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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=NVM+Express" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Form factors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Form_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Form factors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Form_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AIC_(add-in_card)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AIC_(add-in_card)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>AIC (add-in card)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AIC_(add-in_card)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SATA_Express,_U.2_and_U.3_(SFF-8639)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SATA_Express,_U.2_and_U.3_(SFF-8639)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>SATA Express, U.2 and U.3 (SFF-8639)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SATA_Express,_U.2_and_U.3_(SFF-8639)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-M.2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#M.2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>M.2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-M.2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EDSFF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EDSFF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>EDSFF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EDSFF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NVMe-oF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NVMe-oF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>NVMe-oF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NVMe-oF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_AHCI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_AHCI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison with AHCI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_AHCI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_system_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_system_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Operating system support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_system_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Software support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Management tools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management_tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management tools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-nvmecontrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#nvmecontrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>nvmecontrol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-nvmecontrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-nvme-cli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#nvme-cli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>nvme-cli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-nvme-cli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NVM Express</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%85_%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="إن في إم إكسبرس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إن في إم إكسبرس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_express" title="NVM express – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NVM express" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="ان‌وی‌ام اکسپرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ان‌وی‌ام اکسپرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_%EC%9D%B5%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="NVM 익스프레스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="NVM 익스프레스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8.%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE._%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="एन.वी.एम. एक्सप्रेस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एन.वी.एम. एक्सप्रेस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_express" title="NVM express – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="NVM express" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="NVM Express" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17157198#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:NVM_Express" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interface used for connecting storage devices</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">NVM Express</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Non-Volatile Memory Host Controller Interface Specification</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NVM_Express_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NVM_Express_logo.svg/220px-NVM_Express_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NVM_Express_logo.svg/330px-NVM_Express_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NVM_Express_logo.svg/440px-NVM_Express_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="83" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">NVMe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Published</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">2011<span class="noprint">; 13 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2011</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data">2.1<br />August 5, 2024<sup id="cite_ref-v21_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data">NVM Express, Inc. (since 2014)<br />NVM Express Work Group (before 2014)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvmexpress.org">nvmexpress<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>NVM Express</b> (<b>NVMe</b>) or <b>Non-Volatile Memory Host Controller Interface Specification</b> (<b>NVMHCIS</b>) is an open, logical-device interface <a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">specification</a> for accessing a computer's <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-volatile storage">non-volatile storage</a> media usually attached via the <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> bus. The initial <i>NVM</i> stands for <i><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a></i>, which is often NAND <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> that comes in several physical form factors, including <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (SSDs), PCIe add-in cards, and <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> cards, the successor to <a href="/wiki/MSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="MSATA">mSATA</a> cards. NVM Express, as a logical-device interface, has been designed to capitalize on the low <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics#Access_time" title="Hard disk drive performance characteristics">latency</a> and internal parallelism of solid-state storage devices.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Architecturally, the logic for NVMe is physically stored within and executed by the NVMe controller chip that is physically co-located with the storage media, usually an SSD. Version changes for NVMe, e.g., 1.3 to 1.4, are incorporated within the storage media, and do not affect PCIe-compatible components such as motherboards and CPUs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By its design, NVM Express allows host hardware and software to fully exploit the levels of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallelism</a> possible in modern SSDs. As a result, NVM Express reduces <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> overhead and brings various performance improvements relative to previous logical-device interfaces, including multiple long command queues, and reduced latency. The previous interface protocols like <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">AHCI</a> were developed for use with far slower <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drives</a> (HDD) where a very lengthy delay (relative to CPU operations) exists between a request and data transfer, where data speeds are much slower than RAM speeds, and where disk rotation and <a href="/wiki/Seek_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Seek time">seek time</a> give rise to further optimization requirements. </p><p>NVM Express devices are chiefly available in the form of standard-sized PCI Express <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion cards</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as 2.5-inch form-factor devices that provide a four-lane PCI Express interface through the <a href="/wiki/U.2" title="U.2">U.2</a> connector (formerly known as SFF-8639).