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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anchorites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Anchorites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anchorites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Christian_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Christian_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary Christian life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_Christian_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary Christian life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Christian_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eremitic_members_of_religious_institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eremitic_members_of_religious_institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Eremitic members of religious institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eremitic_members_of_religious_institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diocesan_hermits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diocesan_hermits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Diocesan hermits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diocesan_hermits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Eastern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Christian_hermits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Christian_hermits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable Christian hermits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Christian_hermits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable Christian hermits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Christian_hermits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_and_Medieval_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_and_Medieval_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early and Medieval Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_and_Medieval_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notable_hermits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notable_hermits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Other notable hermits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notable_hermits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hermit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermiet" title="Hermiet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hermiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83" title="ناسك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناسك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freru" title="Freru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Freru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80" title="সন্ন্যাসী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সন্ন্যাসী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermitanyo" title="Ermitanyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ermitanyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Отшелничество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отшелничество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitiour" title="Penitiour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Penitiour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermit%C3%A0" title="Ermità – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ermità" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%82%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Ютшăнаслăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ютшăнаслăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poustevn%C3%ADk" title="Poustevník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poustevník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meudwy" title="Meudwy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meudwy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneboer" title="Eneboer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eneboer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremit" title="Eremit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eremit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erak" title="Erak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ερημίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερημίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermita%C3%B1o" title="Ermitaño – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ermitaño" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermito" title="Ermito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ermito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremutar" title="Eremutar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eremutar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF" title="زاهد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زاهد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermite" title="Ermite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ermite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimit" title="Rimit – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Rimit" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADthreabhach" title="Díthreabhach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Díthreabhach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aonaran" title="Aonaran – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aonaran" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawer%C5%A9" title="Wawerũ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Wawerũ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%80%EC%9E%90" title="은자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="은자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ճգնավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճգնավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustinjak" title="Pustinjak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pustinjak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermito" title="Ermito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ermito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremit" title="Eremit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eremit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremita" title="Eremita – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eremita" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsetuma%C3%B0ur" title="Einsetumaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Einsetumaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremita" title="Eremita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eremita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkaapweke" title="Mkaapweke – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkaapweke" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremita" title="Eremita – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eremita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klausener" title="Klausener – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Klausener" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremitas" title="Eremitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eremitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%A8remiet" title="Hièremiet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hièremiet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remete_(vall%C3%A1s)" title="Remete (vallás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Remete (vallás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пустиник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пустиник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹെർമിറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെർമിറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83" title="ناسك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ناسك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heremiet_(monnik)" title="Heremiet (monnik) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heremiet (monnik)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%A0%E8%80%85" title="隠者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="隠者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremitt" title="Eremitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eremitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremitt" title="Eremitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eremitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermita" title="Ermita – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ermita" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germit" title="Germit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="جوگی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جوگی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremita" title="Eremita – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eremita" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremita" title="Eremita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eremita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustnic" title="Pustnic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pustnic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Отшельничество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отшельничество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hermit" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremiti" title="Eremiti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eremiti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimita" title="Rimita – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rimita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hermit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustovn%C3%ADk" title="Pustovník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pustovník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1%C4%8Davnik" title="Puščavnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Puščavnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Пустињак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пустињак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustinjak" title="Pustinjak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pustinjak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erakko" title="Erakko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Erakko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremit" title="Eremit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eremit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermitanyo" title="Ermitanyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ermitanyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnzevi" title="Münzevi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Münzevi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пустельник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пустельник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="جوگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A8n_s%C4%A9" title="Ẩn sĩ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ẩn sĩ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E5%A3%AB" title="隐士 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="隐士" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hermit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hermit (disambiguation)">Hermit (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Eremitic" redirects here. For the album by Seirom, see <a href="/wiki/Eremitic_(album)" title="Eremitic (album)">Eremitic (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.-Jerome-In-His-Study.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/St.-Jerome-In-His-Study.jpg/300px-St.-Jerome-In-His-Study.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/St.-Jerome-In-His-Study.jpg/450px-St.-Jerome-In-His-Study.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/St.-Jerome-In-His-Study.jpg/600px-St.-Jerome-In-His-Study.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Saint Jerome</a>, who lived as a hermit near <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, depicted in his study being visited by two angels (<a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cavarozzi" title="Bartolomeo Cavarozzi">Cavarozzi</a>, early-17th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>hermit</b>, also known as an <b>eremite</b> (<a href="/wiki/Adjectival_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectival form">adjectival form</a>: <b>hermitic</b> or <b>eremitic</b>) or <b>solitary</b>, is a person who lives in <a href="/wiki/Seclusion" title="Seclusion">seclusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eremitism plays a role in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the term was originally applied to a Christian who lives the eremitic life out of a religious conviction, namely the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_spirituality#Desert_spirituality" title="Catholic spirituality">Desert Theology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> (i.e., the 40 years wandering in the <a href="/wiki/Zin_Desert" title="Zin Desert">desert</a> that was meant to bring about a change of heart). </p><p>In the Christian tradition the eremitic life<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an early form of <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monastic living</a> that preceded the monastic life in the <a href="/wiki/Cenobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenobium">cenobium</a>. In chapter 1, the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_St_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St Benedict">Rule of St Benedict</a> lists hermits among four kinds of monks. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, in addition to hermits who are members of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">Canon law</a> (canon 603) recognizes also <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life#Other_forms_of_consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">diocesan hermits</a> under the direction of their <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">bishop</a> as members of the <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life#Other_forms_of_consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">consecrated life</a>. The same is true in many parts of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> in the United States, although in the canon law of the Episcopal Church they are referred to as "solitaries" rather than "hermits". </p><p>Often, both in religious and secular literature, the term "hermit" is used loosely for any Christian living a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/secluded" class="extiw" title="wikt:secluded">secluded</a> prayer-focused life, and sometimes interchangeably with <a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">anchorite/anchoress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">recluse</a>, and "solitary". Other religions, including <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, afford examples of hermits in the form of adherents living an <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> way of life. </p><p>In modern colloquial usage, "hermit" denotes anyone living apart from the rest of society, or having entirely or in part withdrawn from society, for any reason. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>hermit</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>ĕrēmīta</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (literature)">latinisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ἐρημίτης (<i>erēmitēs</i>), "of the desert",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in turn comes from ἔρημος (<i>erēmos</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signifying "desert", "uninhabited", hence "desert-dweller"; adjective: "eremitic". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tradition">Tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuevas_Guztarriarana_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cuevas_Guztarriarana_02.jpg/220px-Cuevas_Guztarriarana_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cuevas_Guztarriarana_02.jpg/330px-Cuevas_Guztarriarana_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cuevas_Guztarriarana_02.jpg/440px-Cuevas_Guztarriarana_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>Eremitic cave in Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>In the common Christian tradition the first known Christian hermit in Egypt was <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 3rd century), hence also called "St. Paul the first hermit". <a href="/wiki/Antony_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony of Egypt">Antony of Egypt</a> (fl. 4th century), often referred to as "Antony the Great", is perhaps the most renowned of all the early Christian hermits owing to the biography by <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>. An antecedent for Egyptian eremiticism may have been the Syrian solitary or "son of the covenant" (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> <i>bar qəyāmā</i>) who undertook special disciplines as a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian hermits in the past have often lived in isolated <a href="/wiki/Monastic_cell" title="Monastic cell">cells</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">hermitages</a>, whether a natural cave or a constructed dwelling, situated in the desert or the forest. People sometimes sought them out for spiritual advice and counsel. Some eventually acquired so many <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">disciples</a> that they no longer enjoyed physical solitude.