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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Location-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Location subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Processes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Processes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration_and_overwash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_and_overwash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Migration and overwash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_and_overwash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_width_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_width_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Critical width concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_width_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Formation theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formation theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formation_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offshore_bar_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offshore_bar_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Offshore bar theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offshore_bar_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spit_accretion_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spit_accretion_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Spit accretion theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spit_accretion_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submergence_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submergence_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Submergence theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submergence_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boulder_Bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boulder_Bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Boulder Bank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boulder_Bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wave-dominated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wave-dominated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Wave-dominated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wave-dominated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed-energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed-energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mixed-energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed-energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ecological importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99dd_adalar" title="Sədd adalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sədd adalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Бар’ерны востраў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бар’ерны востраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_barrera" title="Illa barrera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa barrera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari%C3%A9rov%C3%BD_ostrov" title="Bariérový ostrov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bariérový ostrov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrierekyst" title="Barrierekyst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Barrierekyst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriereinsel" title="Barriereinsel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barriereinsel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_barrera" title="Isla barrera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla barrera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="جزیره دیواره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزیره دیواره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_barri%C3%A8re" title="Île barrière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Île barrière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oile%C3%A1in_bhaic" title="Oileáin bhaic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oileáin bhaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%89%ED%96%89%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%84" title="평행사도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="평행사도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="बाधा द्वीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाधा द्वीप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zile_bary%C3%A8" title="Zile baryè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zile baryè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barri%C3%A8re-eiland" title="Barrière-eiland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Barrière-eiland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E5%B3%B6" title="バリアー島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バリアー島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspa_barierowa" title="Wyspa barierowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspa barierowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha-barreira" title="Ilha-barreira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha-barreira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Барьеровый остров – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Барьеровый остров" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Барьерные острова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Барьерные острова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Barrier island" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barri%C3%A4r%C3%B6" title="Barriärö – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barriärö" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariyer_ada" title="Bariyer ada – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bariyer ada" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%27%D1%94%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Бар'єрні 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Coastal dune landform that forms by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Barrier_island" title="Special:EditPage/Barrier island">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Barrier+island%22">"Barrier island"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Barrier+island%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Barrier+island%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Barrier+island%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Barrier+island%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Barrier+island%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Above_Mantoloking_(48015407501).