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storage devices using <a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATA Express</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> specification which support NVM Express as the logical-device interface are a popular use-case for NVMe and have become the dominant form of solid-state storage for servers, desktops, and laptops alike.<sup id="cite_ref-ahci-nvme_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahci-nvme-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specifications for NVMe released to date include:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1.0e (January 2013)</li> <li>1.1b (July 2014) that adds standardized <i>Command Sets</i> to achieve better compatibility across different NVMe devices, <i>Management Interface</i> that provides standardized tools for managing NVMe devices, simplifying administration and <i>Transport Specifications</i> that defines how NVMe commands are transported over various physical interfaces, enhancing interoperability.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1.2 (November 2014) <ul><li>1.2a (October 2015)</li> <li>1.2b (June 2016)</li> <li>1.2.1 (June 2016) that introduces the following new features over version 1.1b: <i>Multi-Queue</i> to supports multiple I/O queues, enhancing data throughput and performance, <i>Namespace Management</i> that allows for dynamic creation, deletion, and resizing of namespaces, providing greater flexibility, and <i>Endurance Management</i> to monitor and manage SSD wear levels, optimizing performance and extending drive life.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1.3 (May 2017) <ul><li>1.3a (October 2017)</li> <li>1.3b (May 2018)</li> <li>1.3c (May 2018)</li> <li>1.3d (March 2019) that since version 1.2.1 added <i>Namespace Sharing</i> to allow multiple hosts accessing a single namespace, facilitating shared storage environments, <i>Namespace Reservation</i> to provides mechanisms for hosts to reserve namespaces, preventing conflicts and ensuring data integrity, and <i>Namespace Priority</i> that sets priority levels for different namespaces, optimizing performance for critical workloads.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1.4 (June 2019) <ul><li>1.4a (March 2020)</li> <li>1.4b (September 2020)</li> <li>1.4c (June 2021), that has the following new features compared to 1.3d: <i>IO Determinism</i> to ensure consistent latency and performance by isolating workloads, <i>Namespace Write Protect</i> for preventing data corruption or unauthorized modifications, <i>Persistent Event Log</i> that stores event logs in non-volatile memory, aiding in diagnostics and troubleshooting, and <i>Verify Command</i> that checks the integrity of data.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>2.0 (May 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>2.0a (July 2021)</li> <li>2.0b (January 2022)</li> <li>2.0c (October 2022)</li> <li>2.0d (January 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-v20d_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v20d-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, that, compared to 1.4c, introduces <i>Zoned Namespaces (ZNS)</i> to organizes data into zones for efficient write operations, reducing write amplification and improving SSD longevity, <i>Key Value (KV)</i> for efficient storage and retrieval of key-value pairs directly on the NVMe device, bypassing traditional file systems, <i>Endurance Group Management</i> to manages groups of SSDs based on their endurance, optimizing usage and extending lifespan.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-v20d_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v20d-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>2.1 (August 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-v21_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that introduces <i>Live Migration</i> to maintaining service availability during migration, <i>Key Per I/O</i> for applying encryption keys at a per-operation level, <i>NVMe-MI High Availability Out of Band Management</i> for managing NVMe devices outside of regular data paths, and <i>NVMe Network Boot / UEFI</i> for booting NVMe devices over a network.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_SSD_750_series,_400_GB_add-in_card_model,_top_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_top_view.jpg/300px-Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_top_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_top_view.jpg/450px-Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_top_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_top_view.jpg/600px-Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_top_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_SSD_750_series,_400_GB_add-in_card_model,_bottom_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_bottom_view.jpg/300px-Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_bottom_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_bottom_view.jpg/450px-Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_bottom_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_bottom_view.jpg/600px-Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_bottom_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Intel SSD 750 series, an SSD that uses NVM Express, in form of a <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express_3.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI Express 3.0">PCI Express 3.0</a> ×4 <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a> (front and rear views)</div></div></div></div> <p>Historically, most SSDs used <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">buses</a> such as <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> for interfacing with the rest of a computer system. Since SSDs became available in mass markets, SATA has become the most typical way for connecting SSDs in <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>; however, SATA was designed primarily for interfacing with mechanical <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drives</a> (HDDs), and it became increasingly inadequate for SSDs, which improved in speed over time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, within about five years of mass market mainstream adoption (2005–2010) many SSDs were already held back by the comparatively slow data rates available for hard drives—unlike hard disk drives, some SSDs are limited by the maximum <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> of SATA. </p><p>High-end SSDs had been made using the <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> bus before NVMe, but using non-standard specification interfaces, or by emulating a hardware RAID controller.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By standardizing the interface of SSDs, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> only need one common <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device driver</a> to work with all SSDs adhering to the specification. It also means that each SSD manufacturer does not have to design specific interface drivers. This is similar to how <a href="/wiki/USB_mass_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="USB mass storage">USB mass storage</a> devices are built to follow the <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> mass-storage device class specification and work with all computers, with no per-device drivers needed.