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some early Christian <a href="/wiki/Desert_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert Father">Desert Fathers</a> wove baskets to exchange for bread. </p><p>In medieval times, hermits were also found within or near cities where they might earn a living as gate keepers or ferrymen. In the 10th century, a rule for hermits living in a monastic community was written by <a href="/wiki/Grimlaicus" title="Grimlaicus">Grimlaicus</a>. In the 11th century, the life of the hermit gained recognition as a legitimate independent pathway to salvation. Many hermits in that century and the next came to be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Middle Ages and down to modern times, eremitic monasticism has also been practiced within the context of religious institutes in the Christian West. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldolese</a> arrange their monasteries as clusters of hermitages where the monks live most of their day and most of their lives in solitary prayer and work, gathering only briefly for communal prayer and only occasionally for community meals and recreation. The <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trappist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trappist">Trappist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> orders, which are essentially communal in nature, allow members who feel a <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">calling</a> to the eremitic life, after years living in the <a href="/wiki/Cenobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenobium">cenobium</a> or community of the monastery, to move to a cell suitable as a hermitage on monastery grounds. There have also been many hermits who chose that vocation as an alternative to other forms of monastic life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anchorites">Anchorites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anchorites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">Anchorite</a></div> <p>The term "anchorite" (from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀναχωρέω</span></span> <i>anachōreō</i>, signifying "to withdraw", "to depart into the country outside the circumvallate city") is often used as a synonym for hermit, not only in the earliest written sources but throughout the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the anchoritic life, while similar to the eremitic life, can also be distinct from it. Anchorites lived the religious life in the solitude of an "anchorhold" (or "anchorage"), usually a small hut or "cell", typically built against a church.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The door of an anchorage tended to be bricked up in a special ceremony conducted by the local bishop after the anchorite had moved in. Medieval churches survive that have a tiny window ("squint") built into the shared wall near the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary#Altar" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> to allow the anchorite to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> by listening to the service and to receive <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>. Another window looked out into the street or cemetery, enabling charitable neighbors to deliver food and other necessities. Clients seeking the anchorite's advice might also use this window to consult them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Christian_life">Contemporary Christian life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary Christian life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catholics who wish to live in eremitic monasticism may live that <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">vocation</a> as a hermit: </p> <ul><li>in an eremitic order, for example <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldolese</a> (in the latter one affiliate <a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">oblates</a> may also live as hermits)</li> <li>as a diocesan hermit under the canonical direction of their <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">bishop</a> (canon 603, see below)</li></ul> <p>There are also lay people who informally follow an eremitic lifestyle and live mostly as solitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all the Catholic lay members that feel that it is their vocation to dedicate themselves to God in a prayerful solitary life perceive it as a vocation to some form of consecrated life. An example of this is life as a <a href="/wiki/Poustinia#Poustinik" class="mw-redirect" title="Poustinia">Poustinik</a>, an Eastern Catholic expression of eremitic living that is finding adherents also in the West. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eremitic_members_of_religious_institutes">Eremitic members of religious institutes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eremitic members of religious institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerkzomerpiep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kerkzomerpiep.jpg/220px-Kerkzomerpiep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Kerkzomerpiep.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>Church of the hermitage "<a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Enclosed_Garden" title="Our Lady of the Enclosed Garden">Our Lady of the Enclosed Garden</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Warfhuizen" title="Warfhuizen">Warfhuizen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">institutes of consecrated life</a> have their own regulations concerning those of their members who feel called by God to move from the <a href="/wiki/Cenobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenobium">life in community</a> to the eremitic life, and have the permission of their religious superior to do so. The <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law</a> contains no special provisions for them. They technically remain a member of their <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">institute of consecrated life</a> and thus under obedience to their religious superior. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldolese</a> orders of monks and nuns preserve their original way of life as essentially eremitic within a cenobitical context, that is, the monasteries of these orders are in fact clusters of individual hermitages where monks and nuns spend their days alone with relatively short periods of prayer in common. </p><p>Other orders that are essentially cenobitical, notably the <a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a>, maintain a tradition under which individual monks or nuns who have reached a certain level of maturity within the community may pursue a hermit lifestyle on monastery grounds under the supervision of the abbot or abbess. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a> was among the Trappists who undertook this way of life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diocesan_hermits">Diocesan hermits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diocesan hermits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest form of Christian eremitic or anchoritic living preceded that of being a member of a religious institute, since <a href="/wiki/Cenobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenobium">monastic communities</a> and religious institutes are later developments of the <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monastic life</a>. Bearing in mind that the meaning of the eremitic vocation is the Desert Theology of the Old Testament, it may be said that the desert of the urban hermit is that of their heart, purged through <a href="/wiki/Kenosis" title="Kenosis">kenosis</a> to be the dwelling place of God alone. </p><p>So as to provide for men and women who feel a <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">vocation</a> to the eremitic or anchoritic life without being or becoming a member of an institute of consecrated life, but desire its recognition by the Roman Catholic Church as a form of <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life#Other_forms_of_consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">consecrated life</a> nonetheless, the 1983 Code of Canon Law legislates in the Section on Consecrated Life (canon 603) as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>§1 Besides <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Consecrated_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Consecrated Life">institutes of consecrated life</a> the church recognizes the eremitic or anchoritic life by which the Christian faithful devote their life to the praise of God and salvation of the world through a stricter separation from the world, the silence of solitude, and assiduous prayer and penance.