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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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<div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tibetan calendar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-ch%C5%8Dng-le%CC%8Dk" title="Se-chōng-le̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Se-chōng-le̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тибетски календар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тибетски календар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="བོད་ཀྱི་ལོ་ཐོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བོད་ཀྱི་ལོ་ཐོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendari_tibet%C3%A0" title="Calendari tibetà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calendari tibetà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetsk%C3%BD_kalend%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Tibetský kalendář – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tibetský kalendář" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetischer_Kalender" title="Tibetischer Kalender – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tibetischer Kalender" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_tibetano" title="Calendario tibetano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calendario tibetano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrier_tib%C3%A9tain" title="Calendrier tibétain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calendrier tibétain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="तिब्बती पंचांग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिब्बती पंचांग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetski_kalendar" title="Tibetski kalendar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tibetski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetiandro_tibet%C3%A0na" title="Tetiandro tibetàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tetiandro tibetàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetaanse_kalender" title="Tibetaanse kalender – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tibetaanse kalender" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E6%9A%A6" title="チベット暦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チベット暦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Тибетский календарь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тибетский календарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tibetan calendar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тибетански календар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тибетански календар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanski_kalendar" title="Tibetanski kalendar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tibetanski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_takvimi" title="Tibet takvimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tibet takvimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%9B%86" title="藏曆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="藏曆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q643319#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tibetan Lunisolar calendar</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibetan_calendar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tibetan_calendar.jpg/230px-Tibetan_calendar.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tibetan_calendar.jpg/345px-Tibetan_calendar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tibetan_calendar.jpg/460px-Tibetan_calendar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Spaho (སྲིད་པ་ཧོ་, <i>srid pa ho</i>, 斯巴霍 <i>Wan Yu tu</i>), used to invoke good fortune and ward off evil spirits, since it depicts the Five Elements, Eight Trigrams, Nine Grades, and Twelve Signs of the Zodiac which apprehend all the attributes of the world</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Tibetan calendar</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལོ་ཐོ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>lo-tho</i>), or the <b>Phukpa calendar</b>, known as the <i>Tibetan lunar calendar</i>, is a <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendar</a> composed of either 12 or 13 <a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">lunar months</a>, each beginning and ending with a <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a>. A thirteenth month is added every two or three years, so that an average Tibetan year is equal to the <a href="/wiki/Solar_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar year">solar year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s631_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s631-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 15th century <i>Phukpa calendar</i> is the main Tibetan calendar, and the Karma Kagyu's <i>Tsurluk calendar</i> is also in current use. The Tibetan <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> celebration is <a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལོ་གསར་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>lo-gsar</i>), which falls either in the months of February or March in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> period, the Tibetan calendar was a seasonally based calendar before the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Shakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Shakyamuni">Buddha Shakyamuni</a>'s Kalachakra calendar system, a blend of both the Indian zodiac and Chinese zodiac systems, was incorporated. The Tibetan calendar is the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian calendar</a>, and the first day of Losar also aligns with the third Mongolian (Hor) month in other almanacs.<sup id="cite_ref-g019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every month, certain dates in the Tibetan calendar have special significance for <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> practices,<sup id="cite_ref-l866_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l866-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-d695_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d695-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do certain months of the Tibetan calendar year when the anniversaries of events from <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a>'s life correspond, such as <a href="/wiki/Saga_Dawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saga Dawa">Saga Dawa</a> of the Tibetan fourth month. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years">Years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_calendar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_calendrier_luni-solaire_des_derniers_temps_DDC6180_(3897104120).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_calendrier_luni-solaire_des_derniers_temps_DDC6180_%283897104120%29.jpg/230px-Le_calendrier_luni-solaire_des_derniers_temps_DDC6180_%283897104120%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_calendrier_luni-solaire_des_derniers_temps_DDC6180_%283897104120%29.jpg/345px-Le_calendrier_luni-solaire_des_derniers_temps_DDC6180_%283897104120%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_calendrier_luni-solaire_des_derniers_temps_DDC6180_%283897104120%29.jpg/460px-Le_calendrier_luni-solaire_des_derniers_temps_DDC6180_%283897104120%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>12 zodiac symbol</figcaption></figure> <p>There were different traditions of naming years (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལོ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>lo</i>) in Tibet. From the 12th century onwards, we observe the usage of two sixty-year cycles. The 60-year cycle is known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%E1%B9%9Bhaspati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vṛhaspati (page does not exist)">Vṛhaspati</a> cycle and was first introduced into Tibet by an Indian Buddhist by the name of Chandranath and Tsilu Pandit in 1025 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first cycle is the <i>rabjyung</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">རབ་བྱུང༌།</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rab byung</i>) cycle. The first year of the first <i>rabjyung</i> cycle started in 1027. This cycle was adopted from India. The second cycle was derived from China and was called <i>Drukchu kor</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དྲུག་ཅུ་སྐོར།</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>drug cu skor</i>, Sanskrit <i>Vrhaspati</i>). The first year of the first <i>Drukchu kor</i> cycle started in 1024. The cycles were counted by <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinal number (linguistics)">ordinal numbers</a>, but the years within the cycles were never counted but referred to by special names. The structure of the <i>drukchu kor</i> was as follows: Each year is associated with an animal and an <a href="/wiki/Classical_element#Bön_elements" title="Classical element">element</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-k476_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k476-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals have the following order: </p> <dl><dd><table border="1" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Hare</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goat_(zodiac)" title="Goat (zodiac)">Sheep</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monkey_(zodiac)" title="Monkey (zodiac)">Monkey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rooster_(zodiac)" title="Rooster (zodiac)">Bird</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dog_(zodiac)" title="Dog (zodiac)">Dog</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pig_(zodiac)" title="Pig (zodiac)">Boar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ox_(zodiac)" title="Ox (zodiac)">Ox</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ཡོས་ yos</td> <td>འབྲུག་ 'brug</td> <td>སྦྲུལ་ sbrul</td> <td>རྟ་ rta</td> <td>ལུག་ lug</td> <td>སྤྲེ་ spre</td> <td>བྱ་ bya</td> <td>༷ཁྱི་ khyi</td> <td>ཕག་ phag</td> <td>བྱི་བ་ byi.ba</td> <td>གླང་ glang</td> <td>སྟག་ stag </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Elements have the following order: </p> <dl><dd><table border="1" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Fire</td> <td>Earth</td> <td>Iron</td> <td>Water</td> <td>Wood </td></tr> <tr> <td>མེ་ me</td> <td>ས་ sa</td> <td>ལྕགས་ lcags</td> <td>ཆུ་ chu</td> <td>ཤིང་ shing </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Each element is associated with two consecutive years, first in its male aspect, then in its female aspect. For example, a <b>male Earth-<a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a></b> year is followed by a <b>female Earth-<a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a></b> year, then by a <b>male Iron-<a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a></b> year. The sex may be omitted, as it can be inferred from the animal. </p><p>The element-animal designations recur in cycles of 60 years (a <a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary cycle</a>), starting with a (male) <b>Wood-<a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat</a></b> year. These large cycles are numbered, the first cycle starting in 1024. Therefore, 2005 roughly corresponds to the (female) <b>Wood-<a href="/wiki/Rooster_(zodiac)" title="Rooster (zodiac)">Rooster</a></b> year of the 17th cycle. The first year of the sixty-year cycle of Indian origin (1027) is called <i>rab-byung</i> (same name as the designation of the cycle) and is equivalent to the (female) fire-<a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a> year. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year (Gregorian)</th> <th>Year according to <i>rabjyung</i></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a></th> <th>Element</th> <th>Animal</th> <th>Sex </th></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 22</td> <td><i>sa pho byi</i></td> <td>Earth</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat</a></td> <td>male </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 23</td> <td><i>sa mo glang</i></td> <td>Earth</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ox_(zodiac)" title="Ox (zodiac)">Ox</a></td> <td>female </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 24</td> <td><i>lcags pho stag</i></td> <td>Iron</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a></td> <td>male </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 25</td> <td><i>lcags mo yos</i></td> <td>Iron</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Hare</a></td> <td>female </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 26</td> <td><i>chu pho 'brug</i></td> <td>Water</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a></td> <td>male </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 27</td> <td><i>chu mo sbrul</i></td> <td>Water</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a></td> <td>female </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 28</td> <td><i>shing pho rta</i></td> <td>Wood</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a></td> <td>male </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 29</td> <td><i>shing mo lug</i></td> <td>Wood</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goat_(zodiac)" title="Goat (zodiac)">Sheep</a></td> <td>female </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 30</td> <td><i>me pho spre</i></td> <td>Fire</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monkey_(zodiac)" title="Monkey (zodiac)">Monkey</a></td> <td>male </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 31</td> <td><i>me mo bya</i></td> <td>Fire</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rooster_(zodiac)" title="Rooster (zodiac)">Bird</a></td> <td>female </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 32</td> <td><i>sa pho khyi</i></td> <td>Earth</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dog_(zodiac)" title="Dog (zodiac)">Dog</a></td> <td>male </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 33</td> <td><i>sa mo phag</i></td> <td>Earth</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pig_(zodiac)" title="Pig (zodiac)">Boar</a></td> <td>female </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 34</td> <td><i>lcags pho byi</i></td> <td>Iron</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat</a></td> <td>male </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 35</td> <td><i>lcags mo glang</i></td> <td>Iron</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ox_(zodiac)" title="Ox (zodiac)">Ox</a></td> <td>female </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 36</td> <td><i>chu pho stag</i></td> <td>Water</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a></td> <td>male </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 37</td> <td><i>chu mo yos</i></td> <td>Water</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Hare</a></td> <td>female </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 38</td> <td><i>shing pho 'brug</i></td> <td>Wood</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a></td> <td>male </td></tr> <tr> <td>2025</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 39</td> <td><i>shing mo sbrul</i></td> <td>Wood</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a></td> <td>female </td></tr> <tr> <td>2026</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 40</td> <td><i>me pho rta</i></td> <td>Fire</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a></td> <td>male </td></tr> <tr> <td>2027</td> <td><i>rabjyung</i> 17 <i>lo</i> 41</td> <td><i>me mo lug</i></td> <td>Fire</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goat_(zodiac)" title="Goat (zodiac)">Sheep</a></td> <td>female </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Years_with_cardinal_numbers">Years with cardinal numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_calendar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Years with cardinal numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three relatively modern notations of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal number (linguistics)">cardinal numbers</a> are used for Tibetan years. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Tibetan banknotes</a> from the first half of the 20th century cardinal numbers can be seen, with year 1 in 255 CE, which is a reference to the legendary <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">28th Emperor of Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thothori_Nyantsen" title="Thothori Nyantsen">Thothori Nyantsen</a>. </p><p>Since the second half of the 20th century another year notation has been used, where the year of, for example, 2025 CE coincides with the Tibetan year of 2152. This relatively modern year notation is referred to as <i>Bö Gyello</i> (<i>bod rgyal lo</i>). In this era the first year is 127 BCE, dated to the <a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">legendary progenitor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyatri_Tsenpo" title="Nyatri Tsenpo">Nyatri Tsenpo</a>. </p><p>In Tibetan calendars of the second half of the 20th century and on Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">coins</a> cardinal year numbers are found with the indication of <i>raplo</i>, where the first year coincides with the first year of the <i>rabjyung</i>-cycle, that is 1027. <i>Rab lo</i> 928, for example, is the year of 1954 on the western <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year (Gregorian)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epoch</a><br />127 BCE</th> <th>Epoch<br />255</th> <th>Epoch<br />1027 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>From about February/March 2019</td> <td>2146</td> <td>1765</td> <td>993 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>From about February/March 2020</td> <td>2147</td> <td>1766</td> <td>994 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>From about February/March 2021</td> <td>2148</td> <td>1767</td> <td>995 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>From about February/March 2022</td> <td>2149</td> <td>1768</td> <td>996 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>From about February/March 2023</td> <td>2150</td> <td>1769</td> <td>997 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>From about February/March 2024</td> <td>2151</td> <td>1770</td> <td>998 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>From about February/March 2025</td> <td>2152</td> <td>1771</td> <td>999 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>From about February/March 2026</td> <td>2153</td> <td>1772</td> <td>1000 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Months">Months</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_calendar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the time of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> (7th – 9th century) Tibetan months (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཟླ་བ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>zla ba</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>dawa</i>) were named according to the four seasons: </p> <dl><dd>First spring month (<i>dpyid zla ra ba</i>), middle spring month (<i>dpyid zla 'bring po</i>), last spring month (<i>dpyid zla mtha' chung</i>),</dd> <dd>first summer month (<i>dbyar zla ra ba</i>), middle summer month (<i>dbyar zla 'bring po</i>), last summer month (<i>dbyar zla mtha' chung</i>),</dd> <dd>first autumn month (<i>ston zla ra ba</i>), middle autumn month (<i>ston-zla 'bring-po</i>), last autumn month (<i>ston zla mtha' chung</i>),</dd> <dd>first winter month (<i>dgun zla ra ba</i>), middle winter month (<i>dgun-zla 'bring-po</i>) and last winter month (<i>dgun zla mtha' chung</i>).