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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">中華</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wiktionary, the free dictionary</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="disambig-see-also">See also: <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E" title="中华">中华</a></div> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Chinese">1 Chinese</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology">1.1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Pronunciation">1.2 Pronunciation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Proper_noun">1.3 Proper noun</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Usage_notes">1.3.1 Usage notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Synonyms">1.3.2 Synonyms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Derived_terms">1.3.3 Derived terms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Descendants">1.3.4 Descendants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">1.4 References</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Japanese">2 Japanese</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Pronunciation_2">2.1 Pronunciation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Noun">2.2 Noun</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Adjective">2.3 Adjective</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Proper_noun_2">2.4 Proper noun</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Derived_terms_2">2.4.1 Derived terms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#References_2">2.5 References</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Korean">3 Korean</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Proper_noun_3">3.1 Proper noun</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Vietnamese">4 Vietnamese</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Proper_noun_4">4.1 Proper noun</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese">Chinese</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chinese">edit</a>]</div> <table class="floatright" style="clear: right;margin: 1em 0 1em 1em;border-collapse: collapse;text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th style="padding: 0.5em;border: 1px solid #aaa;background:var(--wikt-palette-lightyellow, #ffffe0);font-weight: normal;font-size: 85%; width:80px" colspan="1">middle; center </th> <th style="padding: 0.5em;border: 1px solid #aaa;background:var(--wikt-palette-lightyellow, #ffffe0);font-weight: normal;font-size: 85%; width:80px" colspan="1">flowery; flourishing; magnificent </th></tr> <tr> <th style="padding: 0.5em;border: 1px solid #aaa;background: var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff);font-weight: normal;font-size: smaller;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" title="Traditional Chinese">trad.</a> (中華) </th> <td style="padding: 0.5em; background-color:var(--wikt-palette-white, #ffffff);border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-size:x-large" lang="zh-Hant" class="Hant"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD#Chinese" title="中">中</a> </td> <td style="padding: 0.5em; background-color:var(--wikt-palette-white, #ffffff);border-right: 1px solid #aaa;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-size:x-large" lang="zh-Hant" class="Hant"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF#Chinese" title="華">華</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding: 0.5em;border: 1px solid #aaa;background: var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff);font-weight: normal;font-size: smaller;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" title="Simplified Chinese">simp.</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E#Chinese" title="中华">中华</a>) </th> <td style="padding: 0.5em; background-color:var(--wikt-palette-white, #ffffff);border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-size:x-large" lang="zh-Hans" class="Hans"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD#Chinese" title="中">中</a> </td> <td style="padding: 0.5em; background-color:var(--wikt-palette-white, #ffffff);border-right: 1px solid #aaa;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-size:x-large" lang="zh-Hans" class="Hans"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E#Chinese" title="华">华</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding: 0.5em;border: 1px solid #aaa;background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #e2f6e2);font-weight: normal;font-size: smaller;" colspan="2">anagram </th> <td style="padding: 0.5em; background-color:var(--wikt-palette-white, #ffffff);border-right: 1px solid #aaa;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-right: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E4%B8%AD#Chinese" title="華中">華中</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%AD#Chinese" title="华中">华中</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="sister-wikipedia sister-project noprint floatright" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); color: inherit; width: 250px; padding: 4px; text-align: left;"><div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikipedia-logo.png/32px-Wikipedia-logo.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikipedia-logo.png/48px-Wikipedia-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikipedia-logo.png/64px-Wikipedia-logo.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has articles on:<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF" class="extiw" title="w:zh:中華">中華</a> (Written Standard Chinese<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Written vernacular Chinese">?</a>)</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/yue:%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF_(%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A)" class="extiw" title="w:yue:中華 (搞清楚)">中華 (搞清楚)</a> (Cantonese)</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hak:Ch%C3%BBng-f%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="w:hak:Chûng-fà">Chûng-fà</a> (Hakka)</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cdo:D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-hu%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="w:cdo:Dṳ̆ng-huà">Dṳ̆ng-huà</a> (Eastern Min)</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nan:Tiong-h%C3%B4a-l%C3%AD_(Si%C3%B4ng-san-khu)" class="extiw" title="w:nan:Tiong-hôa-lí (Siông-san-khu)">Tiong-hôa-lí (Siông-san-khu)</a> (Southern Min)</li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> So named because the first ancient Chinese settlements were around the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, which was considered to be the center, and because the culture was considered to be magnificent and flourishing. First attested in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huan_Wen" class="extiw" title="w:Huan Wen">Huan Wen</a>'s memorial recommending <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B742#%E5%AD%AB_%E8%AD%99%E7%A7%80">Qiao Xiu</a> (dated [347 CE]), quoted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Sheng" class="extiw" title="w:Sun Sheng">Sun Sheng</a>'s lost Annals of Jin (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%99%89%E9%99%BD%E7%A7%8B" class="extiw" title="w:zh:晉陽秋">晉陽秋</a>) [4th century] and later quoted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei_Songzhi" class="extiw" title="w:Pei Songzhi">Pei Songzhi</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annotations_to_Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" class="extiw" title="w:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms">Annotations</a> [early 5th century] to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shou" class="extiw" title="w:Chen Shou">Chen Shou</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" class="extiw" title="w:Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a> [late 3rd century] (translation by Farmer, 2017<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>). <dl><dd><div class="vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="usage examples" style="border-left: 1px solid #930; border-left-width: 2px; padding-left: 0.8em;"><dl class="zhusex"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BC#Chinese" title="於">於</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82#Chinese" title="時">時</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E6%A5%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皇極 (page does not exist)">皇極</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%98#Chinese" title="遘">遘</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E6%B6%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道消 (page does not exist)">道消</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8B#Chinese" title="之">之</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83#Chinese" title="會">會</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A4%E9%BB%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="群黎 (page does not exist)">群黎</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B9%88#Chinese" title="蹈">蹈</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9B%E6%B2%9B#Chinese" title="顛沛">顛沛</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8B#Chinese" title="之">之</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B1#Chinese" title="艱">艱</a>，中華<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89#Chinese" title="有">有</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%A7%E7%9E%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="顧瞻 (page does not exist)">顧瞻</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8B#Chinese" title="之">之</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%80#Chinese" title="哀">哀</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E8%B0%B7#Chinese" title="幽谷">幽谷</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1#Chinese" title="無">無</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B7%E5%96%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遷喬 (page does not exist)">遷喬</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8B#Chinese" title="之">之</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B#Chinese" title="望">望</a>。 [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Traditional Chinese">trad.