<br /> §2 A hermit is recognized by law as one dedicated to God in consecrated life if he or she publicly professes in the hands of the diocesan bishop the three evangelical counsels, confirmed by vow or other sacred bond, and observes a proper program of living under his direction. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Canon 603 §2 lays down the requirements for diocesan hermits. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> of 11 October 1992 (§§918–921), comments on the eremitic life as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From the very beginning of the Church there were men and women who set out to follow Christ with greater liberty, and to imitate him more closely, by practicing the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">evangelical counsels</a>. They led lives dedicated to God, each in his own way. Many of them, under the inspiration of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>, became hermits or founded religious families. These the Church, by virtue of her authority, gladly accepted and approved. </p><p>... </p><p> Hermits devote their life to the praise of God and salvation of the world through a stricter separation from the world, the silence of solitude, and assiduous prayer and penance. (Footnote: CIC, can. 603 §1) They manifest to everyone the interior aspect of the mystery of the Church, that is, personal intimacy with Christ. Hidden from the eyes of men, the life of the hermit is a silent preaching of the Lord, to whom he has surrendered his life simply because he is everything to him. Here is a particular call to find in the desert, in the thick of spiritual battle, the glory of the Crucified One.</p></blockquote> <p>Catholic Church norms for the consecrated eremitic and anchoritic life do not include corporal works of mercy. Nevertheless, every hermit, like every Christian, is bound by the law of charity and therefore ought to respond generously, as his or her own circumstances permit, when faced with a specific need for corporal works of mercy. Hermits are also bound by the law of work. If they are not financially independent, they may engage in cottage industries or be employed part-time in jobs that respect the call for them to live in solitude and silence with extremely limited or no contact with other persons. Such outside jobs may not keep them from observing their obligations of the eremitic vocation of stricter separation from the world and the silence of solitude in accordance with canon 603, under which they have made their <a href="/wiki/Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">vow</a>. Although canon 603 makes no provision for associations of hermits, these do exist (for example the Hermits of Bethlehem in Chester, NJ, and the Hermits of Saint Bruno in the United States; see also <a href="/wiki/Lavra" title="Lavra">lavra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skete" title="Skete">skete</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the recognised religious communities and orders in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> make provision for certain members to live as hermits, more commonly referred to as solitaries. One <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> community, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._John_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. John the Evangelist">Society of St. John the Evangelist</a>, now has only solitaries in its British congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglicanism also makes provision for men and women who seek to live a single consecrated life, after taking vows before their local bishop; many who do so live as solitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Handbook of Religious Life</i>, published by the Advisory Council of Relations between Bishops and Religious Communities, contains an appendix governing the selection, consecration, and management of solitaries living outside recognised religious communities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Canon Law of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church (United States)</a>, those who make application to their diocesan bishop and who persevere in whatever preparatory program the bishop requires, take vows that include lifelong celibacy. They are referred to as solitaries rather than hermits. Each selects a bishop other than their diocesan as an additional spiritual resource and, if necessary, an intermediary. At the start of the twenty-first century, the Church of England reported a notable increase in the number of applications from people seeking to live the single consecrated life as Anglican hermits or solitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A religious community known as the Solitaries of DeKoven, who make <a href="/wiki/Anglican_prayer_beads" title="Anglican prayer beads">Anglican prayer beads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pater_Noster_cord" title="Pater Noster cord">Pater Noster cords</a> to support themselves, are an example of an Anglican <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">hermitage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winston2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winston2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serafim_and_a_bear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Serafim_and_a_bear.jpg/220px-Serafim_and_a_bear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Serafim_and_a_bear.jpg/330px-Serafim_and_a_bear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Serafim_and_a_bear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>St. <a href="/wiki/Seraphim_of_Sarov" title="Seraphim of Sarov">Seraphim of Sarov</a> sharing his meal with a bear</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Rite Catholic Church">Eastern Rite Catholic Churches</a>, hermits live a life of prayer as well as service to their community in the traditional Eastern Christian manner of the poustinik. The poustinik is a hermit available to all in need and at all times. In the Eastern Christian churches, one traditional variation of the Christian eremitic life is the semi-eremitic life in a <a href="/wiki/Lavra" title="Lavra">lavra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Skete" title="Skete">skete</a>, exemplified historically in <a href="/wiki/Scetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scetes">Scetes</a>, a place in the Egyptian desert, and continued in various sketes today, including several regions on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Christian_hermits">Notable Christian hermits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable Christian hermits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_and_Medieval_Church">Early and Medieval Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early and Medieval Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a>, 4th century, Egypt, regarded by <a href="/wiki/St._Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Jerome">St. Jerome</a> as the first hermit<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Or_(monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Or (monk)">Abba Or of Nitria</a>, 4th century, Egypt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony of Egypt">Anthony of Egypt</a>, 4th century, Egypt, a <a href="/wiki/Desert_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert Father">Desert Father</a>, regarded as the founder of Christian <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Egypt" title="Macarius of Egypt">Macarius of Egypt</a>, 4th century, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Macarius_the_Great" title="Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great">Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great</a>, presumed author of "Spiritual Homilies"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Jerome">St. Jerome</a>, 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>, considered the spiritual father of the <a href="/wiki/Hieronymite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieronymite">Hieronymite</a> eremitic order</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncletica_of_Alexandria" title="Syncletica of Alexandria">Syncletica of Alexandria</a>, 4th century, Egypt, one of the early <a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a>, her maxims are included in the sayings of the Desert Fathers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a>, 4th century, brought the Christian faith to <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary of Egypt</a>, 4th/5th century, Egypt and Transjordan, <a href="/wiki/Penitent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitent">penitent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Stylites" title="Simeon Stylites">Simeon Stylites</a>, 4th/5th century, Syria, <a href="/wiki/Stylite" title="Stylite">pillar saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_of_the_Desert" title="Sarah of the Desert">Sarah of the Desert</a>, 5th century, Egypt, one of the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a>, her maxims are recorded in the sayings of the Desert Fathers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">St Benedict of Nursia</a>, 6th century, Italy, author of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_St_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St Benedict">Rule of St Benedict</a>, regarded as the founder of western <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_of_Glendalough" title="Kevin of Glendalough">Kevin of Glendalough</a>, 6th Century, Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Gall">St. Gall</a>, 7th century, Switzerland, namesake of the <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Gallen (canton)">canton</a> of St. Gallen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_of_Derwentwater" title="Herbert of Derwentwater">Herbert of Derwentwater</a>, 7th century, England.