<sup id="cite_ref-whitepaper_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitepaper-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NVM Express devices are also used as the building block of the <a href="/wiki/Burst_buffer" title="Burst buffer">burst buffer</a> storage in many leading supercomputers, such as <a href="/wiki/Fugaku_(supercomputer)" title="Fugaku (supercomputer)">Fugaku Supercomputer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summit_(supercomputer)" title="Summit (supercomputer)">Summit Supercomputer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_(supercomputer)" title="Sierra (supercomputer)">Sierra Supercomputer</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first details of a new standard for accessing non-volatile memory emerged at the <a href="/wiki/Intel_Developer_Forum" title="Intel Developer Forum">Intel Developer Forum</a> 2007, when NVMHCI was shown as the host-side protocol of a proposed architectural design that had <a href="/wiki/Open_NAND_Flash_Interface_Working_Group" title="Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group">Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group</a> (ONFI) on the memory (flash) chips side.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A NVMHCI working group led by Intel was formed that year. The NVMHCI 1.0 specification was completed in April 2008 and released on Intel's web site.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technical work on NVMe began in the second half of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Onufryk_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onufryk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NVMe specifications were developed by the NVM Express Workgroup, which consists of more than 90 companies; Amber Huffman of <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel</a> was the working group's chair. Version 1.0 of the specification was released on 1 March 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while version 1.1 of the specification was released on 11 October 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major features added in version 1.1 are multi-path I/O (with namespace sharing) and arbitrary-length <a href="/wiki/Scatter-gather" class="mw-redirect" title="Scatter-gather">scatter-gather</a> I/O. It is expected that future revisions will significantly enhance namespace management.<sup id="cite_ref-Onufryk_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onufryk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its feature focus, NVMe 1.1 was initially called "Enterprise NVMHCI".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An update for the base NVMe specification, called version 1.0e, was released in January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2011, a Promoter Group led by seven companies was formed. </p><p>The first commercially available NVMe chipsets were released by <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Device_Technology" title="Integrated Device Technology">Integrated Device Technology</a> (89HF16P04AG3 and 89HF32P08AG3) in August 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first NVMe drive, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>'s XS1715 <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise storage">enterprise drive</a>, was announced in July 2013; according to Samsung, this drive supported 3 GB/s read speeds, six times faster than their previous enterprise offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LSI <a href="/wiki/SandForce" title="SandForce">SandForce</a> SF3700 controller family, released in November 2013, also supports NVMe.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Kingston <a href="/wiki/HyperX" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperX">HyperX</a> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prosumer#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:prosumer">prosumer</a>" product using this controller was showcased at the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a> 2014 and promised similar performance.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2014, Intel announced their first NVM Express products, the Intel SSD data center family that interfaces with the host through PCI Express bus, which includes the DC P3700 series, the DC P3600 series, and the DC P3500 series.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of November 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, NVMe drives are commercially available. </p><p>In March 2014, the group incorporated to become NVM Express, Inc., which as of November 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> consists of more than 65 companies from across the industry. NVM Express specifications are owned and maintained by NVM Express, Inc., which also promotes industry awareness of NVM Express as an industry-wide standard. NVM Express, Inc. is directed by a thirteen-member board of directors selected from the Promoter Group, which includes Cisco, Dell, EMC, HGST, Intel, Micron, Microsoft, NetApp, Oracle, PMC, Samsung, SanDisk and Seagate.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2016, the CompactFlash Association announced that it would be releasing a new memory card specification, <a href="/wiki/CFexpress" title="CFexpress">CFexpress</a>, which uses NVMe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>NVMe <b>Host Memory Buffer</b> (HMB) feature added in version 1.2 of the NVMe specification.<sup id="cite_ref-anandtech.com_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anandtech.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HMB allows SSDs to utilize the host's <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a>, which can improve the I/O performance for DRAM-less SSDs.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, HMB can be used for cache the <a href="/wiki/Flash_Translation_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash Translation Layer">FTL</a> table by the SSD controller, which can improve I/O performance.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NVMe 2.0 added optional <b>Zoned Namespaces</b> (ZNS) feature and <b>Key-Value</b> (KV) feature, and support for rotating media such as hard drives. ZNS and KV allows data to be mapped directly to its physical location in flash memory to directly access data on an SSD.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZNS and KV can also decrease <a href="/wiki/Write_amplification" title="Write amplification">write amplification</a> of flash media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form_factors">Form factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Form factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many form factors of NVMe solid-state drive, such as AIC, U.2, U.3, M.2 etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AIC_(add-in_card)"><span id="AIC_.28add-in_card.29"></span>AIC (add-in card)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: AIC (add-in card)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all early NVMe solid-state drives are HHHL (half height, half length) or FHHL (full height, half length) AIC, with a <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCIe</a> 2.0 or 3.0 interface. A HHHL NVMe solid-state drive card is easy to insert into a PCIe slot of a server. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SATA_Express,_U.2_and_U.3_(SFF-8639)"><span id="SATA_Express.2C_U.2_and_U.3_.28SFF-8639.29"></span>SATA Express, U.2 and U.3 (SFF-8639)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: SATA Express, U.2 and U.3 (SFF-8639)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATA Express</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATA Express</a> allows the use of two PCI Express 2.0 or 3.0 lanes and two SATA 3.0 (6 Gbit/s) ports through the same host-side SATA Express connector (but not both at the same time). SATA Express supports NVMe as the logical device interface for attached PCI Express storage devices. It is electrically compatible with <a href="/wiki/MultiLink_SAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiLink SAS">MultiLink SAS</a>, so a backplane can support both at the same time. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/U.2" title="U.2">U.2</a></div> <p>U.2, formerly known as <b>SFF-8639</b>, uses the same physical port as SATA Express but allows up to four PCI Express lanes. Available servers can combine up to 48 U.2 NVMe solid-state drives.