</a>]<hr /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E#Chinese" title="于">于</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6#Chinese" title="时">时</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E6%9E%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皇极 (page does not exist)">皇极</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%98#Chinese" title="遘">遘</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E6%B6%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道消 (page does not exist)">道消</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8B#Chinese" title="之">之</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9A#Chinese" title="会">会</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A4%E9%BB%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="群黎 (page does not exist)">群黎</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B9%88#Chinese" title="蹈">蹈</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A0%E6%B2%9B#Chinese" title="颠沛">颠沛</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8B#Chinese" title="之">之</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B0#Chinese" title="艰">艰</a>，中华<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89#Chinese" title="有">有</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%BE%E7%9E%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="顾瞻 (page does not exist)">顾瞻</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8B#Chinese" title="之">之</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%80#Chinese" title="哀">哀</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E8%B0%B7#Chinese" title="幽谷">幽谷</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0#Chinese" title="无">无</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%81%E4%B9%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迁乔 (page does not exist)">迁乔</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8B#Chinese" title="之">之</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B#Chinese" title="望">望</a>。 [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Simplified Chinese">simp.</a>]<dd>From: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei_Songzhi" class="extiw" title="w:Pei Songzhi">Pei Songzhi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annotations_to_Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" class="extiw" title="w:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms">Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms</a>, circa 5th century <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#CE" title="Appendix:Glossary">CE</a></dd><dd>Yú shí huángjí gòu dàoxiāo zhī huì, qúnlí dǎo diānpèi zhī jiān, zhōnghuá yǒu gùzhān zhī āi, yōugǔ wú qiānqiáo zhī wàng. [Pinyin]</dd><dd>At this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward [toward the former capital at Luoyang], and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.</dd></dl></div></dd></dl> Pei himself uses 中華 when annotating Chen's <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B735#%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE">"Biography of Zhuge Liang"</a> <dl><dd><div class="vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="usage examples" style="border-left: 1px solid #930; border-left-width: 2px; padding-left: 0.8em;"><dl class="zhusex"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5#Chinese" title="若">若</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%BF#Chinese" title="使">使</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E6%AD%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="游步 (page does not exist)">游步</a>中華，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A8%81#Chinese" title="騁">騁</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B6#Chinese" title="其">其</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%8D%E5%85%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="龍光 (page does not exist)">龍光</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%88#Chinese" title="豈">豈</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AB#Chinese" title="夫">夫</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%A3%AB#Chinese" title="多士">多士</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80#Chinese" title="所">所</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD#Chinese" title="能">能</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%88%E7%BF%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沈翳 (page does not exist)">沈翳</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%89#Chinese" title="哉">哉</a>！ [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Traditional Chinese">trad.</a>]<hr /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5#Chinese" title="若">若</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%BF#Chinese" title="使">使</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E6%AD%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="游步 (page does not exist)">游步</a>中华，<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%8B#Chinese" title="骋">骋</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B6#Chinese" title="其">其</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%99%E5%85%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="龙光 (page does not exist)">龙光</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%82#Chinese" title="岂">岂</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AB#Chinese" title="夫">夫</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%A3%AB#Chinese" title="多士">多士</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80#Chinese" title="所">所</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD#Chinese" title="能">能</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%88%E7%BF%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沈翳 (page does not exist)">沈翳</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%89#Chinese" title="哉">哉</a>！ [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Simplified Chinese">simp.</a>]<dd>From: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei_Songzhi" class="extiw" title="w:Pei Songzhi">Pei Songzhi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annotations_to_Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" class="extiw" title="w:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms">Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms</a>, circa 5th century <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#CE" title="Appendix:Glossary">CE</a></dd><dd>Ruò shǐ yóubù Zhōnghuá, chěng qí lóngguāng, qǐ fú duōshì suǒ néng chényì zāi! [Pinyin]</dd><dd>If [Zhuge Liang] [were] allowed to roam Zhonghua and give free rein to his dragon's brilliance, how could [its] literati's abilities drown and obscure him?</dd></dl></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="standard-box zhpron" style="overflow:auto; max-width:500px; font-size:100%"><div class="vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="pronunciations"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <dl><dd>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" class="extiw" title="w:Pinyin">Pinyin</a>): <a href="/wiki/Zh%C5%8Dnghu%C3%A1" title="Zhōnghuá">Zhōnghuá</a></dd> <dd>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuyin" class="extiw" title="w:Zhuyin">Zhuyin</a>): ㄓㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˊ</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese" class="extiw" title="w:Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping" class="extiw" title="w:Jyutping">Jyutping</a>): zung1 waa4 <dl><dd><dl><dd><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="LL-Q9186_(yue)-Jonashtand-中華.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/LL-Q9186_%28yue%29-Jonashtand-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF.wav/LL-Q9186_%28yue%29-Jonashtand-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/LL-Q9186_%28yue%29-Jonashtand-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF.wav/LL-Q9186_%28yue%29-Jonashtand-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/LL-Q9186_%28yue%29-Jonashtand-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> <dl><dd>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixian_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Sixian dialect">Sixian</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" class="extiw" title="w:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">PFS</a>): Chûng-fà</dd> <dd>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meixian_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Meixian dialect">Meixian</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" class="extiw" title="w:Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong</a>): zung1 fa2</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Min" class="extiw" title="w:Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Eastern_Min" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Eastern Min">BUC</a>): Dṳ̆ng-huà</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puxian_Min" class="extiw" title="w:Puxian Min">Puxian Min</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Puxian_Min" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Puxian Min">Pouseng Ping'ing</a>): doeng1 hua2 / dyeng1 hua2</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Min" class="extiw" title="w:Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <dl><dd>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien" class="extiw" title="w:Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="w:Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiong-h%C3%B4a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiong-hôa (page does not exist)">Tiong-hôa</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiong-hoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiong-hoa (page does not exist)">Tiong-hoa</a></dd> <dd>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng%27im" class="extiw" title="w:Peng'im">Peng'im</a>): dong1 hua5</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Wu Chinese">Wu</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taihu_Wu" class="extiw" title="w:Taihu Wu">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Wu" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Wu">Wugniu</a>): 1tson-gho6 / 1tson-gho2</li></ul> <div class="vsHide" style="clear:right;"> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>)<abbr