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Romuald" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Romuald">St. Romuald</a>, 10th/11th century, Italy, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldolese</a> order</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%AD%C3%B0r_%C3%9Eorbjarnard%C3%B3ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Guðríðr Þorbjarnardóttir">Guðríðr Þorbjarnardóttir</a>, 10th/11th century, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_of_Cologne" title="Bruno of Cologne">Bruno of Cologne</a>, 11th century, France, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> order</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a>, 11th century, France, leader of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit" title="Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit">Blessed Eusebius of Esztergom</a>, 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, the founder of the Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit</li> <li>Bl. <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_de_Amarante" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonçalo de Amarante">Gonçalo de Amarante</a>, 13th century, Portugal, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle_de_Hampole" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rolle de Hampole">Richard Rolle de Hampole</a>, 13th century, England, religious writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a>, 14th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Fl%C3%BCe" title="Nicholas of Flüe">Nicholas of Flüe</a>, 15th century, patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a>, 15th century, England, <a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">anchoress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Juan_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Juan Diego">St. Juan Diego</a>, 1474–1548, Mexico, visionary of the apparition of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of religious orders: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_of_Alaska" title="Herman of Alaska">Herman of Alaska</a>, 18th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Seraphim_of_Sarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Seraphim of Sarov">Seraphim of Sarov</a>, 18th/19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a>, 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappist monk</a>, spiritual writer</li></ul> <p>Diocesan hermits according to canon 603: </p> <ul><li>Sr Scholastica Egan, writer on the eremitic vocation</li> <li>Sr Laurel M O'Neal, Er Dio, spiritual director, writer on eremitic life</li> <li>Hermits of Bethlehem, Chester, NJ (modern lavra)</li> <li>Fr Martin Suhartono, Er Dio, formerly Jesuit</li></ul> <p>Others: </p> <ul><li>Masafumi Nagasaki, Japan's "naked hermit," lived on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sotobanari" title="Sotobanari">Sotobanari</a> until he became ill and was forced to leave the island by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Le_Ber" title="Jeanne Le Ber">Jeanne Le Ber</a>, 17th/18th-century Canadian Catholic recluse, inspired the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Recluse_Sisters" title="Recluse Sisters">Recluse Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Beckett" title="Wendy Beckett">Wendy Beckett</a>, formerly of the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Notre_Dame_de_Namur" title="Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur">Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur</a>, was also a <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_virgin" title="Consecrated virgin">consecrated virgin</a>, lived in monastic solitude</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Doherty" title="Catherine Doherty">Catherine Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poustinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poustinia">poustinik</a>, foundress of the <a href="/wiki/Madonna_House_Apostolate" title="Madonna House Apostolate">Madonna House Apostolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a>, 19th/20th century, formerly <a href="/wiki/Trappist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trappist">Trappist monk</a>, inspired the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Little Brothers of Jesus">Little Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tyranowski" title="Jan Tyranowski">Jan Tyranowski</a>, spiritual mentor to the young Karol Wojtyla, who would eventually become <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li></ul> <p>Communities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Watchers" title="Order of Watchers">Order of Watchers</a>, a contemporary French <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> eremitic fraternity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermits_of_the_Most_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Hermits of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel">Hermits of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno" title="Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno">Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg/220px-Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg/330px-Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg/440px-Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhus</a>, Hindu hermits</figcaption></figure> <p>From a religious point of view, the solitary life is a form of <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>, wherein the hermit renounces worldly concerns and pleasures. This can be done for many reasons, including: to come closer to the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity or deities</a> they worship or revere, to devote one's energies to self-liberation from <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a>, etc. This practice appears also in ancient <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> also has a long history of ascetic and eremitic figures. In the ascetic eremitic life, the hermit seeks solitude for <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">contemplation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, self-awareness, and personal development on physical and mental levels, without the distractions of contact with human society, sex, or the need to maintain socially acceptable standards of cleanliness, dress, or communication. The ascetic discipline can also include a simplified diet and/or manual labor as a means of support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Hasidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidism">Hasidism</a>, lived for many years as a hermit in the Carpathian Mountains.</li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Bratzlav" class="mw-redirect" title="Nachman of Bratzlav">Nachman of Bratzlav</a>, the Baal Shem Tov's great-grandson, also spent much time in seclusion and instructed his disciples to set aside at least one hour a day for secluded contemplation and prayer. Some followers of Rabbi Nachman devoted themselves to seclusion, such as Rabbi Shmuel of Dashev and two generations later, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Chazan" title="Abraham Chazan">Abraham Chazan</a>.</li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yozel_Horowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Yozel Horowitz">Yosef Yozel Horowitz</a>, known as the "Alter (Elder) of Novardok", succeeded his master Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Salanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Yisrael Salanter">Yisrael Salanter</a> in disseminating the pietistic teachings of the Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Mussar_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussar Movement">Mussar Movement</a>. He too spent much time in seclusion, including one year during which he confined himself to a sealed room, attended by a few devoted followers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xuyun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Xuyun.jpg/170px-Xuyun.