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class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1291</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1291 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1291 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B9%DB%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۹۱ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۲۹۱ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A7" title="১২৯১ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২৯১" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291_n%C3%AE" title="1291 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1291 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291." title="1291. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1291." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B9%DB%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۹۱ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۲۹۱ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291%E5%B9%B4" title="1291年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1291年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291%EB%85%84" title="1291년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1291년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="१२९१ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१२९१" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291." title="1291. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1291." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A7" title="মারি ১২৯১ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১২৯১" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1291-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1291-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1291 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1291 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291_(almanak_jilyen)" title="1291 (almanak jilyen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1291 (almanak jilyen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291_%D0%B8" title="1291 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1291 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291._gads" title="1291. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1291. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291_m." title="1291 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1291 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="इ.स. १२९१ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १२९१" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B9%DB%B1" title="۱۲۹۱ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۲۹۱" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1291 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1291 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%82%E1%81%89%E1%81%81" title="၁၂၉၁ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၂၉၁" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="सन् १२९१ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १२९१" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291%E5%B9%B4" title="1291年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1291年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1291 шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1291 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%A8%E0%AD%AF%E0%AD%A7" title="୧୨୯୧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୨୯୧" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="१२९१ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१२९१" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1291 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1291 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="१२९१ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१२९१" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291%D8%B9" title="1291ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1291ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A2%D9%A9%D9%A1" title="١٢٩١ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٢٩١" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291." title="1291. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1291." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1291 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1291 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._1834" title="พ.ศ. 1834 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 1834" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1291" title="Соли 1291 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1291" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291%D8%A1" title="1291ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1291ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291%E5%B9%B4" title="1291年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1291年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291%E5%B9%B4" title="1291年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1291年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291%E5%B9%B4" title="1291年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1291年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291" title="1291 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1291" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5554#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221291%22">"1291"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221291%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221291%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221291%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221291%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221291%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Years</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Decades</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1270s" title="1270s">1270s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1280s" title="1280s">1280s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1290s" title="1290s">1290s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1300s_(decade)" title="1300s (decade)">1300s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1310s" title="1310s">1310s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1288" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1288">1288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1289" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1289">1289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1290" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1290">1290</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1291" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1291">1291</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1292" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1292">1292</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1293" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1293">1293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1294" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1294">1294</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1291" title="Category:1291">1291 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_in_1291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sovereign states in 1291 (page does not exist)">Political entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1291" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1291">State leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_13th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 13th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1291_births" title="Category:1291 births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1291_deaths" title="Category:1291 deaths">Deaths</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1291_establishments" title="Category:1291 establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1291_disestablishments" title="Category:1291 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/1291_in_poetry" title="1291 in poetry">1291 in poetry</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1291 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1291<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCXCI</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2044</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>740<br />ԹՎ ՉԽ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6041</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1212–1213</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>697–698</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2241</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English Regnal year</a></td><td>19 <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edw. 1</a> – 20 <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edw. 