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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_and_launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Development and launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_and_launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Double-sided_discs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double-sided_discs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Double-sided discs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double-sided_discs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual-layer_discs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual-layer_discs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dual-layer discs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual-layer_discs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combinations_of_the_above" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combinations_of_the_above"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Combinations of the above</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combinations_of_the_above-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DVD_recordable_and_rewritable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DVD_recordable_and_rewritable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>DVD recordable and rewritable</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-DVD_recordable_and_rewritable-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle DVD recordable and rewritable subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-DVD_recordable_and_rewritable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dual-layer_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual-layer_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dual-layer recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual-layer_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DVD_drives_and_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DVD_drives_and_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>DVD drives and players</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-DVD_drives_and_players-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle DVD drives and players subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-DVD_drives_and_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transfer_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Transfer rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disc_quality_measurements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disc_quality_measurements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Disc quality measurements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disc_quality_measurements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DVD-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DVD-Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>DVD-Video</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-DVD-Video-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle DVD-Video subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-DVD-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successors_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successors_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Successors and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successors_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longevity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longevity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Longevity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longevity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">DVD</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="دي في دي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دي في دي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="ডিভিডি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিভিডি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvd" title="Dvd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dvd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="دی‌وی‌دی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دی‌وی‌دی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="डीवीडी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डीवीडी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynddiskur" title="Mynddiskur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mynddiskur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus_versatilis_digitalis" title="Discus versatilis digitalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Discus versatilis digitalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дигитален видеодиск – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дигитален видеодиск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF." title="ഡി.വി.ഡി. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡി.വി.ഡി." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="डीव्हीडी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डीव्हीडी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABdeocaquizcop%C4%ABnal%C5%8Dni" title="Vīdeocaquizcopīnalōni – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Vīdeocaquizcopīnalōni" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvd" title="Dvd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dvd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF" title="डिभिडि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डिभिडि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C" title="ڈی وی ڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈی وی ڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8" title="ឌីវីឌី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឌីវីឌី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91it%27isqa_%C3%B1awra_phiruru" title="Ñit'isqa ñawra phiruru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñit'isqa ñawra phiruru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="دی ڤی دی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دی ڤی دی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%92%D0%94" title="ДВД – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ДВД" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="இலக்கமுறைப் பல்திறவாற்றல் வட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலக்கமுறைப் பல்திறவாற்றல் வட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80" title="డీవీడీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డీవీడీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ดีวีดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดีวีดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C" title="ڈی وی ڈی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈی وی ڈی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="DVD" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Optical disc format</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the disc format in general. For the video recording format based upon DVD, see <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a>. For the audio storage format also based upon DVD, see <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/DVD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="DVD (disambiguation)">DVD (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MMCD" redirects here. For Sony's proprietary CD-ROM XA-based multimedia software format, see <a href="/wiki/Sony_Multimedia_CD-ROM_Player" title="Sony Multimedia CD-ROM Player">Sony Multimedia CD-ROM Player</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">DVD</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DVD_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DVD_logo.svg/150px-DVD_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DVD_logo.svg/225px-DVD_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DVD_logo.svg/300px-DVD_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg/220px-DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg/330px-DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg/440px-DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="965" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The data side of a DVD<br />manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Sony_DADC" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony DADC">Sony DADC</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Content_format" title="Content format">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">DVD-ROM and DVD-R(W) use one encoding, DVD-RAM and DVD+R(W) uses another</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">4.7 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> (single-sided, single-layer – common)<br />8.5 GB (single-sided, double-layer)<br />9.4 GB (double-sided, single-layer)<br />17.08 GB (double-sided, double-layer) <br /> <small>Up to four layers are possible in a standard form DVD.</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Read<span class="nowrap"> </span>mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">650 nm laser, 10.5 <a href="/wiki/Megabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabit per second">Mbit/s</a> (1×)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Write<span class="nowrap"> </span>mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">650 nm laser with a focused beam using more power than for reading, 10.5 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> (1×)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DVD_Forum" title="DVD Forum">DVD Forum</a>'s DVD Books<sup id="cite_ref-dvd-book_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvd-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dvd-books_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvd-books-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dvd-books-overview_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvd-books-overview-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and DVD+RW Alliance specifications</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed<span class="nowrap"> </span>by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">Diameter</a>: 12 cm (4.7 in)<br />Thickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weight</th><td class="infobox-data">16 grams (0.56 oz)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usage</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">Home video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Computer data storage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended<span class="nowrap"> </span>from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended<span class="nowrap"> </span>to</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a> (Fixed-track writable media)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1, 1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996-11-01</span>)</span> (Japan)<sup id="cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faqjimtay-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />January 1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997-01</span>)</span> (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> and other Asia)<br />March 24, 1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997-03-24</span>)</span> (United States)<sup id="cite_ref-uni_PR_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uni_PR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uslaunchdate_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslaunchdate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />March 1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998-03</span>)</span> (Europe)<sup id="cite_ref-europelaunchdate_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europelaunchdate-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />February 1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999-02</span>)</span> (Australia/New Zealand)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical discs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_icon_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/128px-CD_icon_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/192px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/256px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">Optical disc authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring#Software" title="Optical disc authoring">Authoring software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Recording technologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_modes" title="Optical disc recording modes">Recording modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_writing" title="Packet writing">Packet writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_cutting_area" title="Burst cutting area">Burst cutting area</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Optical media types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><b>Compact disc (<a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc" title="5.1 Music Disc">5.1 Music Disc</a>, Super Audio CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a>, CD Video (<a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CDV</a>), Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a>), Super Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a>), <a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM_XA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-ROM XA">CD-ROM XA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIL-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MIL-CD">MIL-CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><b>Digital Versatile Disc (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">DVD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DS" title="DVD-R DS">DVD-R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DS" title="DVD+R DS">DVD+R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-D" title="DVD-D">DVD-D</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/EcoDisc" title="EcoDisc">EcoDisc</a>, <a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li> <li><b>Blu-ray Disc (<a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R & BD-RE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray">Mini Blu-ray Disc</a>, 4K Blu-ray (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M-DISC" title="M-DISC">M-DISC</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc (UMD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-R">HD DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RW">HD DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RAM">HD DVD-RAM</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc">High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/VCDHD" title="VCDHD">VCDHD</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/GD-ROM" title="GD-ROM">GD-ROM</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Personal_Video_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Video Disc">Personal Video Disc (PVD)</a></b></li> <li><b>MiniDisc (<a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/MD_Data" title="MD Data">MD Data, MD Data2</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a></b></li> <li><b>LaserDisc (<a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/LD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="LD-ROM">LD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/LV-ROM" title="LV-ROM">LV-ROM</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">Video Single Disc (VSD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">Magneto-optical discs</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">Ultra Density Optical (UDO)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stacked_Volumetric_Optical_Disc" title="Stacked Volumetric Optical Disc">Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent Multilayer Disc">Fluorescent Multilayer Disc</a> </b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hyper_CD-ROM" title="Hyper CD-ROM">Hyper CD-ROM</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo optical disc (NOD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a> (AD)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee" title="Small Form Factor Committee">SFF</a> <a href="/wiki/ATA_Packet_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="ATA Packet Interface">ATAPI</a>/<a href="/wiki/SCSI_Multimedia_Commands" title="SCSI Multimedia Commands">MMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(packet_writing)" title="Mount Rainier (packet writing)">Mount Rainier</a> (packet writing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_Jump_Recording" title="Layer Jump Recording">Mount Fuji</a> (layer jump recording)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></li> <li>File systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo file system">Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a> / SUSP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ISO_9660_Extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple ISO 9660 Extensions">Apple ISO 9660 Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Universal Disk Format (<a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_optical_storage_media" class="mw-redirect" title="History of optical storage media">History of optical storage media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">High-definition optical disc format war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_disc" title="Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_disc" title="Template talk:Optical disc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>DVD</b> (common abbreviation for <b>digital video disc</b> or <b>digital versatile disc</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">data storage</a> format. