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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First wave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second wave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Third wave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_concepts_and_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_concepts_and_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Key concepts and theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_concepts_and_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_fields_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_fields_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related fields and applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_fields_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals_and_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals_and_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Journals and societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals_and_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cybernetics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubernetika" title="Kubernetika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kubernetika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kybernetik" title="Kybernetik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kybernetik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="السبرانيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السبرانيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibernetika" title="Kibernetika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kibernetika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ব্যবস্থা পরিচালনা বিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যবস্থা পরিচালনা বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B2ng-ch%C3%A8-l%C5%ABn" title="Khòng-chè-lūn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khòng-chè-lūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кибернетика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кибернетика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кібернетыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кібернетыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кібэрнэтыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кібэрнэтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кибернетика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кибернетика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibernetika" title="Kibernetika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kibernetika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibern%C3%A8tica" title="Cibernètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cibernètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кибернетика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кибернетика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kybernetika" title="Kybernetika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kybernetika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiberneteg" title="Seiberneteg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seiberneteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kybernetik" title="Kybernetik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kybernetik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kybernetik" title="Kybernetik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kybernetik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCberneetika" title="Küberneetika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Küberneetika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Κυβερνητική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυβερνητική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibern%C3%A9tica" title="Cibernética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cibernética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibernetiko" title="Kibernetiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kibernetiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zibernetika" title="Zibernetika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zibernetika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="سایبرنتیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سایبرنتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybern%C3%A9tique" title="Cybernétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cybernétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibirnitic" title="Cibirnitic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cibirnitic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibern%C3%A9tica" title="Cibernética – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cibernética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Cybernetics" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%84%EB%84%A4%ED%8B%B1%EC%8A%A4" title="사이버네틱스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사이버네틱스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Կիբեռնետիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիբեռնետիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="साइबर्नेटिक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साइबर्नेटिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibernetika" title="Kibernetika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kibernetika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibernetiko" title="Cibernetiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cibernetiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibernetika" title="Sibernetika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sibernetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BDrifr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stýrifræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stýrifræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibernetica" title="Cibernetica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cibernetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="קיברנטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיברנטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibernetika" title="Sibernetika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sibernetika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸೈಬರ್‌ನೆಟಿಕ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೈಬರ್‌ನೆಟಿಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კიბერნეტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კიბერნეტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кибернетика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кибернетика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEbernet%C3%AEk" title="Sîbernetîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sîbernetîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кибернетика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кибернетика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetica" title="Cybernetica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cybernetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibern%C4%93tika" title="Kibernētika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kibernētika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibernetika" title="Kibernetika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kibernetika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibernetika" title="Kibernetika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kibernetika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კიბერნეტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კიბერნეტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibernetik" title="Sibernetik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sibernetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кибернетик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кибернетик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetica" title="Cybernetica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cybernetica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%8D%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="サイバネティックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サイバネティックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kybernetikk" title="Kybernetikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kybernetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kybernetikk" title="Kybernetikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kybernetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibernetica" title="Cibernetica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cibernetica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibernetika" title="Kibernetika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kibernetika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਸਾਈਬਰਨੇਟਿਕਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਈਬਰਨੇਟਿਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibern%C3%A9tica" title="Sibernética – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sibernética" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetyka" title="Cybernetyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cybernetyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibern%C3%A9tica" title="Cibernética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cibernética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibernetic%C4%83" title="Cibernetică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cibernetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кибернетика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кибернетика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibernetika" title="Kibernetika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kibernetika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cybernetics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BD%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="سائبرنيٽڪس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سائبرنيٽڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kybernetika" title="Kybernetika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kybernetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibernetika" title="Kibernetika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kibernetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кибернетика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кибернетика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibernetika" title="Kibernetika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kibernetika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kybernetiikka" title="Kybernetiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kybernetiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetik" title="Cybernetik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cybernetik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ไซเบอร์เนติกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไซเบอร์เนติกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кибернетика – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кибернетика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibernetik" title="Sibernetik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sibernetik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кібернетика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кібернетика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="سائبرنیٹکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائبرنیٹکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoengqceiqlwnh" title="Hoengqceiqlwnh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hoengqceiqlwnh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%81u_khi%E1%BB%83n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Điều khiển học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điều khiển học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCberneetiga" title="Küberneetiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Küberneetiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibernitika" title="Sibernitika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sibernitika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="控制论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%8E%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="模控學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="模控學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="控制论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123637#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transdisciplinary field concerned with regulatory and purposive systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For organisms with both organic and mechanical parts, see <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborg</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cybernetics (disambiguation)">Cybernetics 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decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cybernetics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cybernetics.jpg/220px-Cybernetics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cybernetics.jpg/330px-Cybernetics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cybernetics.jpg/440px-Cybernetics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Principle diagram of a cybernetic system with a feedback loop</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Prisoner's dilemma">Prisoner's dilemma</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">Rational choice theory</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">Bounded rationality</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Complex_systems" title="Template talk:Complex systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Complex_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Complex systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborgs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg/150px-Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg/225px-Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg/300px-Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cyborgology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bionics" title="Bionics">Bionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimicry">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_cognition" title="Distributed cognition">Distributed cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecosystem" title="Human ecosystem">Human ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_amplification" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_brain_emulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole brain emulation">Whole brain emulation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg anthropology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">Cyberspace</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extropianism" title="Extropianism">Extropianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_freedom" title="Morphological freedom">Morphological freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyborg" title="Template:Cyborg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyborg" title="Template talk:Cyborg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyborg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyborg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cybernetics</b> is the transdisciplinary study of circular processes such as <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> systems where outputs are also inputs. It is concerned with general principles that are relevant across multiple contexts,<sup id="cite_ref-Ashby1956_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashby1956-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including in ecological, technological, <a href="/wiki/Biological_cybernetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological cybernetics">biological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Social systems">social systems</a> and also in practical activities such as designing,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> learning, and <a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">managing</a>. </p><p>The field is named after an example of circular causal feedback—that of steering a ship (the ancient Greek κυβερνήτης (<i>kybernḗtēs</i>) means "helmsperson"). In steering a ship, the helmsperson adjusts their steering in continual response to the effect it is observed as having, forming a feedback loop through which a steady course can be maintained in a changing environment, responding to disturbances from cross winds and tide.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cybernetics' <a href="/wiki/Transdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdisciplinary">transdisciplinary</a><sup id="cite_ref-transdisciplinary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transdisciplinary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> character has meant that it intersects with a number of other fields, leading to it having both wide influence and diverse interpretations. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cybernetics has been defined in a variety of ways, reflecting "the richness of its conceptual base."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the best known definitions is that of the American scientist <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a>, who characterised cybernetics as concerned with "control and communication in the animal and the machine."<sup id="cite_ref-W1948_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W1948-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early definition is that of the <a href="/wiki/Macy_conferences" title="Macy conferences">Macy cybernetics conferences</a>, where cybernetics was understood as the study of "circular causal and feedback mechanisms in biological and social systems."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> emphasised the role of cybernetics as "a form of cross-disciplinary thought which made it possible for members of many disciplines to communicate with each other easily in a language which all could understand."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other definitions include:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the art of governing or the science of government" (<a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a>); "the art of steersmanship" (<a href="/wiki/Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="Ross Ashby">Ross Ashby</a>); "the study of systems of any nature which are capable of receiving, storing, and processing information so as to use it for control" (<a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kolmogorov" title="Andrey Kolmogorov">Andrey Kolmogorov</a>); and "a branch of mathematics dealing with problems of control, recursiveness, and information, focuses on forms and the patterns that connect" (<a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideal_feedback_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ideal_feedback_model.svg/220px-Ideal_feedback_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ideal_feedback_model.svg/330px-Ideal_feedback_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ideal_feedback_model.svg/440px-Ideal_feedback_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Simple feedback model. AB < 0 for <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> term κυβερνητικός (kubernētikos, '(good at) steering') appears in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/First_Alcibiades" title="First Alcibiades"><i>Alcibiades</i></a></i>, where the metaphor of a <a href="/wiki/Helmsman" title="Helmsman">steersman</a> is used to signify the <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> of people.