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Above_Mantoloking_%2848015407501%29.jpg/220px-Above_Mantoloking_%2848015407501%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Above_Mantoloking_%2848015407501%29.jpg/330px-Above_Mantoloking_%2848015407501%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Above_Mantoloking_%2848015407501%29.jpg/440px-Above_Mantoloking_%2848015407501%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="2994" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mantoloking,_New_Jersey" title="Mantoloking, New Jersey">Mantoloking, New Jersey</a> rests on the barrier island of <a href="/wiki/Barnegat_Bay" title="Barnegat Bay">Barnegat Bay</a>. Note how the barrier island shields the inland Barnegat Bay (left) from the more powerful wave action of the open <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/220px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/330px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/440px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Barrier island contrasted with other coastal landforms</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Barrier islands</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Coast#Landforms" title="Coast">coastal landform</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dune system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand_island" title="Sand island">sand island</a>, where an area of <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> has been formed by <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">wave</a> and tidal action parallel to the mainland <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">islands</a> to more than a dozen. They are subject to change during storms and other action, but absorb energy and protect the coastlines and create areas of protected waters where <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> may flourish. A barrier chain may extend for hundreds of kilometers, with islands periodically separated by tidal <a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">inlets</a>. The largest barrier island in the world is <a href="/wiki/Padre_Island" title="Padre Island">Padre Island</a> of Texas, United States, at 113 miles (182 km) long.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes an important inlet may close permanently, transforming an island into a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a>, thus creating a <b>barrier peninsula</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Blevins_2017_p._3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blevins_2017_p._3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often including a <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a>, <b>barrier beach</b>. Though many are long and narrow, the length and width of barriers and overall morphology of barrier coasts are related to parameters including <a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">tidal range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wave_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave energy">wave energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea-level trends</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">basement controls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_144_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_144-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of vegetation on the barrier has a large impact on the height and evolution of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chains of barrier islands can be found along approximately 13-15% of the world's coastlines.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Q.H.T._2010,_p._292_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Q.H.T._2010,_p._292-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They display different settings, suggesting that they can form and be maintained in a variety of environments. Numerous theories have been given to explain their formation. </p><p>A human-made offshore structure constructed parallel to the shore is called a <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a>. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">coastal morphodynamics</a>, it acts similarly to a naturally occurring barrier island by dissipating and reducing the energy of the waves and currents striking the coast. Hence, it is an important aspect of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">coastal engineering</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constituent_parts">Constituent parts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Constituent parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Upper shoreface</dt></dl> <p>The shoreface is the part of the barrier where the ocean meets the shore of the island. The barrier island body itself separates the shoreface from the backshore and <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tidal_flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flat">tidal flat</a> area. Characteristics common to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_shoreface" title="Upper shoreface">upper shoreface</a> are fine sands with mud and possibly silt. Further out into the ocean the sediment becomes finer. The effect of waves at this point is weak because of the depth. <a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">Bioturbation</a> is common and many <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> can be found in upper shoreface deposits in the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">geologic record</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Middle shoreface</dt></dl> <p>The middle shoreface is located in the upper shoreface. The middle shoreface is strongly influenced by wave action because of its depth. Closer to shore the sand is medium-grained, with shell pieces common. Since wave action is heavier, bioturbation is not likely. </p> <dl><dt>Lower shoreface</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lower_shoreface" title="Lower shoreface">lower shoreface</a> is constantly affected by wave action. This results in development of herringbone <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary structure">sedimentary structures</a> because of the constant differing flow of waves. The sand is coarser. </p> <dl><dt>Foreshore</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Foreshore" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreshore">foreshore</a> is the area on land between high and low tide. Like the upper shoreface, it is constantly affected by wave action. <a href="/wiki/Cross-bedding" title="Cross-bedding">Cross-bedding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamination_(geology)" title="Lamination (geology)">lamination</a> are present and coarser sands are present because of the high energy present by the crashing of the waves. The sand is also very well <a href="/wiki/Sorting_(sediment)" title="Sorting (sediment)">sorted</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Backshore</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Backshore" title="Backshore">backshore</a> is always above the highest water level point. The <a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">berm</a> is also found here which marks the boundary between the foreshore and backshore. Wind is the important factor here, not water. During strong storms high waves and wind can deliver and erode