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. The medium can store any kind of <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital data</a> and has been widely used to store video programs (watched using <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD players</a>), software and other computer files. DVDs offer significantly higher storage capacity than <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a> (CD) while having the same dimensions. A standard single-layer DVD can store up to 4.7 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> of data, a dual-layer DVD up to 8.5 GB. Variants can store up to a maximum of 17.08 GB.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prerecorded DVDs are mass-produced using <a href="/wiki/Injection_molding_machine" title="Injection molding machine">molding machines</a> that physically stamp data onto the DVD. Such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank <a href="/wiki/Recordable_DVD" class="mw-redirect" title="Recordable DVD">recordable DVD</a> discs (<a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a>) can be recorded once using a <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">DVD recorder</a> and then function as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVDs (<a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a>) can be recorded and erased many times. </p><p>DVDs are used in <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a> consumer digital video format and less commonly in <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> consumer digital audio format, as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a special <a href="/wiki/AVCHD#AVCHD_as_distribution_format" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a> format to hold <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high definition</a> material (often in conjunction with AVCHD format <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a>). DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> comments that, "In 1995, rival manufacturers of the product initially named digital video disc agreed that, in order to emphasize the flexibility of the format for multimedia applications, the preferred abbreviation DVD would be understood to denote digital versatile disc." The OED also states that in 1995, "The companies said the official name of the format will simply be DVD. <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> had been using the name 'digital video disc', but that was switched to 'digital versatile disc' after computer companies complained that it left out their applications."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Digital versatile disc" is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/DVD_Forum" title="DVD Forum">DVD Forum</a>'s mission statement, which the purpose is to promote broad acceptance of DVD products on technology, across entertainment, and other industries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because DVDs became highly popular for the distribution of movies in the 2000s, the term <i>DVD</i> became popularly used in English as a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> to describe specifically a full-length movie released on the format; for example the sentence to "watch a DVD" describes watching a movie on DVD.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_and_launch">Development and launch</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_disk_storage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/300px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/450px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/600px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (tracks not to scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.<br />* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in <a href="/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity#Zoned_Constant_Linear_Velocity" title="Constant linear velocity">ZCLV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constant_Angular_Acceleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant Angular Acceleration">CAA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity" title="Constant angular velocity">CAV</a> modes, but most work in <a href="/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity" title="Constant linear velocity">constant linear velocity</a> (CLV) mode.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schouhamerimmink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/170px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/255px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/340px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> received a personal technical <a href="/wiki/Emmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy">Emmy</a> award for his contributions to DVD and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> disc.</figcaption></figure> <p>Released in 1987, <a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm (4.7 in) size of audio CDs. <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a> (VCD) became one of the first formats for distributing <i>digitally</i> encoded films in this format, in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, two new optical disc storage formats were being developed. One was the Multimedia <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc">Compact Disc</a> (MMCD), backed by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> (developers of the CD and <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a>), and the other was the Super Density (SD) disc, supported by <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matsushita_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsushita Electric">Matsushita Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi, Ltd.">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomson_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson SA">Thomson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>. By the time of the press launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc (DVD).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NGen6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGen6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 3, 1995, an <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a>, industry technical group formed from five computer companies (IBM, Apple, <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, and Microsoft) issued a press release stating that they would only accept a single format.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group voted to boycott both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gerstner" title="Lou Gerstner">Lou Gerstner</a>, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions. In one significant compromise, the MMCD and SD groups agreed to adopt proposal SD 9, which specified that both layers of the dual-layered disc be read from the same side—instead of proposal SD 10, which would have created a two-sided disc that users would have to turn over. Philips/Sony strongly insisted on the source code, <a href="/wiki/EFMPlus" class="mw-redirect" title="EFMPlus">EFMPlus</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> had designed for the MMCD, because it makes it possible to apply the existing CD servo technology. Its drawback was a loss from 5 to 4.7 Gbyte of capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> (4.38 <a href="/wiki/Gibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibibyte">GiB</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-GB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB) for a dual-layered, single-sided disc.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DVD specification ended up similar to Toshiba and Matsushita's Super Density Disc, except for the dual-layer option. MMCD was single-sided and optionally dual-layer, whereas SD was two half-thickness, single-layer discs which were pressed separately and then glued together to form a double-sided disc.<sup id="cite_ref-NGen6_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGen6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philips and Sony decided that it was in their best interests to end the format war, and on September 15, 1995 agreed to unify with companies backing the Super Density Disc to release a single format, with technologies from both.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After other compromises between MMCD and SD, the group of computer companies won the day, and a single format was agreed upon. The computer companies also collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Storage_Technology_Association" title="Optical Storage Technology Association">Optical Storage Technology Association</a> (OSTA) on the use of their implementation of the ISO-13346 file system (known as <a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">Universal Disk Format</a>) for use on the new DVDs. The format's details were finalized on December 8, 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1995, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> announced it would start mass-producing DVDs by September 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The format launched on November 1, 1996, in Japan, mostly with <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music video</a> releases. The first major releases from <a href="/wiki/Warner_Home_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Home Video">Warner Home Video</a> arrived on December 20, 1996, with four titles being available.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faqjimtay-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The format's release in the U.S. was delayed multiple times, from August 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to October 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> November 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before finally settling on early 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Players began to be produced domestically that winter, with March 24, 1997, as the U.S. launch date of the format proper in seven test markets.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uslaunchdate_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslaunchdate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 32 titles were available on launch day, mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Line_Cinema" title="New Line Cinema">New Line</a> libraries,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the notable inclusion of the 1996 film <a href="/wiki/Twister_(1996_film)" title="Twister (1996 film)"><i>Twister</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the launch was planned for the following day (March 25), leading to a distribution change with retailers and studios to prevent similar violations of breaking the <a href="/wiki/Street_date" title="Street date">street date</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nationwide rollout for the format happened on August 22, 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system company)">DTS</a> announced in late 1997 that they would be coming onto the format. The sound system company revealed details in a November 1997 online interview, and clarified it would release discs in early 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this date would be pushed back several times before finally releasing their first titles at the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, blank DVD recordable discs cost the equivalent of $27.34 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a> in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption">Adoption</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/220px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/330px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/440px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>, the first video game console to run DVDs</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie">Movie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home entertainment</a> distributors adopted the DVD format to replace the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> tape as the primary consumer video distribution format.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately following the formal adoption of a unified standard for DVD, two of the four leading <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game console</a> companies (<a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_3DO_Company" title="The 3DO Company">The 3DO Company</a>) said they already had plans to design a gaming console with DVDs as the source medium.<sup id="cite_ref-NGen18_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGen18-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sony stated at the time that they had no plans to use DVD in their gaming systems, despite being one of the developers of the DVD format and eventually the first company to actually release a DVD-based console.<sup id="cite_ref-NGen18_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGen18-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Game consoles such as the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> use DVDs as their source medium for games and other software. Contemporary games for Windows were also distributed on DVD. Early DVDs were mastered using <a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">DLT</a> tape,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but using DVD-R DL or +R DL eventually became common.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Combo_television_unit" title="Combo television unit">TV DVD combos</a>, combining a standard definition CRT TV or an HD flat panel TV with a DVD mechanism under the CRT or on the back of the flat panel, and <a href="/wiki/VCR/DVD_combo" title="VCR/DVD combo">VCR/DVD combos</a> were also available for purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For consumers, DVD soon replaced VHS as the favored choice for home movie releases. In 2001, DVD players outsold VCRs for the first time in the United States. At that time, one in four American households owned a DVD player.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2007, about 80% of Americans owned a DVD player, a figure that had surpassed VCRs; it was also higher than personal computers or cable television.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2></div> <p>The DVD specifications created and updated by the <a href="/wiki/DVD_Forum" title="DVD Forum">DVD Forum</a> are published as so-called <i>DVD Books</i> (e.g. DVD-ROM Book, DVD-Audio Book, DVD-Video Book, DVD-R Book, DVD-RW Book, DVD-RAM Book, DVD-AR (Audio Recording) Book, <a href="/wiki/DVD-VR" title="DVD-VR">DVD-VR</a> (Video Recording) Book, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-dvd-book_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvd-book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dvd-books_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvd-books-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dvd-books-overview_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvd-books-overview-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DVD discs are made up of two discs; normally one is blank, and the other contains data. Each disc is 0.6 mm thick, and they are glued together to form a DVD disc. The gluing process must be done carefully to make the disc as flat as possible to avoid both <a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">birefringence</a> and "disc tilt", which is when the disc is not perfectly flat, preventing it from being read.