</dd></dl> <p>From the 12th century onwards each month has been named by the 12 animals of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>: </p> <dl><dd><i>stag</i>, (<a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a>), <i>yos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Hare</a>), <i>brug</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>), <i>sbrul</i> (<a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>), <i>rta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a>), <i>lug</i> (<a href="/wiki/Goat_(zodiac)" title="Goat (zodiac)">Sheep</a>), <i>sprel</i> (<a href="/wiki/Monkey_(zodiac)" title="Monkey (zodiac)">Monkey</a>), <i>bya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rooster_(zodiac)" title="Rooster (zodiac)">Bird</a>), <i>khyi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dog_(zodiac)" title="Dog (zodiac)">Dog</a>), <i>phag</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pig_(zodiac)" title="Pig (zodiac)">Boar</a>), <i>byi ba</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat</a>), and <i>glang</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ox_(zodiac)" title="Ox (zodiac)">Ox</a>).</dd></dl> <p>With the introduction of the calendar of the <i>Kalacakratantra</i> in the second half of the 11th century, months were also named via lunar mansions within which, roughly speaking, a full moon took place each month: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <dl><dd>1st: Chu (<i>mchu</i>, Skt. <i>māgha</i>)</dd> <dd>2nd: Wo (<i>dbo</i>, Skt. <i>phālguna</i>)</dd> <dd>3rd: Nagpa (<i>nag pa</i>, Skt. <i>caitra</i>)</dd> <dd>4th: Saga (<i>sa ga</i>, Skt. <i>vaiśākha</i>)</dd> <dd>5th: Nön (<i>snron</i>, Skt. <i>jyeṣṭha</i>)</dd> <dd>6th: Chutö (<i>chu stod</i>, Skt. <i>āṣāḍha</i>)</dd> <dd>7th: Drozhin (<i>gro bzhin</i>, Skt. <i>śrāvaṇa</i>)</dd> <dd>8th: Trum (<i>khrums</i>, Skt. <i>bhādrapada</i>)</dd> <dd>9th: Takar (<i>tha skar</i>, Skt. <i>āśvina</i>)</dd> <dd>10th: Mindrug (<i>smin drug</i>, Skt. <i>kārttika</i>)</dd> <dd>11th: Go (<i>mgo</i>, Skt. <i>mārgaśīrṣa</i>)</dd> <dd>12th: Gyal (<i>rgyal</i>, Skt. <i>pauṣa</i>)</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the second half of the 13th century the famous ruler <a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a> introduced the system of counting the month by ordinal numbers, the so-called <i>Hor</i> "Mongolian" month: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <dl><dd>1st Hor month (<i>hor-zla dang-po</i>)</dd> <dd>2nd Hor month (<i>hor-zla gnyis-pa</i>)</dd> <dd>3rd Hor month (<i>hor-zla gsum-pa</i>)</dd> <dd>4th Hor month (<i>hor-zla bzhi-pa</i>)</dd> <dd>5th Hor month (<i>hor-zla lnga-pa</i>)</dd> <dd>6th Hor month (<i>hor-zla drug-pa</i>)</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>7th Hor month (<i>hor-zla bdun-pa</i>)</dd> <dd>8th Hor month (<i>hor-zla brgyad-pa</i>)</dd> <dd>9th Hor month (<i>hor-zla dgu-pa</i>)</dd> <dd>10th Hor month (<i>hor-zla bcu-pa</i>)</dd> <dd>11th Hor month (<i>hor-zla bcu-gcig-pa</i>)</dd> <dd>12th Hor month (<i>hor-zla bcu-gnyis-pa</i>)</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All these systems of counting or naming months were used up to modern times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Days">Days</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_calendar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phug-pa_lhun-grub_rgya-mtho_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Phug-pa_lhun-grub_rgya-mtho_1.jpg/230px-Phug-pa_lhun-grub_rgya-mtho_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Phug-pa_lhun-grub_rgya-mtho_1.jpg/345px-Phug-pa_lhun-grub_rgya-mtho_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Phug-pa_lhun-grub_rgya-mtho_1.jpg/460px-Phug-pa_lhun-grub_rgya-mtho_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Phugpa Lhündrub Gyatsho, a Tibetan Calendar and Calculations Pooja</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three different types of days (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">zhag</i></span>), the <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">khyim zhag</i></span>, the <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tshes zhag</i></span> and the <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">nyin zhag</i></span>. </p><p>The first two of these days are astronomical days. The time needed for the mean Sun to pass through one of the twelve traditional signs of the zodiac (the twelve <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">khyim</i></span>) is called <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">khyim zla</i></span> (solar month). One-thirtieth of one solar month (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">khyim zla</i></span>) is one <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">khyim zhag</i></span>, which might be called a zodiacal day, because there is no equivalent name in Western terminology. </p><p>The time needed by the Moon to <a href="/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)" title="Elongation (astronomy)">elongate</a> 12 degrees from the Sun and every 12 degrees thereafter is one <a href="/wiki/Tithi" title="Tithi">tithi</a> (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tshes zhag</i></span>, "lunar day"). The lengths of such lunar days vary considerably due to variations in the movements of the Moon and Sun. </p><p>Thirty lunar days form one lunar or synodic month (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tshes zla</i></span>), the period from new moon to new moon. This is equal to the time needed for the Moon to elongate 360 degrees from the Sun (sun to sun). The natural day (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">nyin zhag</i></span>) is defined by Tibetans as the period from dawn to dawn. Strictly speaking, the months appearing in a Tibetan almanac, called by us Tibetan calendar months, are not the same as lunar or synodic months (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tshes zla</i></span>), which can begin and end at any time of day. In Tibetan, there is no special term for a calendar month containing whole days. These calendar months are just called <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">zla ba</i></span> (month). </p><p>A Tibetan calendar month normally starts with the week day or natural day (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">gza'</i></span> or <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">nyin zhag</i></span>) in which the first tithi (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tshes zhag</i></span>) ends. A Tibetan calendar month normally ends with the week day or natural day (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">gza'</i></span> or <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">nyin zhag</i></span>) in which the 30th <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tithi</i></span> (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tshes zhag</i></span>) ends. In consequence, a Tibetan calendar month (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">zla ba</i></span>) comprises 29 or 30 natural days. In the sequence of natural days or week days, there are no omitted days or days that occur twice. But since these days are also named by the term <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tshes</i></span> together with a cardinal number, it happens that certain numbers or dates (the corresponding tithi) do not occur at all (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">chad</i></span>) or appear twice (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">lhag</i></span>). The <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tithi</i></span> are counted from 1 to 30 and it can happen that a Monday with the lunar day number 1 (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tshes gcig</i></span>) is followed by a Tuesday with the moon day number 3 (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tshes gsum</i></span>). On the other hand, a Monday with the lunar day number 1 (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tshes gcig</i></span>) may be followed by a Tuesday with the lunar day number 1 (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">tshes gcig</i></span>). In other words, it happens quite often that certain dates do not appear in the Tibetan almanac and certain dates occur twice. But there are no natural days or week days that occur twice or which are omitted. </p><p>The days of the week (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">གཟའ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>gza'</i>) are named for <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical objects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-j858_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j858-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Day</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Phonetic transcription</a></th> <th>Object </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sunday</td> <td>གཟའ་ཉི་མ་ (<i>gza' nyi ma</i>)</td> <td><i>nyima</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monday</td> <td>གཟའ་ཟླ་བ་ (<i>gza' zla wa</i>)</td> <td><i>dawa</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuesday</td> <td>གཟའ་མིག་དམར་ (<i>gza' mig dmar</i>)</td> <td><i>Mikmar</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wednesday</td> <td>གཟའ་ལྷག་པ་ (<i>gza' lhak pa</i>)</td> <td><i>Lhakpa</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thursday</td> <td>གཟའ་ཕུར་བུ། (<i>gza' phur bu</i>)</td> <td><i>Purbu</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Friday</td> <td>གཟའ་པ་སངས་ (<i>gza' pa sangs</i>)</td> <td><i>Pasang</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saturday</td> <td>གཟའ་སྤེན་པ་ (<i>gza' spen ba</i>)</td> <td><i>Penba</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p><i>Nyima</i> "Sun", <i>Dawa</i> "Moon" and <i>Lhakpa</i> "Mercury" are common personal names for people born on Sunday, Monday or Wednesday respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_calendar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the time of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>, the twelve months were named according to the four seasons of the year, and the year started in spring.<sup id="cite_ref-Nir_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nir-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tibetans historically used the Indian astrological system, Tib. <i>kar rtsis</i>, that divided the days into rhythms defined by the elements and the constellations,<sup id="cite_ref-Nir_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nir-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later used a Chinese astrological system, Tib. <i>byung rtsis</i>, which focuses on twelve animals and the five elements to describe patterns of events. The Indian and Chinese systems were joined by <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a>'s teachings found within the Sutra <i>Avatamsakra</i> and the Tantra <i>Kalachakra</i> to develop the Tibetan astrological calendar. </p><p>Beginning in the 12th century, the years were named after the 12 animals common in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>. </p><p>The translation of the <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a> Tantra in the late 11th century CE marked the beginning of a change of Tibet's calendar. This tantra references the Indian astronomical calendar system with its calculations that follow the progression of the constellations - the five planets, and the sun and moon eclipses. </p><p>As the original teachings of the Kalacakra were taught by the Buddha himself, two hundred years later, the Kalacakra calendar was officially adopted as an Tibetan calendar by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a> king <a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a>, in the second half of the 13th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A distinct Tibetan calendar was developed in 1284 by the lineage of the Gyalwang Karmapas, the Tsurphu tradition calendar. This <b>Tsurluk calendar</b> is based on the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Karmapa" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Karmapa">3rd Karmapa</a>, Rangjung Dorje's astrological treatise called <i>The Compendium of Astrology</i> (Tib. <i>rtsis kun bsdus pa</i>), a treatise from which many later treatises authored by the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapas</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a> the Great evolved. The Tsurluk calendar is still overseen by Tsipa Gelek Dhargay, at the <a href="/wiki/17th_Karmapa" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Karmapa">17th Karmapa</a>, Ogyen Trinley Dorje's seat in <a href="/wiki/Rumtek" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumtek">Rumtek</a>, Sikkim, India.