sediment from the backshore. </p> <dl><dt>Dunes</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Dune#Coastal_dunes" title="Dune">Coastal dunes</a>, created by wind, are typical of a barrier island. They are located at the top of the backshore. The dunes will display characteristics of typical <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian</a> wind-blown dunes. The difference is that dunes on a barrier island typically contain coastal vegetation roots and marine bioturbation. </p> <dl><dt>Lagoon and tidal flats</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flat">tidal flat</a> area is located behind the dune and backshore area. Here the water is still, which allows fine silts, sands, and mud to settle out. Lagoons can become host to an <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">anaerobic</a> environment. This will allow high amounts of organic-rich mud to form. Vegetation is also common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barrier Islands can be observed on every continent on Earth, except Antarctica. They occur primarily in areas that are <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonically stable</a>, such as "trailing edge coasts" facing (moving away from) <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">ocean ridges</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">divergent boundaries</a> of tectonic plates, and around smaller <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">marine basins</a> such as the Mediterranean Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis16-8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis16-8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas with relatively small tides and ample sand supply favor <a href="#Formation_theories">barrier island formation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a>, on the east coast of Australia and directly east of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, is sheltered from the Pacific Ocean by a chain of very large barrier islands. Running north to south they are <a href="/wiki/Bribie_Island" title="Bribie Island">Bribie Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Island" title="Moreton Island">Moreton Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Stradbroke_Island" title="North Stradbroke Island">North Stradbroke Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Stradbroke_Island" title="South Stradbroke Island">South Stradbroke Island</a> (the last two used to be a single island until a storm created a channel between them in 1896). North Stradbroke Island is the second largest sand island in the world and Moreton Island is the third largest. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser Island">Fraser Island</a>, another barrier island lying 200 km north of Moreton Bay on the same coastline, is the largest sand island in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barrier islands are found most prominently on the United States' East and Gulf Coasts, where every state, from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> (East Coast) and from Florida to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf coast</a>), features at least part of a barrier island. Many have large numbers of barrier islands; Florida, for instance, had 29 (in 1997) in just 300 kilometres (190 mi) along the west (Gulf) coast of the Florida peninsula, plus about 20 others on the east coast and several barrier islands and spits along the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Panhandle">panhandle</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Padre_Island" title="Padre Island">Padre Island</a>, in Texas, is the world's longest barrier island; other well-known islands on the Gulf Coast include <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Island" title="Galveston Island">Galveston Island</a> in Texas and <a href="/wiki/Sanibel,_Florida" title="Sanibel, Florida">Sanibel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captiva,_Florida" title="Captiva, Florida">Captiva</a> Islands in Florida. Those on the East Coast include <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach</a> in Florida; <a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Island" title="Hatteras Island">Hatteras Island</a> in North Carolina; <a href="/wiki/Assateague_Island" title="Assateague Island">Assateague Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Absecon_Island" title="Absecon Island">Absecon Island</a> in New Jersey, where <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a> is located; and <a href="/wiki/Jones_Beach_Island" title="Jones Beach Island">Jones Beach Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_Island" title="Fire Island">Fire Island</a>, both off <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> in New York. No barrier islands are found on the Pacific Coast of the United States due to the rocky shore and short continental shelf, but barrier peninsulas can be found. Barrier islands can also be seen on <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>'s Arctic coast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barrier Islands can also be found in Maritime Canada, and other places along the coast. A good example is found at <a href="/wiki/Miramichi_Bay" title="Miramichi Bay">Miramichi Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, where Portage Island as well as Fox Island and Hay Island protect the inner bay from storms in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mexico's Gulf of Mexico coast has numerous barrier islands and barrier peninsulas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barrier islands are more prevalent in the north of both of New Zealand's main islands. Notable barrier islands in New Zealand include <a href="/wiki/Matakana_Island" title="Matakana Island">Matakana Island</a>, which guards the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Tauranga_Harbour" title="Tauranga Harbour">Tauranga Harbour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Island,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbit Island, New Zealand">Rabbit Island</a>, at the southern end of <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Bay" title="Tasman Bay">Tasman Bay</a>. See also Nelson Harbour's <a href="/wiki/Boulder_Bank" title="Boulder Bank">Boulder Bank</a>, below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vypin" title="Vypin">Vypin</a> Island in the Southwest coast of India in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> is 27 km long. It is also one of the most densely populated islands in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indonesian Barrier Islands lie off the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. From north to south along this coast they include <a href="/wiki/Simeulue" title="Simeulue">Simeulue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Banyak_Islands" title="Banyak Islands">Banyak Islands</a> (chiefly <a href="/wiki/Tuangku" title="Tuangku">Tuangku</a> and Bangkaru), <a