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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-opnemer" title="DVD-opnemer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="DVD-opnemer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravador_DVD" title="Gravador DVD – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gravador DVD" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenner_(Hardware)#DVD-Brenner" title="Brenner (Hardware) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brenner (Hardware)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabadora_de_DVD" title="Grabadora de DVD – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grabadora de DVD" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perakam_DVD" title="Perakam DVD – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perakam DVD" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvd-recorder" title="Dvd-recorder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dvd-recorder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="DVDレコーダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="DVDレコーダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagrywarka_DVD_(komputerowa)" title="Nagrywarka DVD (komputerowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nagrywarka DVD (komputerowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravador_de_DVD" title="Gravador de DVD – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gravador de DVD" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="DVD-рекордер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DVD-рекордер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-soitin#Tallentavat_DVD-soittimet" title="DVD-soitin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DVD-soitin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1414962#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about DVD recorders. For a list of recordable DVD formats, see <a href="/wiki/DVD_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD formats">DVD formats</a>. For DVD writers, see <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">optical disc drive</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/DVD_recorder" title="Special:EditPage/DVD recorder">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22DVD+recorder%22">"DVD recorder"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22DVD+recorder%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22DVD+recorder%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22DVD+recorder%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22DVD+recorder%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22DVD+recorder%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panasonic_DMR-EH60_20060312.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panasonic_DMR-EH60_20060312.jpg/400px-Panasonic_DMR-EH60_20060312.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panasonic_DMR-EH60_20060312.jpg/600px-Panasonic_DMR-EH60_20060312.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panasonic_DMR-EH60_20060312.jpg/800px-Panasonic_DMR-EH60_20060312.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">DVR</a> with built-in DVD recorder.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>DVD recorder</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical disc recorder">optical disc recorder</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">optical disc recording technologies</a> to <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digitally record</a> <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(signal_processing)" title="Digital signal (signal processing)">digital signals</a> onto blank writable <a href="/wiki/DVD_recordable" title="DVD recordable">DVD media</a>. Such devices are available as either installable drives for computers or as standalone components for use in <a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">television studios</a> or <a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">home theater systems</a>. </p><p>As of March 1, 2007 all new <a href="/wiki/Tuner_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuner (television)">tuner</a>-equipped television devices manufactured or imported in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> must include an <a href="/wiki/ATSC_tuner" title="ATSC tuner">ATSC tuner</a>. The US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) has interpreted this rule broadly, including apparatus such as computers with <a href="/wiki/TV_tuner_card" title="TV tuner card">TV tuner cards</a> with <a href="/wiki/Video_capture" title="Video capture">video capture</a> ability, <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">videocassette recorders</a> and standalone DVD recorders. <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> DVD recorders are undergoing a transformation, either adding a digital ATSC tuner or removing over-the-air <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a> tuner capability entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these DVD recorders can still record <a href="/wiki/Analog_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog audio">analog audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog video">analog video</a>. </p><p>Standalone DVD recorders, alongside Blu-ray recorders, have been relatively scarce in the United States due largely to "restrictions on video recording" and <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">piracy</a> concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first DVD recorders appeared on the market in 1999–2000.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_information">Technical information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DVD_recorder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technical information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_DVD-RW_optics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Detail_of_DVD-RW_optics.png/220px-Detail_of_DVD-RW_optics.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Detail_of_DVD-RW_optics.png/330px-Detail_of_DVD-RW_optics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Detail_of_DVD-RW_optics.png/440px-Detail_of_DVD-RW_optics.