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some specifications for mechanical, physical and optical characteristics of DVD optical discs can be downloaded as freely available standards from the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> website.<sup id="cite_ref-iso-free_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-free-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also equivalent <a href="/wiki/European_Computer_Manufacturers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="European Computer Manufacturers Association">European Computer Manufacturers Association</a> (Ecma) standards for some of these specifications, such as Ecma-267 for DVD-ROMs.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW_Alliance" title="DVD+RW Alliance">DVD+RW Alliance</a> publishes competing recordable DVD specifications such as DVD+R, DVD+R DL, DVD+RW or <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW_DL" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW DL">DVD+RW DL</a>. These DVD formats are also ISO standards.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some DVD specifications (e.g. for DVD-Video) are not publicly available and can be obtained only from the DVD Format/Logo Licensing Corporation (DVD FLLC) for a fee of US$5000.<sup id="cite_ref-dvdbook-subscribe_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvdbook-subscribe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every subscriber must sign a <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreement</a> as certain information on the DVD Books is proprietary and confidential.<sup id="cite_ref-dvdbook-subscribe_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvdbook-subscribe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double-sided_discs">Double-sided discs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Double-sided_disk" title="Double-sided disk">Double-sided disk</a></div> <p>Borrowing from the <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> format, the DVD standard includes DVD-10 discs (Type B in ISO) with two recorded data layers such that only one layer is accessible from either side of the disc. This doubles the total nominal capacity of a DVD-10 disc to 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB), but each side is locked to 4.7 GB. Like DVD-5 discs, DVD-10 discs are defined as single-layer (SL) discs.<sup id="cite_ref-iso-free_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-free-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual-layer_discs">Dual-layer discs</h3></div> <p>DVD hardware accesses the additional layer (layer 1) by refocusing the laser through an otherwise normally-placed, semitransparent first layer (layer 0). This laser refocus—and the subsequent time needed to reacquire laser tracking—can cause a noticeable pause in A/V playback on earlier <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD players</a>, the length of which varies between hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A printed message explaining that the layer-transition pause was not a malfunction became standard on DVD <a href="/wiki/Keep_case" title="Keep case">keep cases</a>. During mastering, a studio could make the transition less obvious by timing it to occur just before a camera angle change or other abrupt shift, an early example being the DVD release of <a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the format's life, larger <a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">data buffers</a> and faster <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#Optical_pickup_system" title="Optical disc drive">optical pickups</a> in DVD players made layer transitions effectively invisible regardless of mastering.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dual-layer DVDs are recorded using <a href="/wiki/Opposite_Track_Path" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposite Track Path">Opposite Track Path</a> (OTP).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combinations_of_the_above">Combinations of the above</h3></div> <p>The DVD Book also permits an additional disc type called DVD-14: a hybrid double-sided disc with one dual-layer side, one single-layer side, and a total nominal capacity of 12.3 GB.<sup id="cite_ref-DVD-14_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVD-14-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DVD-14 has no counterpart in ISO.<sup id="cite_ref-iso-free_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-free-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both of these additional disc types are extremely rare due to their complicated and expensive manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-DVD-14_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVD-14-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, some DVDs that were initially issued as double-sided discs were later pressed as two-disc sets. </p><p><b>Note</b>: <i>The above sections regarding disc types pertain to 12 cm discs. The same disc types exist for 8 cm discs: ISO standards still regard these discs as Types A–D, while the DVD Book assigns them distinct disc types. DVD-14 has no analogous 8 cm type. The comparative data for 8 cm discs is provided further down.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DVD_recordable_and_rewritable">DVD recordable and rewritable</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DVD_recordable" title="DVD recordable">DVD recordable</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_DVD%2BRW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sony_DVD%2BRW.jpg/220px-Sony_DVD%2BRW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Sony_DVD%2BRW.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Sony Rewritable DVD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg/220px-Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg/330px-Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg/440px-Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3930" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>A DVD-ROM drive for a PC</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> initially developed recordable DVD media from the need to store data for backup and transport.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> DVD recordables are now also used for consumer audio and video recording. Three formats were developed: <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a>/<a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a>/<a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">RW</a> (plus), and <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a>. DVD-R is available in two formats, General (650 nm) and Authoring (635 nm), where Authoring discs may be recorded with <a href="/wiki/Content_Scramble_System" title="Content Scramble System">CSS</a> encrypted video content but General discs may not.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual-layer_recording">Dual-layer recording</h3></div> <p>Dual-layer recording (occasionally called double-layer recording) allows <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a> discs to store nearly double the data of a single-layer disc—8.5 and 4.7 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabyte</a> capacities, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The additional capacity comes at a cost: DVD±DLs have slower write speeds as compared to DVD±R.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a> was developed for the <a href="/wiki/DVD_Forum" title="DVD Forum">DVD Forum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer Corporation</a>; <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a> was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Kagaku_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Kagaku Media">Mitsubishi Kagaku Media</a> (MKM) and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dual-layer-BurnWorld_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dual-layer-BurnWorld-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recordable DVD discs supporting dual-layer technology are backward-compatible with some hardware developed before the recordable medium.<sup id="cite_ref-Dual-layer-BurnWorld_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dual-layer-BurnWorld-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capacity">Capacity</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"> <caption>Capacity and nomenclature<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>SS = single-sided, DS = double-sided, SL = single-layer, DL = dual-layer</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Designation </th> <th rowspan="2">Sides</th> <th rowspan="2">Layers<br />(total)</th> <th rowspan="2">Diameter<br />(cm)</th> <th colspan="2">Capacity </th></tr> <tr> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-1<sup id="cite_ref-DVD_Demystified_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVD_Demystified-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td title="single-sided, single-layer">SS SL </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-2</td> <td title="single-sided, double-layer or double-sided, single layer">SS DL </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-3</td> <td title="double-sided, single-layer">DS SL </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-4</td> <td title="double-sided, double-layer">DS DL </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-5</td> <td title="single-sided, single-layer">SS SL </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-9</td> <td title="single-sided, double-layer">SS DL </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-10</td> <td title="double-sided, single-layer">DS SL </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-14<sup id="cite_ref-DVD-14_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVD-14-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td title="double-sided, double- and single-layer">DS SL+DL </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-18</td> <td title="double-sided, double-layer">DS DL </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.08 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="text-align: center;">All units are expressed with <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png/220px-Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png/330px-Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png/440px-Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison: a 12 cm <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a> and a 19 cm <a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">pencil</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG/220px-Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG/330px-Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG/440px-Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>DVD-RW Drive operating (performing a burning (writing) operation) with its protective cover removed</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top:1em;"> <caption>Capacity and nomenclature of (re)writable discs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Designation </th> <th rowspan="2">Sides</th> <th rowspan="2">Layers<br />(total)</th> <th rowspan="2">Diameter<br />(cm)</th> <th colspan="2">Capacity </th></tr> <tr> <th>(GB) </th></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-R</td> <td>SS SL (1.0)</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>12</td> <td>3.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-R</td> <td>SS SL (2.0)</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>12</td> <td>4.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-RW</td> <td>SS SL</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>12</td> <td>4.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD+R</td> <td>SS SL</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>12</td> <td>4.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD+RW</td> <td>SS SL</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>12</td> <td>4.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-R</td> <td>SS DL</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>12</td> <td>8.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-RW</td> <td>SS DL</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>12</td> <td>8.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD+R</td> <td>SS DL</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>12</td> <td>8.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD+RW</td> <td>SS DL</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>12</td> <td>8.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-RAM</td> <td>SS SL</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>8</td> <td>1.46* </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-RAM</td> <td>DS SL</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>8</td> <td>2.47* </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-RAM</td> <td>SS SL (1.0)</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>12</td> <td>2.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-RAM</td> <td>SS SL (2.0)</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>12</td> <td>4.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-RAM</td> <td>DS SL (1.0)</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>12</td> <td>5.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-RAM</td> <td>DS SL (2.0)</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>12</td> <td>9.39* </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="text-align: center;">All units are expressed with <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).</div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top:1em;"> <caption>Capacity differences of writable DVD formats </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Sectors</th> <th>Bytes</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kB</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a></th> <th>GB </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>DVD-R SL</td> <td>2,298,496</td> <td>4,707,319,808</td> <td>4,707,320</td> <td>4,707</td> <td>4.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>DVD+R SL</td> <td>2,295,104</td> <td>4,700,372,992</td> <td>4,700,373</td> <td>4,700</td> <td>4.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>DVD-R DL</td> <td>4,171,712</td> <td>8,543,666,176</td> <td>8,543,666</td> <td>8,544</td> <td>8.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>DVD+R DL</td> <td>4,173,824</td> <td>8,547,991,552</td> <td>8,547,992</td> <td>8,548</td> <td>8.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="text-align: center;">All units are expressed with <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DVD_drives_and_players">DVD drives and players</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drive</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD player</a></div> <p>DVD drives are devices that can read DVD discs on a computer. <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD players</a> are a particular type of devices that do not require a computer to work, and can read <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> discs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_rates">Transfer rates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/DVD_recordable#Transfer_rates" title="DVD recordable">DVD recordable § Transfer rates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dismdvd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dismdvd.jpg/220px-Dismdvd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dismdvd.jpg/330px-Dismdvd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dismdvd.jpg/440px-Dismdvd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Internal mechanism of a DVD-ROM Drive. See text for details.</figcaption></figure> <p>Read and write speeds for the first DVD drives and players were 1,385 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kB</a>/s (1,353 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>/s); this speed is usually called "1×". More recent models, at 18× or 20×, have 18 or 20 times that speed. For CD drives, 1× means 153.6 kB/s (150 KiB/s), about one-ninth as swift.