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>1835</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>653</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>6799–6800</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">庚寅</a>年 (Metal <a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a>)<br />3988 or 3781<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />辛卯年 (Metal <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>)<br />3989 or 3782</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1007–1008</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>2457</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1283–1284</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5051–5052</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1347–1348</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1212–1213</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4391–4392</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11291</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>291–292</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>669–670</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>689–691</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D%C5%8D_(Kamakura_period)" title="Shōō (Kamakura period)">Shōō</a> 4<br />(正応４年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1201–1202</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>1291<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCXCI</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>3624</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>621 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前621年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>−177</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>1833–1834</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳金虎年<br />(male Iron-<a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a>)<br />1417 or 1036 or 264<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴金兔年<br />(female Iron-<a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>)<br />1418 or 1037 or 265</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg/300px-1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg/450px-1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg/600px-1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="2797" /></a><figcaption>Marshal <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Clermont" title="Matthew of Clermont">Matthew of Clermont</a> defends the walls at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">Siege of Acre</a> (1840)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Acre_in_1291.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Map_of_Acre_in_1291.svg/300px-Map_of_Acre_in_1291.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Map_of_Acre_in_1291.svg/450px-Map_of_Acre_in_1291.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Map_of_Acre_in_1291.svg/600px-Map_of_Acre_in_1291.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> (1291) during the siege of the Mamluk campaign (4 April–18 May)</figcaption></figure> <p>Year <b>1291</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MCCXCI</a></b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Monday" title="Common year starting on Monday">common year starting on Monday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_place">By place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter of 1291</a>: The "three forest cantons" (<i><a href="/wiki/Waldst%C3%A4tte" title="Waldstätte">Waldstätte</a></i>) of Switzerland (<a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a>) form a defensive alliance to protect themselves from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>; this is a starting point for <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy</a>. This year is also the traditional date of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a> (<i>Rütlischwur</i>), the swearing of an oath by the three cantonal representatives at <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli" title="Rütli">Rütli</a> meadow.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – A combined Genoese-Sevillian fleet led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_I_Zaccaria" title="Benedetto I Zaccaria">Benedetto Zaccaria</a> wins a victory over 27 Marinid galleys at <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Seguir</a> –12 galleys are taken and the rest put to flight. The following day, Benedetto drags the captured vessels along the coast in view of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf_an-Nasr" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr">Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr</a>, Marinid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, who, "defeated and dishonored", withdraws his fleet to <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Late <a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr crosses the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> from Alcácer Seguir to <a href="/wiki/Tarifa" title="Tarifa">Tarifa</a>. During the next three months, Marinid forces besiege <a href="/wiki/Vejer_de_la_Frontera" title="Vejer de la Frontera">Vejer de la Frontera</a>, and carry out daily raids around <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Ferez</a>. In the meantime, other Marinid raiding parties devastate the countryside as far north as <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Alcalá del Río">Alcalá del Río</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a>–<a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – The kings <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV of Castile</a> ("the Brave") and <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II of Aragon</a> ("the Just") agree to join the war against the Marinids and conclude a treaty of friendship. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Granada" title="Muhammad II of Granada">Muhammad II</a>, Nasrid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a>, gives his support to Sancho to take Tarifa from the Marinids. In the agreement, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> will respect their own boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Pope Nicholas IV</a> confirms the independence of <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> by <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klenov%C3%A1_Castle" title="Klenová Castle">Klenová Castle</a> is constructed in southern <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Klatovy" title="Klatovy">Klatovy</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>) as part of a frontier defense system.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Andrew_III_of_Hungary" title="Andrew III of Hungary">Andrew III of Hungary</a> ("the Venetian") gives royal <a href="/wiki/Town_privileges" title="Town privileges">town privileges</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, modern-day capital of <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Britain">Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – Several nobles unsuccessfully claim the Scottish throne (a process known as the 'Great Cause'), including <a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Brus,_5th_Lord_of_Annandale" title="Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale">Robert de Brus</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="John Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">John Hastings</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_de_Vesci_(d.1297)" title="William de Vesci (d.1297)">William de Vesci</a>. Fearing civil war, the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Guardians of Scotland</a> ask King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> to arbitrate. Before agreeing, he obtains concessions to revive English overlordship over the Scots.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – Edward I meets the claimants for the Scottish crown at <a href="/wiki/Norham_Castle" title="Norham Castle">Norham Castle</a> and informs them that he will judge the various claims to the throne, but they must acknowledge him as overlord of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> and, to ensure peace, surrender the royal castles of the kingdom into his keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – Guardians and the Scottish nobles recognize Edward I as overlord of Scotland, agreeing that the kingdom will be handed over to himd until a rightful heir has been found.