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>DVD-RW optics</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> recorders supported one of three standards: <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a> (using <a href="/wiki/DVD-VR" title="DVD-VR">DVD-VR</a>), and <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a> (using <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BVR" title="DVD+VR">DVD+VR</a>), none of which are directly compatible. Most current <a href="/wiki/DVD_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD drive">DVD drives</a> support both the + and - standards, while few support the <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a> standard, which is not directly compatible with standard DVD drives. </p><p>Recording speed is generally denoted in values of X (similar to <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> usage), where 1X in DVD usage is equal to 1.321 MB/s, roughly equivalent to a 9X CD-ROM. In practice, this is largely confined to computer-based DVD recorders, since standalone units generally record in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real time</a>, that is, 1X speed. </p><p>Recorders use a <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> (usually 650 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> red) to read and write DVDs. The reading laser is usually not stronger than 5 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">mW</a>, while the writing laser is considerably more powerful. The faster the writing speed is rated, the stronger the laser. DVD burner lasers often peak at about 100-400 mW in continuous wave (some are pulsed). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer-based_DVD_(Digital_Versatile_Disc)_drives"><span id="Computer-based_DVD_.28Digital_Versatile_Disc.29_drives"></span>Computer-based DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) drives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DVD_recorder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Computer-based DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) drives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drive</a></div> <p>DVD recorder drives are standard equipment in many computer systems on the market, after being initially popularized by the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple</a> <a href="/wiki/SuperDrive" title="SuperDrive">SuperDrive</a>; aftermarket drives can cost as little as $20.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DVD recorder drives can be used in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/DVD_authoring" title="DVD authoring">DVD authoring</a> software to create DVDs near or equal to commercial quality, and are also widely used for data backup and exchange. As a general rule, computer-based DVD recorders can also handle <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a> media; in fact, a number of standalone DVD recorders use drives designed for computers. </p><p>More recently, manufacturers have begun to phase out DVD drives from <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> computers in favor of portability and digital media.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most internal drives are designed with <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> interfaces, with <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Technology Attachment">parallel ATA</a> becoming increasingly rare. External drives often use the <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> standard for connectivity. </p><p>DVD recorder drives manufactured since January 2000 are required by the DVD consortium to respect <a href="/wiki/DVD_region_code" title="DVD region code">DVD region codes</a> when reading a disc. The drives are incapable of assigning region codes when writing a disc as this is stored on a part of the disc to which PC based and standalone video recorders do not have write access. </p><p>DVD duplication systems are generally built out of stacks of drives, connected through a computer-based <a href="/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standalone_DVD_recorders">Standalone DVD recorders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DVD_recorder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Standalone DVD recorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the standalone DVD recorder first appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> consumer market in 1999, early units were very expensive, costing between $2500 and $4000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>. More recently, DVD recorders from notable brands have dropped in price. Early units supported only <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a> discs, but newer units can record to <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a>. Certain models include mechanical <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital video recorders">digital video recorders</a> (DVRs) to improve ease of use. Standalone DVD recorders generally have basic <a href="/wiki/DVD_authoring" title="DVD authoring">DVD authoring</a> software built in. </p><p>In 2009, Panasonic introduced the world's first <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray disc</a> recorder which was capable of recording both DVDs and Blu-ray discs and featured built in satellite HDTV tuners. A year later, Panasonic introduced Blu-ray disc recorders with terrestrial HDTV tuners. </p><p>DVD recorders have technical advantages over VCRs, including: <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Superior video and audio quality</li> <li>Easy-to-handle smaller form-factor disc media, and higher durability compared to <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a></li> <li>Random access to video chapters without rewinding or fast-forwarding (serial access)</li> <li>Onscreen multilingual subtitles and labeling not available on VCRs</li> <li>No playback wear and tear</li> <li>High-quality digital copying, with little or no <a href="/wiki/Generation_loss" title="Generation loss">generational quality loss</a></li> <li>Improved editing on rewritable media</li> <li>Playlisting</li> <li>No risk of accidentally recording over existing content or unexpectedly running out of space during recording</li> <li>Easily accessible recordings as a result of chapter menus</li></ul> <p>Note: Blu-ray disc recorders can record full high definition videos on BD-Rs and BD-REs. </p><p>Disadvantages include: <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Slow initial access/load times due to the optical nature of the disc</li> <li>Limited rewritability on DVD-RW/+RW discs (typically around 1000). DVD-RAM is better suited for high frequency re-recording (around 100,000 rewrites)</li> <li>Relatively short life of the laser diodes (average of about 2 years depending on usage).