title="Add Mandarin homophones"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3Azh%2Fdata%2Fcmn-hom%2F4&action=edit">+</a></abbr> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" class="extiw" title="w:Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zh%C5%8Dnghu%C3%A1#Mandarin" title="Zhōnghuá">Zhōnghuá</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuyin" class="extiw" title="w:Zhuyin">Zhuyin</a>: ㄓㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˊ</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" class="extiw" title="w:Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a>: Jhonghuá</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" class="extiw" title="w:Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: Chung1-hua2</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" class="extiw" title="w:Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a>: Jūng-hwá</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" class="extiw" title="w:Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a>: Jonghwa</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Cyrillization of Chinese">Palladius</a>: Чжунхуа (Čžunxua)</li> <li>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Mandarin_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Mandarin pronunciation">key</a>): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese" class="extiw" title="w:Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Cantonese" class="extiw" title="w:Standard Cantonese">Standard Cantonese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Cantonese" class="extiw" title="w:Guangzhou Cantonese">Guangzhou</a>–<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" class="extiw" title="w:Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a>)<abbr title="Add Cantonese homophones"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3Ayue-pron%2Fhom&action=edit">+</a></abbr> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping" class="extiw" title="w:Jyutping">Jyutping</a>: zung1 waa4</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" class="extiw" title="w:Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale</a>: jūng wàh</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_Pinyin" class="extiw" title="w:Cantonese Pinyin">Cantonese Pinyin</a>: dzung1 waa4</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" class="extiw" title="w:Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong Romanization</a>: zung1 wa4</li> <li>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" class="extiw" title="w:Cantonese phonology">key</a>): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Hakka" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Hakka">Hakka</a> <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixian_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Sixian dialect">Sixian</a>, incl. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaoli_City" class="extiw" title="w:Miaoli City">Miaoli</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neipu" class="extiw" title="w:Neipu">Neipu</a>) <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" class="extiw" title="w:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a>: Chûng-fà</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka_Romanization_System" class="extiw" title="w:Taiwanese Hakka Romanization System">Hakka Romanization System</a>: zungˊ faˇ</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfa_Pinyim" class="extiw" title="w:Hagfa Pinyim">Hagfa Pinyim</a>: zung1 fa2</li> <li>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: /t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹/</li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meixian_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Meixian dialect">Meixian</a>) <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" class="extiw" title="w:Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong</a>: zung1 fa2</li> <li>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: /t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Min" class="extiw" title="w:Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Eastern_Min" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Eastern Min">Bàng-uâ-cê</a>: Dṳ̆ng-huà</li> <li>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Fuzhou dialect">key</a>): /tyŋ⁵⁵ (h-)ŋua⁵³/</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Puxian_Min" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Puxian Min">Puxian Min</a> <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putian_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Putian dialect">Putian</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Puxian_Min" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Puxian Min">Pouseng Ping'ing</a>: doeng1 hua2 [Phonetic: doeng5 hua2]</li> <li>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" class="extiw" title="w:Pu–Xian Min">key</a>): /tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/</li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putian_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Putian dialect">Putian</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Puxian_Min" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Puxian Min">Pouseng Ping'ing</a>: doeng1 hua2 [Phonetic: doeng5 ngua2]</li> <li>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" class="extiw" title="w:Pu–Xian Min">key</a>): /tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ (h-)ŋua¹³/</li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Xianyou dialect">Xianyou</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Puxian_Min" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Puxian Min">Pouseng Ping'ing</a>: dyeng1 hua2 [Phonetic: dyeng5 hua2]</li> <li>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" class="extiw" title="w:Pu–Xian Min">key</a>): /tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/</li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Xianyou dialect">Xianyou</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Puxian_Min" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Puxian Min">Pouseng Ping'ing</a>: dyeng1 hua2 [Phonetic: dyeng5 ngua2]</li> <li>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" class="extiw" title="w:Pu–Xian Min">key</a>): /tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ (h-)ŋua¹³/</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Min" class="extiw" title="w:Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien" class="extiw" title="w:Hokkien">Hokkien</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoy_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Amoy dialect">Xiamen</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a>, General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" class="extiw" title="w:Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a>) <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="w:Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiong-h%C3%B4a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiong-hôa (page does not exist)">Tiong-hôa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2i-l%C3%B4" class="extiw" title="w:Tâi-lô">Tâi-lô</a>: Tiong-huâ</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phofsit_Daibuun" class="extiw" title="w:Phofsit Daibuun">Phofsit Daibuun</a>: dionghoaa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a>): /tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴/</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoy_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Amoy dialect">Xiamen</a>): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a>): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung" class="extiw" title="w:Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei" class="extiw" title="w:Taipei">Taipei</a>): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/</li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien" class="extiw" title="w:Hokkien">Hokkien</a>: General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" class="extiw" title="w:Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a>) <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="w:Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiong-hoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiong-hoa (page does not exist)">Tiong-hoa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2i-l%C3%B4" class="extiw" title="w:Tâi-lô">Tâi-lô</a>: Tiong-hua</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phofsit_Daibuun" class="extiw" title="w:Phofsit Daibuun">Phofsit Daibuun</a>: dionghoaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei" class="extiw" title="w:Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung" class="extiw" title="w:Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/</li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>) <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng%27im" class="extiw" title="w:Peng'im">Peng'im</a>: dong1 hua5</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="w:Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>-like: tong huâ</li> <li>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1#語音" class="extiw" title="w:zh:潮州話">key</a>): /toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taihu_Wu" class="extiw" title="w:Taihu Wu">Northern</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Shanghai dialect">Shanghai</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Wu" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Wu">Wugniu</a>: 1tson-gho6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Wu" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Wu">MiniDict</a>: tson平 gho去</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Wu" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Wu">Wiktionary Romanisation</a> (Shanghai): 1tson-hho3</li> <li>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Shanghai dialect">Shanghai</a>): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/</li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taihu_Wu" class="extiw" title="w:Taihu Wu">Northern</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Wu" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Wu">Wugniu</a>: 1tson-gho2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Wu" title="Wiktionary:About