<sup id="cite_ref-DVD_Demystified_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVD_Demystified-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OSTA-speeds_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSTA-speeds-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CD_and_DVD_writing_speed#CD,_DVD_and_Blu-ray_writing_speeds" class="mw-redirect" title="CD and DVD writing speed">CD and DVD writing speed § CD, DVD and Blu-ray writing speeds</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>DVD drive speeds </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Drive speed (not rotations) </th> <th colspan="2">Data rate </th> <th colspan="2">~Write time (minutes)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Revolutions per minute (<a href="/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity" title="Constant linear velocity">constant linear velocity</a>, CLV)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/MB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="MB/s">MB/s</a></th> <th>Single-Layer</th> <th>Dual-Layer </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>1× </th> <td>11</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>57</td> <td>103</td> <td>1400 (inner) 580 (outer)<sup id="cite_ref-OSTA-speeds_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSTA-speeds-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>2× </th> <td>22</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>28</td> <td>51</td> <td>2800 (inner) 1160 (outer) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>2.4× </th> <td>27</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>24</td> <td>43</td> <td>3360 (inner) 1392 (outer) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>2.6× </th> <td>29</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>22</td> <td>40</td> <td>3640 (inner) 1508 (outer) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>3× </th> <td>33</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>19</td> <td>34</td> <td>4200 (inner) 2320 (outer) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>4× </th> <td>44</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>14</td> <td>26</td> <td>5600 (inner) 2900 (outer) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>6× </th> <td>67</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>9</td> <td>17</td> <td>8400 (inner) 3480 (outer) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>8× </th> <td>89</td> <td>11.1</td> <td>7</td> <td>13</td> <td>4640 (<a href="/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity" title="Constant angular velocity">CAV</a>; no longer uses pure CLV) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>10× </th> <td>111</td> <td>13.9</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>5800 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>12× </th> <td>133</td> <td>16.6</td> <td>5</td> <td>9</td> <td>6960 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>16× </th> <td>177</td> <td>22.2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>9280 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>18× </th> <td>199</td> <td>24.9</td> <td>3</td> <td>6</td> <td>10440 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>20× </th> <td>222</td> <td>27.7</td> <td>3</td> <td>5</td> <td>11600 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>22× </th> <td>244</td> <td>30.5</td> <td>3</td> <td>5</td> <td>12760 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>24× </th> <td>266</td> <td>33.2</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>13920 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>DVDs can spin at much higher speeds than CDs – DVDs can spin at up to 32000 <a href="/wiki/Rotations_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotations per minute">RPM</a> vs 23000 for CDs.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, they are not spun by optical drives anywhere close to these speeds to provide a safety margin. DVD drives limit reading speed to 16× (constant angular velocity), which means 9280 rotations per minute. Early-generation drives released before the mid-2000s have lower limits.<sup id="cite_ref-Pioneer-Archive_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pioneer-Archive-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TSST-Manuals_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSST-Manuals-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DVD recordable and rewritable discs can be read and written using either <a href="/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity" title="Constant angular velocity">constant angular velocity</a> (CAV), <a href="/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity" title="Constant linear velocity">constant linear velocity</a> (CLV), <a href="/wiki/Partial_constant_angular_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial constant angular velocity">Partial constant angular velocity</a> (P-CAV) or <a href="/wiki/Zoned_constant_linear_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoned constant linear velocity">Zoned Constant Linear Velocity</a> (Z-CLV or ZCLV).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the slightly lower data density of <a href="#Dual-layer_discs">dual layer</a> DVDs (4.25 GB instead of 4.7 GB per layer), the required rotation speed is around 10% faster for the same data rate, which means that the same angular speed rating equals a 10% higher physical angular rotation speed. For that reason, the increase of reading speeds of dual layer media has stagnated at 12× (<a href="/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity" title="Constant angular velocity">constant angular velocity</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#Form_factors" title="Optical disc drive">half-height</a> optical drives released since around 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#Form_factors" title="Optical disc drive">slim type optical drives</a> are only able to record dual layer media at 6× (constant angular velocity), while reading speeds of 8× are still supported by such.<sup id="cite_ref-HL-DT-ST-Discontinued_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HL-DT-ST-Discontinued-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TSST-Manuals_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSST-Manuals-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pioneer-Archive_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pioneer-Archive-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disc_quality_measurements">Disc quality measurements</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png/220px-QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png/330px-QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png/440px-QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Error rate measurement on a DVD+R. The error rate is still within a healthy range.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc#Surface_error_scanning" title="Optical disc">Optical disc § Surface error scanning</a></div> <p>The quality and <a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">data integrity</a> of optical media is measureable, which means that future data losses caused by <a href="/wiki/Disc_rot" title="Disc rot">deteriorating media</a> can be predicted well in advance by measuring the rate of correctable data errors.<sup id="cite_ref-qpx_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qpx-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support of measuring the disc quality varies among optical drive vendors and models.<sup id="cite_ref-QPx-Glossary_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QPx-Glossary-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LightByte_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LightByte-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a></div> <p>DVD-Video is a standard for distributing video/audio content on DVD media. The format went on sale in Japan on November 1, 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faqjimtay-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the United States on March 24, 1997, to line up with the <a href="/wiki/69th_Academy_Awards" title="69th Academy Awards">69th Academy Awards</a> that day;<sup id="cite_ref-uslaunchdate_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslaunchdate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Canada, Central America, and Indonesia later in 1997; and in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-europelaunchdate_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europelaunchdate-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia, and Africa in 1998. DVD-Video became the dominant form of home video distribution in Japan when it first went on sale on November 1, 1996, but it shared the market for home video distribution in the United States for several years; it was June 15, 2003, when weekly DVD-Video in the United States rentals began outnumbering weekly VHS cassette rentals.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DVD-Video is still the dominant form of home video distribution worldwide except for in Japan where it was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a> when Blu-ray first went on sale in Japan on March 31, 2006.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Content_Scramble_System" title="Content Scramble System">Content Scramble System</a></div> <p>The purpose of CSS is twofold: </p> <ol><li>CSS prevents byte-for-byte copies of an <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a> (digital video) stream from being playable since such copies do not include the keys that are hidden on the lead-in area of the restricted DVD.</li> <li>CSS provides a reason for manufacturers to make their devices compliant with an industry-controlled standard, since CSS scrambled discs cannot in principle be played on noncompliant devices; anyone wishing to build compliant devices must obtain a license, which contains the requirement that the rest of the DRM system (<a href="/wiki/DVD_region_code" title="DVD region code">region codes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrovision" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrovision">Macrovision</a>, and <a href="/wiki/User_operation_prohibition" title="User operation prohibition">user operation prohibition</a>) be implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successors_and_decline">Successors and decline</h2></div> <p>In 2006, two new formats called <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray Disc</a> were released as the successor to DVD. HD DVD competed unsuccessfully with Blu-ray Disc in the <a href="/wiki/Format_war" title="Format war">format war</a> <a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">of 2006–2008</a>. A dual layer HD DVD can store up to 30 GB and a dual layer Blu-ray disc can hold up to 50 GB.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, unlike previous format changes, e.g., vinyl to Compact Disc or VHS videotape to DVD, initially there was no immediate indication that production of the standard DVD will gradually wind down, as at the beginning of the 2010s they still dominated, with around 75% of video sales and approximately one billion DVD player sales worldwide as of April 2011. In fact, experts claimed that the DVD would remain the dominant medium for at least another five years as Blu-ray technology was still in its introductory phase, write and read speeds being poor and necessary hardware being expensive and not readily available.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consumers initially were also slow to adopt Blu-ray due to the cost.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2009, 85% of stores were selling Blu-ray Discs. A high-definition television and appropriate connection cables are also required to take advantage of Blu-ray disc. Some analysts suggested that the biggest obstacle to replacing DVD was due to its installed base; a large majority of consumers were satisfied with DVDs.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG/220px-DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG/330px-DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG/440px-DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> offering <a href="/wiki/Physical_media" title="Physical media">physical media</a> such as DVDs.</figcaption></figure> <p>DVDs started to face competition from <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> services around 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With increasing numbers of homes having high speed Internet connections, many people had the option to either rent or buy video from an online service, and view it by streaming it directly from that service's servers, meaning they no longer need any form of permanent storage media for video at all. By 2017, digital streaming services had overtaken the sales of DVDs and Blu-rays for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the end of the 2010s, manufacturers continued to release standard DVD titles, and the format remained the preferred one for the release of older television programs and films. Shows that were shot and edited entirely on film, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek: The Original Series</a></i>, could not be released in high definition without being re-scanned from the original film recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shows that were made between the early 1980s and the early 2000s were generally shot on film, then transferred to video tape, and then edited natively in either NTSC or PAL; this makes high-definition transfers impossible, as these SD standards were baked into the final cuts of the episodes. <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i> was the only such show that had a Blu-ray release, as prints were re-scanned and edited from the ground up.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the beginning of the 2020s, sales of DVD had dropped 86% with respect to the peak of DVD sales around 2005, while on-demand sales and, overall, <a href="/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_services" title="List of streaming media services">subscription streaming</a> of TV shows and movies grew by over 1,200%. At its peak, DVD sales represented almost two thirds of video market in the US; approximately 15 years later, around 2020, they fell to only 10% of the market.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2022, there was an increased demand of high definition media, where <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a> and regular Blu-ray formats made up for almost half of the US market while sales of physical media continued to shrink in favor of streaming services.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Longevity">Longevity</h2></div> <p>Longevity of a storage medium is measured by how long the data remains readable, assuming compatible devices exist that can read it: that is, how long the disc can be stored until data is lost. Numerous factors affect longevity: composition and quality of the media (recording and substrate layers), humidity and light storage conditions, the quality of the initial recording (which is sometimes a matter of mutual compatibility of media and recorder), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-final_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-final-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>, "[a] temperature of 64.4 °F (18 °C) and 40% RH [Relative Humidity] would be considered suitable for long-term storage. A lower temperature and RH is recommended for extended-term storage."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with CDs, the information and data storage will begin to degrade over time with most standard DVDs lasting up to 30 years depending on the type of environment they are stored and whether they are full with data.