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Xuyun.jpg/255px-Xuyun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Xuyun.jpg/340px-Xuyun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hsu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsu Yun">Hsu Yun</a>, a renowned Chan Buddhist hermit</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U_Khandi" title="U Khandi">U Khandi</a>, religious figure in Burma who lived as a hermit and meditated at the Mandalay Thakho hill and Shwe-myin-tin hill.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun_Bhuridatta_Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta Thera">Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta Thera</a>, who is credited for establishing the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a>, spent his monastic life wandering through Thailand, Burma, and Laos, dwelling for the most part in the forest, engaged in the practice of meditation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luang_Pu_Waen_Suci%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87o" title="Luang Pu Waen Suciṇṇo">Luang Pu Waen Suciṇṇo</a>, highly respected monk of <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a>, who lived alone, practiced alone in forests, and preferred seclusion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka_Mahathera" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanatiloka Mahathera">Nyanatiloka Mahathera</a>, one of the earliest western Buddhist monks and founder of <a href="/wiki/Island_Hermitage" title="Island Hermitage">Island Hermitage</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Jayas%C4%81ro" title="Ajahn Jayasāro">Ajahn Jayasāro</a>, notable disciple of <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a>, living alone in Janamāra Hermitage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshida_Kenk%C5%8D" title="Yoshida Kenkō">Yoshida Kenkō</a>, Japanese author and Buddhist monk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsu Yun">Hsu Yun</a>, renowned <a href="/wiki/Ch%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ch'an">Ch'an</a> Buddhist monk in modern China era.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_(poet)" title="Hanshan (poet)">Hanshan</a>, Buddhist/Taoist hermit and poet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoism">Taoism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>, the semi-legendary author of the <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> and founder of philosophical <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, who is known in some traditions as having been a hermit.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Daoling" title="Zhang Daoling">Zhang Daoling</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Tianshi_Dao" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianshi Dao">Tianshi Dao</a>, retired and led a reclusive life at Mount Beimang, where he practiced Taoist methods to attain longevity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_notable_hermits">Other notable hermits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other notable hermits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wang Fu (Han dynasty)">Wang Fu</a> a Han dynasty recluse left society because of the eunuchs around the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period in history. He was a Confucian who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Qianfu_Lun" title="Qianfu Lun">Qianfu Lun</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Ziya" title="Jiang Ziya">Lü Shang</a> or the T'ai Kung lived in seclusion after King Zhou ignored him. He was a general who butchered cows in the street and fished with unique hooks or none at all. <a href="/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou" title="King Wen of Zhou">King Wen of Zhou</a> found him, and in some traditions wrote the <a href="/wiki/Six_Secret_Teachings" title="Six Secret Teachings">six secret teachings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Yin" title="Yi Yin">Yi Yin</a> severed King Jie of the Xia dynasty. He was ignored by society, planted fields, and loved to watch them grow. King Tang came and helped found the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>. Some say that he was a cook, which was how he won King Tang over, but <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> rejected this.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Bu" title="Lin Bu">Lin Bu</a> (林逋), a <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> poet who spent much of his later life in solitude, while admiring <a href="/wiki/Plum_blossom" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum blossom">plum blossoms</a>, on a cottage by <a href="/wiki/West_Lake" title="West Lake">West Lake</a> in Hangzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a>, the renowned Hindu philosopher and saint who meditated for several years at and around the hillside temple of <a href="/wiki/Thiruvannamalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvannamalai">Thiruvannamalai</a> in Southern India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Eisey" title="Ta Eisey">Ta Eisey</a>, the archetype of the hermit in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Khmer civilization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlando_Furioso_3_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Orlando_Furioso_3_crop.jpg/220px-Orlando_Furioso_3_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Orlando_Furioso_3_crop.jpg/330px-Orlando_Furioso_3_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Orlando_Furioso_3_crop.jpg/440px-Orlando_Furioso_3_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>In <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Furioso" title="Orlando Furioso">Orlando Furioso</a></i>, Angelica meets a hermit</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In medieval <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romances</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">knight-errant</a> frequently encounters hermits on his <a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">quest</a>. Such a figure, generally a <a href="/wiki/Wise_old_man" title="Wise old man">wise old man</a>, would advise him. Knights searching for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>, in particular, learn from a hermit the errors they must repent for, and the significance of their encounters, dreams, and visions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evil <a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">wizards</a> would sometimes pose as hermits, to explain their presence in the wilds, and to lure heroes into a false sense of security. In <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene" title="The Faerie Queene">The Faerie Queene</a></i>, both occurred: the knight on a quest met a good hermit, and the sorcerer <a href="/wiki/Archimago" title="Archimago">Archimago</a> took on such a pose.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hermits are sometimes also vegetarians for ascetic reasons, as suggested in a passage from <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Malory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Malory">Sir Thomas Malory</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_D%27Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Morte D'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a></i>: "Then departed Gawain and Ector as heavy (sad) as they might for their misadventure (mishap), and so rode till that they came to the rough mountain, and there they tied their horses and went on foot to the hermitage. And when they were (had) come up, they saw a poor house, and beside the chapel a little courtelage (courtyard), where Nacien the hermit gathered worts (vegetables), as he had tasted none other meat (food) of a great while."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> may have also existed amongst actual medieval hermits outside of literature.