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Levant">Levant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">Siege of Acre</a>: Mamluk forces under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">Al-Ashraf Khalil</a> capture <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> after a six-week siege. The Mamluks take the outer wall of the city after fierce fighting. The Military Orders drive them back temporarily, but three days later the inner wall is breached. King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Cyprus" title="Henry II of Cyprus">Henry II of Cyprus</a> escapes, but the bulk of the defenders and most of the citizens perish in the fighting or are sold into slavery. The surviving knights fall back to the fortified towers and resist for ten days until the Mamluks breakthrough on <a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall of Acre signals the end of the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. No effective Crusade is raised to recapture the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – Al-Ashraf Khalil enters <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in triumph with Crusaders chained at their feet and the captured Crusader standards, which are carried upside-down as a sign of their defeat. Following the capture of Acre, Khalil and his Mamluk generals proceed to wrest control of the remaining Crusader-held fortresses along the Syrian coast. Within weeks, the Mamluks conquer <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July" title="July">July</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thibaud_Gaudin" title="Thibaud Gaudin">Thibaud Gaudin</a> arrives with the surviving knights, with the treasure of the Order, in Sidon. There, he is elected as Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>, to succeed <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Beaujeu" title="Guillaume de Beaujeu">Guillaume de Beaujeu</a> (who was mortally wounded during the siege of Acre). Shortly after, Mamluk forces attack Sidon and Gaudin (who has not had enough knights to defend) evacuates the city and moves to the <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Sea_Castle" title="Sidon Sea Castle">Sidon Sea Castle</a> on <a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – Mamluk forces conquer the last Crusader outpost in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, the Templar fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin" title="Château Pèlerin">Atlit</a> south of Acre. All that now is left to the Knights Templar is the island fortress of <a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Ruad</a>. Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in triumph as the "victor in the long struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> the temple of <a href="/wiki/Nanzen-ji" title="Nanzen-ji">Nanzen-ji</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> is established by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kameyama" title="Emperor Kameyama">Kameyama</a>. This temple becomes one of the most important religious schools within the <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai sect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a> and includes multiple sub-temples.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Shoujing" title="Guo Shoujing">Guo Shoujing</a>, Chinese engineer and astronomer, constructs the artificial <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Lake" title="Kunming Lake">Kunming Lake</a>, which is developed into a reservoir with <a href="/wiki/Summer_Garden" title="Summer Garden">summer gardens</a> for <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> (or Dadu of Yuan), Mongol capital of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_topic">By topic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Four towns of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of Holland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkmaar" title="Alkmaar">Alkmaar</a>) and two of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">County of Zeeland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zierikzee" title="Zierikzee">Zierikzee</a>) agree collectively to secure a loan by their sovereign, Count <a href="/wiki/Floris_V,_Count_of_Holland" title="Floris V, Count of Holland">Floris V</a>. This gives important securities to the lenders, and allows Floris to access the same low interest rates as the cities’ governments.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Venetian glass manufacture is concentrated on the island of <a href="/wiki/Murano" title="Murano">Murano</a> (located in the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Lagoon" title="Venetian Lagoon">Venetian Lagoon</a>), to prevent fires in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> itself.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exploration">Exploration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – The brothers <a href="/wiki/Vandino_and_Ugolino_Vivaldi" title="Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi">Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi</a>, Italian explorers and merchants from <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, embark with two galleys intending to reach <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and establish a trade route to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>. They sail along the coast of present-day <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> after passing through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>. They may have followed the African coast as far as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Chaunar" title="Cape Chaunar">Cape Non</a> before being lost at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Afonso_IV_of_Portugal" title="Afonso IV of Portugal">Afonso IV</a> ("the Brave"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1357" title="1357">1357</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cangrande_I_della_Scala" title="Cangrande I della Scala">Cangrande I della Scala</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1329" title="1329">1329</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_8th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester">Gilbert de Clare</a>, English nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1314" title="1314">1314</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Uchitsune" title="Ichijō Uchitsune">Ichijō Uchitsune</a>, Japanese nobleman (<i><a href="/wiki/Kugy%C5%8D" title="Kugyō">kugyō</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1325" title="1325">1325</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_the_Generous" title="Bolesław III the Generous">Bolesław III</a>, Polish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1352" title="1352">1352</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>, French musician and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1361" title="1361">1361</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aymon,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Aymon, Count of Savoy">Aymon</a> ("the Peaceful"), Savoyan nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1343" title="1343">1343</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margareta_Ebner" title="Margareta Ebner">Margareta Ebner</a>, German nun and mystic (d. <a href="/wiki/1351" title="1351">1351</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Audley,_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester">Hugh de Audley</a>, English nobleman, knight and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Cerda" title="Luis de la Cerda">Luis de la Cerda</a>, French nobleman, prince and admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luitgard_of_Wittichen" title="Luitgard of Wittichen">Luitgard of Wittichen</a>, German nun, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> and mystic (d. 1348)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Artois" title="Marie of Artois">Marie of Artois</a>, French noblewoman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Artois" title="House of Artois">House of Artois</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1365" title="1365">1365</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Kamal_Quhafah" title="Shah Kamal Quhafah">Shah