href="/wiki/Nias" title="Nias">Nias</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Batu_Islands" title="Batu Islands">Batu Islands</a> (notably Pini, Tanahmasa and Tanahbala), the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentawai Islands">Mentawai Islands</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Siberut" title="Siberut">Siberut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sipura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipura">Sipura</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Pagai" title="North Pagai">North Pagai</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Pagai" title="South Pagai">South Pagai</a> Islands) and <a href="/wiki/Enggano_Island" title="Enggano Island">Enggano Island</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barrier islands can be observed in the Baltic Sea from Poland to Lithuania as well as distinctly in the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadden Islands">Wadden Islands</a>, which stretch from the Netherlands to Denmark. <a href="/wiki/Lido_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido di Venezia">Lido di Venezia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pellestrina" title="Pellestrina">Pellestrina</a> are notable barrier islands of the <a href="/wiki/Lagoon_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagoon of Venice">Lagoon of Venice</a> which have for centuries protected the city of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Chesil_Beach" title="Chesil Beach">Chesil Beach</a> on the south coast of England developed as a barrier beach.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrier beaches are also found in the north of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Azov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black seas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes">Processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_and_overwash">Migration and overwash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Migration and overwash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water levels may be higher than the island during storm events. This situation can lead to <a href="/wiki/Overwash" title="Overwash">overwash</a>, which brings sand from the front of the island to the top and/or landward side of the island. This process leads to the evolution and migration of the barrier island.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenzo-TruebaAshton2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenzo-TruebaAshton2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_width_concept">Critical width concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Critical width concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barrier islands are often formed to have a certain width. The term "critical width concept" has been discussed with reference to barrier islands, overwash, and washover deposits since the 1970s. The concept basically states that overwash processes were effective in migration of the barrier only where the barrier width is less than a critical value. The island did not narrow below these values because overwash was effective at transporting sediment over the barrier island, thereby keeping pace with the rate of ocean shoreline recession. Sections of the island with greater widths experienced washover deposits that did not reach the bayshore, and the island narrowed by ocean shoreline recession until it reached the critical width. The only process that widened the barrier beyond the critical width was breaching, formation of a partially subaerial flood shoal, and subsequent inlet closure.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critical barrier width can be defined as the smallest cross-shore dimension that minimizes net loss of sediment from the barrier island over the defined project lifetime. The magnitude of critical width is related to sources and sinks of sand in the system, such as the volume stored in the dunes and the net long-shore and cross-shore sand transport, as well as the island elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of critical width is important for large-scale barrier island restoration, in which islands are reconstructed to optimum height, width, and length for providing protection for estuaries, bays, marshes and mainland beaches.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_theories">Formation theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Formation theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_Island_Landsat_Mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Long_Island_Landsat_Mosaic.jpg/220px-Long_Island_Landsat_Mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Long_Island_Landsat_Mosaic.jpg/330px-Long_Island_Landsat_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Long_Island_Landsat_Mosaic.jpg/440px-Long_Island_Landsat_Mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Outer_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer barrier">Outer barrier</a> in Long Island</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baie_de_Mobile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Baie_de_Mobile.jpg/220px-Baie_de_Mobile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Baie_de_Mobile.jpg/330px-Baie_de_Mobile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Baie_de_Mobile.jpg/440px-Baie_de_Mobile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi%E2%80%93Alabama_barrier_islands" title="Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands">Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands</a> guarding <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Sound" title="Mississippi Sound">Mississippi Sound</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Scientists have proposed numerous explanations for the formation of barrier islands for more than 150 years. There are three major theories: offshore bar, spit accretion, and submergence.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_144_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_144-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No single theory can explain the development of all barriers, which are distributed extensively along the world's coastlines. Scientists accept the idea that barrier islands, including other barrier types, can form by a number of different mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_147_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_147-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There appears to be some general requirements for formation. Barrier island systems develop most easily on wave-dominated coasts with a small to moderate tidal range. Coasts are classified into three groups based on <a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">tidal range</a>: microtidal, 0–2 meter tidal range; mesotidal, 2–4 meter tidal range; and macrotidal, >4 meter tidal range. Barrier islands tend to form primarily along microtidal coasts, where they tend to be well developed and nearly continuous. They are less frequently formed