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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autarky</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="اكتفاء ذاتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اكتفاء ذاتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtarkiya" title="Avtarkiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avtarkiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Аўтаркія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтаркія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автаркия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Автаркия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarquia" title="Autarquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Autarquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarkie" title="Autarkie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autarkie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awtarci" title="Awtarci – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awtarci" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarki" title="Autarki – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Autarki" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarkie" title="Autarkie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autarkie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarkia" title="Autarkia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Autarkia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Αυτάρκεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτάρκεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarqu%C3%ADa" title="Autarquía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autarquía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADtarkio" title="Aŭtarkio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭtarkio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarkia_(ekonomia)" title="Autarkia (ekonomia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Autarkia (ekonomia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="خودبسندگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودبسندگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarcie" title="Autarcie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autarcie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarqu%C3%ADa" title="Autarquía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Autarquía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%90%EC%87%84%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C" title="폐쇄경제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폐쇄경제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ավտարկիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավտարկիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्मनिर्भरता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आत्मनिर्भरता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarki" title="Autarki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Autarki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbuso_wokuzihlukanisa" title="Umbuso wokuzihlukanisa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umbuso wokuzihlukanisa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarchia_(economia)" title="Autarchia (economia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autarchia (economia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כלכלה אוטרקית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלכלה אוטרקית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автаркия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Автаркия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autar%C4%B7ija" title="Autarķija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Autarķija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarkia" title="Autarkia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Autarkia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Автаркија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Автаркија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarkie" title="Autarkie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Autarkie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%89%E9%8E%96%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88" title="閉鎖経済 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="閉鎖経済" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarki" title="Autarki – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Autarki" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarquia" title="Autarquia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Autarquia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtarkiya" title="Avtarkiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avtarkiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarkia_(ekonomia)" title="Autarkia (ekonomia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Autarkia (ekonomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarquia" title="Autarquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autarquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarhie" title="Autarhie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Autarhie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автаркия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автаркия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Autarky" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtarkija" title="Avtarkija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avtarkija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Аутаркија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аутаркија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarkia" title="Autarkia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Autarkia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarki" title="Autarki – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Autarki" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otar%C5%9Fi" title="Otarşi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otarşi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Автаркія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автаркія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarchia" title="Autarchia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Autarchia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%81n_kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_t%E1%BB%B1_cung_t%E1%BB%B1_c%E1%BA%A5p" title="Nền kinh tế tự cung tự cấp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nền kinh tế tự cung tự cấp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="封閉經濟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="封閉經濟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q309070#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_systems" title="Category:Economic systems">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Major types</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">By ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associative_economics" title="Associative economics">Associative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomercantilism" title="Neomercantilism">Neomercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green</a></li> <li>Religious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_finance" title="Christian finance">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_economics" title="Sabbath economics">Sabbath economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(movement)" title="Mutualism (movement)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributist</a></li> <li>Traditionalist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">By coordination</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Closed (autarky)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_economy" title="Dual economy">Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_economy" title="Natural economy">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_economy" title="Robinson Crusoe economy">Robinson Crusoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">Subsistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_archipelago" title="Vertical archipelago">Vertical archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_economy" title="Virtual economy">Virtual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">By regional model</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_model_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian model 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Economic systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economic systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Autarky</b> is the characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Self-sustainability" title="Self-sustainability">self-sufficiency</a>, usually applied to societies, communities, states, and their <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autarky as an ideology or economic approach has been attempted by a range of <a href="/wiki/Ideology#Political_ideologies" title="Ideology">political ideologies</a> and movements, particularly <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> ones like <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">war communism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin#Municipalism_and_communalism" title="Murray Bookchin">communalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">swadeshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">left-wing populism</a>, generally in an effort to build alternative economic structures or to control resources against structures a particular movement views as hostile. <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> movements have also adopted autarky, generally on a more limited scale, to develop a particular <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industry</a>, to gain independence from other national entities or to preserve part of an existing <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a>. </p><p>Proponents of autarky have argued for national self-sufficiency to reduce foreign economic, political and cultural influences, as well as to promote international peace.