<sup id="cite_ref-Nir_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nir-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1447, a Tibetan astrologer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phukpa_Lh%C3%BCndrub_Gyatso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phukpa Lhündrub Gyatso (page does not exist)">Phukpa Lhündrub Gyatso</a> composed an astrological treatise called <i>The Oral Teachings of Pundarika</i> (Tib. <i>pad dkar zhal lung</i>). His work founded the <b>Phukpa calendar</b> which is the main calendar of Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-Nir_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nir-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This main Tibetan calendar, the Phukpa, was modified many times during the subsequent centuries, and it remains a luni-solar calendar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_calendar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_calendar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-s631-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s631_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGyllenbok2018" class="citation book cs1">Gyllenbok, J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XnRVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA402"><i>Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures: Volume 1</i></a>. Science Networks. Historical Studies. Springer International Publishing. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-57598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-57598-8"><bdi>978-3-319-57598-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u1Y-51tTJ78C&pg=PA69"><i>Mongolia</i></a>. Bradt Guides (in Italian). Bradt Travel Guides. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-178-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-178-4"><bdi>978-1-84162-178-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongolia&rft.series=Bradt+Guides&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-178-4&rft.aulast=Blunden&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du1Y-51tTJ78C%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l866-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l866_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnettAkiner1996" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, R.; Akiner, S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk7R3FxC74cC&pg=PA240"><i>Resistance and Reform in Tibet</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1371-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1371-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1371-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance+and+Reform+in+Tibet&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1371-7&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Akiner%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk7R3FxC74cC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d695-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d695_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwynne2011" class="citation book cs1">Gwynne, P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdsRKc_knZoC&pg=PT304"><i>World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction</i></a>. Wiley. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6005-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-6005-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions+in+Practice%3A+A+Comparative+Introduction&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-6005-9&rft.aulast=Gwynne&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdsRKc_knZoC%26pg%3DPT304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarat Chandra Das, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YNm2kWddMNQC&pg=PR8"><i>A Tibetan-English dictionary: with Sanskrit synonyms</i></a>, p. viii (accessed: October 25, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k476-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k476_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump2016" class="citation book cs1">Crump, W.D. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ujTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42"><i>Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide</i></a>. EBL-Schweitzer. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0748-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0748-1"><bdi>978-1-4766-0748-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+New+Year%27s+Holidays+Worldwide&rft.series=EBL-Schweitzer&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0748-1&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=W.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DujTfCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j858-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j858_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlagintweit1863" class="citation book cs1">Schlagintweit, E. (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrsIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA289"><i>Buddhism in Tibet: Illustrated by Literary Documents and Objects of Religious Worship, with an Account of the Buddhist Systems Preceding it in India</i></a>. F.A. Brockhaus. p. 289<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Tibet%3A+Illustrated+by+Literary+Documents+and+Objects+of+Religious+Worship%2C+with+an+Account+of+the+Buddhist+Systems+Preceding+it+in+India&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=F.A.+Brockhaus&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Schlagintweit&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrsIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nir-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nir_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nir_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nir_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nir_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitartha, "About the Tibetan calendar", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nitartha.org/about-the-tibetan-calendar/">https://nitartha.org/about-the-tibetan-calendar/</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_calendar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(Sanskrit) Kalacakratantra. (Tibetisch) mChog gi dang-po sangs-rgyas las phyung-ba rgyud kyi rgyal-po dus kyi 'khor-lo.