in mesotidal coasts, where they are typically short with tidal inlets common. Barrier islands are very rare along macrotidal coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with a small tidal range and a wave-dominated coast, there must be a relatively low gradient shelf. Otherwise, sand accumulation into a sandbar would not occur and instead would be dispersed throughout the shore. An ample sediment supply is also a requirement for barrier island formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Q.H.T._2010,_p._292_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Q.H.T._2010,_p._292-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often includes <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial deposits">fluvial deposits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacial_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial deposits">glacial deposits</a>. The last major requirement for barrier island formation is a stable sea level. It is especially important for sea level to remain relatively unchanged during barrier island formation and growth. If <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level changes</a> are too drastic, time will be insufficient for wave action to accumulate sand into a dune, which will eventually become a barrier island through <a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">aggradation</a>. The formation of barrier islands requires a constant sea level so that waves can concentrate the sand into one location.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offshore_bar_theory">Offshore bar theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Offshore bar theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1845 the Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Elie_de_Beaumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Elie de Beaumont">Elie de Beaumont</a> published an account of barrier formation. He believed that waves moving into shallow water churned up sand, which was deposited in the form of a submarine <a href="/wiki/Bar_(landform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar (landform)">bar</a> when the waves broke and lost much of their energy. As the bars developed vertically, they gradually rose above sea level, forming barrier islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis16-8_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis16-8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several barrier islands have been observed forming by this process along the Gulf coast of the Florida peninsula, including: the North and South Anclote Bars associated with <a href="/wiki/Anclote_Key" title="Anclote Key">Anclote Key</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_Rooker_Island" title="Three Rooker Island">Three Rooker Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_Key_Preserve" title="Shell Key Preserve">Shell Key</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_De_Soto_Park#South_Bunces_Key" title="Fort De Soto Park">South Bunces Key</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spit_accretion_theory">Spit accretion theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spit accretion theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American geologist <a href="/wiki/Grove_Karl_Gilbert" title="Grove Karl Gilbert">Grove Karl Gilbert</a> first argued in 1885 that the barrier sediments came from longshore sources. He proposed that sediment moving in the breaker zone through agitation by waves in <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a> would construct <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">spits</a> extending from <a href="/wiki/Headlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Headlands">headlands</a> parallel to the coast. The subsequent breaching of spits by storm waves would form barrier islands.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submergence_theory">Submergence theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Submergence theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isles_Dernieres.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Isles_Dernieres.gif/220px-Isles_Dernieres.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Isles_Dernieres.gif/330px-Isles_Dernieres.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Isles_Dernieres.gif/440px-Isles_Dernieres.gif 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Last_Island_(Louisiana)" title="Last Island (Louisiana)">Isles Dernieres</a> in 1853 and 1978. Wave action detaches Isles Dernieres from the mainland.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_John_McGee" title="William John McGee">William John McGee</a> reasoned in 1890 that the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a> and Gulf coasts of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> were undergoing submergence, as evidenced by the many drowned river valleys that occur along these coasts, including <a href="/wiki/Raritan_Bay" title="Raritan Bay">Raritan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Bay" title="Delaware Bay">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake</a> bays. He believed that during submergence, coastal ridges were separated from the mainland, and lagoons formed behind the ridges.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi%E2%80%93Alabama_barrier_islands" title="Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands">Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands</a> (consists of <a href="/wiki/Cat_Island_(Mississippi)" title="Cat Island (Mississippi)">Cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship_Island_(Mississippi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship Island (Mississippi)">Ship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_Island_(Mississippi)" title="Horn Island (Mississippi)">Horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petit_Bois_Island_(Mississippi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit Bois Island (Mississippi)">Petit Bois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Dauphin Island">Dauphin</a> Islands) as an example where coastal submergence formed barrier islands. His interpretation was later shown to be incorrect when the ages of the coastal stratigraphy and sediment were more accurately determined.