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economists are generally supportive of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a broad consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and economic welfare, while free trade and the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">trade barriers</a> has a positive effect on economic growth<sup id="cite_ref-FreeTrade_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeTrade-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">economic stability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autarky may be a policy of a state or some other type of entity when it seeks to be self-sufficient as a whole, but it also can be limited to a narrow field such as possession of a key <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw material</a>. Some countries have a policy of autarky with respect to foodstuffs (as <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>), and water for <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national-security</a> reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autarky can result from <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">economic isolation</a> or from external circumstances in which a state or other entity reverts to localized production when it lacks currency or excess production to trade with the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autarky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>autarky</i> is from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">αὐτάρκεια</span>, which means "self-sufficiency" (derived from αὐτο-, "self", and ἀρκέω, "to suffice"). In <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a> the concept of autarky represents independence from anything external, including independence from personal relationships, so as to immune one from vagaries of fortune. The Stoic <a href="/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)">sage</a> is autarkic by being dependent only on his own <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a> the concept of autarky represents having the fewest possible requirements for living a life of pleasure, free of pain (<a href="/wiki/Aponia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aponia">aponia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a>, whose content is provided by the same publisher as that of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, says that <i>autarky</i> is a variant spelling of and pronounced the same as <i><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">autarchy</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that <i>autarchy</i> is another term for <i><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autarky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_medieval">Ancient and medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autarky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient and medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early state societies that can be regarded as autarkic include <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">nomadic pastoralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palace_economy" title="Palace economy">palace economy</a>, though over time these tend towards becoming less self-sufficient and more interconnected. The late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, for example, saw formerly self-sufficient palace economies rely more heavily on trade, which may have been a contributing factor to the eventual <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age Collapse</a> when multiple crises hit those systems at once. After that collapse, the ideal of <i>autarkeia</i> formed a part of emerging Greek political culture, emphasizing economic self-sufficiency<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and local self-rule. </p><p>The populist Chinese philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a>, prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> periods, supported egalitarian, self-sufficient<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> societies as an antidote to rampant war and corruption. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Late Roman Empire</a>, some rebellions and communities pursued autarky as a reaction both to upheaval and to counter imperial power. A prominent example is the <a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bacaude</a>, who repeatedly rebelled against the empire and "formed self-governing communities" with their own<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederici200450_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederici200450-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> internal economy and coinage. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Medieval communes</a> combined an attempt at overall economic self-sufficiency through the use of common lands and resources with the use of mutual defense pacts, neighborhood assemblies and organized militias to preserve local autonomy<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBookchin2017105–108_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBookchin2017105–108-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against the depredations of the local nobility. Many of these communes later became trading powers such as the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. In some cases, communal village economies maintained their own debt system<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of a self-sufficient economy and to avoid reliance on possibly hostile aristocratic or business interests. The trend toward "local self-sufficiency" increased<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederici200462_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederici200462-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Plague</a>, initially as a reaction to the impact of the epidemic and later as a way for communes and city states to maintain power against the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is considerable debate about how autarkic cultures that resisted the spread of early capitalism were. <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age pirate</a> communities have been dubbed both heavily autarkic societies where<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the marauders...lived in small, self-contained democracies" and as an "anti-autarky" due<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to their dependence on raiding. </p><p>While rarer among imperial states, some autarkies did occur during specific time periods. The <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, during its earlier, more isolationist period, kept a closed economy that prohibited outside trade and focused on centralized distribution of goods produced in localized farms and workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hierarchy of bureaucrats oversaw<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the distribution of these resources from central depots, including a massive one located in the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a>. That depot was, at the time, the largest logistical base in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incan Empire</a> also maintained a system of society-wide autarky based on community levies of specific goods and "supply on command". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_early_20th_centuries">19th and early 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autarky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th and early 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some areas of the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum South</a>, the enslaved and free black populations forged self-sufficient economies in an effort to avoid reliance on the larger economy controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter aristocracy</a>. In eastern North Carolina <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">maroon</a> communities, often based in swampy areas, used a combination of agriculture and fishing to forge a "hidden economy" and secure survival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECecelski2012128–130_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECecelski2012128–130-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative self-reliance of these maritime African-American populations provided the basis for a strongly abolitionist political culture<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECecelski2012179–201_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECecelski2012179–201-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that made increasingly radical demands after the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. Due to tense relations with some Union commanders and political factions during and after that war, these communities "focused their organizing efforts on developing their own institutions, their own sense of self-reliance, and their own political strength".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autarkic ambitions<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also be seen in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">populist</a> backlash to the exploitations of free trade in the late 19th-century and in many early <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialist</a> movements. <a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">Mutual aid societies</a> like the <a href="/wiki/National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry" title="National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry">Grange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereigns_of_Industry" title="Sovereigns of Industry">Sovereigns of Industry</a> attempted to set up self-sufficient economies (with varying degrees of success) in an effort to be less dependent on what they saw as an exploitative economic system and to generate more power to push for reforms. </p><p>Early socialist movements used these autarkic efforts to build their base with institutions like the <a href="/wiki/Bourse_du_Travail" title="Bourse du Travail">Bourse de travail</a>, socialist canteens and food assistance. These played a major role in securing workers' loyalty and building those parties into increasingly powerful institutions (especially in Europe) throughout the late 19th and early 20th-centuries. Through these cooperatives,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "workers bought Socialist bread and Socialist shoes, drank Socialist beer, arranged for Socialist vacations and obtained a Socialist education." </p><p>Local and regional farming autarkies in many areas of Africa and Southeast Asia were displaced<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by European colonial administrations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who sought to push <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">smallholder</a> villages into larger plantations that, while less productive, they could more easily control. The self-sufficient communities and societies ended by colonialism were later cited as a useful example by African anarchists<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the late 20th century. </p><p>Communist movements embraced or dismissed autarky as a goal at different times. In her survey of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> in the late 1800s, <a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Voltairine De Cleyre</a> summarized the autarkic goals of early anarchist socialists and communists as "small, independent, self-resourceful, freely-operating communes".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> advocated local and regional autarky integrating agriculture and industry, instead of the international division of labor.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work repeatedly held up communities "that needed neither aid or protection from without" as a more resilient model.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some socialist communities like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Phalanst%C3%A8re" title="Phalanstère">phalansteries</a> strove for self-sufficiency. The early <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> strove for a self-sufficient economy with <a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">war communism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later pursued international trade vigorously under the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a>. However, while the Soviet government during the latter period encouraged international trade, it also permitted and even encouraged local autarkies in many peasant villages.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes leftist groups clashed over autarkic projects. During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the anarcho-syndicalist <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a> and the socialist <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">UGT</a> had created economic cooperatives in the <a href="/wiki/Levante,_Spain" title="Levante, Spain">Levante</a> that they claimed were "managing the economic life of the region independent of the government".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But communist factions responded by cracking down on these cooperatives in an attempt to place economic control back in the hands of the central government. </p><p>Some right-wing totalitarian governments have claimed autarky as a goal, developing national industry and imposing high tariffs but have crushed other autarkic movements and often engaged in extensive outside economic activity. In 1921, Italian <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">fascists</a> attacked existing left-wing autarkic projects at the behest of large landowners, destroying roughly 119 labor chambers, 107 cooperatives and 83 peasant offices that year alone.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> under economics minister <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a>, still pursued major international trade, albeit under a different system, to escape the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, satisfy business elites and prepare for war. The regime would continue to conduct trade, including with countries like the United States, including connections with major companies like <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">Coca-Cola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ibm_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autarky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economic self-sufficiency was pursued as a goal by some members of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a>. That was partly an effort to escape the economic domination of both the United States and the Soviet Union while modernizing the countries' infrastructure. In <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain#Recovery_(1939-1958)" title="Economic history of Spain">the case</a> of <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, it was both the effect of international sanctions after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1939) and <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in World War II">the Second World War</a> and the totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">nationalist</a> ideology of <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falange</a>. Post-war famine and misery lasted longer than in war-ravaged Europe. It was not until the capitalist reforms of 1950s with the approach to the United States that the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish economy">Spanish economy</a> recovered the levels of 1935 launching into the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Miracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Miracle">Spanish Miracle</a>. </p><p>In the latter half of the 20th century economists, especially in wealthier countries, backed the emerging <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington consensus</a>, overwhelmingly endorsing free trade while <a href="/wiki/There_is_no_alternative" title="There is no alternative">discouraging</a> autarkic and socialist policies.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These economists asserted that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare while free trade and the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">trade barriers</a> has a positive effect on economic growth<sup id="cite_ref-See_P_1994_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-See_P_1994-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IGMFreeTrade_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGMFreeTrade-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and economic stability.