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Storage_Technology_Association" title="Optical Storage Technology Association">Optical Storage Technology Association</a> (OSTA), "Manufacturers claim lifespans ranging from 30 to 100 years for DVD, DVD-R and DVD+R discs and up to 30 years for DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a NIST/<a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">LoC</a> research project conducted in 2005–2007 using <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing" title="Accelerated life testing">accelerated life testing</a>, "There were fifteen DVD products tested, including five DVD-R, five DVD+R, two DVD-RW and three DVD+RW types. There were ninety samples tested for each product. ... Overall, seven of the products tested had estimated life expectancies in ambient conditions of more than 45 years. Four products had estimated life expectancies of 30–45 years in ambient storage conditions. Two products had an estimated life expectancy of 15–30 years and two products had estimated life expectancies of less than 15 years when stored in ambient conditions." The life expectancies for 95% survival estimated in this project by type of product are tabulated below:<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-final_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-final-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2013)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:DVD#DVD_lifetime" title="Talk:DVD">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Disc type</th> <th>0–15 years</th> <th>15–30 years</th> <th>30–45 years</th> <th>over 45 years </th></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-R</td> <td>20%</td> <td>20%</td> <td>0%</td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD+R</td> <td>20%</td> <td>0%</td> <td>40%</td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD-RW</td> <td>0%</td> <td>0%</td> <td>50%</td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>DVD+RW</td> <td>0%</td> <td>33.3%</td> <td>33.3%</td> <td>33.3%<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-final_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-final-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="padding-top:10px;margin-top:1em;max-width:400px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-height:250px;min-width:400px;max-width:400px;"> <div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:170px;min-width:300px;max-width:300px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:18.5px;top:136px;height:33px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="0–15 years: 20percent"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:93.5px;top:136px;height:33px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="0–15 years: 20percent"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:18.5px;top:102px;height:33px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:maroon;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid maroon;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="15–30 years: 20percent"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:243.5px;top:113px;height:56px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:maroon;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid maroon;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="15–30 years: 33.33percent"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:93.5px;top:68px;height:67px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:green;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid green;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="30–45 years: 40percent"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:168.5px;top:85px;height:84px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:green;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid green;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="30–45 years: 50percent"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:243.5px;top:56px;height:56px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:green;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid green;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="30–45 years: 33.33percent"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:18.5px;top:0px;height:101px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:lime;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid lime;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="over 45 years: 60percent"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:93.5px;top:0px;height:67px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:lime;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid lime;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="over 45 years: 40percent"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:168.5px;top:0px;height:84px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:lime;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid lime;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="over 45 years: 50percent"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:243.5px;top:-1px;height:56px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:lime;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid lime;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="over 45 years: 33.33percent"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;height:170px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:143px;padding:0 2px">10</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:153px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:126px;padding:0 2px">20</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:136px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:109px;padding:0 2px">30</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:119px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:92px;padding:0 2px">40</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:102px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:75px;padding:0 2px">50</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:85px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:58px;padding:0 2px">60</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:68px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:41px;padding:0 2px">70</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:51px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:24px;padding:0 2px">80</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:34px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:7px;padding:0 2px">90</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:17px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">100</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;top:170px;left:100px;width:300px;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1px;top:10px;min-width:73px;max-width:73px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">DVD-R</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:37.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:76px;top:10px;min-width:73px;max-width:73px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">DVD+R</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:112.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:151px;top:10px;min-width:73px;max-width:73px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">DVD-RW</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:187.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:226px;top:10px;min-width:73px;max-width:73px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">DVD+RW</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:262.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:red;border:1px solid red;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> 0–15 years</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:maroon;border:1px solid maroon;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> 15–30 years</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:green;border:1px solid green;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> 30–45 years</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:lime;border:1px solid lime;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> over 45 years</li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms" title="Glossary of computer hardware terms">Glossary of computer hardware terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_type" title="Book type">Book type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_popular_optical_data-storage_systems" title="Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems">Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">Digital video recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics" title="Hard disk drive performance characteristics">Hard disk drive performance characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_authoring" title="DVD authoring">DVD authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping">Ripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_region_code" title="DVD region code">DVD region code</a></li> <li>DVD TV game – <a href="/wiki/Interactive_film" title="Interactive film">Interactive film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a></li> <li>DVD single – <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">Music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-DISC" title="M-DISC">M-DISC</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GB-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GB_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 GB is one billion bytes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The four titles being <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fugitive_(1993_film)" title="The Fugitive (1993 film)">The Fugitive</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner: Director's Cut</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eraser_(film)" title="Eraser (film)">Eraser</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Assassins_(1995_film)" title="Assassins (1995 film)">Assassins</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These test markets were in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Three additional titles, including <i><a href="/wiki/GoldenEye" title="GoldenEye">GoldenEye</a></i>; are not listed in this article but are mentioned in other launch-day sources, most of which are dead links.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The write time is wildly optimistic for higher (>4x) write speeds, due to being calculated from the maximum drive write speed instead of the average drive write speed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to the data track circumference of 12cm discs being 2.4 times as long at the outer edge as at the innermost edge of the data area, a <a href="/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity" title="Constant angular velocity">constant angular velocity</a> number equals the physical rotation speed the disc has when accessed with the same <a href="/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity" title="Constant linear velocity">constant linear velocity</a> number at the outermost edge. This means that the listed CLV (constant linear velocity) speeds at the outer edge equal the same number of rotations per minute as the same CAV (constant angular velocity) rating number.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first optical drive model from a major optical drive vendor that achieved ×12 speeds on DVD-ROM Dual Layer was the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Electronics">Pioneer</a> <i>DVR-107</i> (2004).<sup id="cite_ref-DVR-107_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVR-107-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DVR-A06-brochure_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVR-A06-brochure-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later optical drives such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=HL_data_storage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HL data storage (page does not exist)">HL data storage</a> <i>GSA-H10N</i> (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have also achieved 12×(CAV) reading speeds on <a href="/wiki/DVD_recordable" title="DVD recordable">recordable</a> dual-layer media (<a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a>), and <a href="/wiki/TSSTcorp" class="mw-redirect" title="TSSTcorp">TSSTcorp</a> <i>SH-S202/S203/TS-H653B</i> (2007) achieved writing speeds of 12×(CAV) and 16×(CAV) on <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a> respectively, on quality media from selected vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dvd-book-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dvd-book_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dvd-book_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_bconst.html">"DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book"</a>. <i>Dvdfllc.co.jp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425061731/http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_bconst.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DVD%3A+The+Five-Inch+Digital+Video+Disc&rft.btitle=Buying+and+Selling+Multimedia+Services&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-136-13437-1&rft.aulast=Souter&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNA04DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990116230413/http://www.iac.co.jp/%7Ejpn/jan96/jp3.html">"DVD Is Go!"</a>. <i>Japan Press Network</i>. January 17, 1996. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-Town+News&rft.atitle=DVD+Introduction+Announced&rft.date=1996-07-11&rft.aulast=Elrich&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-town.myriadagency.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fpanasonicdvdlaunch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000114144253/http://cnn.com/TECH/9608/31/newsreel/index.html">"Matsushita Electronics to launch DVDs in November"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. August 31, 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnn.com/TECH/9608/31/newsreel/index.html">the original</a> on January 14, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Matsushita+Electronics+to+launch+DVDs+in+November&rft.date=1996-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnn.com%2FTECH%2F9608%2F31%2Fnewsreel%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElrich1996" class="citation web cs1">Elrich, David J. (November 19, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990116230959/http://www.e-town.com/news/articles/dvd1119dea.html">"Toshiba: DVD is here -- Almost"</a>. <i>E-Town News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-town.com/news/articles/dvd1119dea.html">the original</a> on January 16, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-Town+News&rft.atitle=Toshiba%3A+DVD+is+here+--+Almost&rft.date=1996-11-19&rft.aulast=Elrich&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-town.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fdvd1119dea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerson1997" class="citation web cs1">Gerson, Bob (March 21, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990117003437/http://www.e-town.com/news/articles/warnerdvdthreat032197bgt.html">"Warner's DVD Warning"</a>. <i>E-Town News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-town.com/news/articles/warnerdvdthreat032197bgt.html">the original</a> on January 17, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-Town+News&rft.atitle=Warner%27s+DVD+Warning&rft.date=1997-03-21&rft.aulast=Gerson&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-town.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fwarnerdvdthreat032197bgt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980206225122/http://www.laserviews.com/dvd/dvd-970321.html">"DVD News for March 21"</a>. <i>Laserviews</i>. March 21, 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laserviews.com/dvd/dvd-970321.html">the original</a> on February 6, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laserviews&rft.atitle=DVD+News+for+March+21&rft.date=1997-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laserviews.com%2Fdvd%2Fdvd-970321.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span><br /><b>DVD announcements:</b> Now that we finally have ALL the information on the first 29 Warner, MGM and New Line DVD titles...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0117998/trivia?ref_=tttr_ql_trv_1">"Twister (1996) - Trivia"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325035859/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0117998/trivia?ref_=tttr_ql_trv_1">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Twister+%281996%29+-+Trivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0117998%2Ftrivia%3Fref_%3Dtttr_ql_trv_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilzi1997" class="citation web cs1">Bilzi, Jill (April 7, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990116222940/http://www.e-town.com/news/articles/dvdstreet040797jbt.html">"DVD Street Date Ignored"</a>. <i>E-Town News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-town.com/news/articles/dvdstreet040797jbt.html">the original</a> on January 16, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DVD+Announcement&rft.pub=Warner+Home+Video&rft.date=1997-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unik.no%2F~robert%2Fhifi%2Fdvd%2Fwarner1.