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, former lobes of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> delta have been reworked by wave action, forming beach ridge complexes. Prolonged sinking of the marshes behind the barriers has converted these former vegetated wetlands to open-water areas. In a period of 125 years, from 1853 to 1978, two small semi-protected bays behind the barrier developed as the large water body of Lake Pelto, leading to <a href="/wiki/Isles_Dernieres" class="mw-redirect" title="Isles Dernieres">Isles Dernieres</a>'s detachment from the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_147_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_147-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boulder_Bank">Boulder Bank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Boulder Bank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An unusual natural structure in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> may give clues to the formation processes of barrier islands. The <a href="/wiki/Boulder_Bank" title="Boulder Bank">Boulder Bank</a>, at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson Haven</a> at the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>, is a unique 13 km-long stretch of rocky substrate a few metres in width. It is not strictly a barrier island, as it is linked to the mainland at one end. The Boulder Bank is composed of <a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">granodiorite</a> from Mackay Bluff, which lies close to the point where the bank joins the mainland. It is still debated what process or processes have resulted in this odd structure, though <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a> is the most accepted hypothesis. Studies have been conducted since 1892 to determine the speed of boulder movement. Rates of the top-course gravel movement have been estimated at 7.5 metres a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_Boulder_Bank_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_Boulder_Bank-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richard Davis distinguishes two types of barrier islands, wave-dominated and mixed-energy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wave-dominated">Wave-dominated</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wave-dominated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wave-dominated barrier islands are long, low, and narrow, and usually are bounded by unstable <a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">inlets</a> at either end. The presence of longshore currents caused by waves approaching the island at an angle will carry sediment long, extending the island. Longshore currents, and the resultant extension, are usually in one direction, but in some circumstances the currents and extensions can occur towards both ends of the island (as occurs on <a href="/wiki/Anclote_Key" title="Anclote Key">Anclote Key</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_Rooker_Island" title="Three Rooker Island">Three Rooker Bar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sand_Key_(barrier_island)" title="Sand Key (barrier island)">Sand Key</a>, on the Gulf Coast of Florida). <a href="/wiki/Overwash" title="Overwash">Washover fans</a> on the lagoon side of barriers, where <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surges</a> have over-topped the island, are common, especially on younger barrier islands. Wave-dominated barriers are also susceptible to being breached by storms, creating new inlets. Such inlets may close as sediment is carried in them by longshore currents, but may become permanent if the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_prism" title="Tidal prism">tidal prism</a> (volumn and force of tidal flow) is large enough. Older barrier islands that have accumulated dunes are less subject to washovers and opening of inlets. Wave-dominated islands require an abundant supply of sediment to grow and develop dunes. If a barrier island does not receive enough sediment to grow, repeated washovers from storms will migrate the island towards the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed-energy">Mixed-energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mixed-energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_1_-_Map_of_Jekyll_Island.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Figure_1_-_Map_of_Jekyll_Island.png/220px-Figure_1_-_Map_of_Jekyll_Island.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Figure_1_-_Map_of_Jekyll_Island.png/330px-Figure_1_-_Map_of_Jekyll_Island.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Figure_1_-_Map_of_Jekyll_Island.png/440px-Figure_1_-_Map_of_Jekyll_Island.png 2x" data-file-width="2277" data-file-height="3483" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jekyll_Island" title="Jekyll Island">Jekyll Island</a>, in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wave-dominated barrier islands may eventually develop into mixed-energy barrier islands. Mixed-energy barrier islands are molded by both wave energy and tidal flux. The flow of a tidal prism moves sand. Sand accumulates at both the inshore and off shore sides of an inlet, forming a flood delta or shoal on the bay or lagoon side of the inlet (from sand carried in on a flood tide), and an ebb delta or shoal on the open water side (from sand carried out by an ebb tide). Large tidal prisms tend to produce large ebb shoals, which may rise enough to be exposed at low tide. Ebb shoals refract waves approaching the inlet, locally reversing the longshore current moving sand along the coast. This can modify the ebb shoal into swash bars, which migrate into the end of the island up current from the inlet, adding to the barrier's width near the inlet (creating a "drumstick" barrier island). This process captures sand that is carried by the longshore current, preventing it from reaching the downcurrent side of the inlet, starving that island.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Islands" title="Sea Islands">Sea Islands</a> in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> are relatively wide compared to their shore-parallel length. <a href="/wiki/Siesta_Key,_Florida" title="Siesta Key, Florida">Siesta Key, Florida</a> has a characteristic drumstick shape, with a wide portion at the northern end near the mouth of Phillipi Creek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecological_importance">Ecological importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ecological importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barrier islands are critically important in mitigating ocean swells and other storm events for the water systems on the mainland side of the barrier island, as well as protecting the coastline. This effectively creates a unique environment of relatively low energy, <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a>. Multiple wetland systems such as lagoons, estuaries, and/or marshes can result from such conditions depending on the surroundings. They are typically rich habitats for a variety of flora and fauna. Without barrier islands, these wetlands could not exist; they would be destroyed by daily ocean waves and tides as well as ocean storm events. One of the most prominent examples is the <a href="/wiki/Category:Barrier_islands_of_Louisiana" title="Category:Barrier islands of Louisiana">Louisiana barrier islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_Barrier_Island" title="North Frisian Barrier Island">North Frisian Barrier Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Barrier_Islands" title="Virginia Barrier Islands">Virginia Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Barrier_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Barrier Islands">New York Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_barrier_islands" title="Texas barrier islands">Texas barrier islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Islands" title="Sea Islands">Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach_Island" title="Long Beach Island">Long Beach Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Head_Island,_North_Carolina" title="Bald Head Island, North Carolina">Bald Head Island</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Commerce" class="citation web cs1">US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/barrier-islands.html">"What is a barrier island?"