</li> <li>Grags-pa rgyal-mchan: Dus-tshod bzung-ba'i rtsis-yig</li> <li>sde-srid Sangs-rgyas rgya-mtsho: Phug-lugs rtsis kyi legs-bshad mkhas-pa'i mgul-rgyan vaidur dkar-po'i do-shal dpyod-ldan snying-nor</li> <li>karma Nges-legs bstan-'jin: gTsug-lag rtsis-rigs tshang-ma'i lag-len 'khrul-med mun-sel nyi-ma ñer-mkho'i 'dod-pa 'jo-ba'i bum-bzang</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_calendar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Janson" title="Svante Janson">Svante Janson</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.uu.se/~svante/papers/calendars/tibet.pdf">Tibetan Calendar Mathematics</a></i>, accessed December 16, 2009</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbu,_ThubtenHarrer,_Heinrich1960" class="citation book cs1">Norbu, Thubten & Harrer, Heinrich (1960). <i>Tibet Is My Country</i>. London: Readers Union, Rupert Hart-Davis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+Is+My+Country&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Readers+Union%2C+Rupert+Hart-Davis&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Norbu%2C+Thubten&rft.au=Harrer%2C+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_KörősAlexander_Csoma1834" class="citation book cs1">de Körős; Alexander Csoma (1834). <i>A Grammar of the Tibetan Language</i>. Calcutta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Tibetan+Language&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.date=1834&rft.au=de+K%C3%B6r%C5%91s&rft.au=Alexander+Csoma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenning2007" class="citation book cs1">Henning, Edward (2007). <i>Kalacakra and the Tibetan Calendar</i>. Treasury of the Buddhist Sciences. NY: Columbia University Press. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9753734-9-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9753734-9-1"><bdi>978-0-9753734-9-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalacakra+and+the+Tibetan+Calendar&rft.place=NY&rft.series=Treasury+of+the+Buddhist+Sciences&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9753734-9-1&rft.aulast=Henning&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaufer,_Berthold1913" class="citation book cs1">Laufer, Berthold (1913). <i>The Application of the Tibetan Sexagenary Cycle</i>. T´oung Pao, Vol. 14, pp. 569–596.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Application+of+the+Tibetan+Sexagenary+Cycle&rft.place=T%C2%B4oung+Pao%2C+Vol.+14%2C+pp.+569%E2%80%93596&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Laufer%2C+Berthold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetri,_Winfried1966" class="citation book cs1">Petri, Winfried (1966). <i>Indo-tibetische Astronomie. Habilitationsschrift zur Erlangung der venia legendi für das Fach Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften an der Hohen Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Ludwig Maximilians Universität zu München</i>. München.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-tibetische+Astronomie.+Habilitationsschrift+zur+Erlangung+der+venia+legendi+f%C3%BCr+das+Fach+Geschichte+der+Naturwissenschaften+an+der+Hohen+Naturwissenschaftlichen+Fakult%C3%A4t+der+Ludwig+Maximilians+Universit%C3%A4t+zu+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Petri%2C+Winfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelliot,_Paul1913" class="citation book cs1">Pelliot, Paul (1913). <i>Le Cycle Sexagénaire dans la Chronologie Tibétaine</i>. Paris: Journal Asiatique 1, pp. 633–667.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Cycle+Sexag%C3%A9naire+dans+la+Chronologie+Tib%C3%A9taine&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Journal+Asiatique+1%2C+pp.+633%E2%80%93667&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Pelliot%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuh,_Dieter1973" class="citation book cs1">Schuh, Dieter (1973). <i>Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Tibetischen Kalenderrechnung</i>. Wiesbaden: Steiner Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untersuchungen+zur+Geschichte+der+Tibetischen+Kalenderrechnung&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Schuh%2C+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuh,_Dieter1974" class="citation book cs1">Schuh, Dieter (1974). <i>Grundzüge der Entwicklung der Tibetischen Kalenderrechnung</i>. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Supplement II. XVIII. Deutscher Orientalistentag vom 1. bis 5. Oktober 1972 in Lübeck. Vorträge, pp. 554–566.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundz%C3%BCge+der+Entwicklung+der+Tibetischen+Kalenderrechnung&rft.place=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft%2C+Supplement+II.+XVIII.+Deutscher+Orientalistentag+vom+1.+bis+5.+Oktober+1972+in+L%C3%BCbeck.+Vortr%C3%A4ge%2C+pp.+554%E2%80%93566&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Schuh%2C+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsepon_W.D._Shakabpa1967" class="citation book cs1">Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa (1967). <i>Tibet: A Political History</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet%3A+A+Political+History&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Tsepon+W.D.+Shakabpa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTournadre,_NicolasSangda_Dorje2003" class="citation book cs1">Tournadre, Nicolas & Sangda Dorje (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofstandard00nico"><i>Manual of Standard Tibetan: Language and Civilization</i></a></span>. trans. Ramble, Charles. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-189-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-189-8"><bdi>1-55939-189-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Standard+Tibetan%3A+Language+and+Civilization&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55939-189-8&rft.au=Tournadre%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Sangda+Dorje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofstandard00nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamaguchi,_Zuiho1973" class="citation book cs1">Yamaguchi, Zuiho (1973). <i>Chronological Studies in Tibet</i>. Chibetto no rekigaku: Annual Report of the Zuzuki Academic foundation X, pp. 77–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronological+Studies+in+Tibet&rft.place=Chibetto+no+rekigaku%3A+Annual+Report+of+the+Zuzuki+Academic+foundation+X%2C+pp.+77%E2%80%9394&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+Zuiho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamaguchi,_Zuiho1992" class="citation book cs1">Yamaguchi, Zuiho (1992). <i>The Significance of Intercalary Constants in the Tibetan Calendar and Historical Tables of Intercalary Month</i>. Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 5th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Vol. 2, pp. 873–895: Narita.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Significance+of+Intercalary+Constants+in+the+Tibetan+Calendar+and+Historical+Tables+of+Intercalary+Month&rft.place=Tibetan+Studies%3A+Proceedings+of+the+5th+Seminar+of+the+International+Association+for+Tibetan+Studies%2C+Vol.