</li></ul> <p>In addition, DVDs recorded with DVD recorders in the standard DVD format must be <a href="/wiki/Finalize_(optical_discs)" title="Finalize (optical discs)">finalized</a> to view in other DVD players. This disadvantage does not apply to discs recorded in the newer and more flexible <a href="/wiki/DVD-VR" title="DVD-VR">DVD-VR</a> format or the <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BVR" title="DVD+VR">DVD+VR</a> format - the latter (but not the former) also being compatible with DVD players. The implementation of <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> compression used on most standalone DVD recorders is required to compress the picture data in real time, producing results that may not be up to par with professionally rendered DVD video, which can take days to compress. </p><p>Standard definition VCR replacement DVD video recorders typically has a set of standard recording modes for fitting 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 hour modes (XP, SP, LP, EP, SLP, SEP, respectively) on single layer 12 cm discs (DVD5).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These modes are comparable to those found on VHS VCRs using standard 120-tapes, having SP, LP, SLP modes of 2, 4, 6 hour. </p><p>The United States converted its over-the-air television broadcasts to digital "ATSC" in June 2009. This will have a limited impact in ending the need for DVD recorders to perform realtime MPEG-2 encoding or transcoding. The only setup where ATSC could eliminate MPEG-2 encoding/transcoding in a DVD recorder would be where an antenna is hooked directly into a DVD recorder that has an integrated ATSC tuner. However, the DVD recorder will have to transcode the ATSC MPEG-2 into DVD-Video-compliant MPEG-2 if the ATSC MPEG-2 stream isn't already DVD-Video-compatible. This would require transcoding for all high-definition broadcasts and some if not all standard-definition broadcasts. The same general situation applies to digital cable service; only DVD recorders with integrated digital cable ("QAM") tuners can avoid transcoding, and then only if the digital cable system is already sending a DVD-Video-compatible MPEG-2 stream, which again requires transcoding of all HD content and some if not all SD content. All other setups (digital cable box's analog outputs to DVD recorder, satellite box's analog outputs to DVD recorder, DVD recorder tuning and recording analog cable channels which are still permitted after 2/2009, etc.) usually always involve an analog step with MPEG-2 encoding being necessary inside the DVD recorder. </p><p>A number of manufacturers have combined DVD recorders with mechanical <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorders</a>, allowing for recording to large fixed disks, and the ability to view these recordings off the hard disk at a later date. </p><p>In Japan, <a href="/wiki/AVCREC" title="AVCREC">AVCREC</a> recorders, which are able to record MPEG-2 or AVC high definition video from <a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a> broadcast with or without re-encoding, get increasingly popular. Initially, AVCREC recorders use DVD recordable discs, but newer models are able to record onto Blu-ray discs as well onto hard disk drives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ATSC_standalone_DVD_recorders">ATSC standalone DVD recorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DVD_recorder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: ATSC standalone DVD recorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> <a href="/wiki/DTV_transition_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="DTV transition in the United States">digital switchover</a>, tuner-equipped devices manufactured or imported into the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are now required by the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> to include digital tuners. </p><p>This has caused most new <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> recorders to be implemented as <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>/<a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCR</a> combo units, or to be manufactured without tuners. The US requirement of <a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a> compatibility forces inclusion of <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> decoding hardware, which is already part of all DVD players but which otherwise would be unnecessary in an analog-only VCR. </p><p>A tunerless recorder does not have <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">RF coaxial</a> connections and can only be used to record from an external device, such as a <a href="/wiki/Cable_converter_box" title="Cable converter box">cable converter box</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a> output. </p><p>An ATSC-capable DVD unit can also serve as a more-powerful alternative to <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_adapter" title="Digital television adapter">digital television adapters</a>, which allow DTV reception with older <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog televisions</a>. The DVD recorders offer additional capabilities, such as automated VCR-style timeshifting of programming and a variety of output formats, that are deliberately not included in the most common mass-market US ATSC converters. </p><p>Unlike the more common digital television adapter boxes, newer DVD recorder units are able to tune both analog and digital signals - an advantage when receiving <a href="/wiki/LPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="LPTV">low-power television</a> and foreign (analogue) signals. Some, however, do suffer from many of the same design limitations as the less costly converter boxes, including poorly designed signal strength meters, incomplete display of <a href="/wiki/PSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="PSIP">broadcast program information</a>, incompatibility with <a href="/wiki/Antenna_rotator" title="Antenna rotator">antenna rotators</a> or <a href="/wiki/CEA-909" title="CEA-909">CEA-909</a> <a href="/wiki/Smart_antenna" title="Smart antenna">smart antennas</a> and inability to add digital