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDTS_Staff1997" class="citation web cs1">DTS Staff (November 5, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980206163459/http://www.dtstech.com/chat.html">"Chat Transcript - Nov 5, 1997"</a>. <i>DTS</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hometheaterhifi.com&rft.atitle=CES+Report%2C+1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhometheaterhifi.com%2Fvolume_5_1%2Fcesreport98.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Practical Television, November 2001 issue </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calculated pound sterling inflation using <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation/inflation-calculator">"Inflation calculator"</a>. Bank of England. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005211045/https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation/inflation-calculator">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inflation+calculator&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation%2Finflation-calculator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span> 15 pounds in 2001 to 2021 = 22.74 pounds, then calculated exchange rate using Google</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlig2004" class="citation web cs1">Uhlig, Robert (November 22, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3335984/DVD-kills-the-video-show-as-digital-age-takes-over.html">"DVD kills the video show as digital age takes over"</a>. <i>Telegraph.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216020619/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3335984/DVD-kills-the-video-show-as-digital-age-takes-over.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=DVD+kills+the+video+show+as+digital+age+takes+over&rft.date=2004-11-22&rft.aulast=Uhlig&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F3335984%2FDVD-kills-the-video-show-as-digital-age-takes-over.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGen18-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGen18_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGen18_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"DVD Game Consoles?". <i><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)" title="Next Generation (magazine)">Next Generation</a></i>. No. 18. <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagine Media">Imagine Media</a>. June 1996. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Next+Generation&rft.atitle=DVD+Game+Consoles%3F&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1996-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellmanproduction.com/dvd-authoring/what-is-dlt.html">"DVD Authoring — What is DLT?"</a>. <i>HellmanProduction.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924120402/http://www.hellmanproduction.com/dvd-authoring/what-is-dlt.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HellmanProduction.com&rft.atitle=DVD+Authoring+%E2%80%94+What+is+DLT%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellmanproduction.com%2Fdvd-authoring%2Fwhat-is-dlt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellmanproduction.com/dvd-authoring/how-to-make-a-proper-dvd-master.html">"DVD Authoring — How to make a proper DVD master"</a>. <i>HellmanProduction.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906210022/http://www.hellmanproduction.com/dvd-authoring/how-to-make-a-proper-dvd-master.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks.com&rft.atitle=Building+a+Blu-ray+Disc&rft.date=2004-10-16&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felectronics.howstuffworks.com%2Fblu-ray1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iso-free-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso-free_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-free_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-free_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/index.html">ISO Freely Available Standards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026005055/http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/index.html">Archived</a> October 26, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on July 24, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-267.htm">"Standard ECMA-267"</a>. <i>Ecma-international.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522113434/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-267.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecma-international.org&rft.atitle=Standard+ECMA-267&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fpublications%2Fstandards%2FEcma-267.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=52065">ISO/IEC 17344:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +R format – Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429230326/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=52065">Archived</a> April 29, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on July 26, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=51140">ISO/IEC 25434:2008, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +R DL format – Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429230332/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=51140">Archived</a> April 29, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on July 26, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=52064">ISO/IEC 17341:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +RW format – Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 4X)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429230320/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=52064">Archived</a> April 29, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on July 26, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=52066">ISO/IEC 26925:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +RW HS format – Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed 8X)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429230312/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=52066">Archived</a> April 29, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on July 26, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dvdbook-subscribe-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dvdbook-subscribe_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dvdbook-subscribe_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">DVD FLLC (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_nosbsc.html">DVD Format Book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100404082456/http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_nosbsc.html">Archived</a> April 4, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on August 14, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DVD FLLC (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/license/l_howto.html">How To Obtain DVD Format/Logo License (2005–2009)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100318053639/http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/license/l_howto.html">Archived</a> March 18, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on August 14, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsstodd.com%2Fmanual-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa4.htm">Understanding DVD -Recording Speed</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa4.htm">"Understanding DVD -Recording Speed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Optical_Storage_Technology_Association" title="Optical Storage Technology Association">Optical Storage Technology Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040611013745/http://osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+DVD+-Recording+Speed&rft.pub=Optical+Storage+Technology+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osta.org%2Ftechnology%2Fdvdqa%2Fdvdqa4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DVR-107-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DVR-107_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040529003739/https://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pio/pe/images/portal/cit_3424/63510151DVRx07_GSpec.pdf">"DVR-107D, DVR-107BK General Specifications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Electronics">Pioneer Electronics</a> USA</i>. 2004. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pioneer+Electronics+USA&rft.atitle=DVR-107D%2C+DVR-107BK+General+Specifications&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pioneerelectronics.com%2Fpio%2Fpe%2Fimages%2Fportal%2Fcit_3424%2F63510151DVRx07_GSpec.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DVR-A06-brochure-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DVR-A06-brochure_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pio/pe/images/portal/cit_3424/2370275DVR-A06_brochure.pdf">Pioneer DVR-A06 brochure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019221506/https://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pio/pe/images/portal/cit_3424/2370275DVR-A06_brochure.pdf">Archived</a> October 19, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817212943/http://gscs-b2c.lge.com/downloadFile?fileId=KROWM000121334.pdf">"GSA-H10N, H10L, QSG-1008S (owner's manual)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitachi-LG_data_storage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitachi-LG data storage (page does not exist)">Hitachi-LG data storage</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qpxtool.sourceforge.io&rft.atitle=QPxTool+glossary&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqpxtool.sourceforge.io%2Fglossar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LightByte-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LightByte_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightbyte.com/DVD_Sector_2.doc">"One DVD "DATA" Sector – LightByte"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003071535/http://www.lightbyte.com/DVD_Sector_2.doc">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Blu-ray+Disc%3F&rft.pub=Sony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonystyle.com%2Fwebapp%2Fwcs%2Fstores%2Fservlet%2FCategoryDisplay%3FcatalogId%3D10551%26storeId%3D10151%26langId%3D-1%26identifier%3DS_BrandShowcase_Blu-ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822172353/http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#3.13">"DVD FAQ: 3.13 – What about the new HD formats?"</a>. September 21, 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slow+Blu-ray+Adoption%3A+A+Threat+to+Hollywood%27s+Bottom+Line%3F&rft.pub=Seeking+Alpha&rft.date=2009-11-04&rft.aulast=Martorana&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseekingalpha.com%2Farticle%2F171207-slow-blu-ray-adoption-a-threat-to-hollywood-s-bottom-line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826072638/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_16/b3879008_mz001.htm">"Gates And Ballmer On "Making The Transition"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BusinessWeek</i>. April 19, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_16/b3879008_mz001.htm">the original</a> on August 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=Gates+And+Ballmer+On+%22Making+The+Transition%22&rft.date=2004-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F04_16%2Fb3879008_mz001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/are-dvds-becoming-obsolete.htm">"Are DVDs becoming obsolete?"</a>. <i>Electronics.howstuffworks.com</i>. November 1, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065830/http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/are-dvds-becoming-obsolete.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronics.howstuffworks.com&rft.atitle=Are+DVDs+becoming+obsolete%3F&rft.date=2014-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectronics.howstuffworks.com%2Fare-dvds-becoming-obsolete.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/forum/movie?_encoding=UTF8&cdForum=Fx2E577OZX17PPI&cdThread=TxQZAH1GWRJW8V">"Amazon.com: Customer Discussions: When will DVDs be obsolete?"</a>. <i>Amazon.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105306/http://www.amazon.com/forum/movie?_encoding=UTF8&cdForum=Fx2E577OZX17PPI&cdThread=TxQZAH1GWRJW8V">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon.com&rft.atitle=Amazon.com%3A+Customer+Discussions%3A+When+will+DVDs+be+obsolete%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fforum%2Fmovie%3F_encoding%3DUTF8%26cdForum%3DFx2E577OZX17PPI%26cdThread%3DTxQZAH1GWRJW8V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2014" class="citation web cs1">Romano, Nick (June 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://screencrush.com/dvd-sales-decline-study/">"Is the DVD Becoming Obsolete?"</a>. ScreenCrush. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025847/http://screencrush.com/dvd-sales-decline-study/">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Den+of+Geek&rft.atitle=Star+Trek%3A+DS9+%26+Voyager+HD+Blu-Ray+Will+Likely+Never+Happen&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=Kayti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denofgeek.com%2Fus%2Fdvd-bluray%2Fstar-trek%2F261992%2Fstar-trek-ds9-voyager-hd-blu-ray-will-likely-never-happen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitten2019" class="citation web cs1">Witten, Sarah (November 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/08/the-death-of-the-dvd-why-sales-dropped-more-than-86percent-in-13-years.html">"The death of the DVD - Why sales fell more than 86 percent in 13 years"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329212906/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/08/the-death-of-the-dvd-why-sales-dropped-more-than-86percent-in-13-years.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=The+death+of+the+DVD+-+Why+sales+fell+more+than+86+percent+in+13+years&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft.aulast=Witten&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F11%2F08%2Fthe-death-of-the-dvd-why-sales-dropped-more-than-86percent-in-13-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvetlik2022" class="citation web cs1">Svetlik, Joe (July 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whathifi.com/news/dvd-and-blu-ray-sales-continue-to-nosedive">"DVD and Blu-ray sales continue to nosedive"</a>. <i>What Hi-Fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315205237/https://www.whathifi.com/news/dvd-and-blu-ray-sales-continue-to-nosedive">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=What+Hi-Fi&rft.atitle=DVD+and+Blu-ray+sales+continue+to+nosedive&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft.aulast=Svetlik&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whathifi.com%2Fnews%2Fdvd-and-blu-ray-sales-continue-to-nosedive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST-final-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIST-final_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST-final_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST-final_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/NIST_LC_OpticalDiscLongevity.pdf">Final Report: NIST/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228225405/http://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/NIST_LC_OpticalDiscLongevity.pdf">Archived</a> February 28, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Loc.gov, September 2007 (table derived from figure 7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2007" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Wo (August 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/iad/894.05/docs/disccare.html">"NIST Digital Media Group: docs/disccare"</a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130104223809/http://www.itl.nist.gov/iad/894.05/docs/disccare.