+2%2C+pp.+873%E2%80%93895&rft.pub=Narita&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+Zuiho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+calendar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Prehistory <span style="font-size:85%;">(Neolithic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(7th–9th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="Timeline of the Tibetan Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">List of emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_L%C3%B6nchen_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="List of Lönchen of the Tibetan Empire">Lönchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Relations with Tang <span style="font-size:85%;">(618–907)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation <span style="font-size:85%;">(9th–13th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Relations with Song <span style="font-size:85%;">(960–1279)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1350)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Relations with Ming <span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1644)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1720–1912)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of Qing ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Post-Qing to 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">People's Republic of China (PRC) rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">PRC annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">political leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Wars and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Tibetan attack on Songzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Mongol invasions of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dartsedo" title="Battle of Dartsedo">Battle of Dartsedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings since 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles#Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Calcutta" title="Convention of Calcutta">Convention of Calcutta (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70,000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy" title="Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy">Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Tibet" title="Category:Flora of Tibet">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tibet" title="Category:Fauna of Tibet">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Tibet" title="Category:Environment of Tibet">Environment</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Tibet" title="Category:Mountains of Tibet">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Changtse" title="Changtse">Changtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" title="Chang Tang Nature Reserve">Nature Reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Tibet" title="Category:Valleys of Tibet">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Traditional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region <span style="font-size:85%;">(TAR)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Tibet" title="Etymology of Tibet">Etymology of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tibet" title="Foreign relations of Tibet">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tibet">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serfs%27_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs' Emancipation Day">Serfs' Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Government" title="Tibet">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region#Government" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Government_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region">TAR People's Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People%27s_Congress" title="Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">TAR People's Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tibet" title="Economy of Tibet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Postage and postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">Qinghai-Tibet Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panchen_Lamas" title="List of Panchen Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Social classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Names</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tibet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_rug" title="Tibetan rug">rugs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tsakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan tsakli">tsakli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_on_Tibetan_Buddhist_monasteries" title="Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries">wall murals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tibet" title="Emblem of Tibet">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet" title="Flag of Tibet">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Tibet" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet">Historical and cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khata" title="Khata"><i>Khata</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ceremonial scarf)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Annals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan_Chronicle" title="Old Tibetan Chronicle">Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_writers" title="List of Tibetan writers">writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tibet" title="Music of Tibet">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tibet" title="Outline of Tibet">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tibet" title="Category:Tibet">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calendars642" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calendars" title="Template:Calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars" title="Template talk:Calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars642" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more<br />limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_calendar" title="Mizo calendar">Mizo (Lushai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and<br />applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_calendar" title="Digital calendar">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming<br />and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" 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