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.3 (SFF-TA-1001) is built on the U.2 spec and uses the same SFF-8639 connector. Unlike in U.2, a single "tri-mode" (PCIe/SATA/SAS) backplane receptacle can handle all three types of connections; the controller automatically detects the type of connection used. This is unlike U.2, where users need to use separate controllers for SATA/SAS and NVMe. U.3 devices are required to be backwards-compatible with U.2 hosts. U.2 devices can be used with U.3 hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M.2">M.2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: M.2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a></div> <p>M.2, formerly known as the <b>Next Generation Form Factor</b> (<b>NGFF</b>), uses a M.2 NVMe solid-state drive <a href="/wiki/Computer_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer bus">computer bus</a>. Interfaces provided through the M.2 connector are <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express_3.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI Express 3.0">PCI Express 3.0</a> or higher (up to four <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express_lane" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI Express lane">lanes</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EDSFF">EDSFF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: EDSFF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_and_Data_Center_Standard_Form_Factor" title="Enterprise and Data Center Standard Form Factor">Enterprise and Data Center Standard Form Factor</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NVMe-oF">NVMe-oF</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: NVMe-oF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>NVM Express over Fabrics</b> (<b>NVMe-oF</b>) is the concept of using a <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">transport protocol</a> over a network to connect remote NVMe devices, contrary to regular NVMe where physical NVMe devices are connected to a <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express#Serial_bus" title="PCI Express">PCIe bus</a> either directly or over a <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express#SWITCH" title="PCI Express">PCIe switch</a> to a PCIe bus. In August 2017, a standard for using NVMe over <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> (FC) was submitted by the standards organization <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Information_Technology_Standards" title="International Committee for Information Technology Standards">International Committee for Information Technology Standards</a> (ICITS), and this combination is often referred to as FC-NVMe or sometimes NVMe/FC.<sup id="cite_ref-tech1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tech1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2021, supported NVMe transport protocols are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">FC</a>, FC-NVMe<sup id="cite_ref-tech1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tech1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>, NVMe/TCP<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/RDMA_over_Converged_Ethernet" title="RDMA over Converged Ethernet">RoCE</a> v1/v2 (<a href="/wiki/Remote_direct_memory_access" title="Remote direct memory access">RDMA</a> over <a href="/wiki/Data_center_bridging" title="Data center bridging">converged Ethernet</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a>, NVMe over InfiniBand or NVMe/IB<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The standard for NVMe over Fabrics was published by NVM Express, Inc. in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following software implements the NVMe-oF protocol: </p> <ul><li>Linux NVMe-oF <a href="/wiki/SCSI_initiator_and_target" title="SCSI initiator and target">initiator and target</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RoCE transport was supported initially, and with <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> 5.x, native support for TCP was added.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Storage Performance Development Kit (SPDK) NVMe-oF initiator and target drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both RoCE and TCP transports are supported.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarWind_Software" title="StarWind Software">StarWind</a> NVMe-oF initiator<sup id="cite_ref-sw_initiator_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sw_initiator-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and target for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, supporting both <a href="/wiki/RDMA_over_Converged_Ethernet" title="RDMA over Converged Ethernet">RoCE</a> & <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> transports.<sup id="cite_ref-sw_target_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sw_target-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lightbitslabs.com/nvme-over-tcp/">Lightbits Labs</a> NVMe over <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> target<sup id="cite_ref-lbl_target_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbl_target-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for various <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions<sup id="cite_ref-lbl_target2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbl_target2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> & public clouds.</li> <li>Bloombase StoreSafe Intelligent Storage Firewall supports NVMe over <a href="/wiki/RDMA_over_Converged_Ethernet" title="RDMA over Converged Ethernet">RoCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> for transparent storage security protection.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_AHCI"><span class="anchor" id="VS-AHCI"></span>Comparison with AHCI</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comparison with AHCI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">Advanced Host Controller Interface</a> (AHCI) has the benefit of wide software compatibility, but has the downside of not delivering optimal performance when used with <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSDs</a> connected via the <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> bus. As a logical-device interface, AHCI was developed when the purpose of a <a href="/wiki/Host_bus_adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Host bus adapter">host bus adapter</a> (HBA) in a system was to connect the CPU/memory subsystem with a much slower storage subsystem based on rotating <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">magnetic media</a>. As a result, AHCI introduces certain inefficiencies when used with SSD devices, which behave much more like <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> than like spinning media.<sup id="cite_ref-ahci-nvme_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahci-nvme-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NVMe device interface has been designed from the ground up, capitalizing on the lower latency and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallelism</a> of PCI Express SSDs, and complementing the parallelism of contemporary CPUs, platforms and applications. At a high level, the basic advantages of NVMe over AHCI relate to its ability to exploit parallelism in host hardware and software, manifested by the differences in <a href="/wiki/Command_queue" title="Command queue">command queue</a> depths, efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupt</a> processing, the number of uncacheable <a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">register</a> accesses, etc., resulting in various performance improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-ahci-nvme_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahci-nvme-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snia-windows_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snia-windows-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–18">: 17–18 </span></sup> </p><p>The table below summarizes high-level differences between the NVMe and AHCI logical-device interfaces. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <caption>High-level comparison of AHCI and NVMe<sup id="cite_ref-ahci-nvme_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahci-nvme-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">AHCI</a> </th> <th>NVMe </th></tr> <tr> <th>Maximum queue depth </th> <td>One command queue;<br />Up to 32 commands per queue</td> <td>Up to 65535 queues;<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Up to 65536 commands per queue </td></tr> <tr> <th>Uncacheable register accesses<br />(2000 cycles each) </th> <td>Up to six per non-queued command;<br /> Up to nine per queued command</td> <td>Up to two per command </td></tr> <tr> <th>Interrupt </th> <td>A single interrupt</td> <td>Up to 2048 <a href="/wiki/MSI-X" class="mw-redirect" title="MSI-X">MSI-X</a> interrupts </td></tr> <tr> <th>Parallelism<br />and multiple threads </th> <td>Requires synchronization lock<br />to issue a command</td> <td>No locking </td></tr> <tr> <th>Efficiency<br />for 4 KB commands </th> <td>Command parameters require<br />two serialized host DRAM fetches</td> <td>Gets command parameters<br />in one 64-byte fetch </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data transmission </th> <td>Usually half-duplex</td> <td>Full-duplex </td></tr> <tr> <th>Host Memory Buffer (HMB) </th> <td>No</td> <td>Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_system_support">Operating system support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Operating system support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg/440px-The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="623" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg/660px-The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg/880px-The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1645" /></a><figcaption>The position of NVMe data paths and multiple internal queues within various layers of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>'s storage stack<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></dt> <dd>On February 24, 2015, support for booting from NVM Express devices was added to <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></dt> <dd>The first release of <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a> with NVMe support is version 4.6.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></dt> <dd>Intel sponsored a NVM Express driver for <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>'s head and stable/9 branches.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nvd(4) and nvme(4) drivers are included in the GENERIC kernel configuration by default since FreeBSD version 10.2 in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Genode" title="Genode">Genode</a></dt> <dd>Support for consumer-grade NVMe was added to the Genode framework as part of the 18.05<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> release.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a> gained support for NVMe on April 18, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a> received support for NVMe on October 15, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></dt> <dd>With the release of the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_6S" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 6S">iPhone 6S</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPhone_6S_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 6S Plus">6S Plus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> introduced the first mobile deployment of NVMe over <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCIe</a> in smartphones.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple followed these releases with the release of the first-generation <a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro" title="IPad Pro">iPad Pro</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPhone_SE_(1st_generation)" title="IPhone SE (1st generation)">first-generation iPhone SE</a> that also use NVMe over PCIe.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="anchor" id="BLKMQ"></span><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></dt> <dd>Intel published an NVM Express driver for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> on 3 March 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was merged into the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> mainline on 18 January 2012 and released as part of version 3.3 of the Linux kernel on 19 March 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linux kernel supports NVMe Host Memory Buffer<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from version 4.13.1<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with default maximum size 128 MB.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linux kernel supports NVMe Zoned Namespaces start from version 5.9.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></dt> <dd>Apple introduced software support for NVM Express in <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">Yosemite</a> 10.10.3. The NVMe hardware interface was introduced in the 2016 <a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">MacBook Pro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> added support for NVMe in NetBSD 8.0.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The implementation is derived from OpenBSD 6.0.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></dt> <dd>Development work required to support NVMe in <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> has been started in April 2014 by a senior developer formerly responsible for <a href="/wiki/USB_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 2.0">USB 2.0</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">AHCI</a> support.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for NVMe has been enabled in the OpenBSD 6.0 release.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a></dt> <dd>Arca Noae provides an NVMe driver for <a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a>, as of April, 2021. The driver requires advanced interrupts as provided by the ACPI PSD running in advanced interrupt mode (mode 2), thus requiring the SMP kernel, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a></dt> <dd>Solaris received support for NVMe in Oracle Solaris 11.2.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a></dt> <dd>Intel has provided an NVMe driver for <a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is included in <a href="/wiki/VMware_vSphere" title="VMware vSphere">vSphere</a> 6.0 and later builds, supporting various NVMe devices.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of vSphere 6 update 1, VMware's VSAN software-defined storage subsystem also supports NVMe devices.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a></dt> <dd>Microsoft added native support for NVMe to <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Windows Server 2012 R2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-snia-windows_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snia-windows-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native drivers for <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Windows Server 2008 R2</a> have been added in updates.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many vendors have released their own Windows drivers for their devices as well. There are also manually customized installer files available to install a specific vendor's driver to any NVMe card, such as using a Samsung NVMe driver with a non-Samsung NVMe device, which may be needed for additional features, performance, and stability.<sup id="cite_ref-win-raid.com_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-win-raid.com-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Support for NVMe HMB was added in Windows 10 Anniversary Update (Version 1607) in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-anandtech.com_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anandtech.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Microsoft Windows from <a href="/wiki/Windows_10_1607" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 10 1607">Windows 10 1607</a> to <a href="/wiki/Windows_11_23H2" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 11 23H2">Windows 11 23H2</a>, the maximum HMB size is 64 MB. <a href="/wiki/Windows_11_24H2" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 11 24H2">Windows 11 24H2</a> updates the maximum HMB size to 1/64 of system RAM.