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French word <i>cybernétique</i> was also used in 1834 by the physicist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> to denote the sciences of government in his classification system of human knowledge. </p><p>According to Norbert Wiener, the word <i>cybernetics</i> was coined by a research group involving himself and <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Rosenblueth" title="Arturo Rosenblueth">Arturo Rosenblueth</a> in the summer of 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-W1948_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W1948-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been attested in print since at least 1948 through Wiener's book <i><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics:_Or_Control_and_Communication_in_the_Animal_and_the_Machine" title="Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine">Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book, Wiener states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After much consideration, we have come to the conclusion that all the existing terminology has too heavy a bias to one side or another to serve the future development of the field as well as it should; and as happens so often to scientists, we have been forced to coin at least one artificial neo-Greek expression to fill the gap. We have decided to call the entire field of control and communication theory, whether in the machine or in the animal, by the name <i>Cybernetics</i>, which we form from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:κυβερνήτης">κυβερνήτης</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Helmsman" title="Helmsman">steersman</a></i>.</p></blockquote> <p>Moreover, Wiener explains, the term was chosen to recognize <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>'s 1868 publication on feedback mechanisms involving <a href="/wiki/Governor_(device)" title="Governor (device)">governors</a>, noting that the term <i>governor</i> is also derived from κυβερνήτης (<i>kubernḗtēs</i>) via a Latin corruption <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gubernator#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:gubernator">gubernator</a></i>. Finally, Wiener motivates the choice by <a href="/wiki/Steering_engine" title="Steering engine">steering engines of a ship</a> being "one of the earliest and best-developed forms of feedback mechanisms".<sup id="cite_ref-W1948_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W1948-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_wave">First wave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First wave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Macy_conferences" title="Macy conferences">Macy conferences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratio_Club" title="Ratio Club">Ratio Club</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norbert_wiener.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Norbert_wiener.jpg/170px-Norbert_wiener.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Norbert_wiener.jpg/255px-Norbert_wiener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Norbert_wiener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Norbert Wiener</figcaption></figure> <p>The initial focus of cybernetics was on parallels between regulatory feedback processes in biological and technological systems. Two foundational articles were published in 1943: "Behavior, Purpose and Teleology" by Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener, and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bigelow" title="Julian Bigelow">Julian Bigelow</a> – based on the research on living organisms that Rosenblueth did in Mexico – and the paper "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" by <a href="/wiki/Warren_McCulloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren McCulloch">Warren McCulloch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a>. The foundations of cybernetics were then developed through a series of transdisciplinary conferences funded by the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, between 1946 and 1953. The conferences were chaired by <a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">McCulloch</a> and had participants included <a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">Ross Ashby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a>. In the UK, similar focuses were explored by the <a href="/wiki/Ratio_Club" title="Ratio Club">Ratio Club</a>, an informal dining club of young psychiatrists, psychologists, physiologists, mathematicians and engineers that met between 1949 and 1958. Wiener introduced the neologism <i>cybernetics</i> to denote the study of "teleological mechanisms" and popularized it through the book <i><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics:_Or_Control_and_Communication_in_the_Animal_and_the_Machine" title="Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine">Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-W1948_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W1948-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1950s, cybernetics was developed as a primarily technical discipline, such as in <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a>'s 1954 "Engineering Cybernetics". <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">In the Soviet Union</a>, Cybernetics was initially considered with suspicion<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but became accepted from the mid to late 1950s. </p><p>By the 1960s and 1970s, however, cybernetics' transdisciplinarity fragmented, with technical focuses separating into separate fields. Artificial intelligence (AI) was founded as a distinct discipline at the <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop" title="Dartmouth workshop">Dartmouth workshop</a> in 1956, differentiating itself from the broader cybernetics field. After some uneasy coexistence, AI gained funding and prominence. Consequently, cybernetic sciences such as the study of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural networks</a> were downplayed.<sup id="cite_ref-Cariani2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cariani2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> became defined as a distinct academic discipline in the 1950s and early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_wave">Second wave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second wave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second wave of cybernetics came to prominence from the 1960s onwards, with its focus inflecting away from technology toward social, ecological, and philosophical concerns. It was still grounded in biology, notably <a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Maturana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Varela</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Autopoiesis" title="Autopoiesis">autopoiesis</a>, and built on earlier work on <a href="/wiki/Self-organization_in_cybernetics" title="Self-organization in cybernetics">self-organising systems</a> and the presence of anthropologists Mead and Bateson in the Macy meetings. The Biological Computer Laboratory, founded in 1958 and active until the mid-1970s under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a>, was a major incubator of this trend in cybernetics research.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Focuses of the second wave of cybernetics included management cybernetics, such as Stafford Beer's biologically inspired <a href="/wiki/Viable_system_model" title="Viable system model">viable system model</a>; work in family therapy, drawing on Bateson; social systems, such as in the work of <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a>; epistemology and pedagogy, such as in the development of radical constructivism.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cybernetics' core theme of circular causality was developed beyond goal-oriented processes to concerns with reflexivity and recursion. This was especially so in the development of <a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">second-order cybernetics</a> (or the cybernetics of cybernetics), developed and promoted by Heinz von Foerster, which focused on questions of observation, cognition, epistemology, and ethics. </p><p>The 1960s onwards also saw cybernetics begin to develop exchanges with the creative arts, design, and architecture, notably with the <i>Cybernetic Serendipity</i> exhibition (ICA, London, 1968), curated by <a href="/wiki/Jasia_Reichardt" title="Jasia Reichardt">Jasia Reichardt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the unrealised Fun Palace project (London, unrealised, 1964 onwards), where <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a> was consultant to architect Cedric Price and theatre director Joan Littlewood.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_wave">Third wave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third wave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 1990s onwards, there has been a renewed interest in cybernetics from a number of directions. Early cybernetic work on artificial neural networks has been returned to as a paradigm in machine learning and artificial intelligence. The entanglements of society with emerging technologies has led to exchanges with feminist technoscience and posthumanism. Re-examinations of cybernetics' history have seen science studies scholars emphasising cybernetics' unusual qualities as a science, such as its "performative ontology".