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But economists from many developing nations, or who came from <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> traditions, endorsed more autarkic ideas including <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">Import Substitution Industrialization</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency theory</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work of <a href="/wiki/Celso_Furtado" title="Celso Furtado">Celso Furtado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Prebisch" title="Raúl Prebisch">Raul Prebisch</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a>, especially Amin's semi-autarkic "autocentric" policies,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proved influential in efforts by many countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa to stave off economic domination by developing<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more self-sufficient economies. </p><p>Small-scale autarkies were sometimes used by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, such as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery Bus Boycott</a>. Boycotters set up their own self-sufficient system of cheap or free transit to allow black residents to get to work and avoid using the then-segregated public systems in a successful effort to bring political pressure. </p><p>Autarkic efforts for <a href="/wiki/Food_sovereignty" title="Food sovereignty">food sovereignty</a> also formed part of the civil rights movement. In the late 60s activist <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a> was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Farm_Cooperative" title="Freedom Farm Cooperative">Freedom Farms Cooperative</a>, an effort<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to redistribute economic power and build self-sufficiency in Black communities. "When you've got 400 quarts of greens and gumbo soup canned for the winter, nobody can push you around or tell you what to say or do," Hamer summarized as the rationale for the cooperative. The efforts were extensively targeted<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregationist</a> authorities and the far-right with measures ranging from economic pressure to outright violence. </p><p>After World War II, <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist efforts</a> in Europe embraced local autarkic projects in an effort to craft anti-authoritarian left-wing spaces, especially influencing the <a href="/wiki/Social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Social center">social center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatters</a>' rights movements. Such efforts remain a common feature of Autonomist and anarchist movements on the continent today. The Micropolis social centre in Greece, for example, has gyms, restaurants, bars, meeting space and free distribution of food and resources.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a> moved away from orthodox communist internationalism towards "<a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">intercommunalism</a>", a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a>, "to retain a grasp on the local when the rest of radical thought seemed to be moving global".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intercommunalism drew from left-wing autarkic projects like free medical clinics and breakfast programs, "explicitly articulated as attempts to fill a void left by the failure of the federal government to provide resources as basic as food to black communities".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalist</a> ideal, he wrote that in a more liberated future "every community would approximate local or regional autarky".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influential 1983 anarchist book <i>bolo'bolo</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Widmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Widmer">Hans Widmer</a>, advocated the use of autarky among its utopian anti-capitalist communes (known as <i>bolos</i>), asserting "the power of the State is based on food supply. Only on the basis of a certain degree of autarky can the bolos enter into a network of exchange without being exploited".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEP._M.201189_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP._M.201189-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widmer theorized that through "tactical autarky"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEP._M.201197_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP._M.201197-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such communes would be able to prevent the return of oppressive structures and a money economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEP._M.2011139_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP._M.2011139-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autarkic efforts to counter the forcible privatization of public resources and maintain local self-sufficiency also formed a key part of <a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">alter-globalization</a> efforts. The <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Water_War" title="Cochabamba Water War">Cochabamba Water War</a> had Bolivians successfully oppose the privatization of their water system to keep the resource in public hands.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autarky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, national economic autarkies are relatively rare. A commonly-cited example is <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, based on the government ideology of <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/self-reliance" class="extiw" title="wikt:self-reliance">self-reliance</a>), which is concerned with maintaining its domestic localized economy in the face of its isolation. However, even North Korea has <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea#External_trade" title="Economy of North Korea">extensive trade</a> with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and many countries in Europe and Africa. North Korea had to import food during a widespread <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">famine in the 1990s</a>. </p><p>Some would consider a modern example at a societal level is <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a>, the autonomous northern region of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Despite a key alliance with the United States, supporters consider them largely cut off from international trade, facing multiple enemies, and striving for a society based on <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">communalism</a>, Rojava's government and constitution emphasize economic self-sufficiency<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> directed by neighborhood and village councils. Rojavan society and economics are influenced by Bookchin's ideas, including the emphasis on local and regional self governance. Under changes made in 2012 property and business belong to those who live in or use it towards these goals, while infrastructure, land and major resources are commons run by local and regional councils. Bookchin however was concerned about the effects of isolationist autarky in respect to the closing off of a community and therefore always stressed the need for a balance between localism and globalism.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a small, but true autarky is <a href="/wiki/North_Sentinel_Island" title="North Sentinel Island">North Sentinel Island</a>, whose native inhabitants refuse all contact with outsiders and live completely self-sufficient lives. </p><p>An example of a contemporary effort at localized autarky, incorporating the concept's history from <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American socialism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Jackson" title="Cooperation Jackson">Cooperation Jackson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a movement aimed at creating a self-sufficient black working class economy in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>. The movement has aimed<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to secure land and build self-sufficient cooperatives and workplaces "to democratically transform the political economy of the city" and push back against gentrification. Cooperation Jackson also saw a gain in electoral political power when its involvement proved pivotal to the 2013 mayoral election of <a href="/wiki/Chokwe_Lumumba" title="Chokwe Lumumba">Chokwe Lumumba</a> and the 2017 election of his son, <a href="/wiki/Chokwe_Antar_Lumumba" title="Chokwe Antar Lumumba">Chokwe Antar Lumumba</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autarky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_sourcing" title="Domestic sourcing">Domestic sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_economy" title="Robinson Crusoe economy"> Robinson Crusoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autarky&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212072813/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/c.html">"International Economics Glossary: C"</a>. <i>www-personal.umich.