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Support for NVMe ZNS and KV was added in <a href="/wiki/Windows_10_version_21H2" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 10 version 21H2">Windows 10 version 21H2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/OpenFabrics_Alliance" title="OpenFabrics Alliance">OpenFabrics Alliance</a> maintains an open-source NVMe Windows Driver for Windows 7/8/8.1 and Windows Server 2008R2/2012/2012R2, developed from the baseline code submitted by several promoter companies in the NVMe workgroup, specifically IDT, Intel, and LSI.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current release is 1.5 from December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_support">Software support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Software support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>QEMU</dt> <dd>NVMe is supported by <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a> since version 1.6 released on August 15, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NVMe devices presented to QEMU guests can be either real or emulated.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>UEFI</dt> <dd>An open source NVMe driver for <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> is available on SourceForge.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management_tools">Management tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Management tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NVME-cli_on_Linux_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NVME-cli_on_Linux_screenshot.png/220px-NVME-cli_on_Linux_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NVME-cli_on_Linux_screenshot.png/330px-NVME-cli_on_Linux_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NVME-cli_on_Linux_screenshot.png/440px-NVME-cli_on_Linux_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><code>nvme-cli</code> on Linux</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="nvmecontrol">nvmecontrol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: nvmecontrol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <code>nvmecontrol</code> tool is used to control an NVMe disk from the command line on FreeBSD. It was added in FreeBSD 9.2.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="nvme-cli">nvme-cli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: nvme-cli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NVM-Express user space tooling for Linux.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATA Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">Solid-state drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Flash_Storage" title="Universal Flash Storage">Universal Flash Storage</a> (UFS)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvmexpress.org/wp-content/uploads/NVM-Express-Base-Specification-Revision-2.1-2024.08.05-Ratified.pdf">"NVM Express® Base Specification, Revision 2.1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nvmexpress.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WEBCAST%3A+NVME+1.3+%E2%80%93+LEARN+WHat%27s+NEW+-+NVM+Express&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvmexpress.org%2Fwebcast-nvme-1-3-learn-whats-new%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANVM+Express" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvmexpress.org/changes-in-nvme-revision-1-3/">"Changes in NVMe Revision 1.3 - NVM Express"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Answering+Your+Questions%3A+NVMe%E2%84%A2+1.4+Features+and+Compliance%3A+Everything+You+Need+to+Know+-+NVM+Express&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvmexpress.org%2Fanswering-your-questions-nvme-1-4-features-and-compliance-everything-you-need-to-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANVM+Express" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvmexpress.org/resource/nvme-1-4-features-and-compliance-everything-you-need-to-know/">"NVMe 1.4 Features and Compliance: Everything You Need to Know - NVM Express"</a>. 2 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NVMe+1.4+Features+and+Compliance%3A+Everything+You+Need+to+Know+-+NVM+Express&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvmexpress.org%2Fresource%2Fnvme-1-4-features-and-compliance-everything-you-need-to-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANVM+Express" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvmexpress.org/nvm-express-announces-the-rearchitected-nvme-2-0-library-of-specifications/">"NVM Express Announces the Rearchitected NVMe 2.0 Library of Specifications"</a> (Press release). Beaverton, Oregon, USA: NVM Express, Inc. June 3, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118185928/https://nvmexpress.org/nvm-express-announces-the-rearchitected-nvme-2-0-library-of-specifications/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Specification&rft.atitle=NVM+Express+Base+Specification+Revision+1.4a&rft.pages=section+1.4+Theory+of+Operation%2C+p.+7&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft.au=Amber+Huffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvmexpress.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FNVM-Express-1_4a-2020.03.09-Ratified.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANVM+Express" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_FischerGeorg_Schönberger2015" class="citation web cs1">Werner Fischer; Georg Schönberger (2015-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thomas-krenn.com/en/wiki/Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram">"Linux Storage Stack Diagram"</a>. 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The FreeBSD Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529021706/http://svnweb.freebsd.org/base/head/sys/dev/nvme/?view=log">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=intel.com&rft.atitle=Intel+Solid-State+for+NVMe+Drivers&rft.date=2015-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownloadcenter.intel.com%2Fdownload%2F23929%2FIntel-Solid-State-Drive-Data-Center-Family-for-NVMe-Drivers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANVM+Express" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmware.com/resources/compatibility/vcl/result.php?search=NVMe&searchCategory=all">"VMware Compatibility Guide for NVMe devices"</a>. <i>vmware.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325054537/http://www.vmware.com/resources/compatibility/vcl/result.php?search=NVMe&searchCategory=all">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vmware.com&rft.atitle=VMware+Compatibility+Guide+for+NVMe+devices&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmware.com%2Fresources%2Fcompatibility%2Fvcl%2Fresult.php%3Fsearch%3DNVMe%26searchCategory%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANVM+Express" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.vmware.com/virtualblocks/2015/11/11/vsan-now-supporting-nvme-devices/">"VSAN Now Supporting NVMe Devices"</a>. <i>vmware.com</i>. 2015-11-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325132909/https://blogs.vmware.com/virtualblocks/2015/11/11/vsan-now-supporting-nvme-devices/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qemu.org&rft.atitle=ChangeLog%2F1.6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.qemu.org%2FChangeLog%2F1.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANVM+Express" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/edk2/files/EDK%20II%20Releases/other/NvmExpressDxe-alpha.zip/download">"Download EDK II from"</a>. <i>SourceForge.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231003656/http://sourceforge.net/projects/edk2/files/EDK%20II%20Releases/other/NvmExpressDxe-alpha.zip/download">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SourceForge.net&rft.atitle=Download+EDK+II+from&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fedk2%2Ffiles%2FEDK%2520II%2520Releases%2Fother%2FNvmExpressDxe-alpha.zip%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANVM+Express" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=nvmecontrol&sektion=8&manpath=freebsd-release-ports">"NVM Express control utility"</a>. The FreeBSD Project. 