</a>. <i>oceanservice.noaa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oceanservice.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=What+is+a+barrier+island%3F&rft.aulast=US+Department+of+Commerce&rft.aufirst=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceanservice.noaa.gov%2Ffacts%2Fbarrier-islands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrison, J.R., Jr., Williams, J., Potter Miller, S., Weber, E.T., II, McMechan, G., and Zeng, X., 2010, "Ground-penetrating radar study of North Padre Island; Implications for barrier island interval architecture, model for growth of progradational microtidal barrier islands, and Gulf of Mexico sea-level cyclicity:" <i>Journal of Sedimentary Research,' v. 80, p. 303–319.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blevins_2017_p._3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blevins_2017_p._3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlevins2017" class="citation book cs1">Blevins, D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>North Carolina's Barrier Islands: Wonders of Sand, Sea, and Sky</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3250-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3250-6"><bdi>978-1-4696-3250-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Carolina%27s+Barrier+Islands%3A+Wonders+of+Sand%2C+Sea%2C+and+Sky&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-3250-6&rft.aulast=Blevins&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_EUDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_144-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_144_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_144_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis & FitzGerald (2004), p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurán_VinentMoore2015" class="citation journal cs1">Durán Vinent, Orencio; Moore, Laura J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/1257b286c">"Barrier island bistability induced by biophysical interactions"</a>. <i>Nature Climate Change</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 158–162. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCC...5..158D">2015NatCC...5..158D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnclimate2474">10.1038/nclimate2474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Barrier+island+bistability+induced+by+biophysical+interactions&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=158-162&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnclimate2474&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCC...5..158D&rft.aulast=Dur%C3%A1n+Vinent&rft.aufirst=Orencio&rft.au=Moore%2C+Laura+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdr.lib.unc.edu%2Fdownloads%2F1257b286c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_Q.H.T._2010,_p._292-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Q.H.T._2010,_p._292_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Q.H.T._2010,_p._292_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Q.H.T., Heap, A.D., and Nichol, S.L., 2010, "Origin and formation of an estuarine barrier island, Tapora Island, New Zealand:" <i>Journal of Coastal Research,</i> v. 26, p. 292–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis16-8-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis16-8_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis16-8_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis (2016), p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1997" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Richard R. Jr. (1997). "Geology of the Florida Coast". In Randazzo, Anthony F.; Jones, Douglas S. (eds.). <i>The Geology of Florida</i>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 158, 162, 166–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1496-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1496-4"><bdi>0-8130-1496-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geology+of+the+Florida+Coast&rft.btitle=The+Geology+of+Florida&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pages=158%2C+162%2C+166-167&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8130-1496-4&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudie1990" class="citation book cs1">Goudie, Andrew (1990). <i>The Landforms of England and Wales</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17306-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17306-4"><bdi>0-631-17306-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Landforms+of+England+and+Wales&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell+Ltd&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-631-17306-4&rft.aulast=Goudie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorenzo-TruebaAshton2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lorenzo-TruebaAshton2014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzo-TruebaAshton,_A.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenzo-Trueba, J.; Ashton, A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/6714/1/jgrf20235.pdf">"Rollover, drowning, and discontinuous retreat: Distinct modes of barrier response to sea-level rise arising from a simple morphodynamic model"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>. <b>119</b> (4): 779–801. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRF..119..779L">2014JGRF..119..779L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2013JF002941">10.1002/2013JF002941</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1912%2F6714">1912/6714</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54010731">54010731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Earth+Surface&rft.atitle=Rollover%2C+drowning%2C+and+discontinuous+retreat%3A+Distinct+modes+of+barrier+response+to+sea-level+rise+arising+from+a+simple+morphodynamic+model&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=779-801&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1912%2F6714&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54010731%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2013JF002941&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JGRF..119..779L&rft.aulast=Lorenzo-Trueba&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Ashton%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdarchive.mblwhoilibrary.org%2Fbitstream%2F1912%2F6714%2F1%2Fjgrf20235.