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NIST+Digital+Media+Group%3A+docs%2Fdisccare&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=2007-08-21&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Wo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itl.nist.gov%2Fiad%2F894.05%2Fdocs%2Fdisccare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/cds-truth-cddvd-longevity-mold-rot/#:~:text=Generally%20speaking%2C%20discs%20with%20recorded,of%2020%20to%20100%20years">"How Long Do CDs/DVDs Last? The Truth About Lifespan, Mold, and Rot"</a>. Makeuseof.com. July 14, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718063955/https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/cds-truth-cddvd-longevity-mold-rot/#:~:text=Generally%20speaking%2C%20discs%20with%20recorded,of%2020%20to%20100%20years">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Long+Do+CDs%2FDVDs+Last%3F+The+Truth+About+Lifespan%2C+Mold%2C+and+Rot&rft.pub=Makeuseof.com&rft.date=2021-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makeuseof.com%2Ftag%2Fcds-truth-cddvd-longevity-mold-rot%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DGenerally%2520speaking%252C%2520discs%2520with%2520recorded%2Cof%252020%2520to%2520100%2520years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa11.htm">"Understanding DVD – Disc Longevity"</a>. <i>Osta.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100502085258/http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa11.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Osta.org&rft.atitle=Understanding+DVD+%E2%80%93+Disc+Longevity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osta.org%2Ftechnology%2Fdvdqa%2Fdvdqa11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2004" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Hugh (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/">"Understanding Recordable and Rewritable DVD"</a>. <i>Optical Storage Technology Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204073515/http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Optical+Storage+Technology+Association&rft.atitle=Understanding+Recordable+and+Rewritable+DVD&rft.date=2004-04&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osta.org%2Ftechnology%2Fdvdqa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabarge2001" class="citation book cs1">Labarge, Ralph (2001). <i>DVD Authoring and Production</i>. Gilroy, California: CMP Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57820-082-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57820-082-2"><bdi>1-57820-082-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DVD+Authoring+and+Production&rft.place=Gilroy%2C+California&rft.pub=CMP+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57820-082-2&rft.aulast=Labarge&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2000" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jim (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dvddemystified00tayl"><i>DVD Demystified</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a> Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-135026-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-135026-8"><bdi>0-07-135026-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DVD+Demystified&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-07-135026-8&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdvddemystified00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Inside_DVD-Video/MPEG_Format" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Inside DVD-Video/MPEG Format">Inside DVD-Video/MPEG Format</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/All_About_Converting_From_Several_Video_Formats_To_DVD" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD">All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD</a> at Wikibooks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822172353/http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html">Dvddemystified.com: DVD Frequently Asked Questions and Answers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.burnworld.com/howto/articles/intro-to-dual-layer.htm">Dual Layer Explained</a> – Informational Guide to the Dual Layer Recording Process</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-left plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DVD" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:DVD"><br />DVD</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="DVD223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DVD" title="Template:DVD"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DVD" title="Template talk:DVD"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DVD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DVD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DVD223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DVD</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DVD_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD formats">Discs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_card" title="DVD card">DVD card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-ROM">DVD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DS" title="DVD-R DS">DVD-R DS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DS" title="DVD+R DS">DVD+R DS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printable_DVD" title="Inkjet printable DVD">Inkjet printable DVD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_region_code" title="DVD region code">DVD region code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection" title="Compact Disc and DVD copy protection">DVD copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_Scramble_System" title="Content Scramble System">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection" title="High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection">HDCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Access_Content_System" title="Advanced Access Content System">AACS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_authoring" title="DVD authoring">DVD authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD burning">DVD burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_ripping" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD ripping">DVD ripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_recordable" title="DVD recordable">DVD recordable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_DVD" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamorphic DVD">Anamorphic DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Video_OBject" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Video OBject">DVD Video OBject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-VR" title="DVD-VR">DVD-VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BVR" title="DVD+VR">DVD+VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%C2%B1R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD±R">DVD±R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Multi" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Multi">DVD Multi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_and_DVD_writing_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="CD and DVD writing speed">DVD writing speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_emulation" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD emulation">DVD emulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD rot">DVD rot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Forum" title="DVD Forum">DVD Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Copy_Control_Association" title="DVD Copy Control Association">DVD Copy Control Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW_Alliance" title="DVD+RW Alliance">DVD+RW Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware/<br />Software/<br />Content </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keep_case" title="Keep case">DVD case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCR/DVD_combo" title="VCR/DVD combo">VCR/DVD combo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_DVD_player" title="Portable DVD player">Portable DVD player</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_recorder" title="DVD recorder">DVD recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD drive">DVD drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_DVD" class="mw-redirect" title="External DVD">External DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_remote" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD remote">DVD remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_ripper" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD ripper">DVD ripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_game" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD game">DVD game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_single" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD single">DVD single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_magazine" title="DVD magazine">DVD magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD documentary">DVD documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_to_DVD" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight to DVD">Straight to DVD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Copy_Control_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Bunner" title="DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc. v. Bunner">DVD CCA v Bunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Copy_Control_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Kaleidescape,_Inc." title="DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc. v. Kaleidescape, Inc.">DVD CCA v Kaleidescape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Ass%27n,_Inc." title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc.">Real vs DVD CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeCSS" title="DeCSS">DeCSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DVD_manufacturers" title="List of DVD manufacturers">DVD manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DVD_recordable_manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of DVD recordable manufacturers">DVD recordable manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DVD_authoring_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="List of DVD authoring applications">DVD authoring software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection_schemes" title="List of Compact Disc and DVD copy protection schemes">DVD copy protection schemes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDVD" title="CDVD">cDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">EVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">FVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_DVD" class="mw-redirect" title="ML DVD">ML DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD#DVD_/_HD_DVD_hybrid_discs" title="HD DVD">HD/DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD#3×_DVD" title="HD DVD">3× DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD5_(Blu-ray_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="BD5 (Blu-ray format)">BD5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD9_(Blu-ray_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="BD9 (Blu-ray format)">BD9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIVX" title="DIVX">Digital Video Express</a> (DIVX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-D" title="DVD-D">DVD-D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:DVD" title="Category:DVD">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_storage_formats86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_storage_formats" title="Template talk:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_storage_formats86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video storage formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video#Analog_video" title="Video">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_videotape" title="Quadruplex videotape">Quadruplex</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus" title="Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus">VERA</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Ampex 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR#Joint_efforts_with_Sony_and_then_Toshiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Sony 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_A_videotape" title="Type A videotape">Type A</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_videotape_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai videotape format">Akai</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ-1" title="EIAJ-1">EIAJ-1</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartrivision" title="Cartrivision">Cartrivision</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">Philips VCR</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Cord" title="V-Cord">V-Cord</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(videocassette_format)" title="VX (videocassette format)">VX (videocassette format)</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVC_videotape_format" title="IVC videotape format">IVC</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape" title="Type B videotape">Type B</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">Type C</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_VK" title="Akai VK">Akai VK</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">Video Cassette Recording</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_2000" title="Video 2000">Video 2000</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Video_Cassette" title="Compact Video Cassette">Compact Video Cassette</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-C</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_(videocassette_format)" title="M (videocassette format)">M (videocassette format)</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SP" title="Betacam">Betacam SP</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MII_(videocassette_format)" title="MII (videocassette format)">MII</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">S-VHS-C</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi8" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi8">Hi8</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruvi" title="Ruvi">Ruvi</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-1_(Sony)" title="D-1 (Sony)">D1</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-2_(video)" title="D-2 (video)">D2</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-3_(video)" title="D-3 (video)">D3</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCT_(videocassette_format)" title="DCT (videocassette format)">DCT (videocassette format)</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Digital_Betacam" title="Betacam">Digital Betacam</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D5_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="D5 HD">D5</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital-S" title="Digital-S">Digital-S (D9)</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SX" title="Betacam">Betacam SX</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital8" title="Digital8">Digital8 (D8)</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#MPEG_IMX" title="Betacam">MPEG IMX</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">UniHi</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape#Special_BCN_units" title="Type B videotape">BCH 1000</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D6_HDTV_VTR" title="D6 HDTV VTR">D6 HDTV VTR</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM#HDCAM_SR" title="HDCAM">HDCAM SR</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videodisc" title="Videodisc">Videodisc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonovision" title="Phonovision">Phonovision</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex#HS-100_.26_HS-200_.22slo-mo.22_disc_recorder" title="Ampex">Ampex-HS</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Electronic_Disc" title="Television Electronic Disc">TeD</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">CED</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">VHD</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserfilm" title="Laserfilm">Laserfilm</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">VSD</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieCD" title="MovieCD">MovieCD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DVD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1996</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD#CVD" title="Super Video CD">CVD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">Super Video CD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">EVD</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoNow" title="VideoNow">PVD (Personal Video