2018-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NVM+Express+control+utility&rft.pub=The+FreeBSD+Project&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebsd.org%2Fcgi%2Fman.cgi%3Fquery%3Dnvmecontrol%26sektion%3D8%26manpath%3Dfreebsd-release-ports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANVM+Express" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/linux-nvme/nvme-cli">"GitHub - linux-nvme/nvme-cli: NVMe management command line interface"</a>. linux-nvme. 2019-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GitHub+-+linux-nvme%2Fnvme-cli%3A+NVMe+management+command+line+interface.&rft.pub=linux-nvme&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Flinux-nvme%2Fnvme-cli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANVM+Express" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVM_Express&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solid-state_drive" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solid-state_drives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">Solid-state drives</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-level_cell" title="Multi-level cell">SLC/MLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory_controller" title="Flash memory controller">Flash memory controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(SSD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage collection (SSD)">Garbage collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS">IOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">MB/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#Memory_wear" title="Flash memory">Memory wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-channel_SSD" title="Open-channel SSD">Open-channel SSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification#Over-provisioning" title="Write amplification">Over-provisioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#Read_disturb" title="Flash memory">Read disturb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification#Secure_erase" title="Write amplification">Secure erase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Solid-state storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_(computing)" title="Trim (computing)">Trim command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">Wear leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification" title="Write amplification">Write amplification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flash manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> <ul><li>Bought <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s NAND flash SSD business and renamed it Solidigm</li></ul></li> <li>Flash Forward (joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Memory_Technologies" title="Yangtze Memory Technologies">YMTC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_memory_controller_manufacturers" title="List of flash memory controller manufacturers">Controllers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion-io" title="Fusion-io">Fusion-io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGST" title="HGST">HGST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STec" title="STec">sTec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OCZ" title="OCZ">OCZ</a> (bankrupt, assets sold to Toshiba, which later spun off its SSD and flash business to Kioxia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indilinx" title="Indilinx">Indilinx</a> (bought by OCZ)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SandForce" title="SandForce">SandForce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> <ul><li>Bought <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s NAND flash SSD business including controllers and renamed it Solidigm</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FADU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FADU (page does not exist)">FADU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenliant_Systems" title="Greenliant Systems">Greenliant Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goke_Microelectronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goke Microelectronics (page does not exist)">Goke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMicron" title="JMicron">Maxiotek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvell Technology Group">Marvell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phison" title="Phison">Phison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMC-Sierra" title="PMC-Sierra">PMC-Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Motion" title="Silicon Motion">SMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SSD manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid-state_drive_manufacturers" title="List of solid-state drive manufacturers">List of solid-state drive manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">Advanced Host Controller Interface</a> (AHCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> (FC)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NVM Express</a> (NVMe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> (PCIe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATA Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> (SATA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_attached_SCSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial attached SCSI">Serial attached SCSI</a> (SAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Configurations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive#Form_factors" title="Hard disk drive">HDD form factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="MSATA">mSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB Type-C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.2" title="U.2">U.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.3" class="mw-redirect" title="U.3">U.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSFF" class="mw-redirect" title="EDSFF">EDSFF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Information_Technology_Standards" title="International Committee for Information Technology Standards">INCITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEDEC" title="JEDEC">JEDEC / JC-42, JC-64.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_NAND_Flash_Interface_Working_Group" title="Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group">ONFI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">NVMHCI Work Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_Implementers_Forum" title="USB Implementers Forum">USB-IF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA_International_Organization" title="Serial ATA International Organization">SATA-IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee" title="Small Form Factor Committee">SFF Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Networking_Industry_Association" title="Storage Networking Industry Association">SNIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_state_storage_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state storage initiative">SSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">T10/SCSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">T11/FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">T13/ATA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_bus" title="Template:Computer bus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_bus" title="Template talk:Computer bus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_bus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer bus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Technical_and_de_facto_standards_for_wired_computer_buses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Technical</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard"><i>de facto</i> standards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wired_communication" title="Wired communication">wired</a> <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">computer buses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_bus" title="System bus">System bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-side_bus" title="Front-side bus">Front-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-side_bus" title="Back-side