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practical design disciplines have drawn on cybernetics for theoretical underpinning and transdisciplinary connections. Emerging topics include how cybernetics' engagements with social, human, and ecological contexts might come together with its earlier technological focus, whether as a critical discourse<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a "new branch of engineering".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_concepts_and_theories">Key concepts and theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Key concepts and theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The central theme in cybernetics is <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a>. Feedback is a process where the observed outcomes of actions are taken as inputs for further action in ways that support the pursuit, maintenance, or disruption of particular conditions, forming a circular causal relationship. In steering a ship, the helmsperson maintains a steady course in a changing environment by adjusting their steering in continual response to the effect it is observed as having.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples of circular causal feedback include: technological devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostat</a>, where the action of a heater responds to measured changes in temperature regulating the temperature of the room within a set range, and the <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_governor" title="Centrifugal governor">centrifugal governor</a> of a steam engine, which regulates the engine speed; biological examples such as the coordination of volitional movement through the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostatic</a> processes that regulate variables such as blood sugar; and processes of social interaction such as conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">Negative feedback</a> processes are those that maintain particular conditions by reducing (hence 'negative') the difference from a desired state, such as where a thermostat turns on a heater when it is too cold and turns a heater off when it is too hot. <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">Positive feedback</a> processes increase (hence 'positive') the difference from a desired state. An example of positive feedback is when a microphone picks up the sound that it is producing through a speaker, which is then played through the speaker, and so on. </p><p>In addition to feedback, cybernetics is concerned with other forms of circular processes including: <a href="/wiki/Feedforward" title="Feedforward">feedforward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">recursion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">reflexivity</a>. </p><p>Other key concepts and theories in cybernetics include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autopoiesis" title="Autopoiesis">Autopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_box" title="Black box">Black box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_theory" title="Conversation theory">Conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bind" title="Double bind">Double bind</a> theory: Double binds are patterns created in interaction between two or more parties in ongoing relationships where there is a contradiction between messages at different logical levels that creates a situation with emotional threat but no possibility of withdrawal from the situation and no way to articulate the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-MCB_01_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCB_01-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory was first described by Gregory Bateson and colleagues in the 1950s with regard to the origins of <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-schizophrenia_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schizophrenia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is also characteristic of many other social contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-MCB_01_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCB_01-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Experimental epistemology<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_regulator" title="Good regulator">Good regulator</a> theorem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptual_control_theory" title="Perceptual control theory">Perceptual control theory</a>: A model of behavior based on the properties of negative feedback (cybernetic) control loops. A key insight of PCT is that the controlled variable is not the output of the system (the behavioral actions), but its input, "perception". The theory came to be known as "perceptual control theory" to distinguish from those control theorists that assert or assume that it is the system's output that is controlled. <a href="/wiki/Method_of_levels" title="Method of levels">Method of levels</a> is an approach to psychotherapy based on perceptual control theory where the therapist aims to help the patient shift their awareness to higher levels of perception in order to resolve conflicts and allow reorganization to take place.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_constructivism" title="Radical constructivism">Radical constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">Second-order cybernetics</a>: Also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, second-order cybernetics is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the practice of cybernetics according to such a critique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organization_in_cybernetics" title="Self-organization in cybernetics">Self-organisation</a></li> <li>Social systems theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_(cybernetics)" title="Variety (cybernetics)">Variety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Requisite_Variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Requisite Variety">Requisite Variety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viable_system_model" title="Viable system model">Viable system model</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_fields_and_applications">Related fields and applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Related fields and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cybernetics' central concept of circular causality is of wide applicability, leading to diverse applications and relations with other fields. Many of the initial applications of cybernetics focused on <a href="/wiki/Engineering_cybernetics" title="Engineering cybernetics">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_cybernetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological cybernetics">biology</a>, and exchanges between the two, such as <a href="/wiki/Medical_cybernetics" title="Medical cybernetics">medical cybernetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a> and topics such as <a href="/wiki/Neural_network" title="Neural network">neural networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterarchy" title="Heterarchy">heterarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the social and behavioral sciences, cybernetics has included and influenced work in <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applications_of_cybernetics_in_economics" title="Applications of cybernetics in economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">family therapy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cognitive science, and <a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">psychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As cybernetics has developed, it broadened in scope to include work in management, design,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pedagogy, and the creative arts,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while also developing exchanges with constructivist philosophies, counter-cultural movements,<sup id="cite_ref-dubberly.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubberly.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and media studies.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of <a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">management cybernetics</a> has led to a variety of applications, notably to the national economy of Chile under the <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a> government in <a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a>. In design, cybernetics has been influential on <a href="/wiki/Interactive_architecture" title="Interactive architecture">interactive architecture</a>, human-computer interaction,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> design research,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the development of <a href="/wiki/Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">systemic design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metadesign" title="Metadesign">metadesign</a> practices. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CyberSyn-render-106.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CyberSyn-render-106.png/250px-CyberSyn-render-106.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CyberSyn-render-106.png/375px-CyberSyn-render-106.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CyberSyn-render-106.png/500px-CyberSyn-render-106.