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeatherman1976" class="citation journal cs1">Leatherman, S.P (1976). "Barrier island migration: an assessment of the overwash process". <i>Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs</i>. <b>8</b>: 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Abstracts+with+Programs&rft.atitle=Barrier+island+migration%3A+an+assessment+of+the+overwash+process&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=215&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Leatherman&rft.aufirst=S.P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosati2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rosati, J.D (2009). "Concepts for Functional Restoration of Barrier Islands" (Engineer research and development center vicksburg ms environmental lab).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Concepts+for+Functional+Restoration+of+Barrier+Islands&rft.issue=Engineer+research+and+development+center+vicksburg+ms+environmental+lab&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rosati&rft.aufirst=J.D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosatiDeanStone2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rosati, J.D; Dean, R.G; Stone, G.W (2007). "Morphologic evolution of subsiding barrier island systems". <i>Proceedings 30th International Coastal Engineering Conference, World Scientific Press, in Press</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+30th+International+Coastal+Engineering+Conference%2C+World+Scientific+Press%2C+in+Press&rft.atitle=Morphologic+evolution+of+subsiding+barrier+island+systems&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rosati&rft.aufirst=J.D&rft.au=Dean%2C+R.G&rft.au=Stone%2C+G.W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_147-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_147_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_147_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis & FitzGerald (2004), p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boggs, S., Jr., 2012, <i>Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy:</i> New Jersey, Pearson Education, Inc., 585 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coastal Services Center, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csc.noaa.gov/beachnourishment/html/geo/barrier.htm">NOAA's Coastal Services Center Barrier Islands: Formation and Evolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808200102/http://www.csc.noaa.gov/beachnourishment/html/geo/barrier.htm">Archived</a> August 8, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed April 10, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis (2016), pp. 43–51, 53–54, 66–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis & FitzGerald (2004), pp. 144–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis & FitzGerald (2004), p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morton, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson_Boulder_Bank-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_Boulder_Bank_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._R._Johnson2001" class="citation journal cs1">M. R. Johnson (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00288306.2001.9514924">"Nelson Boulder Bank"</a>. <i>New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics</i>. <b>44</b>: 79–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00288306.2001.9514924">10.1080/00288306.2001.9514924</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129743083">129743083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Geology+and+Geophysics&rft.atitle=Nelson+Boulder+Bank&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=79-88&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00288306.2001.9514924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129743083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=M.+R.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00288306.2001.9514924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis (2016), pp. 11–13, 23, 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis (2016), pp. 13–16, 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone, G.W., and McBride, R.A., 1998, "Louisiana barrier islands and their importance in wetland protection: forecasting shoreline change and subsequent response of wave climate:" <i>Journal of Coastal Research,</i> v. 14, p. 900–915.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisFitzGerald2004" class="citation cs2">Davis, Richard A. Jr.; FitzGerald, Duncan M. (2004), <i>Beaches and Coasts</i>, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-04308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-04308-8"><bdi>978-0-632-04308-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beaches+and+Coasts&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-632-04308-8&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.+Jr.&rft.au=FitzGerald%2C+Duncan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2016" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Richard A. Jr. (2016). <i>Barrier Islands of the Florida Gulf Coast Peninsula</i>. Sarasota, Florida: <a href="/wiki/Pineapple_Press" title="Pineapple Press">Pineapple Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-8085" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-8085"><bdi>978-1-56164-8085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barrier+Islands+of+the+Florida+Gulf+Coast+Peninsula&rft.place=Sarasota%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Pineapple+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-56164-8085&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2007" class="citation cs2">Morton, Robert A. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1161/OFR-2007-1161-screen.pdf">"Historical Changes in the Mississippi-Alabama Barrier Islands and the Roles of Extreme Storms, Sea level, and human activities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>USGS Report</i>, Open-File Report, U. S. Geological Survey: 43, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007usgs.rept...43M">2007usgs.rept...43M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fofr20071161">10.3133/ofr20071161</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USGS+Report&rft.atitle=Historical+Changes+in+the+Mississippi-Alabama+Barrier+Islands+and+the+Roles+of+Extreme+Storms%2C+Sea+level%2C+and+human+activities&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Fofr20071161&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007usgs.rept...43M&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fof%2F2007%2F1161%2FOFR-2007-1161-screen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarrier+island" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrier_island&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">geography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coastal_geography" title="Template talk:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coastal_geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_geography" title="Category:Coastal geography">Category</a></li></ul> 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