Chinese/Wu">MiniDict</a>: tson平 gho平</li> <li>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a>): /t͡soŋ⁴⁴ ɦo/</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> <hr style="clear:right;" /> <div style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-lighterblue, #ebf4ff); margin: 0 -5px -5px; padding: 0 5px 5px;"> <div class="vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="pronunciations"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>: trjuwng hwae</li></ul> <div class="vsHide"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: hidden; display: table;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #d9ebff)" colspan="3">Rime </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Character </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">中 </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">華 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Reading # </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">1/2 </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">1/3 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Initial (聲) </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Middle_Chinese#Initials" title="Appendix:Middle Chinese">知</a> (9) </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Middle_Chinese#Initials" title="Appendix:Middle Chinese">匣</a> (33) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Final (韻) </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Middle_Chinese#Finals" title="Appendix:Middle Chinese">東</a> (2) </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Middle_Chinese#Finals" title="Appendix:Middle Chinese">麻</a> (99) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Tone (調) </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">Level (Ø) </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">Level (Ø) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Openness (開合) </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">Open </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">Closed </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Division (等) </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">III </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">II </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanqie" class="extiw" title="w:Fanqie">Fanqie</a> </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%9F" title="陟">陟</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%93" title="弓">弓</a>切 </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B8" title="戸">戸</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">花</a>切 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese">Baxter</a> </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">trjuwng </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">hwae </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #d9ebff)" colspan="3">Reconstructions </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhang_Shangfang" class="extiw" title="w:Zhengzhang Shangfang">Zhengzhang Shangfang</a> </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ʈɨuŋ/ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ɦˠua/ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Wuyun" class="extiw" title="w:Pan Wuyun">Pan Wuyun</a> </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ʈiuŋ/ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ɦʷᵚa/ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%82%B5%E8%8D%A3%E8%8A%AC" class="extiw" title="w:zh:邵荣芬">Shao Rongfen</a> </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ȶiuŋ/ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ɣua/ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" class="extiw" title="w:Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Edwin Pulleyblank</a> </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ʈuwŋ/ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ɦwaɨ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Rong_(linguist)" class="extiw" title="w:Li Rong (linguist)">Li Rong</a> </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ȶiuŋ/ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ɣua/ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Li_(linguist)" class="extiw" title="w:Wang Li (linguist)">Wang Li</a> </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ȶĭuŋ/ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ɣwa/ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" class="extiw" title="w:Bernhard Karlgren">Bernhard Karlgren</a> </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ȶi̯uŋ/ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/ɣwa/ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Expected Mandarin Reflex </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">zhōng </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">huá </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Expected Cantonese Reflex </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">zung1 </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">waa4 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="pronunciations"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> <dl><dd>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Baxter" class="extiw" title="w:William H. Baxter">Baxter</a>–<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" class="extiw" title="w:Laurent Sagart">Sagart</a>): /*truŋ  N-qʷʰˤra/</dd> <dd>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhang_Shangfang" class="extiw" title="w:Zhengzhang Shangfang">Zhengzhang</a>): /*tuŋ  ɡʷraː/</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="vsHide"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: hidden; display: table;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #d9ebff)" colspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Baxter" class="extiw" title="w:William H. Baxter">Baxter</a>–<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" class="extiw" title="w:Laurent Sagart">Sagart</a> system 1.1 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/">2014</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Character </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">中 </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">華 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Reading # </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">1/2 </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">2/3 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Modern Beijing (Pinyin) </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">zhōng </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">huá </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Middle Chinese </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">‹ trjuwng › </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">‹ hwæ › </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Old Chinese </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/*truŋ/ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/*N-qʷʰˁra/ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">English </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">center </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">flower (v.); flowery (adj.) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%"><div class="standard-box mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: hidden; display: table;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #d9ebff)" colspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhang_Shangfang" class="extiw" title="w:Zhengzhang Shangfang">Zhengzhang</a> system (2003) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Character </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">中 </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">華 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Reading # </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">1/2 </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">2/3 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">No. </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">17407 </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">5312 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Phonetic component </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD" title="中">中</a> </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF" title="華">華</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Rime group </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%82" title="終">終</a> </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A" title="魚">魚</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Rime subdivision </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">0 </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">0 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Corresponding MC rime </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD" title="中">中</a> </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF" title="華">華</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Old Chinese </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/*tuŋ/ </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)">/*ɡʷraː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan, #eaffff); width:8em">Notes </th> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"> </td> <td style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue, #f8f9fa)"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA" title="說">說</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87" title="文">文</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BC" title="於">於</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proper_noun">Proper noun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proper noun">edit</a>]</div> 中華 <ol><li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#formal" title="Appendix:Glossary">formal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#poetic" title="Appendix:Glossary">poetic</a>, exalted) <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (the <a href="/wiki/civilization#English" title="civilization">civilization</a> of <a href="/wiki/China#English" title="China">China</a>; nowadays, the <a