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/c.html#ClosedEconomy%7CDeardorff%27s">the original</a> on December 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-personal.umich.edu&rft.atitle=International+Economics+Glossary%3A+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~alandear%2Fglossary%2Fc.html%23ClosedEconomy%257CDeardorff%2527s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Oudenaren1991" class="citation book cs1">Van Oudenaren, John (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/detenteineuropes0000vano">"7: Economics"</a></span>. <i>Détente in Europe: The Soviet Union and the West Since 1953</i>. Durham, NC: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/detenteineuropes0000vano/page/255">255</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822311416" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822311416"><bdi>978-0822311416</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>. <q>After veering toward autarky under war communism, in the 1920s the Soviet authorities began restoring business relations with traditional partners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7%3A+Economics&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9tente+in+Europe%3A+The+Soviet+Union+and+the+West+Since+1953&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0822311416&rft.aulast=Van+Oudenaren&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdetenteineuropes0000vano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelleiner2021" class="citation journal cs1">Helleiner, Eric (2021-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisr%2Fviaa092">"The Return of National Self-Sufficiency. Excavating Autarkic Thought in a De-Globalizing Era"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Review" title="International Studies Review">International Studies Review</a></i>. <b>23</b> (3): 933–957. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisr%2Fviaa092">10.1093/isr/viaa092</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1521-9488">1521-9488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+National+Self-Sufficiency.+Excavating+Autarkic+Thought+in+a+De-Globalizing+Era&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=933-957&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisr%2Fviaa092&rft.issn=1521-9488&rft.aulast=Helleiner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fisr%252Fviaa092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrueger2020" class="citation book cs1">Krueger, Anne O. 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IGM Forum. March 13, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118010600/http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/free-trade">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Trade&rft.pub=IGM+Forum&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igmchicago.org%2Fsurveys%2Ffree-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Gregory_Mankiw" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gregory Mankiw">N. Gregory Mankiw</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/upshot/economists-actually-agree-on-this-point-the-wisdom-of-free-trade.html">Economists Actually Agree on This: The Wisdom of Free Trade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716060449/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/upshot/economists-actually-agree-on-this-point-the-wisdom-of-free-trade.html">Archived</a> 2019-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (April 24, 2015): "Economists are famous for disagreeing with one another.... But economists reach near unanimity on some topics, including international trade."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Poole_(economist)" title="William Poole (economist)">William Poole</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6958854.pdf">Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207055442/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6958854.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review</i>, September/October 2004, 86(5), pp. 1: "most observers agree that '[t]he consensus among mainstream economists on the desirability of free trade remains almost universal.'"</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenreyroLisickyKorenCaselli2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tenreyro, Silvana; Lisicky, Milan; Koren, Miklós; Caselli, Francesco (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1388.pdf">"Diversification Through Trade"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>135</b>: 449–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqje%2Fqjz028">10.1093/qje/qjz028</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122005941/https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1388.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autarchy+%26%23124%3B+Meaning+%26+Definition+for+UK+English&rft.pub=Lexico.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fautarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossé1969" class="citation book cs1">Mossé, Claude (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientworldatwo0000moss/page/27"><i>The ancient world at work</i></a>. New York: Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientworldatwo0000moss/page/27">27–28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393053982" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393053982"><bdi>978-0393053982</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/66672">66672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+world+at+work.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F66672&rft.isbn=978-0393053982&rft.aulast=Moss%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientworldatwo0000moss%2Fpage%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenecke2011" class="citation book cs1">Denecke, Wiebke (2011). <i>The Dynamics of Masters Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center" title="Harvard University Asia Center">Harvard University Asia Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1dnn8mc">10.2307/j.ctt1dnn8mc</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1684170586" title="Special:BookSources/978-1684170586"><bdi>978-1684170586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Masters+Literature&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1dnn8mc&rft.isbn=978-1684170586&rft.aulast=Denecke&rft.aufirst=Wiebke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederici200450-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederici200450_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFederici2004">Federici 2004</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBookchin2017105–108-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBookchin2017105–108_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBookchin2017">Bookchin 2017</a>, pp. 105–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid.2011" class="citation book cs1">David., Graeber (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debtfirst5000yea0000grae"><i>Debt : the first 5,000 years</i></a></span>. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612191294" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612191294"><bdi>978-1612191294</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/426794447">426794447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debt+%3A+the+first+5%2C000+years&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F426794447&rft.isbn=978-1612191294&rft.aulast=David.&rft.aufirst=Graeber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdebtfirst5000yea0000grae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederici200462-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederici200462_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFederici2004">Federici 2004</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBath1963" class="citation book cs1">Bath, B. H. S. Van. (1963). <i>The Agrarian History of Western Europe, A.D</i>. Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713153354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713153354"><bdi>978-0713153354</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/650486546">650486546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Agrarian+History+of+Western+Europe%2C+A.D.