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a> was an early form of cybernetic <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cybernetics is often understood within the context of systems science, <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems thinking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systems approaches influenced by cybernetics include <a href="/wiki/Critical_systems_thinking" title="Critical systems thinking">critical systems thinking</a>, which incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Viable_system_model" title="Viable system model">viable system model</a>; <a href="/wiki/Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">systemic design</a>; and <a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">system dynamics</a>, which is based on the concept of causal feedback loops. </p><p>Many fields trace their origins in whole or part to work carried out in cybernetics, or were partially absorbed into cybernetics when it was developed. These include <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bionics" title="Bionics">bionics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">control theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complexity_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Complexity science">complexity science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>. Some aspects of modern <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Social_machine" title="Social machine">social machine</a>, are often described in cybernetic terms.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals_and_societies">Journals and societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Journals and societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_sciences_organizations" title="List of systems sciences organizations">List of systems sciences organizations</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_science_journals" title="List of systems science journals">List of systems science journals</a></div> <p>Academic journals with focuses in cybernetics include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_Foundations" title="Constructivist Foundations">Constructivist Foundations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_and_Human_Knowing" title="Cybernetics and Human Knowing">Cybernetics and Human Knowing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_and_Systems" title="Cybernetics and Systems">Cybernetics and Systems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_Society#Enacting_Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics Society"><i>Enacting Cybernetics</i></a>. An open access journal published by the Cybernetics Society and hosted by <a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_Press" title="Ubiquity Press">Ubiquity Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Biological Cybernetics</i></li> <li><i>IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems</i></li> <li><i>IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems</i></li> <li><i>IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics</i></li> <li><i>IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kybernetes" title="Kybernetes">Kybernetes</a></i></li></ul> <p>Academic societies primarily concerned with cybernetics or aspects of it include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Cybernetics" title="American Society for Cybernetics">American Society for Cybernetics</a> (ASC), founded in 1964</li> <li>British <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_Society" title="Cybernetics Society">Cybernetics Society</a> (CybSoc)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaphorum (page does not exist)">Metaphorum</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q125128722#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q125128722"><span title=""Metaphorum" in other languages">d</span></a>]</sup>: The Metaphorum group was set up in 2003 to develop Stafford Beer's legacy in Organizational Cybernetics. The Metaphorum Group was born in a Syntegration in 2003 and have every year after developed a Conference on issues related to Organizational Cybernetics' theory and practice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Systems,_Man,_and_Cybernetics_Society" title="IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society">IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society</a></li> <li>RC51 Sociocybernetics: RC51 is a research committee of the <a href="/wiki/International_Sociological_Association" title="International Sociological Association">International Sociological Association</a> promoting the development of (socio)cybernetic theory and research within the social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SCiO (Systems and Complexity in Organisation) is a community of systems practitioners who believe that traditional approaches to running organisations are no longer capable of dealing with the complexity and turbulence faced by organisations today and are responsible for many of the problems we see today. SCiO delivers an apprenticeship on masters level and a certification in systems practice.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_agency_theory" title="Autonomous agency theory">Autonomous agency theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">Complex systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Use_of_Human_Beings" title="The Human Use of Human Beings">The Human Use of Human Beings</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Cybernetica" title="Principia Cybernetica">Principia Cybernetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superorganism" title="Superorganism">Superorganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Haken)" title="Synergetics (Haken)">Synergetics (Haken)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektology" title="Tektology">Tektology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viable_system_theory" title="Viable system theory">Viable system theory</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ascott" title="Roy Ascott">Ascott, Roy</a> (1967). Behaviourist Art and the Cybernetic Vision. <i>Cybernetica</i>, Journal of the International Association for Cybernetics (Namur), 10, pp. 25–56</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAshby1956" class="citation book cs1">Ashby, William Ross (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/books/IntroCyb.pdf"><i>An introduction to cybernetics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Chapman & Hall<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+cybernetics&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=William+Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpespmc1.vub.ac.be%2Fbooks%2FIntroCyb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeer1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer">Beer, Stafford</a> (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/designingfreedom00beer"><i>Designing freedom</i></a></span>. Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471951650" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471951650"><bdi>978-0471951650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+freedom&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+England&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0471951650&rft.aulast=Beer&rft.aufirst=Stafford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdesigningfreedom00beer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_(systems_scientist)" title="Charles François (systems scientist)">François, Charles</a> (1999). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616081808/http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/~gossimit/ifsr/francois/papers/systemics_and_cybernetics_in_a_historical_perspective.pdf">Systemics and cybernetics in a historical perspective</a>". In: <i>Systems Research and Behavioral Science</i>. Vol 16, pp. 203–219 (1999)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1971" class="citation book cs1">George, F. H. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cybernetics0000geor"><i>Cybernetics</i></a>. Teach Yourself Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-05941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-05941-8"><bdi>978-0-340-05941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybernetics&rft.pub=Teach+Yourself+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-340-05941-8&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcybernetics0000geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerovitch2002" class="citation book cs1">Gerovitch, Slava (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/slava/homepage/newspeak.htm"><i>From newspeak to cyberspeak : a history of Soviet cybernetics</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts [u.a.]: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262-07232-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262-07232-8"><bdi>978-0262-07232-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+newspeak+to+cyberspeak+%3A+a+history+of+Soviet+cybernetics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0262-07232-8&rft.aulast=Gerovitch&rft.aufirst=Slava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fslava%2Fhomepage%2Fnewspeak.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hayles, N. Katherine (1999). <i>How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics</i>, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226321462" title="Special:BookSources/9780226321462">9780226321462</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeims1993" class="citation book cs1">Heims, Steve Joshua (1993). <i>Constructing a social science for postwar America : the cybernetics group, 1946-1953</i> (1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts u.a.