href="/wiki/nation#English" title="nation">nation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese#English" title="Chinese">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/people#English" title="people">people</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E8%88%88#Chinese" title="振興">振興</a>中華／<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E5%85%B4#Chinese" title="振兴">振兴</a>中华  ―  zhènxīng Zhōnghuá  ―  to revitalize China</dd> <dd>中華<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%B0%8F%E5%90%83#Chinese" title="名小吃">名小吃</a>／中华<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%B0%8F%E5%90%83#Chinese" title="名小吃">名小吃</a>  ―  Zhōnghuá míngxiǎochī  ―  famous Chinese snack</dd> <dd>中華<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96#Chinese" title="文化">文化</a>／中华<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96#Chinese" title="文化">文化</a>  ―  Zhōnghuá wénhuà  ―  Chinese culture</dd> <dd>中華<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E#Chinese" title="文明">文明</a>／中华<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E#Chinese" title="文明">文明</a>  ―  Zhōnghuá wénmíng  ―  Chinese civilization</dd> <dd>中華<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80#Chinese" title="世紀">世紀</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%87#Chinese" title="壇">壇</a>／中华<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA#Chinese" title="世纪">世纪</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%9B#Chinese" title="坛">坛</a>  ―  Zhōnghuá shìjì tán  ―  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Millennium_Monument" class="extiw" title="w:China Millennium Monument">China Millennium Monument</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><dl class="zhusex"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA#Chinese" title="自">自</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7#Chinese" title="強">強</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1#Chinese" title="胡">胡</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B5%E6%9A%B4#Chinese" title="陵暴">陵暴</a>，中華<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%A9%E8%A6%86#Chinese" title="蕩覆">蕩覆</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC%E7%8B%BD#Chinese" title="狼狽">狼狽</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%B1%E6%93%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="失據 (page does not exist)">失據</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A#Chinese" title="權">權</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B8#Chinese" title="幸">幸</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%9A%E8%B6%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="揚越 (page does not exist)">揚越</a>。 [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Traditional Chinese">trad.</a>] <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA#Chinese" title="自">自</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA#Chinese" title="强">强</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1#Chinese" title="胡">胡</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B5%E6%9A%B4#Chinese" title="陵暴">陵暴</a>，中华<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A1%E8%A6%86#Chinese" title="荡覆">荡覆</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC%E7%8B%88#Chinese" title="狼狈">狼狈</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%B1%E6%8D%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="失据 (page does not exist)">失据</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83#Chinese" title="权">权</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B8#Chinese" title="幸">幸</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%AC%E8%B6%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="扬越 (page does not exist)">扬越</a>。 [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Simplified Chinese">simp.</a>]<dd>From: 362 CE, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%A1%93%E6%BA%AB" class="extiw" title="w:zh:桓溫">桓溫</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huan_Wen" class="extiw" title="w:Huan Wen">Huan Wen</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:s:zh:%E8%AB%8B%E9%82%84%E9%83%BD%E6%B4%9B%E9%99%BD%E7%96%8F" class="extiw" title="w:zh:s:zh:請還都洛陽疏">請還都洛陽疏</a> "Memorial [in Support of] Moving the Capital Back to Luoyang", in 648, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jin" class="extiw" title="w:Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></dd><dd>Zì qiáng hú língbào, Zhōnghuá dàngfù, lángbèi shījù, quán xìng Yángyuè. [Pinyin]</dd><dd>Ever since the powerful barbarians unleashed violence, China proper has fallen into chaos; [the people] have become desperate and dispossessed; and [the imperial court] has been temporarily relocated to the region of Yangyue. (translation based on Choo's 2014 version<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>)</dd></dl></li> <li><dl class="zhusex">中華<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A3%E5%86%A0#Chinese" title="衣冠">衣冠</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese" title="我">我</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9D%80%E6%9C%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="着服 (page does not exist)">着服</a>，中華<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E6%9B%B8#Chinese" title="詩書">詩書</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese" title="我">我</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%A6%E8%AE%80#Chinese" title="誦讀">誦讀</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese" title="我">我</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89#Chinese" title="三">三</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%AB#Chinese" title="師">師</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8A#Chinese" title="尊">尊</a>中華<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E8%AB%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="義諦 (page does not exist)">義諦</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9E#Chinese" title="聞">聞</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A6#Chinese" title="亦">亦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A#Chinese" title="多">多</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%A6%96#Chinese" title="白首">白首</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8#Chinese" title="常">常</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese" title="我">我</a>中華<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C#Chinese" title="歌">歌</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B#Chinese" title="天下">天下</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA#Chinese" title="人">人</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%BE%E8%80%B3#Chinese" title="傾耳">傾耳</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD#Chinese" title="聽">聽</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese" title="我">我</a>中華<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C#Chinese" title="歌">歌</a>。 [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese-language_literature_of_Korea" class="extiw" title="w:Chinese-language literature of Korea">Korean Literary Sinitic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Traditional Chinese">trad.</a>]<dd>From: 《中華歌》("Song of zhonghua") by Yu Inseok, circa 1910</dd><dd>중화의관(<a href="/wiki/-%EC%9D%84#Korean" title="-을">을</a>) 아착복(<a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4#Korean" title="하다">하</a><a href="/wiki/-%EA%B3%A0#Korean" title="-고">고</a>) 중화시서(<a href="/wiki/-%EB%A5%BC#Korean" title="-를">를</a>) 아송독(<a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4#Korean" title="하다">하</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=-%EC%9C%BC%EB%8B%88%EB%9D%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-으니라 (page does not exist)">니라</a>). 아삼사존중화의체(<a href="/wiki/-%EB%A5%BC#Korean" title="-를">를</a>) 문역다(<a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4#Korean" title="하다">하</a><a href="/wiki/-%EC%95%BC#Korean" title="-야">야</a>) 백수상아중화가(<a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4#Korean" title="하다">하</a><a href="/wiki/-%EC%9C%BC%EB%8B%88#Korean" title="-으니">니</a>) 천하인(<a href="/wiki/-%EC%95%84#Korean" title="-아">아</a>) 경이청아중화가(<a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4#Korean" title="하다">하</a><a href="/wiki/-%EC%9C%BC%EB%9D%BC#Korean" title="-으라">라</a>). Junghwa uigwan[-eul] a chakbok[-hago] Junghwa siseo[-reul] a songdok[-hanira]. A sam sa jon Junghwa uiche[-reul] mun yeok da[-haya] baeksu sang a Junghwa ga[-hani] cheonha in[-a] gyeong'i cheong a Junghwa ga[-hara]. [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" class="extiw" title="w:Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean</a>]</dd><dd>I wear the robes of zhonghua and recite the literature of zhonghua. I have indeed heard much from my three teachers about the reasons one should venerate zhonghua, so that even with hoary hair, I always sing of zhonghua. People of the world, lend me your ears; listen to my song for zhonghua.</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li>(～<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C#Chinese" title="里">里</a>) An urban village in <a href="/wiki/Songshan#English" title="Songshan">Songshan</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Taipei#English" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan#English" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li>Short for <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97#Chinese" title="中華臺北">中華臺北</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97#Chinese" title="中华台北">中华台北</a> (Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a>”). <dl><dd>中華<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8A#Chinese" title="隊">隊</a>／中华<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%9F#Chinese" title="队">队</a>  ―  Zhōnghuá duì  ―  Team Chinese Tapei</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage_notes">Usage notes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In traditional East Asian thought, <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF#Chinese" title="華">華</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E#Chinese" title="华">华</a> (Huá) or <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Chinese">中華</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E#Chinese" title="中华">中华</a> (Zhōnghuá), often translated as "Chinese", has a philosophical connotation of <a href="/wiki/civilizedness" title="civilizedness">civilizedness</a> and <a href="/wiki/decorous" title="decorous">decorous</a> behavior that transcends a strictly ethnic definition. This is in opposition to "foreigners" or "barbarians", <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B7#Chinese" title="夷">夷</a> (yí) or <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B7%E7%8B%84#Chinese" title="夷狄">夷狄</a> (yídí), whose cultures are uncivilized and lacking in proper morality. Therefore, in certain contexts, other nations of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="extiw" title="w:East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian cultural sphere</a> could refer to themselves as <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Chinese">中華</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E#Chinese" title="中华">中华</a> (Zhōnghuá) in the sense that they were civilized people following the classical traditions first established in Ancient China, without meaning that they saw themselves as Chinese in an ethnic sense.