&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F650486546&rft.isbn=978-0713153354&rft.aulast=Bath&rft.aufirst=B.+H.+S.+Van.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1998" class="citation book cs1">Ritchie, Robert C. (1998). <i>Captain Kidd and the war against the pirates</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnes & Noble Books">Barnes & Noble Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0760708401" title="Special:BookSources/0760708401"><bdi>0760708401</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48085772">48085772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Kidd+and+the+war+against+the+pirates&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48085772&rft.isbn=0760708401&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2020" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Gabriel (2020). <i>Life under the Jolly Roger: reflections on golden age piracy</i>. Oakland, CA. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629638034" title="Special:BookSources/978-1629638034"><bdi>978-1629638034</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159982546">1159982546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+under+the+Jolly+Roger%3A+reflections+on+golden+age+piracy&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1159982546&rft.isbn=978-1629638034&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1981" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Huang (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1587yearofnosign00huan"><i>1587, a year of no significance : the Ming dynasty in decline</i></a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300025181" title="Special:BookSources/0300025181"><bdi>0300025181</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6280586">6280586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1587%2C+a+year+of+no+significance+%3A+the+Ming+dynasty+in+decline&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6280586&rft.isbn=0300025181&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Huang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1587yearofnosign00huan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHucker1970" class="citation book cs1">Hucker, Charles O. (1970). <i>The traditional Chinese state in Ming times (1368–1644)</i>. Tucson: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Press" title="University of Arizona Press">University of Arizona Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816500932" title="Special:BookSources/0816500932"><bdi>0816500932</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906066347">906066347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+traditional+Chinese+state+in+Ming+times+%281368%E2%80%931644%29&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906066347&rft.isbn=0816500932&rft.aulast=Hucker&rft.aufirst=Charles+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECecelski2012128–130-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECecelski2012128–130_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCecelski2012">Cecelski 2012</a>, pp. 128–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECecelski2012179–201-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECecelski2012179–201_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCecelski2012">Cecelski 2012</a>, pp. 179–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecelski2015" class="citation book cs1">Cecelski, David S. (2015). <i>The Fire of Freedom: Abraham Galloway and the Slaves' Civil War</i>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Carolina_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Carolina Press (page does not exist)">University of Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469621906" title="Special:BookSources/978-1469621906"><bdi>978-1469621906</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900011294">900011294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fire+of+Freedom%3A+Abraham+Galloway+and+the+Slaves%27+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=University+of+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900011294&rft.isbn=978-1469621906&rft.aulast=Cecelski&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1978" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Goodwyn (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/populistmomentsh0000good"><i>The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195024173" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195024173"><bdi>978-0195024173</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3650099">3650099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Populist+Moment%3A+A+Short+History+of+the+Agrarian+Revolt+in+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3650099&rft.isbn=978-0195024173&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Goodwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopulistmomentsh0000good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchmanMacMillan2012" class="citation book cs1">Tuchman, Barbara W.; MacMillan, Margaret (2012). <i>The Guns of August: The proud tower</i>. New York: Library of America. p. 1046. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598531459" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598531459"><bdi>978-1598531459</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/731911132">731911132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guns+of+August%3A+The+proud+tower&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1046&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F731911132&rft.isbn=978-1598531459&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara+W.&rft.au=MacMillan%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1998" class="citation book cs1">Scott, James C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seeinglikestateh00scot_0"><i>Seeing like a state : how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300070163" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300070163"><bdi>978-0300070163</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37392803">37392803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+like+a+state+%3A+how+certain+schemes+to+improve+the+human+condition+have+failed&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37392803&rft.isbn=978-0300070163&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseeinglikestateh00scot_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbahIgariwey1997" class="citation book cs1">Mbah, Sam; Igariwey, I. E. (1997). <i>African anarchism: The History of a Movement</i>. Tucson: See Sharp Press. pp. 27–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884365051" title="Special:BookSources/1884365051"><bdi>1884365051</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37510629">37510629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+anarchism%3A+The+History+of+a+Movement&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=27-53&rft.pub=See+Sharp+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37510629&rft.isbn=1884365051&rft.aulast=Mbah&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Igariwey%2C+I.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_CleyreBerkmanHavel2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">De Cleyre, Voltairine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman, Alexander</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Havel" title="Hippolyte Havel">Havel, Hippolyte</a> (2016). <i>The selected works of Voltairine de Cleyre: poems, essays, sketches and stories, 1885–1911</i>. Chico: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849352567" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849352567"><bdi>978-1849352567</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/938996661">938996661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+selected+works+of+Voltairine+de+Cleyre%3A+poems%2C+essays%2C+sketches+and+stories%2C+1885%E2%80%931911&rft.place=Chico&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F938996661&rft.isbn=978-1849352567&rft.aulast=De+Cleyre&rft.aufirst=Voltairine&rft.au=Berkman%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Havel%2C+Hippolyte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinna2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kinna" title="Ruth Kinna">Kinna, Ruth</a> (2007). "Fields of Vision: Kropotkin and Revolutionary Change". <i>SubStance</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 67–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsub.2007.0032">10.1353/sub.2007.0032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0049-2426">0049-2426</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25195126">25195126</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143622322">143622322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SubStance&rft.atitle=Fields+of+Vision%3A+Kropotkin+and+Revolutionary+Change&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-86&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0049-2426&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143622322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25195126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsub.2007.0032&rft.aulast=Kinna&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Petr Alekseevich</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution"><i>Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</i></a> (Dover Publications ed.). Mineola: Dover Publications. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486449130" title="Special:BookSources/0486449130"><bdi>0486449130</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62282705">62282705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Aid%3A+A+Factor+of+Evolution&rft.place=Mineola&rft.pages=119&rft.edition=Dover+Publications&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62282705&rft.isbn=0486449130&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Petr+Alekseevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1999" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, W. Bruce (1999). <i>Red victory: A History of the Russian Civil War</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306809095" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306809095"><bdi>978-0306809095</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40510540">40510540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+victory%3A+A+History+of+the+Russian+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40510540&rft.isbn=978-0306809095&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=W.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin1994" class="citation book cs1">Lewin, Moshe (1994). <i>The making of the Soviet system: essays in the social history of interwar Russia</i>. New York: New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565841253" title="Special:BookSources/978-1565841253"><bdi>978-1565841253</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30841557">30841557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+the+Soviet+system%3A+essays+in+the+social+history+of+interwar+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30841557&rft.isbn=978-1565841253&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbelSharkey2011" class="citation book cs1">Abel, Paz; Sharkey, Paul (2011). <i>Story of the iron column: militant anarchism in the Spanish Civil War</i>. Oakland, CA: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849350655" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849350655"><bdi>978-1849350655</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/896845543">896845543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+the+iron+column%3A+militant+anarchism+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F896845543&rft.isbn=978-1849350655&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=Paz&rft.au=Sharkey%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Grand2000" class="citation book cs1">De Grand, Alexander J. (2000). <i>Italian fascism: its origins & development</i> (3rd ed.). Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. pp. 31–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803266223" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803266223"><bdi>978-0803266223</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42462895">42462895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+fascism%3A+its+origins+%26+development&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=31-33&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42462895&rft.isbn=978-0803266223&rft.aulast=De+Grand&rft.aufirst=Alexander+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibm-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ibm_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwin2001" class="citation book cs1">Edwin, Black (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibmholocaustt00blac"><i>IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful corporation</i></a>. New York: Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0609607992" title="Special:BookSources/978-0609607992"><bdi>978-0609607992</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45896166">45896166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+and+the+Holocaust%3A+The+Strategic+Alliance+Between+Nazi+Germany+and+America%27s+Most+Powerful+corporation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45896166&rft.isbn=978-0609607992&rft.aulast=Edwin&rft.aufirst=Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fibmholocaustt00blac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayar1997" class="citation journal cs1">Nayar, Baldev Raj (1997). "Nationalist Planning for Autarky and State Hegemony: Development Strategy Under Nehru". <i>Indian Economic Review</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 13–38. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24010467">24010467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Nationalist+Planning+for+Autarky+and+State+Hegemony%3A+Development+Strategy+Under+Nehru&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-38&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24010467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Baldev+Raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalima1979" class="citation journal cs1">Malima, Kighoma A. (1979). "Planning for Self-Reliance Tanzania's Third Five Year Development Plan". <i>Africa Development</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 37–56. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24498250">24498250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Development&rft.atitle=Planning+for+Self-Reliance+Tanzania%27s+Third+Five+Year+Development+Plan&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-56&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24498250%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Malima&rft.aufirst=Kighoma+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan.2014" class="citation book cs1">Jan., Blommaert (2014). <i>State Ideology and Language in Tanzania: Second and Revised Edition</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748668267" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748668267"><bdi>978-0748668267</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1024254210">1024254210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Ideology+and+Language+in+Tanzania%3A+Second+and+Revised+Edition.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1024254210&rft.isbn=978-0748668267&rft.aulast=Jan.&rft.aufirst=Blommaert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrueger2020" class="citation journal cs1">Krueger, Anne O. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190900465.001.0001">"International Trade: What Everyone Needs to Know"</a>. <i>Oxford University Press</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fwentk%2F9780190900465.001.0001">10.1093/wentk/9780190900465.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090046-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090046-5"><bdi>978-0-19-090046-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+University+Press&rft.atitle=International+Trade%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fwentk%2F9780190900465.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-090046-5&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Anne+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fwentk%2F9780190900465.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-See_P_1994-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-See_P_1994_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See P.Krugman, «The Narrow and Broad Arguments for Free Trade», American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 83(3), 1993 ; and P.Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGMFreeTrade-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IGMFreeTrade_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/free-trade">"Free Trade"</a>. IGM Forum. March 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Trade&rft.pub=IGM+Forum&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igmchicago.org%2Fsurveys%2Ffree-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/N._Gregory_Mankiw" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gregory Mankiw">N. Gregory Mankiw</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/upshot/economists-actually-agree-on-this-point-the-wisdom-of-free-trade.html">Economists Actually Agree on This: The Wisdom of Free Trade</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (April 24, 2015): "Economists are famous for disagreeing with one another.... 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libcom.org&rft.atitle=Huey+Newton+introduces+Revolutionary+Intercommunalism%2C+Boston+College%2C+November+18+1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fhuey-newton-introduces-revolutionary-intercommunalism-boston-college-november-18-1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenewinquiry.com/the-havoc-of-less/">"The Havoc of Less"</a>. <i>The New Inquiry</i>. 