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262581233" title="Special:BookSources/9780262581233"><bdi>9780262581233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+a+social+science+for+postwar+America+%3A+the+cybernetics+group%2C+1946-1953&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+u.a.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780262581233&rft.aulast=Heims&rft.aufirst=Steve+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Heylighen, Francis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Joslyn" title="Cliff Joslyn">Cliff Joslyn</a> (2002). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/Cybernetics-EPST.pdf">Cybernetics and Second Order Cybernetics</a>", in: R.A. Meyers (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Physical Science & Technology</i> (3rd ed.), Vol. 4, (Academic Press, San Diego), p. 155-169.</li> <li>Ilgauds, Hans Joachim (1980), <i>Norbert Wiener</i>, Leipzig.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9-Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José-Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui, José-Carlos</a> / Maulen, D. (eds.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/journal/146/volumes-and-issues/37-3">Special issue on “Cybernetics in Latin America: Contexts Developments, Perceptions and Impacts</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”, AI & Society, 37, 2022.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina2011" class="citation book cs1">Medina, Eden (2011). <i>Cybernetic revolutionaries : technology and politics in Allende's Chile</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01649-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01649-0"><bdi>978-0-262-01649-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybernetic+revolutionaries+%3A+technology+and+politics+in+Allende%27s+Chile&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01649-0&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=Eden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPangaro" class="citation web cs1">Pangaro, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pangaro.com/published/cyber-macmillan.html">"Cybernetics — A Definition"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cybernetics+%E2%80%94+A+Definition&rft.aulast=Pangaro&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpangaro.com%2Fpublished%2Fcyber-macmillan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPask1972" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Pask, Gordon</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928071309/http://www.cybsoc.org/gcyb.htm">"Cybernetics"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybsoc.org/gcyb.htm">the original</a> on 2011-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cybernetics&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Pask&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cybsoc.org%2Fgcyb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pickering" title="Andrew Pickering">Pickering, Andrew</a> (2010). <i>The cybernetic brain : sketches of another future</i> ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226667898" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226667898"><bdi>978-0226667898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cybernetic+brain+%3A+sketches+of+another+future&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0226667898&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">von Foerster, Heinz</a>, (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/foerster.html">Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140128091313/http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/foerster.html">Archived</a> 2014-01-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiener1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Wiener, Norbert</a> (1948). Hermann & Cie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2AKaAAAAIAAJ"><i>Cybernetics; or, Control and communication in the animal and the machine</i></a>. Paris: Technology Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybernetics%3B+or%2C+Control+and+communication+in+the+animal+and+the+machine&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Technology+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2AKaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiener1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Wiener, Norbert</a> (1950). <i>Cybernetics and Society: The Human Use of Human Beings</i>. Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybernetics+and+Society%3A+The+Human+Use+of+Human+Beings&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While Wiener's book presents cybernetics in a scientific context, its subtitle does not use the term science<sup id="cite_ref-TryAgain_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TryAgain-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wiener refers to cybernetics as a "field" when defining it.<sup id="cite_ref-W1948_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W1948-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashby, however, refers to Wiener as defining cybernetics as "the science of communication and control"<sup id="cite_ref-Ashby1956_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashby1956-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many subsequent authors follow Ashby.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ashby1956-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashby1956_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashby1956_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshby1956" class="citation book cs1">Ashby, W. R. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/ASHAIT-6"><i>An introduction to cybernetics</i></a>. London: Chapman & Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+cybernetics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Farchive%2FASHAIT-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Design Cybernetics". <i>Design Research Foundations</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-18557-2">10.1007/978-3-030-18557-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-18556-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-18556-5"><bdi>978-3-030-18556-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2366-4622">2366-4622</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239279379">239279379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Design+Cybernetics&rft.btitle=Design+Research+Foundations&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-18557-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239279379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2366-4622&rft.isbn=978-3-030-18556-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGage2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gage, Stephen (2007-01-01). "The boat/helmsman". <i>Technoetic Arts</i>. <b>5</b> (1). Intellect: 15–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Ftear.5.1.15_1">10.1386/tear.5.1.15_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-965X">1477-965X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technoetic+Arts&rft.atitle=The+boat%2Fhelmsman&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-24&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Ftear.5.1.15_1&rft.issn=1477-965X&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntnu.edu/itk/what-is#:~:text=The%20word%20%E2%80%9CCybernetics%E2%80%9D%20was%20first,the%20same%20root%20as%20government).">"What is cybernetics - NTNU"</a>. <i>www.ntnu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ntnu.edu&rft.atitle=What+is+cybernetics+-+NTNU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntnu.edu%2Fitk%2Fwhat-is%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520word%2520%25E2%2580%259CCybernetics%25E2%2580%259D%2520was%2520first%2Cthe%2520same%2520root%2520as%2520government%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transdisciplinary-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-transdisciplinary_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2000" class="citation journal cs1">Müller, Albert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722174103/http://bcl.ece.illinois.edu/mueller/index.htm">"A Brief History of the BCL"</a>. <i>Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 9–30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcl.ece.illinois.edu/mueller/index.htm">the original</a> on 2012-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%96sterreichische+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Geschichtswissenschaften&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+BCL&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-30&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbcl.ece.illinois.edu%2Fmueller%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Foerster2003" class="citation book cs1">von Foerster, Heinz (2003). "Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics". <i>Understanding Understanding</i>. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 287–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-21722-3_14">10.1007/0-387-21722-3_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95392-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95392-2"><bdi>978-0-387-95392-2</bdi></a>. <q>It seems that cybernetics is many different things to many different people. But this is because of the richness of its conceptual base; and I believe that this is very good, otherwise cybernetics would become a somewhat boring exercise. However, all of those perspectives arise from one central theme; that of circularity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethics+and+Second-Order+Cybernetics&rft.btitle=Understanding+Understanding&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=287-304&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F0-387-21722-3_14&rft.isbn=978-0-387-95392-2&rft.aulast=von+Foerster&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W1948-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W1948_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W1948_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W1948_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W1948_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W1948_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiener1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Wiener, Norbert</a> (1948). <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics:_Or_Control_and_Communication_in_the_Animal_and_the_Machine" title="Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine"><i>Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybernetics%3A+Or+Control+and+Communication+in+the+Animal+and+the+Machine&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_FoersterMeadTeuber1951" class="citation conference cs1">von Foerster, H.; Mead, M.; Teuber, H. 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Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-18557-2">10.1007/978-3-030-18557-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-18556-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-18556-5"><bdi>978-3-030-18556-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2366-4622">2366-4622</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239279379">239279379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Design+Cybernetics&rft.btitle=Design+Research+Foundations&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-18557-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239279379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2366-4622&rft.isbn=978-3-030-18556-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholte2020" class="citation journal cs1">Scholte, Tom (2020-05-02). "A proposal for the role of the arts in a new phase of second-order cybernetics". <i>Kybernetes</i>. <b>49</b> (8). Emerald: 2153–2170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2Fk-03-2019-0172">10.1108/k-03-2019-0172</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0368-492X">0368-492X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219051224">219051224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kybernetes&rft.atitle=A+proposal+for+the+role+of+the+arts+in+a+new+phase+of+second-order+cybernetics&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2153-2170&rft.date=2020-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219051224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0368-492X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2Fk-03-2019-0172&rft.aulast=Scholte&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dubberly.com-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dubberly.com_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dubberly, H., & Pangaro, P. (2015). How cybernetics connects computing, counterculture, and design. In Hippie Modernism: The Struggle for Utopia. Walker Art Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dubberly.com/articles/cybernetics-and-counterculture.html">http://www.dubberly.com/articles/cybernetics-and-counterculture.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Logan, Robert K. (2015) Feedforward, I. A. Richards, cybernetics and Marshall McLuhan. Systema: Connecting Catter, Life, Culture and Technology, 3 (1). pp. 177-185. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://openresearch.ocadu.ca/id/eprint/650/">http://openresearch.ocadu.ca/id/eprint/650/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndresZafirogluDaniellWong2022" class="citation conference cs1">Andres, Josh; Zafiroglu, Alexandra; Daniell, Katherine; Wong, Paul; Henein, Mina; Zhu, Xuanying; Sweeting, Ben; Arnold, Michael; Macnamara, Delia Pembrey; Helfgott, Ariella (2022-11-29). "Cybernetic Lenses for Designing and Living in a Complex World". <i>Proceedings of the 34th Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction</i>. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 348–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3572921.3576209">10.1145/3572921.3576209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798400700248" title="Special:BookSources/9798400700248"><bdi>9798400700248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Cybernetic+Lenses+for+Designing+and+Living+in+a+Complex+World&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+34th+Australian+Conference+on+Human-Computer+Interaction&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.pages=348-351&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3572921.3576209&rft.isbn=9798400700248&rft.aulast=Andres&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.au=Zafiroglu%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Daniell%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Wong%2C+Paul&rft.au=Henein%2C+Mina&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Xuanying&rft.au=Sweeting%2C+Ben&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Michael&rft.au=Macnamara%2C+Delia+Pembrey&rft.au=Helfgott%2C+Ariella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeting2017" class="citation book cs1">Sweeting, Ben (2017-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cris.brighton.ac.uk/ws/files/405050/160423%20Sweeting%20SOC%20DR%20post%20print%20--.pdf">"Design Research as a Variety of Second-Order Cybernetic Practice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Horizons for Second-Order Cybernetics</i>. Series on Knots and Everything. Vol. 60. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. pp. 227–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789813226265_0035">10.1142/9789813226265_0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-322-625-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-322-625-8"><bdi>978-981-322-625-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0219-9769">0219-9769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Design+Research+as+a+Variety+of+Second-Order+Cybernetic+Practice&rft.btitle=New+Horizons+for+Second-Order+Cybernetics&rft.series=Series+on+Knots+and+Everything&rft.pages=227-238&rft.pub=WORLD+SCIENTIFIC&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft.issn=0219-9769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789813226265_0035&rft.isbn=978-981-322-625-8&rft.aulast=Sweeting&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcris.brighton.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F405050%2F160423%2520Sweeting%2520SOC%2520DR%2520post%2520print%2520--.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. by Ray Ison: Ison, R. (2012). A cybersystemic framework for practical action. In: Murray, Joy; Cawthorne, Glenn; Dey, Christopher and Andrew, Chris eds. Enough for All Forever. A Handbook for Learning about Sustainability. Champaign, Illinois: Common Ground Publishing, pp. 269–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Checkland, P. (1981). Systems thinking, systems practice. Wiley, Chichester.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristianini2023" class="citation book cs1">Cristianini, Nello (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1352480147"><i>The shortcut : why intelligent machines do not think like us</i></a> (First ed.). Boca Raton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-33581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-33581-8"><bdi>978-1-003-33581-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1352480147">1352480147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+shortcut+%3A+why+intelligent+machines+do+not+think+like+us&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1352480147&rft.isbn=978-1-003-33581-8&rft.aulast=Cristianini&rft.aufirst=Nello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1352480147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enacting-cybernetics.org/">Enacting Cybernetics</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isa-sociology.org/en/research-networks/research-committees/rc51-sociocybernetics/">"RC51 Sociocybernetics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RC51+Sociocybernetics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isa-sociology.org%2Fen%2Fresearch-networks%2Fresearch-committees%2Frc51-sociocybernetics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.systemspractice.org/">"Home"</a>. <i>systemspractice.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=systemspractice.org&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.systemspractice.