Disc)</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">Forward Versatile Disc</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laserdisc#Hi-Vision_LD" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">Hi-Vision LD</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">High-Definition Versatile Disc</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">VMD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray Disc</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray">MiniBD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2006</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China Blue High-definition Disc</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media agnostic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCAM" title="DV (video format)">DVCAM</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO50" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO50</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO_HD" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO HD</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tapeless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CamCutter" title="CamCutter">CamCutter</a> <a href="/wiki/Editcam" title="Editcam">Editcam</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_Video" title="Game Boy Advance Video">GBA-TV</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVCHD" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVC-Intra" title="AVC-Intra">AVC-Intra</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">TOD</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFrame_(video_format)" title="IFrame (video format)">iFrame</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAVC" title="XAVC">XAVC</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">Solid state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P2_(storage_media)" title="P2 (storage media)">P2</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM#SxS" title="XDCAM">SxS</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video recorded to film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_8_mm_film#Standard_8_mm_variants" title="Standard 8 mm film">8mm magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_8_film" title="Super 8 film">Super 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">Kinescope</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicam" title="Electronicam">Electronicam kinescope</a> (1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Video_Recording" title="Electronic Video Recording">Electronic Video Recording</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sony289" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sony" title="Template:Sony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sony" title="Template talk:Sony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sony289" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sony" title="History of Sony">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary businesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony#Electronics_Products_&_Solutions" title="Sony">Sony Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony#Imaging_&_Sensing_Solutions" title="Sony">Sony Semiconductor Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment" title="Sony Entertainment">Sony Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Group" title="Sony Music Group">Sony Music Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Publishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Financial_Group" title="Sony Financial Group">Sony Financial Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Life" title="Sony Life">Sony Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Bank" title="Sony Bank">Sony Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Entertainment Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniplex" title="Aniplex">Aniplex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sony_trademarks" title="List of Sony trademarks">Technologies<br />and brands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B1" title="Sony α">α (Alpha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionz" title="Bionz">Bionz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravia_(brand)" title="Bravia (brand)">Bravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (microprocessor)">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-shot" title="Cyber-shot">Cyber-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dash" title="Sony Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dream_Machine" title="Sony Dream Machine">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmor" title="Exmor">Exmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handycam" title="Handycam">Handycam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM/HDCAM-SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMZ-T1" title="HMZ-T1">HMZ-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inzone" title="Inzone">Inzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LocationFree_Player" title="LocationFree Player">LocationFree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">MiniDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylo_(Sony)" title="Mylo (Sony)">mylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_8_channel_SDDS_films" title="List of 8 channel SDDS films">8 channel films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_X-tal_Reflective_Display" title="Silicon X-tal Reflective Display">SXRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Tablet" title="Sony Tablet">Sony Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_diode" title="Tunnel diode">Tunnel diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransferJet" title="TransferJet">TransferJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8/Hi8</a>/<a href="/wiki/Digital8" title="Digital8">Digital8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Vision-S" title="Sony Vision-S">Vision-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia" title="Sony Xperia">Xperia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIBO" title="AIBO">AIBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLI%C3%89" title="CLIÉ">Sony CLIÉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbotron" title="Jumbotron">Jumbotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Lissa" title="Sony Lissa">Lissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Mavica" title="Sony Mavica">Mavica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_NEWS" title="Sony NEWS">NEWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optiarc" title="Optiarc">Optiarc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia_(Sony)" title="Qualia (Sony)">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Rolly" title="Sony Rolly">Rolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-55" title="TR-55">TR-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitron" title="Trinitron">Trinitron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FD_Trinitron/WEGA" title="FD Trinitron/WEGA">FD series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">1 inch Type C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Watchman" title="Sony Watchman">Watchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEGA" title="WEGA">WEGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Creative_Software" title="Sony Creative Software">Sony Creative Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa Networks</a> (57%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Online distribution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Network" title="PlayStation Network">PlayStation Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="PlayStation Plus">PlayStation Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation Store</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Core" title="Sony Pictures Core">Sony Pictures Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SonyLIV" title="SonyLIV">SonyLIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_(music_store)" title="Mora (music store)">mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Flix" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Flix">Great American Pure Flix</a> (joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Media" title="Great American Media">Great American Media</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Former/Defunct18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Former/Defunct</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Connect" title="Sony Connect">Sony Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Now" title="PlayStation Now">PlayStation Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Video" title="PlayStation Video">PlayStation Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vue" title="PlayStation Vue">PlayStation Vue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_EMEA#Anime_Digital_Network" title="Crunchyroll EMEA">Anime Digital Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_on_Demand" title="Anime on Demand">Anime on Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_Store_Australia#AnimeLab" title="Crunchyroll Store Australia">AnimeLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Minisode_Network" title="The Minisode Network">Minisodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PressPlay" title="PressPlay">PressPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRV_(streaming_service)" title="VRV (streaming service)">VRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakanim" title="Wakanim">Wakanim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other businesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Digital_Audio_Disc_Corporation" title="Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation">Sony DADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So-net" title="So-net">Sony Network Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Professional_Solutions" title="Sony Professional Solutions">Sony Professional Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Honda_Mobility" title="Sony Honda Mobility">Sony Honda Mobility</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDLinx" title="MDLinx">M3</a> (39.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a> (4.9%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America" title="Sony Corporation of America">Sony Corporation of America</a> (umbrella company in the US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Sony" title="List of assets owned by Sony">Other subsidiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Sony" title="List of acquisitions by Sony">List of acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_owned_by_Sony" title="List of libraries owned by Sony">List of libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonprofit organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shohoku_College" title="Shohoku College">Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Toshiba_IBM_Center_of_Competence_for_the_Cell_Processor" title="Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor">Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_timer" title="Sony timer">Sony timer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lasers281" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lasers" title="Template:Lasers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lasers" title="Template talk:Lasers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lasers281" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_articles" title="List of laser articles">List of laser articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_types" title="List of laser types">List of laser types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_applications" title="List of laser applications">List of laser applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_acronyms" title="Laser acronyms">Laser acronyms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of lasers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_laser" title="Chemical laser">Chemical laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">Dye laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_laser" title="Bubble laser">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid-crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_laser" title="Gas laser">Gas laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide laser">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excimer_laser" title="Excimer laser">Excimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">Helium–neon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_laser" title="Ion laser">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_laser" title="Nitrogen laser">Nitrogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">Free-electron laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">Solid-state laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Er:YAG_laser" title="Er:YAG laser">Er:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_laser" title="Raman laser">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_laser" title="Ruby laser">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti-sapphire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_laser" title="X-ray laser">X-ray laser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laser_science" title="Laser science">Laser physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">Active laser medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplified_spontaneous_emission" title="Amplified spontaneous emission">Amplified spontaneous emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_ablation" title="Laser ablation">Laser ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_linewidth" title="Laser linewidth">Laser linewidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasing_threshold" title="Lasing threshold">Lasing threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_inversion" title="Population inversion">Population inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrashort_pulse_laser" title="Ultrashort pulse laser">Ultrashort pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laser optics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_expander" title="Beam expander">Beam expander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_homogenizer" title="Beam homogenizer">Beam homogenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirped_pulse_amplification" title="Chirped pulse amplification">Chirped pulse amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gain-switching" title="Gain-switching">Gain-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_beam" title="Gaussian beam">Gaussian beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_seeder" title="Injection seeder">Injection seeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_beam_profiler" title="Laser beam profiler">Laser beam profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_squared" title="M squared">M squared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_locking" title="Mode locking">Mode locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-prism_grating_laser_oscillator" title="Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator">Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">Optical amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_cavity" title="Optical cavity">Optical cavity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_isolator" title="Optical isolator">Optical isolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_coupler" title="Output coupler">Output coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-switching" title="Q-switching">Q-switching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lasers" title="Category:Lasers">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1568" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5294#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4501545-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="DVDs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97005636">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="DVD"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13167631m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="DVD"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13167631m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01033369">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="digitální víceúčelové disky"><a rel="nofollow" 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