2017-09-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206132434/https://thenewinquiry.com/the-havoc-of-less/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Montreal: Black Rose Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postscarcityanar0000book/page/138/mode/2up">138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919618-47-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919618-47-3"><bdi>978-0-919618-47-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-scarcity+anarchism&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-919618-47-3&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2008" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Uri (2008). <i>Anarchy alive! Anti-Authoritarian Politics From Practice to Theory</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849643672" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849643672"><bdi>978-1849643672</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/664263431">664263431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchy+alive%21+Anti-Authoritarian+Politics+From+Practice+to+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F664263431&rft.isbn=978-1849643672&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Uri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEP._M.201189-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEP._M.201189_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFP._M.2011">P. M. 2011</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEP._M.201197-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEP._M.201197_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFP._M.2011">P. M. 2011</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEP._M.2011139-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEP._M.2011139_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFP._M.2011">P. M. 2011</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveraLewis2004" class="citation book cs1">Olivera, Oscar; Lewis, Tom (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cochabambawaterw00osca"><i>Cochabamba!: Water War in Bolivia</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0896087026" title="Special:BookSources/978-0896087026"><bdi>978-0896087026</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56194844">56194844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cochabamba%21%3A+Water+War+in+Bolivia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56194844&rft.isbn=978-0896087026&rft.aulast=Olivera&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcochabambawaterw00osca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A small key can open a large door: the Rojava revolution</i>. United States: Strangers In A Tangled Wilderness. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1938660177" title="Special:BookSources/978-1938660177"><bdi>978-1938660177</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900796070">900796070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+small+key+can+open+a+large+door%3A+the+Rojava+revolution&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Strangers+In+A+Tangled+Wilderness&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900796070&rft.isbn=978-1938660177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin, Murray</a> (1990). <i>The meaning of confederalism</i>. <q>Without such wholistic cultural and political changes as I have advocated, notions of decentralism that emphasize localist isolation and a degree of self-sufficiency may lead to cultural parochialism and chauvinism. Parochialism can lead to problems that are as serious as a 'global& mentality that overlooks the uniqueness of cultures, the peculiarities of ecosystems and eco-regions, and the need for a humanly scaled community life that makes a participatory democracy possible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+meaning+of+confederalism&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cooperationjackson.org/">"Welcome"</a>. <i>Cooperation Jackson</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715211138/https://cooperationjackson.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cooperation+Jackson&rft.atitle=Welcome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcooperationjackson.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkunoNangwaya2017" class="citation book cs1">Akuno, Kali; Nangwaya, Ajamu (2017). <i>Jackson rising: the struggle for economic recovery and black self-determination in Jackson, Mississippi</i>. Montreal, Quebec: Daraja Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0995347458" title="Special:BookSources/978-0995347458"><bdi>978-0995347458</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/976416348">976416348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jackson+rising%3A+the+struggle+for+economic+recovery+and+black+self-determination+in+Jackson%2C+Mississippi&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pub=Daraja+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F976416348&rft.isbn=978-0995347458&rft.aulast=Akuno&rft.aufirst=Kali&rft.au=Nangwaya%2C+Ajamu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autarky&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin, Murray</a> (2017). <i>Urbanization Without Cities: The Rise and Decline of Citizenship</i>. Montréal: <a href="/wiki/Black_Rose_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rose Books">Black Rose Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1551646237" title="Special:BookSources/978-1551646237"><bdi>978-1551646237</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1046676911">1046676911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urbanization+Without+Cities%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+Citizenship&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1046676911&rft.isbn=978-1551646237&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecelski2012" class="citation book cs1">Cecelski, David S. (2012). <i>The Waterman's Song: Slavery and Freedom in Maritime North Carolina</i>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Carolina_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Carolina Press (page does not exist)">University of Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469602356" title="Special:BookSources/978-1469602356"><bdi>978-1469602356</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/605086965">605086965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterman%27s+Song%3A+Slavery+and+Freedom+in+Maritime+North+Carolina&rft.place=London&rft.pub=University+of+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F605086965&rft.isbn=978-1469602356&rft.aulast=Cecelski&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederici2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici, Silvia</a> (2004). <i>Caliban and the witch</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Autonomedia" title="Autonomedia">Autonomedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1570270597" title="Special:BookSources/1570270597"><bdi>1570270597</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53122730">53122730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caliban+and+the+witch&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Autonomedia&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53122730&rft.isbn=1570270597&rft.aulast=Federici&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._M.2011" class="citation book cs1">P. M. (2011). <i>Bolo'bolo</i> (30th anniversary ed.). Brooklyn, NY: <a href="/wiki/Autonomedia" title="Autonomedia">Autonomedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570272417" title="Special:BookSources/978-1570272417"><bdi>978-1570272417</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/753622961">753622961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolo%27bolo&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.edition=30th+anniversary&rft.pub=Autonomedia&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F753622961&rft.isbn=978-1570272417&rft.au=P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutarky" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autarky&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4253273-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Autarchy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85009782">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Autarcie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967807d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Autarcie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967807d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295743105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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