.</li> <li><i>W</i> is the width of the target measured along the axis of motion. <i>W</i> can also be thought of as the allowed error tolerance in the final position, since the final point of the motion must fall within ±<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num"><i>W</i></span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> of the target's center.</li></ul> <p>This results in the interpretation that, as mentioned before, large and close targets can be reached faster than little, distant targets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applying_Fitts'_Law_in_user_interface_design"><span id="Applying_Fitts.27_Law_in_user_interface_design"></span>Applying Fitts' Law in user interface design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applying Fitts' Law in user interface design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mentioned above, the size and distance of an object influence its selection. Additionally this effects the user experience. Therefore, it is important, that Fitts' Law is considered while designing user interfaces. Below some basic principles are mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Interactive elements</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>Command buttons for example should have different sizes than non-interactive elements. Larger interactive objects are easier to select with any pointing device.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Edges and corners</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>Due to the fact, that the cursor gets pinned on the edges and corners of a graphical user interface, those points can be accessed faster than other spots on the display.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Pop-up menus</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>They should support immediate selection of interactive elements in order to reduce the user's "travel time".</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Options for selecting</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>Within menus like dropdown menus or top-level navigation, the distance increases the further the user goes down the list. However in pie menus, the distance to the different buttons is always the same. In addition, the target areas in pie menus are larger.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Task bars</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>To operate a task bar, the user needs a higher level of precision, thus more time. Generally they hinder the movement through the interface.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control-Display_Gain">Control-Display Gain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Control-Display Gain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Control-Display Gain (or CD gain) describes the proportion between movements in the control space to the movements in the display space. For example, a hardware mouse moves in another speed or distance than the cursor on the screen. Even if these movements take place in two different spaces, the units for measurement have to be the same in order to be meaningful (e.g. meters instead of pixels). The CD gain refers to the scale factor of these two movements: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle CDgain=V_{Display}/V_{Control}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mi>D</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle CDgain=V_{Display}/V_{Control}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ca209a9430a1b13310a424bf36e4150248e5392" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.028ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle CDgain=V_{Display}/V_{Control}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The CD gain settings can be adjusted in most cases. However, a compromise has to be found: with high gains it is easier to approach a distant target, with low gains this takes longer. High gains hinder the selection of targets, whereas low gains facilitate this process.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple OS X">macOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Xorg">X</a> window systems have implemented mechanisms which adapt the CD gain to the user's needs. e.g. the CD gain increases when the user's movement velocity increases<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (historically referred to as "mouse acceleration"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_pointing_devices">Common pointing devices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Common pointing devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion-tracking_pointing_devices">Motion-tracking pointing devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Motion-tracking pointing devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mouse">Mouse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mouse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Computer mouse</a></div> <p>A mouse is a small handheld device pushed over a horizontal surface. </p><p>A mouse moves the graphical pointer by being slid across a smooth surface. The conventional roller-ball mouse uses a ball to create this action: the ball is in contact with two small shafts that are set at right angles to each other. As the ball moves these shafts rotate, and the rotation is measured by sensors within the mouse. The distance and direction information from the sensors is then transmitted to the computer, and the computer moves the graphical pointer on the screen by following the movements of the mouse. Another common mouse is the optical mouse. This device is very similar to the conventional mouse but uses visible or infrared light instead of a roller-ball to detect the changes in position.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally there is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mini-mouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mini-mouse (page does not exist)">mini-mouse</a>, which is a small egg-sized mouse for use with <a href="/wiki/Laptop_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptop computer">laptop computers</a>; usually small enough for use on a free area of the laptop body itself, it is typically <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)#Optical_and_laser_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">optical</a>, includes a <a href="/wiki/Retractable_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Retractable cord">retractable cord</a> and uses a <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> port to save battery life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trackball">Trackball</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trackball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">trackball</a> is a pointing device consisting of a ball housed in a socket containing sensors to detect rotation of the ball about two axis, similar to an upside-down mouse: as the user rolls the ball with a thumb, fingers, or palm the pointer on the screen will also move. Tracker balls are commonly used on CAD workstations for ease of use, where there may be no desk space on which to use a mouse. Some are able to clip onto the side of the keyboard and have buttons with the same functionality as mouse buttons.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also wireless trackballs which offer a wider range of ergonomic positions to the user. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joystick">Joystick</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Joystick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">Joystick</a></div> <p>Isotonic joysticks are handle sticks where the user can freely change the position of the stick, with more or less constant force. </p><p>Isometric joysticks are where the user controls the stick by varying the amount of force they push with, and the position of the stick remains more or less constant. Isometric joysticks are often cited as more difficult to use due to the lack of tactile feedback provided by an actual moving joystick. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Analog_stick" title="Analog stick">Analog stick</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pointing_stick">Pointing stick</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pointing stick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">pointing stick</a> is a pressure-sensitive small nub used like a joystick. It is usually found on laptops embedded between the <i>G</i>, <i>H</i>, and <i>B</i> keys. It operates by sensing the force applied by the user. The corresponding "mouse" buttons are commonly placed just below the <a href="/wiki/Space_bar" title="Space bar">space bar</a>. It is also found on mice and some desktop keyboards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wii_Remote">Wii Remote</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wii Remote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a></div> <p>The Wii Remote, also known colloquially as the Wiimote, is the primary controller for <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> console. A main feature of the Wii Remote is its motion sensing capability, which allows the user to interact with and manipulate items on screen via gesture recognition and pointing through the use of accelerometer and optical sensor technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finger_tracking">Finger tracking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Finger tracking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">finger tracking</a> device tracks fingers in the 3D space or close to the surface without contact with a screen. Fingers are triangulated by technologies like stereo camera, time-of-flight and laser. Good examples of finger tracking pointing devices are <a href="/wiki/LM3LABS" title="LM3LABS">LM3LABS</a>' Ubiq'window and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2.lm3labs.com/technologies-2/airstrike/">AirStrike</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position-tracking_pointing_devices">Position-tracking pointing devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Position-tracking pointing devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graphics_tablet">Graphics tablet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Graphics tablet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wacom_Graphire4_tablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wacom_Graphire4_tablet.jpg/220px-Wacom_Graphire4_tablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wacom_Graphire4_tablet.jpg/330px-Wacom_Graphire4_tablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wacom_Graphire4_tablet.jpg/440px-Wacom_Graphire4_tablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablet</a> with a pen</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablet</a> or digitizing tablet is a special tablet similar to a touchpad, but controlled with a pen or stylus that is held and used like a normal pen or pencil. The thumb usually controls the clicking via a two-way button on the top of the pen, or by tapping on the tablet's surface. </p><p>A cursor (also called a puck) is similar to a mouse, except that it has a window with cross hairs for pinpoint placement, and it can have as many as 16 buttons. A pen (also called a stylus) looks like a simple ballpoint pen but uses an electronic head instead of ink. The tablet contains electronics that enable it to detect movement of the cursor or pen and translate the movements into digital signals that it sends to the computer."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is different from a mouse because each point on the tablet represents a point on the screen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stylus">Stylus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stylus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stylus_(computing)" title="Stylus (computing)">Stylus (computing)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTC_Touch2_used_with_a_stylus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/HTC_Touch2_used_with_a_stylus.jpg/220px-HTC_Touch2_used_with_a_stylus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/HTC_Touch2_used_with_a_stylus.jpg/330px-HTC_Touch2_used_with_a_stylus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/HTC_Touch2_used_with_a_stylus.jpg/440px-HTC_Touch2_used_with_a_stylus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2745" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> being operated with a stylus</figcaption></figure> <p>A stylus is a small pen-shaped instrument that is used to input commands to a <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer screen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile device</a> or graphics tablet. </p><p>The stylus is the primary input device for <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Handheld_gaming_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld gaming console">handheld gaming systems</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> that require accurate input, although devices featuring <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> finger-input with <a href="/wiki/Capacitive_touchscreen" class="mw-redirect" title="Capacitive touchscreen">capacitive touchscreens</a> have become more popular than stylus-driven devices in the smartphone market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Touchpad">Touchpad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Touchpad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macbook_pro_trackpad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Macbook_pro_trackpad.jpg/220px-Macbook_pro_trackpad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Macbook_pro_trackpad.jpg/330px-Macbook_pro_trackpad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Macbook_pro_trackpad.jpg/440px-Macbook_pro_trackpad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Trackpad on an <a href="/wiki/Apple_MacBook_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple MacBook Pro">Apple MacBook Pro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">touchpad</a> or trackpad is a flat surface that can detect finger contact. It is a stationary pointing device, commonly used on laptop computers. At least one physical button normally comes with the touchpad, but the user can also generate a mouse click by tapping on the pad. Advanced features include pressure sensitivity and special gestures such as scrolling by moving one's finger along an edge. </p><p>It uses a two-layer grid of <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> to measure finger movement: one layer has vertical electrode strips that handle vertical movement, and the other layer has horizontal electrode strips to handle horizontal movements.