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/journal/146/volumes-and-issues/37-3">"AI & SOCIETY | Volume 37, issue 3"</a>. <i>SpringerLink</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpringerLink&rft.atitle=AI+%26+SOCIETY+%7C+Volume+37%2C+issue+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fjournal%2F146%2Fvolumes-and-issues%2F37-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cybernetics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cybernetics" class="extiw" title="wikt:cybernetics">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cybernetics" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Cybernetics">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cybernetics" class="extiw" title="q:Cybernetics">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Systems_Theory/Cybernetics" class="extiw" title="b:Systems Theory/Cybernetics">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Comp/CompJurc.htm">Norbert Wiener and Stefan Odobleja - A Comparative Analysis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bactra.org/notebooks/cybernetics.html">Reading List for Cybernetics </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/DEFAULT.html"><i>Principia Cybernetica Web</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213161047/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/asc/indexasc.html">Web Dictionary of Cybernetics and Systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~asc/slide/s1.html">Glossary Slideshow (136 slides)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705161913/http://www.gwu.edu/~asc/slide/s1.html">Archived</a> 2015-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811013353/http://www.smithsrisca.demon.co.uk/cybernetics.html">"Basics of Cybernetics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsrisca.demon.co.uk/cybernetics.html">the original</a> on 2010-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basics+of+Cybernetics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsrisca.demon.co.uk%2Fcybernetics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACybernetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hjAXkNbPfk"><span class="plainlinks">What is Cybernetics? Livas short introductory videos</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Societies and Journals</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asc-cybernetics.org/">American Society for Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeesmc.org/">IEEE Systems, Man, & Cybernetics Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226115753/http://3rd-street.net/Group/index.php/index.php?topic=68.msg216#msg216">International Society for Cybernetics and Systems Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybsoc.org">The Cybernetics Society</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subfields_of_and_cyberneticians_involved_in_cybernetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cybernetics" title="Template:Cybernetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cybernetics" title="Template talk:Cybernetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Neurocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_theory" title="Catastrophe theory">Catastrophe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_theory" title="Conversation theory">Conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_cybernetics" title="Engineering cybernetics">Engineering cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cybernetics" title="Medical cybernetics">Medical cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">Second-order cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersemiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersemiotics">Cybersemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Haken)" title="Synergetics (Haken)">Synergetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberneticist" title="Cyberneticist">Cyberneticians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lerner" title="Alexander Lerner">Alexander Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Lyapunov" title="Alexey Lyapunov">Alexey Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown" title="Alfred Radcliffe-Brown">Alfred Radcliffe-Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_(systems_scientist)" title="Charles François (systems scientist)">Charles François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Bell" title="Genevieve Bell">Genevieve Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Joslyn" title="Cliff Joslyn">Cliff Joslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Holst" title="Erich von Holst">Erich von Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Glasersfeld" title="Ernst von Glasersfeld">Ernst von Glasersfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Vester" title="Frederic Vester">Frederic Vester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Vickers" title="Geoffrey Vickers">Charles Geoffrey Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Brown" title="Gordon S. Brown">Gordon S. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Aleksander" title="Igor Aleksander">Igor Aleksander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco">Jacque Fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Johann_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" title="Jakob Johann von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Jixuan_Hu" title="Jason Jixuan Hu">Jason Jixuan Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleyka_Abbaszadeh" title="Maleyka Abbaszadeh">Maleyka Abbaszadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Mazur" title="Marian Mazur">Marian Mazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Katherine_Hayles" title="N. Katherine Hayles">N. Katherine Hayles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Bekhtereva" title="Natalia Bekhtereva">Natalia Bekhtereva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Grigorenko" title="Petro Grigorenko">Pyotr Grigorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville" title="Ranulph Glanville">Ranulph Glanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trappl" title="Robert Trappl">Robert Trappl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_P._Kurdyumov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei P. Kurdyumov">Sergei P. Kurdyumov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Stuart Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Umpleby" title="Stuart Umpleby">Stuart Umpleby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulla_Mitzdorf" title="Ulla Mitzdorf">Ulla Mitzdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Turchin" title="Valentin Turchin">Valentin Turchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentino_Braitenberg" title="Valentino Braitenberg">Valentin Braitenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bradford_Cannon" title="Walter Bradford Cannon">Walter Bradford Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_science" title="Template:Systems science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_science" title="Template talk:Systems science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science">Systems science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a><br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_human%E2%80%93environment_system" title="Coupled human–environment system">Coupled human–environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_time" title="Doubling time">Doubling time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_leverage_points" title="Twelve leverage points">Leverage points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">Limiting factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">Negative feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">Positive feedback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">Living systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_pharmacology" title="Systems pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_philosophy" title="Systems philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists" title="List of systems scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Aladjev" title="Victor Aladjev">Victor Aladjev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy" title="Béla H. Bánáthy">Béla H. Bánáthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard E. Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bowen" title="Murray Bowen">Murray Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Emery" title="Fred Emery">Fred Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Forrest" title="Stephanie Forrest">Stephanie Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Grosz" title="Barbara J. Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._S._Hall" title="Charles A. S. Hall">Charles A. S. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist)">Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavraki" title="Lydia Kavraki">Lydia Kavraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Kay" title="James J. Kay">James J. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faina_Mihajlovna_Kirillova" class="mw-redirect" title="Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova">Faina M. Kirillova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seddon" title="John Seddon">John Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trist" title="Eric Trist">Eric Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_archaeology" title="Systems theory in archaeology">Systems theory in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" title="Systems theory in political science">Systems theory in political science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_sciences_organizations" title="List of systems sciences organizations">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Cybernetica" title="Principia Cybernetica">Principia Cybernetica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_science" title="Category:Systems science">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/21px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/42px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, 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class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/21px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/32px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/42px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a 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