</li> <li>Although also used in the formal names of both the Republic and People's Republic of China, the term carries a somewhat broader sense than <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B#Chinese" title="中國">中國</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD#Chinese" title="中国">中国</a> (Zhōngguó, “state of China”) and connotes something like the "nation of the Chinese people" or "land of the Chinese culture".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Synonyms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(China):</li></ul> <div style="float: right; clear: right; font-size:60%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B&action=edit">edit</a></div><div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="3"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD#Chinese" title="中">中</a> (abbreviation)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F#Chinese" title="中原">中原</a> (Zhōngyuán)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B#Chinese" title="中國">中國</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD#Chinese" title="中国">中国</a> (Zhōngguó)</li><li>中華／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E#Chinese" title="中华">中华</a> (Zhōnghuá)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E#Chinese" title="九州">九州</a> (Jiǔzhōu) (literary)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%B1%B1#Chinese" title="唐山">唐山</a> (Tángshān)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD#Chinese" title="域中">域中</a> (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B#Chinese" title="天下">天下</a> (tiānxià) (lofty)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%9C%9D#Chinese" title="天朝">天朝</a> (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E5%BC%9F#Chinese" title="契弟">契弟</a> (qìdì) (Internet slang, derogatory)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%A5%90#Chinese" title="德祐">德祐</a> (Déyòu) (Myanmar)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3#Chinese" title="支那">支那</a> (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%83%E8%8A%B1%E7%9F%B3#Chinese" title="桃花石">桃花石</a> (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%9C%E6%8B%BF#Chinese" title="猜拿">猜拿</a> (Cāiná) (transliteration of English China)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%B7%9E#Chinese" title="神州">神州</a> (Shénzhōu) (literary)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E8%8A%B1%E5%AE%B6#Chinese" title="種花家">種花家</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E8%8A%B1%E5%AE%B6#Chinese" title="种花家">种花家</a> (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E9%82%A3#Chinese" title="脂那">脂那</a> (Zhīnà) (obsolete)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E9%82%A3#Chinese" title="至那">至那</a> (Zhìnà) (obsolete)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF#Chinese" title="華">華</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E#Chinese" title="华">华</a> (abbreviation)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%8F#Chinese" title="華夏">華夏</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%8F#Chinese" title="华夏">华夏</a> (Huáxià)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E5%A4%8F#Chinese" title="諸夏">諸夏</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E5%A4%8F#Chinese" title="诸夏">诸夏</a> (Zhūxià)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E8%8F%AF#Chinese" title="諸華">諸華</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E5%8D%8E#Chinese" title="诸华">诸华</a> (Zhūhuá)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%B8%A3#Chinese" title="赤縣">赤縣</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E5%8E%BF#Chinese" title="赤县">赤县</a> (Chìxiàn) (literary)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%B8%A3%E7%A5%9E%E5%B7%9E#Chinese" title="赤縣神州">赤縣神州</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E5%8E%BF%E7%A5%9E%E5%B7%9E#Chinese" title="赤县神州">赤县神州</a> (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%87%E6%97%A6#Chinese" title="震旦">震旦</a> (Zhèndàn) (archaic)</li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms">Derived terms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="3"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B#Chinese" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD#Chinese" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a> (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%B1%B1#Chinese" title="中華山">中華山</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E5%B1%B1#Chinese" title="中华山">中华山</a> (Zhōnghuáshān)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B#Chinese" title="中華帝國">中華帝國</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD#Chinese" title="中华帝国">中华帝国</a> (Zhōnghuá Dìguó)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88#Chinese" title="中華文化圈">中華文化圈</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88#Chinese" title="中华文化圈">中华文化圈</a> (Zhōnghuá wénhuàquān)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B#Chinese" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD#Chinese" title="中华民国">中华民国</a> (Zhōnghuá Mínguó)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F#Chinese" title="中華民族">中華民族</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F#Chinese" title="中华民族">中华民族</a> (Zhōnghuá mínzú)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%81%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88#Chinese" title="中華民族偉大復興">中華民族偉大復興</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%BC%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4#Chinese" title="中华民族伟大复兴">中华民族伟大复兴</a> (Zhōnghuá mínzú wěidà fùxīng)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B7%A1%E7%AB%B9%E8%91%89#Chinese" title="中華淡竹葉">中華淡竹葉</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B7%A1%E7%AB%B9%E5%8F%B6#Chinese" title="中华淡竹叶">中华淡竹叶</a> (Zhōnghuá dànzhúyè)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E7%A7%8B%E6%B2%99%E9%B4%A8#Chinese" title="中華秋沙鴨">中華秋沙鴨</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E7%A7%8B%E6%B2%99%E9%B8%AD#Chinese" title="中华秋沙鸭">中华秋沙鸭</a> (Zhōnghuá qiūshāyā)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E7%A9%BF%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B2#Chinese" title="中華穿山甲">中華穿山甲</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E7%A9%BF%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B2#Chinese" title="中华穿山甲">中华穿山甲</a> (Zhōnghuá chuānshānjiǎ)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%82%9D%E5%90%B8%E8%9F%B2#Chinese" title="中華肝吸蟲">中華肝吸蟲</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%82%9D%E5%90%B8%E8%99%AB#Chinese" title="中华肝吸虫">中华肝吸虫</a> (zhōnghuá gānxīchóng)</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%82%9D%E5%90%B8%E8%9F%B2%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中華肝吸蟲病 (page does not exist)">中華肝吸蟲病</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%82%9D%E5%90%B8%E8%99%AB%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中华肝吸虫病 (page does not exist)">中华肝吸虫病</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97#Chinese" title="中華臺北">中華臺北</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97#Chinese" title="中华台北">中华台北</a> (Zhōnghuá Táiběi)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA#Chinese" title="中華航空">中華航空</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA#Chinese" title="中华航空">中华航空</a> (Zhōnghuá Hángkōng)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%8F%8A%E9%A0%AD%E8%9D%A0#Chinese" title="中華菊頭蝠">中華菊頭蝠</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%8F%8A%E5%A4%B4%E8%9D%A0#Chinese" title="中华菊头蝠">中华菊头蝠</a> (Zhōnghuá jútóufú)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%98%87%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B#Chinese" title="中華蘇維埃共和國">中華蘇維埃共和國</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD#Chinese" title="中华苏维埃共和国">中华苏维埃共和国</a> (Zhōnghuá Sūwéi'āi Gònghéguó)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%B7%AF#Chinese" title="中華路">中華路</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%B7%AF#Chinese" title="中华路">中华路</a> (Zhōnghuálù)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E9%88%B0%E7%A4%A6#Chinese" title="中華鈰礦">中華鈰礦</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E9%93%88%E7%9F%BF#Chinese" title="中华铈矿">中华铈矿</a> (Zhōnghuá shìkuàng)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E9%96%80#Chinese" title="中華門">中華門</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E9%97%A8#Chinese" title="中华门">中华门</a> (Zhōnghuámén)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E9%B1%98#Chinese" title="中華鱘">中華鱘</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E9%B2%9F#Chinese" title="中华鲟">中华鲟</a> (zhōnghuáxún)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF#Chinese" title="大中華">大中華</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E#Chinese" title="大中华">大中华</a> (Dàzhōnghuá)</li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Descendants">Descendants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Descendants">edit</a>]</div> <div style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #e2f6e2); max-width:500px;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic" title="Sino-Xenic">Sino-Xenic</a> (中華): <ul><li>→ Japanese:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68481116">.mw-parser-output .desc-arr[title]{cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .desc-arr[title="uncertain"]{font-size:.7em;vertical-align:super}</style> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Japanese"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (Chūka)</li> <li>→ Korean: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94#Korean" title="중화">중화(中華)</a> (Junghwa)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116"></li> <li>→ Vietnamese: <a href="/wiki/Trung_Hoa#Vietnamese" title="Trung Hoa">Trung Hoa</a> (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vietnamese">中華</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116"></li></ul></div> Others: <ul><li>→ Indonesian: <a href="/wiki/Tionghoa#Indonesian" title="Tionghoa">Tionghoa</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116"></li> <li>→ Zhuang: <a href="/wiki/Cunghvaz#Zhuang" title="Cunghvaz">Cunghvaz</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"> ^ </a> Farmer, J. Michael (2017) "Sanguo Zhi Fascicle 42: The Biography of Qiao Zhou", Early Medieval China, 23, 22-41, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"> ^ </a> Huan Wen "Memorial", translated by Choo J. C. Jessey in "Return To The North? The Debate On Moving The Capital Back To Luoyang" in Schwartz, Campany, Lu & Choo (eds.) (2014) Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook. Columbia University Press. pp. 17-31 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese">Japanese</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Japanese">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable kanji-table floatright" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_glossary#kanji" title="Appendix:Japanese glossary">Kanji</a> in this term </th></tr> <tr lang="ja" class="Jpan" style="font-size: 2em; background: var(--wikt-palette-white,#ffffff); color: inherit; line-height: 1em;"> <td style="padding: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD#Japanese" title="中">中</a> </td> <td style="padding: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF#Japanese" title="華">華</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-white,#ffffff); color: inherit;"> <td>ちゅう <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_glossary#kyōiku_kanji" title="Appendix:Japanese glossary">Grade: 1</a> </td> <td>か <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_glossary#jōyō_kanji" title="Appendix:Japanese glossary">Grade: S</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_glossary#on'yomi" title="Appendix:Japanese glossary">on'yomi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_2">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Tokyo dialect">Tokyo</a>) ちゅうか <samp>[chúꜜùkà]</samp> (<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%AB%98%E5%9E%8B" title="頭高型">Atamadaka</a> – [1])<a href="#cite_note-DJR-3">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Japanese pronunciation">key</a>): [t͡ɕɨːka̠]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun">Noun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Noun">edit</a>]</div> <ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1%E3%82%85%E3%81%86%E3%81%8B#Japanese" title="ちゅうか">ちゅう</a></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1%E3%82%85%E3%81%86%E3%81%8B#Japanese" title="ちゅうか">か</a></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Japanese_transliteration" title="Wiktionary:Japanese transliteration">•</a> (<a href="/wiki/ch%C5%ABka#Japanese" title="chūka">chūka</a>)  <ol><li>(<a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="/wiki/slang" title="slang">slang</a>) product that is made by Chinese company</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjective">Adjective</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adjective">edit</a>]</div> <ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1%E3%82%85%E3%81%86%E3%81%8B#Japanese" title="ちゅうか">ちゅう</a></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1%E3%82%85%E3%81%86%E3%81%8B#Japanese" title="ちゅうか">か</a></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Japanese_transliteration" title="Wiktionary:Japanese transliteration">•</a> (<a href="/wiki/ch%C5%ABka#Japanese" title="chūka">chūka</a>)  <ol><li>(<a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="/wiki/slang" title="slang">slang</a>) made by Chinese company</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proper_noun_2">Proper noun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Proper noun">edit</a>]</div> <ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1%E3%82%85%E3%81%86%E3%81%8B#Japanese" title="ちゅうか">ちゅう</a></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1%E3%82%85%E3%81%86%E3%81%8B#Japanese" title="ちゅうか">か</a></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Japanese_transliteration" title="Wiktionary:Japanese transliteration">•</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABka#Japanese" title="Chūka">Chūka</a>)  <ol><li>(usually in compounds) <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese#Adjective" title="Chinese">Chinese</a> (adjective)</li> <li>Short for <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%96%99%E7%90%86#Japanese" title="中華料理">中華料理</a> (chūka ryōri, “Chinese cuisine”); <a href="/wiki/Chinese" title="Chinese">Chinese</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8A%E6%99%A9#Japanese" title="今晩"><ruby>今晩<rp>(</rp><rt>こんばん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a><ruby>中華<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅうか</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B#Japanese" title="する">する</a><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8B#Etymology_2" title="か">か</a><dl><dd>konban chūka suru ka</dd><dd>Are we having Chinese food tonight?</dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms_2">Derived terms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="3"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%A1%97#Japanese" title="中華街"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>街<rp>(</rp><rt>がい</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (chūkagai, “<a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a>”)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%9C%8F#Japanese" title="中華圏"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>圏<rp>(</rp><rt>けん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (chūkaken)</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%B8%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中華丼 (page does not exist)"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>丼<rp>(</rp><rt>どんぶり</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (chūka donburi), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%B8%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中華丼 (page does not exist)"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>丼<rp>(</rp><rt>どん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (chūka don)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E9%8D%8B#Japanese" title="中華鍋"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>鍋<rp>(</rp><rt>なべ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (chūka nabe, “<a href="/wiki/wok" title="wok">wok</a>”)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3#Japanese" title="中華思想"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>思<rp>(</rp><rt>し</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>想<rp>(</rp><rt>そう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (chūka shisō)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%95%8E%E9%BA%A6#Japanese" title="中華蕎麦"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華蕎麦<rp>(</rp><rt>かそば</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (chūka soba)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97#Japanese" title="中華台北"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>台北<rp>(</rp><rt>タイペイ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (Chūka Taipei)</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E9%A5%85%E9%A0%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中華饅頭 (page does not exist)"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>饅<rp>(</rp><rt>まん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>頭<rp>(</rp><rt>じゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (chūka manjū, “<a href="/wiki/Chinese" title="Chinese">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/steamed" title="steamed">steamed</a> <a href="/wiki/bun" title="bun">bun</a>; <a href="/wiki/mantou" title="mantou">mantou</a>”)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD#Japanese" title="中華民国"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>民国<rp>(</rp><rt>みんこく</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (Chūka Minkoku)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%96%99%E7%90%86#Japanese" title="中華料理"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>料<rp>(</rp><rt>りょう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>理<rp>(</rp><rt>り</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (chūka ryōri, “<a href="/wiki/Chinese" title="Chinese">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/cuisine" title="cuisine">cuisine</a>”)</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中華革命党 (page does not exist)"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>革命党<rp>(</rp><rt>かくめいとう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (Chūka Kakumeitō, “<a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>”)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD#Japanese" title="中華人民共和国"><ruby>中<rp>(</rp><rt>ちゅう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>華<rp>(</rp><rt>か</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>人民<rp>(</rp><rt>じんみん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>共<rp>(</rp><rt>きょう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>和<rp>(</rp><rt>わ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>国<rp>(</rp><rt>こく</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku, “<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>”)</li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DJR-3"><a href="#cite_ref-DJR_3-0"> ^ </a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ja:%E6%9D%BE%E6%9D%91%E6%98%8E" class="extiw" title="w:ja:松村明">Matsumura, Akira</a>, editor (2006), <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ja:%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E6%9E%97" class="extiw" title="w:ja:大辞林">大辞林</a></cite> [<cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daijirin" class="extiw" title="w:Daijirin">Daijirin</a></cite>] (in