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Touchscreen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_iPad_Event03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Apple_iPad_Event03.jpg/220px-Apple_iPad_Event03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Apple_iPad_Event03.jpg/330px-Apple_iPad_Event03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Apple_iPad_Event03.jpg/440px-Apple_iPad_Event03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>A virtual keyboard on an iPad</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> is a device embedded into the screen of the TV monitor, or system <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> monitor screens of laptop computers. Users interact with the device by physically pressing items shown on the screen, either with their fingers or some helping tool. </p><p>Several technologies can be used to detect touch. Resistive and capacitive touchscreens have conductive materials embedded in the glass and detect the position of the touch by measuring changes in electric current. <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> controllers project a grid of infrared beams inserted into the frame surrounding the monitor screen itself, and detect where an object intercepts the beams. </p><p>Modern touchscreens could be used in conjunction with stylus pointing devices, while those powered by infrared do not require physical touch, but just recognize the movement of hand and fingers in some minimum range distance from the real screen. </p><p>Touchscreens became popular with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Palmtop" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmtop">palmtop</a> computers like those sold by the <a href="/wiki/Palm,_Inc." title="Palm, Inc.">Palm, Inc.</a> hardware manufacturer, some high range classes of laptop computers, mobile smartphone like <a href="/wiki/High_Tech_Computer_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="High Tech Computer Corporation">HTC</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, and the availability of standard touchscreen device drivers into the <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> operating systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressure-tracking_pointing_devices">Pressure-tracking pointing devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pressure-tracking pointing devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isometric_Joystick">Isometric Joystick</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Isometric Joystick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to a 3D Joystick, the stick itself doesn't move or just moves very little and is mounted in the device chassis. To move the pointer, the user has to apply force to the stick. Typical representatives can be found on notebook's keyboards between the "G" and "H" keys. By performing pressure on the <a href="/wiki/TrackPoint" class="mw-redirect" title="TrackPoint">TrackPoint</a>, the cursor moves on the display.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_devices">Other devices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6D_(axsotic).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/6D_%28axsotic%29.jpg/220px-6D_%28axsotic%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/6D_%28axsotic%29.jpg/330px-6D_%28axsotic%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/6D_%28axsotic%29.jpg/440px-6D_%28axsotic%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>6D Axsotic 3D mouse</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">light pen</a> is a device similar to a touch screen, but uses a special light-sensitive pen instead of the finger, which allows for more accurate screen input. As the tip of the light pen makes contact with the screen, it sends a signal back to the computer containing the <a href="/wiki/Coordinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinate">coordinates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> at that point. It can be used to draw on the computer screen or make menu selections, and does not require a special touch screen because it can work with any <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT display</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">Light gun</a></li> <li>Palm mouse – held in the palm and operated with only two buttons; the movements across the screen correspond to a feather touch, and pressure increases the speed of movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footmouse" title="Footmouse">Footmouse</a> – sometimes called a mole – a mouse variant for those who do not wish to or cannot use the hands or the head; instead, it provides footclicks</li> <li>Puck, similar to a mouse, but designed for absolute positioning rather than relative. It typically has a transparent plastic with crosshairs for precise positioning and tracing. Pucks are most commonly used for tracing in CAD/CAM/CAE work.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">Eye tracking</a> devices – a mouse controlled by the user's retinal movements, allowing cursor-manipulation without touch</li> <li>Finger-mouse – An extremely small mouse controlled by two fingers only; the user can hold it in any position</li> <li>Gyroscopic mouse – a <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a> senses the movement of the mouse as it moves through the air. Users can operate a gyroscopic mouse when they have no room for a regular mouse or must give commands while standing up. This input device needs no cleaning and can have many extra buttons, in fact, some laptops doubling as TVs come with gyroscopic mice that resemble, and double as, remotes with LCD screens built in.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">Steering wheel</a> – can be thought of as a 1D pointing device – see also <a href="/wiki/Game_controller#Steering_wheel" title="Game controller">steering wheel section of game controller article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_(game_controller)" title="Paddle (game controller)">Paddle</a> – another 1D pointing device</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jog_dial" title="Jog dial">Jog dial</a> – another 1D pointing device</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoke (aircraft)">Yoke (aircraft)</a></li> <li>Some high-<a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Degrees of freedom (engineering)">degree-of-freedom</a> <a href="/wiki/Input_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Input devices">input devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3Dconnexion" title="3Dconnexion">3Dconnexion</a> – six-degree controller</li> <li>Discrete pointing devices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-pad" title="D-pad">directional pad</a> – a very simple keyboard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_pad" title="Dance pad">Dance pad</a> – used to point at gross locations in space with feet</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soap_mouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soap mouse (page does not exist)">Soap mouse</a> – a handheld, position-based pointing device based on existing wireless optical mouse technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser pen">Laser pen</a> – can be used in presentations as a pointing device</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursor_(user_interface)" title="Cursor (user interface)">Cursor (user interface)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP (computing)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointing_device&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_components" title="Template talk:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components192" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br /> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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