</li> <li>Hermits appear in a few of the stories of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Decameron" title="The Decameron">The Decameron</a></i>. One of the most famous stories, the tenth story of the third day, involves the seduction of a young girl by a hermit in the desert near <a href="/wiki/Gafsa" title="Gafsa">Gafsa</a>; it was judged to be so obscene that it was not translated into English until the 20th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Hermits" title="The Three Hermits">The Three Hermits</a> is a famous short story by Russian author Leo Tolstoy written in 1885 and first published in 1886, with its shock ending, featured the 3 hermits as the titular characters. The main character of <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a>'s short story "<a href="/wiki/Father_Sergius" title="Father Sergius">Father Sergius</a>" is a Russian nobleman who turns to a solitary religious life and becomes a hermit after he learns that his fiancée was a discarded mistress of the <a href="/wiki/Czar" class="mw-redirect" title="Czar">czar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, in his influential work, <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i>, created the character of the hermit Zarathustra (named after the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathushtra</a>), who emerges from seclusion to extol his philosophy to the rest of humanity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The 2022 BBC documentary <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hermit_of_Treig" title="The Hermit of Treig">The Hermit of Treig</a></i> follows Ken Smith, who has been a hermit for 40 years<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhutanga" title="Dhutanga">Dhutanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders" title="Enclosed religious orders">Enclosed religious orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_hermit" title="Garden hermit">Garden hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hermit_(Tarot_card)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hermit (Tarot card)">The Hermit (Tarot card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Forest_Tradition" title="Sri Lankan Forest Tradition">Sri Lankan Forest Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/hermit">"hermit definition - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com&rft.atitle=hermit+definition+-+Oxford+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fhermit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hermit">"hermit Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=hermit+Meaning+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fhermit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/hermit">"hermit - meaning of hermit in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English - LDOCE"</a>. <i>www.ldoceonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ldoceonline.com&rft.atitle=hermit+-+meaning+of+hermit+in+Longman+Dictionary+of+Contemporary+English+-+LDOCE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldoceonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhermit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marina Miladinov, <i>Margins of Solitude: Eremitism in Central Europe between East and West</i> (Zaghreb: Leykam International, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Deremita">eremita</a>, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, <i>A Latin Dictionary</i>, on Perseus project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29rhmi%2Fths">ἐρημίτης</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29rh%3Dmos">ἔρημος</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021003094121/http://www.monachos.net/monasticism/monastic_beginnings.shtml">"The Origins and Motivations of Monasticism"</a>. 3 October 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monachos.net/monasticism/monastic_beginnings.shtml">the original</a> on 2002-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Motivations+of+Monasticism&rft.date=2002-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monachos.net%2Fmonasticism%2Fmonastic_beginnings.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Licence, <i>Hermits and Recluses in English Society 950–1200</i>, (Oxford, 2011), p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. "A person who has withdrawn or secluded themself from the world; usually one who has done so for religious reasons, a recluse, a hermit."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McAvoy, LA., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ceU1Wa_2VZIC&q=cell">Anchoritic Traditions of Medieval Europe</a></i>, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2010, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyas, E., Edden, V. and Ellis, R., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPmVPjBu3nsC&q=cell&pg=PA3">Approaching Medieval English Anchoritic and Mystical Texts</a></i>, DS Brewer, 2005, pp. 10–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dubay, T., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZC13EV785MsC&dq=eremitic+catholic+canon&pg=PT71">And You Are Christ's: The Charism of Virginity and the Celibate Life</a></i>, Ignatius Press, 1987, Ch. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for instance Bamberg Anne, <i>Ermite reconnu par l’Église. Le c. 603 du code de droit canonique et la haute responsabilité de l’évêque diocésain</i>, in <i>Vie consacrée</i>, 74, 2002, p. 104–118 and <i>Entre théologie et droit canonique : l’ermite catholique face à l’obéissance</i>, in <i>Nouvelle revue théologique</i>, 125, 2003, p. 429–439 or <i>Eremiten und geweihtes Leben. Zur kanonischen Typologie</i>, in <i>Geist und Leben</i>, 78, 2005, p. 313–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607195634/http://www.fsje.org.uk/fsj.html">"Society of St John the Evangelist"</a>. Fellowship of St John Trust Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsje.org.uk/fsj.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Society+of+St+John+the+Evangelist&rft.pub=Fellowship+of+St+John+Trust+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsje.org.uk%2Ffsj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801034431/http://www.singleconsecratedlife-anglican.org.uk/solitaries.php">"Solitaries who are not members of a Religious community"</a>. Single Consecrated Life. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singleconsecratedlife-anglican.org.uk/solitaries.php">the original</a> on 1 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solitaries+who+are+not+members+of+a+Religious+community&rft.pub=Single+Consecrated+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singleconsecratedlife-anglican.org.uk%2Fsolitaries.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdvisory_Council_of_Relations_between_Bishops_and_Religious_Communities2004" class="citation book cs1">Advisory Council of Relations between Bishops and Religious Communities (2004). <i>Handbook of Religious Life</i> (Fifth (revised) ed.). London: Canterbury Press (published 2012). p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853116186" title="Special:BookSources/9781853116186"><bdi>9781853116186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Religious+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=194&rft.edition=Fifth+%28revised%29&rft.pub=Canterbury+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781853116186&rft.au=Advisory+Council+of+Relations+between+Bishops+and+Religious+Communities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jan/08/religion.world">"Britain's growing band of religious hermits"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 8 January 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Paul+of+Thebes+-+Christian+hermit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Paul-of-Thebes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillar2012" class="citation news cs1">Villar, Ruairidh (17 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-naked-hermit-idUSBRE83G0LW20120417">"Japanese island man lives as naked hermit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Japanese+island+man+lives+as+naked+hermit&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft.aulast=Villar&rft.aufirst=Ruairidh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-japan-naked-hermit-idUSBRE83G0LW20120417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUchida2014" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Uchida, Yuka (30 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/video/subtropical-solitude-123"><i>Japan's Naked Island Hermit</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Magazine">Vice Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Naked+Island+Hermit&rft.date=2014-12-30&rft.aulast=Uchida&rft.aufirst=Yuka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fvideo%2Fsubtropical-solitude-123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). <i>The Desk Encyclopedia of World History</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7"><bdi>978-0-7394-7809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desk+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinney1990" class="citation book cs1">Kinney, Anne Behnke (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fS1kAAAAMAAJ&q=Qianfu+Lun"><i>The Art of the Han Essay: Wang Fu's Ch'ien-fu Lun</i></a>. Center for Asian Studies, Arizona State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939252-23-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939252-23-7"><bdi>978-0-939252-23-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Han+Essay%3A+Wang+Fu%27s+Ch%27ien-fu+Lun&rft.pub=Center+for+Asian+Studies%2C+Arizona+State+University&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-939252-23-7&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Anne+Behnke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfS1kAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DQianfu%2BLun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDkbk6RUxwg">"Ft. Leavenworth Series – the Six Secret Teachings of Jiang Ziya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Ft.