Japanese), Third edition, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" class="extiw" title="w:Tokyo">Tokyo</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanseid%C5%8D" class="extiw" title="w:Sanseidō">Sanseidō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-385-13905-9" title="Special:BookSources/4-385-13905-9">→ISBN</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korean">Korean</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Korean">edit</a>]</div> <table class="floatright wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:small;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/hanja" title="hanja">Hanja</a> in this term</th></tr><tr lang="ko" class="Kore" style="font-size:2em; background:var(--wikt-palette-white,#ffffff); color:inherit; line-height:1em;"><td style="padding:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD#Korean" title="中">中</a></td><td style="padding:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF#Korean" title="華">華</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proper_noun_3">Proper noun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Proper noun">edit</a>]</div> 中華 <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Korean_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiktionary:Korean transliteration">•</a> (junghwa) (hangeul <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94#Korean" title="중화">중화</a>) <ol><li><a href="/wiki/hanja#English" title="hanja">hanja</a> form<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Korean_script" title="Appendix:Korean script">?</a> of <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94#Korean" title="중화">중화</a> (“China”)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vietnamese">Vietnamese</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vietnamese">edit</a>]</div> <table class="floatright wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:small;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1n_N%C3%B4m" title="Hán Nôm">chữ Hán Nôm</a> in this term</th></tr><tr lang="vi" class="Hani" style="font-size:2em; background:var(--wikt-palette-white,#ffffff); color:inherit; line-height:1em;"><td style="padding:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD#Vietnamese" title="中">中</a></td><td style="padding:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF#Vietnamese" title="華">華</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proper_noun_4">Proper noun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Proper noun">edit</a>]</div> 中華 <ol><li><a href="/wiki/ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n#Vietnamese" title="chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Trung_Hoa#Vietnamese" title="Trung Hoa">Trung Hoa</a> (“<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>”).</li></ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=中華&oldid=82505809">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=中華&oldid=82505809</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literary_Chinese_terms_with_quotations" title="Category:Literary Chinese terms with quotations">Literary Chinese terms with quotations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cantonese_terms_with_audio_pronunciation" title="Category:Cantonese terms with audio pronunciation">Cantonese terms with audio pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_lemmas" title="Category:Chinese lemmas">Chinese lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mandarin_lemmas" title="Category:Mandarin lemmas">Mandarin lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cantonese_lemmas" title="Category:Cantonese lemmas">Cantonese lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hakka_lemmas" title="Category:Hakka lemmas">Hakka lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Min_lemmas" title="Category:Eastern Min lemmas">Eastern Min lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hokkien_lemmas" title="Category:Hokkien lemmas">Hokkien lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Teochew_lemmas" title="Category:Teochew lemmas">Teochew lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Puxian_Min_lemmas" title="Category:Puxian Min lemmas">Puxian Min lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wu_lemmas" title="Category:Wu lemmas">Wu lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Chinese_lemmas" title="Category:Middle Chinese lemmas">Middle Chinese lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Chinese_lemmas" title="Category:Old Chinese lemmas">Old Chinese lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_proper_nouns" title="Category:Chinese proper nouns">Chinese proper nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mandarin_proper_nouns" title="Category:Mandarin proper nouns">Mandarin proper nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cantonese_proper_nouns" title="Category:Cantonese proper nouns">Cantonese proper nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hakka_proper_nouns" title="Category:Hakka proper nouns">Hakka proper nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Min_proper_nouns" title="Category:Eastern Min proper nouns">Eastern Min proper nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hokkien_proper_nouns" title="Category:Hokkien proper nouns">Hokkien proper nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Teochew_proper_nouns" title="Category:Teochew proper nouns">Teochew proper nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Puxian_Min_proper_nouns" title="Category:Puxian Min proper nouns">Puxian Min proper nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wu_proper_nouns" title="Category:Wu proper nouns">Wu proper nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Chinese_proper_nouns" title="Category:Middle Chinese proper nouns">Middle Chinese proper nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Chinese_proper_nouns" title="Category:Old Chinese proper nouns">Old Chinese proper nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation">Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_terms_spelled_with_%E4%B8%AD" title="Category:Chinese terms spelled with 中">Chinese terms spelled with 中</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_terms_spelled_with_%E8%8F%AF" title="Category:Chinese terms spelled with 華">Chinese terms spelled with 華</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_formal_terms" title="Category:Chinese formal terms">Chinese formal terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_poetic_terms" title="Category:Chinese poetic terms">Chinese poetic terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mandarin_terms_with_collocations" title="Category:Mandarin terms with collocations">Mandarin terms with collocations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:zh:Villages_in_Taiwan" title="Category:zh:Villages in Taiwan">zh:Villages in Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:zh:Places_in_Taipei" title="Category:zh:Places in Taipei">zh:Places in Taipei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:zh:Places_in_Taiwan" title="Category:zh:Places in Taiwan">zh:Places in Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_short_forms" title="Category:Chinese short forms">Chinese short forms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:zh:Countries_in_Asia" title="Category:zh:Countries in Asia">zh:Countries in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:zh:China" title="Category:zh:China">zh:China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_spelled_with_%E4%B8%AD_read_as_%E3%81%A1%E3%82%85%E3%81%86" title="Category:Japanese terms spelled with 中 read as ちゅう">Japanese terms spelled with 中 read as ちゅう</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_spelled_with_%E8%8F%AF_read_as_%E3%81%8B" title="Category:Japanese terms spelled with 華 read as か">Japanese terms spelled with 華 read as か</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_read_with_on%27yomi" title="Category:Japanese terms read with on'yomi">Japanese terms read with on'yomi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation">Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_lemmas" title="Category:Japanese lemmas">Japanese lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_nouns" title="Category:Japanese nouns">Japanese nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_spelled_with_first_grade_kanji" title="Category:Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji">Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_spelled_with_secondary_school_kanji" title="Category:Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji">Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_with_2_kanji" title="Category:Japanese terms with 2 kanji">Japanese terms with 2 kanji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_internet_slang" title="Category:Japanese internet slang">Japanese internet slang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_adjectives" title="Category:Japanese adjectives">Japanese adjectives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_proper_nouns" title="Category:Japanese proper nouns">Japanese proper nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_short_forms" title="Category:Japanese short forms">Japanese short forms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_with_usage_examples" title="Category:Japanese terms with usage examples">Japanese terms with usage examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ja:China" title="Category:ja:China">ja:China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_lemmas" title="Category:Korean lemmas">Korean lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_nouns" title="Category:Korean nouns">Korean nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_nouns_in_Han_script" title="Category:Korean nouns in Han script">Korean nouns in Han script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_hanja_forms" title="Category:Korean hanja forms">Korean hanja forms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_lemmas" title="Category:Vietnamese lemmas">Vietnamese lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_proper_nouns" 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