Kamal Quhafah</a>, Arab philanthropist and mystic (d. <a href="/wiki/1385" title="1385">1385</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Din_Kinkata" title="Tōin Kinkata">Tōin Kinkata</a>, Japanese official, historian and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1360" title="1360">1360</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_al-Dawla" title="Sa'ad al-Dawla">Sa'ad al-Dawla</a>, Persian physician and <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun Khan</a>, Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Sabir_Kaliyari" title="Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari">Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> preacher (b. <a href="/wiki/1196" title="1196">1196</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ingoldsthorpe" title="Thomas Ingoldsthorpe">Thomas Ingoldsthorpe</a>, English archdeacon and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Clermont" title="Matthew of Clermont">Matthew of Clermont</a>, French nobleman and Marshal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Birgersson" title="Bengt Birgersson">Bengt Birgersson</a>, Swedish duke and bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1254" title="1254">1254</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg" title="John I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg">John I</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">House of Ascania</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso III of Aragon">Alfonso III</a> (or II; "the Liberal"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1265" title="1265">1265</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tanhum_of_Jerusalem" title="Tanhum of Jerusalem">Tanhum of Jerusalem</a>, Outremer lexicographer (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li> <li>July – <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_al-Din_Hajjaj" title="Muzaffar al-Din Hajjaj">Muzaffar al-Din Hajjaj</a>, Qutlughkhanid prince and co-ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1247" title="1247">1247</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herman_VII,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Herman VII, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Herman VII, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a> ("the Rouser"), German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Tuta" title="Frederick Tuta">Frederick Tuta</a>, German nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1269" title="1269">1269</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Werle" title="Henry I of Werle">Henry I of Werle</a>, German nobleman, prince and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lippi" title="Francesco Lippi">Francesco Lippi</a>, Italian monk and <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_Castilla_y_Molina" title="Alfonso de Castilla y Molina">Alfonso de Castilla y Molina</a>, Castilian nobleman and prince (<i><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">infante</a></i>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1286" title="1286">1286</a>)</li> <li>Badr al-Din <a href="/wiki/Solamish" title="Solamish">Solamish</a>, Mamluk ruler of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Montfort,_Count_of_Nola" title="Guy de Montfort, Count of Nola">Guy de Montfort</a>, English nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar-General</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Ta-gu" title="Hong Ta-gu">Hong Ta-gu</a> (or Jun-gi), Korean ruler and military leader (b. 1244)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Culanach_O%27Neill" title="Niall Culanach O'Neill">Niall Culanach O'Neill</a> (or Culanagh), Irish king of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tír Eoghain</a>, killed (b. <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Lara_(died_1291)" title="Nuño González de Lara (died 1291)">Nuño González II</a>, Castilian nobleman and knight (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Lara" title="House of Lara">House of Lara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Marmion,_5th_Baron_Marmion_of_Tamworth" title="Philip Marmion, 5th Baron Marmion of Tamworth">Philip Marmion, 5th Baron Marmion of Tamworth</a>, Norman <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Champion">King's Champion</a>, High Sheriff and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Braose,_1st_Baron_Braose" title="William de Braose, 1st Baron Braose">William de Braose, 1st Baron Braose</a>, Norman nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Braose" title="House of Braose">House of Braose</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1224" title="1224">1224</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Beaujeu" title="Guillaume de Beaujeu">Guillaume de Beaujeu</a>, French nobleman and Grand Master (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>White Book of <a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></i> (15th century).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 96. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 97. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, pp. 97–98. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: <i>Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98</i>, p. 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-510-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-510-4">1-84176-510-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prestwich, Michael (1997). <i>Edward I</i>, p. 365. The English Monarchs Series. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07209-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07209-9">978-0-300-07209-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 351. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: <i>Acre 1291 - Bloody sunset of the Crusader states</i>, pp. 18–19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-862-5">978-1-84176-862-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, Peter Malcolm (1986). <i>The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517</i>, p. 104. Addison Wesley Longman Limited. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31787-152-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31787-152-1">978-1-31787-152-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 352. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 353. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuijderduijn2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2010). "The emergence of provincial debt in the county of Holland (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries)". <i>European Review of Economic History</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">335–</span>359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1361491610000055">10.1017/S1361491610000055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+provincial+debt+in+the+county+of+Holland+%28thirteenth-sixteenth+centuries%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E359&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1361491610000055&rft.aulast=Zuijderduijn&rft.aufirst=Jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1291" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Vivaldo, Ugolino and Sorleone de". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, p. 152. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Afonso-IV">"Afonso IV | king of Portugal"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Afonso+IV+%7C+king+of+Portugal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAfonso-IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1291" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfonso-III-king-of-Aragon">"Alfonso III | king of Aragon"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Alfonso+III+%7C+king+of+Aragon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlfonso-III-king-of-Aragon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1291" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1291&oldid=1267065432">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1291&oldid=1267065432</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1291" title="Category:1291">1291</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2011">Use mdy dates from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2017">Articles needing additional references from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 January 2025, at 12:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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