+Leavenworth+Series+%E2%80%93+the+Six+Secret+Teachings+of+Jiang+Ziya&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DcDkbk6RUxwg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfucius2014" class="citation book cs1">Confucius (2014-07-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=raE8AwAAQBAJ&q=book+of+documents+confucius"><i>The Most Venerable Book (Shang Shu)</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197040-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197040-0"><bdi>978-0-14-197040-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Venerable+Book+%28Shang+Shu%29&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft.isbn=978-0-14-197040-0&rft.au=Confucius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DraE8AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbook%2Bof%2Bdocuments%2Bconfucius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMencius2004" class="citation book cs1">Mencius (2004-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXcjJbxcUsoC&q=mencius+book"><i>Mencius</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190268-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190268-5"><bdi>978-0-14-190268-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mencius&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2004-10-28&rft.isbn=978-0-14-190268-5&rft.au=Mencius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoXcjJbxcUsoC%26q%3Dmencius%2Bbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFong2008" class="citation book cs1">Fong, Grace S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWBRWV8Zug0C"><i>Herself an author: gender, agency, and writing in late Imperial China</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3186-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-3186-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herself+an+author%3A+gender%2C+agency%2C+and+writing+in+late+Imperial+China&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3186-8&rft.aulast=Fong&rft.aufirst=Grace+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCWBRWV8Zug0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penelope Reed Doob, <i>The Idea of the Labyrinth: from Classical Antiquity through the Middle Ages</i>, pp. 179–81, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8000-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8000-0">0-8014-8000-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis, C. S.</a>, <i>Spenser's Images of Life</i>, p. 87, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir Thomas Malory, <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> 16.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phuong Le, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/mar/21/the-hermit-of-treig-review-a-tender-portrayal-of-a-gentle-highlands-recluse">"The Hermit of Treig review – a tender portrayal of a gentle Highlands recluse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 21 March 2022.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noah_Porter" title="Noah Porter">Porter, Noah</a>, ed. (1913). "Hermit". <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary#1913_edition" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Dictionary</a></i>. Springfield, Massachusetts: C. & G. Merriam Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hermit&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Dictionary&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=C.+%26+G.+Merriam+Co.&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Hermits"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Hermits">"Hermits" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hermits&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermit" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jones, E. A. <i>Hermits and Anchorites in England, 1200-1550</i> (Manchester University Press, 2019)</li> <li>Jotischky, Andrew. <i>A Hermit's Cookbook: Monks, Food and Fasting in the Middle Ages</i> (Continuum, 2011)</li> <li>Jotischky, Andrew. <i>The Perfection of Solitude: Hermits and Monks in the Crusader States</i> (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Leyser" title="Henrietta Leyser">Leyser, Henrietta</a>. <i>Hermits and the New Monasticism: A Study of Religious Communities in Western Europe, 1000-1150</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 1984)</li> <li>Riehle, Wolfgang. <i>The Secret Within: Hermits, Recluses, and Spiritual Outsiders in Medieval England</i> (Cornell University Press, 2014)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermit&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hermit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hermit">hermit</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfish.net/anchorites/clay_anchorites.html">Rotha Mary Clay, Full Text + Illustrations, The Hermits and Anchorites of England.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magiedubouddha.com/p_thai-lersi1-intl.php">The tradition of the Lersi Hermits</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/british-hermits-the-growing-lure-of-the-solitary-life-859656.html">British hermits: the growing lure of the solitary life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hermitary.com/">Resources and reflections on hermits and solitude</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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vow">Solemn vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_silence" title="Vow of silence">Vow of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_Enclosure" title="Vow of Enclosure">Vow of enclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_abbeys_and_priories" title="List of abbeys and priories">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">Chapter house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">Cloister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_monastery" title="Double monastery">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refectory" title="Refectory">Refectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">Scriptorium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">Habit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_clothing" title="Clerical clothing">Clerical clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">Coif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">Scapular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Vestment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_General_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a>/<a href="/wiki/Prioress" class="mw-redirect" title="Prioress">Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother (Christian)">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_monks" title="Basilian monks">Basilian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sister (Catholic)">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nun#Distinction_between_a_nun_and_a_religious_sister" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hermit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">Anchorite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_brother" title="Lay brother">Lay brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_(monastery)" title="Porter (monastery)">Porter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism#Christianity" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foolishness_for_Christ" title="Foolishness for Christ">Foolishness for Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">Tonsure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_discernment_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Vocational discernment in the Catholic Church">Vocational discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_cell" title="Monastic cell">Monastic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_institutes" title="List of religious institutes">List of religious institutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189829#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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