bus">Back-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)" title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">Daisy chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_bus" title="Control bus">Control bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Address bus">Address bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_contention" title="Bus contention">Bus contention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_mastering" title="Bus mastering">Bus mastering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">Plug and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates#Computer_buses" title="List of interface bit rates">List of bus bandwidths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-50_bus" title="SS-50 bus">SS-50 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">Multibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXBI_bus" title="VAXBI bus">VAXBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBus_(SPARC)" title="MBus (SPARC)">MBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STD_Bus" title="STD Bus">STD Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_Card_Bus" title="Europe Card Bus">Europe Card Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEbus" title="STEbus">STEbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_II" title="Amiga Zorro II">Zorro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_III" title="Amiga Zorro III">Zorro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control" title="Computer Automated Measurement and Control">CAMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTBUS" title="FASTBUS">FASTBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Pin_Count" title="Low Pin Count">LPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Precision_Bus" title="HP Precision Bus">HP Precision Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">EISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="VME eXtensions for Instrumentation">VXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXS" title="VXS">VXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPX" title="VPX">VPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuBus" title="NuBus">NuBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURBOchannel" title="TURBOchannel">TURBOchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">MCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus" title="VESA Local Bus">VLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSC_bus" title="GSC bus">HP GSC bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Port_Architecture" title="Ultra Port Architecture">UPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI-X" title="PCI-X">PCI Extended (PCI-X)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation">PXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express (PCIe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compute_Express_Link" title="Compute Express Link">Compute Express Link (CXL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Media_Interface" title="Direct Media Interface">Direct Media Interface (DMI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidIO" title="RapidIO">RapidIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">Intel QuickPath Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVLink" title="NVLink">NVLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperTransport" title="HyperTransport">HyperTransport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinity Fabric">Infinity Fabric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Ultra_Path_Interconnect" title="Intel Ultra Path Interconnect">Intel Ultra Path Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_Accelerator_Processor_Interface" title="Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface">Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceWire" title="SpaceWire">SpaceWire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ST-506/ST-412" title="ST-506/ST-412">ST-506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface" title="Enhanced Small Disk Interface">ESDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Peripheral_Interface" title="Intelligent Peripheral Interface">IPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Module_Device" title="Storage Module Device">SMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA (PATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_and_Tag" title="Bus and Tag">Bus and Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Storage_Systems_Interconnect" title="Digital Storage Systems Interconnect">DSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIPPI" title="HIPPI">HIPPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">Serial ATA (SATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESCON" title="ESCON">ESCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Storage_Architecture" title="Serial Storage Architecture">SSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATAe</a></li> <li>PCI Express (via <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">AHCI</a> or <a class="mw-selflink selflink">NVMe</a> logical device interface)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripheral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_SIO" title="Atari SIO">Atari SIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Control_Bus" title="Digital Control Bus">DCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_bus" title="Commodore bus">Commodore bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-IL" title="HP-IL">HP-IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIL_bus" title="HIL bus">HIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-422" title="RS-422">RS-422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-423" title="RS-423">RS-423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_(connector)" title="Lightning (connector)">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMX512#DMX512-A" title="DMX512">DMX512-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">IEEE-488 (GPIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">IEEE-1284 (parallel port)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE-1394 (FireWire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNI/O" title="UNI/O">UNI/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Wire" title="1-Wire">1-Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a> (<a href="/wiki/ACCESS.bus" title="ACCESS.bus">ACCESS.bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Bus" title="Power Management Bus">PMBus</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I3C_(bus)" title="I3C (bus)">I3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">D²B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel SCSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profibus" title="Profibus">Profibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Link" title="Camera Link">Camera Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express#PCI_Express_External_Cabling" title="PCI Express">External PCIe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAT_Lightpipe" title="ADAT Lightpipe">ADAT Lightpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio" title="Intel High Definition Audio">Intel HD Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2S" title="I²S">I²S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MADI" title="MADI">MADI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McASP" title="McASP">McASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Embedded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multidrop_bus" title="Multidrop bus">Multidrop bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoreConnect" title="CoreConnect">CoreConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture" title="Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture">AMBA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Advanced_eXtensible_Interface" title="Advanced eXtensible Interface">AXI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishbone_(computer_bus)" title="Wishbone (computer bus)">Wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLIMbus" title="SLIMbus">SLIMbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.</small><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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