channels without wiping out all existing channels and rescanning the entire band. </p><p>A DVD recording of an over-the-air <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> broadcast is at DVD resolution, which is inferior to the original broadcast with <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a> or <a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a> resolution. Some units also provide limited USB or flash memory interface capability, often only supporting viewing of <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital camera</a> still photos or playback of <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3s</a> with no ability to write video to these media. </p><p>A number of DVD recorders are also capable of recording to <a href="/wiki/SVCD" class="mw-redirect" title="SVCD">SVCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/VCD" class="mw-redirect" title="VCD">VCD</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">Audio CD</a> formats. Recording to DVDs can be done at different speeds that may take between 1 and 6 hours (even up to 8 hours on certain models) on a standard (single sided 12 cm) blank DVD. A trade off exists between recording time and video quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MiniDVD_recorders">MiniDVD recorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DVD_recorder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: MiniDVD recorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>8 cm <a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">miniDVDs</a> are used on some <a href="/wiki/Digital_camcorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital camcorder">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a>, primarily those meant for a consumer market ("<a href="/wiki/Point-and-shoot_camera" title="Point-and-shoot camera">point and shoot</a>"); such discs are usually playable on a full-sized DVD player, but may not record on a full-sized DVD recorder system. Though popular for their convenience (in the manner of <a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-C</a>), DVD camcorders are not suitable for professional use due to higher levels of compression compared to <a href="/wiki/MiniDV" class="mw-redirect" title="MiniDV">MiniDV</a> and the difficulty of editing MPEG-2 video. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DVD_recorder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">Digital video recorder</a> (DVR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical disc recorder">Optical disc recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">Videocassette recorder</a> (VCR, video recorder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_scaler" title="Video scaler">Video scaler</a> "Upconverting"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DVD_recorder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/eb/dtv/">"EB - DTV Enforcement"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EB+-+DTV+Enforcement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Feb%2Fdtv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifewire.com/disappearing-dvd-recorder-1846591">"Why DVD Recorders Are Getting Harder to Find"</a>. <i>Lifewire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifewire&rft.atitle=Why+DVD+Recorders+Are+Getting+Harder+to+Find&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2Fdisappearing-dvd-recorder-1846591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifewire.com/blu-ray-disc-recorders-1846528">"Looking for Blu-ray Disc Recorder? - Good Luck!"</a>. <i>Lifewire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifewire&rft.atitle=Looking+for+Blu-ray+Disc+Recorder%3F+-+Good+Luck%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2Fblu-ray-disc-recorders-1846528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2000/08/first-dvd-recorder-debuts/">"First DVD Recorder Debuts"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=First+DVD+Recorder+Debuts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2000%2F08%2Ffirst-dvd-recorder-debuts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.pioneer/en/corp/news/press/index/1470/">"Pioneer Introduces the Industry's First DVD Recorder | News Release | News & Events | Corporate Information | Pioneer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Introduces+the+Industry%27s+First+DVD+Recorder+%26%23124%3B+News+Release+%26%23124%3B+News+%26+Events+%26%23124%3B+Corporate+Information+%26%23124%3B+Pioneer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.pioneer%2Fen%2Fcorp%2Fnews%2Fpress%2Findex%2F1470%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16827106393&cm_re=cd_rw_drive-_-27-106-393-_-Product">"Lite-On DVD Burner Black SATA Model iHAS124-14 - OEM"</a>. Newegg.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lite-On+DVD+Burner+Black+SATA+Model+iHAS124-14+-+OEM&rft.pub=Newegg.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newegg.com%2FProduct%2FProduct.aspx%3FItem%3DN82E16827106393%26cm_re%3Dcd_rw_drive-_-27-106-393-_-Product&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifewire.com/death-of-the-computer-optical-drive-832403">"Why Do Most New PCs not Come with DVD or Blu-ray Drives?"</a>. <i>Lifewire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lifewire&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Most+New+PCs+not+Come+with+DVD+or+Blu-ray+Drives%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2Fdeath-of-the-computer-optical-drive-832403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADVD+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">About.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hometheater.about.com/od/dvd/qt/dvdrecordmodes.htm">"DVD Record Modes - Recording Times For DVDs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125457/http://hometheater.about.com/od/dvd/qt/dvdrecordmodes.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Robert Silva (accessed 2014-05-10)</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DVD_recorder&oldid=1258016663">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DVD_recorder&oldid=1258016663</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:DVD" title="Category:DVD">DVD</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Optical_computer_storage" title="Category:Optical computer storage">Optical computer storage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recording_devices" title="Category:Recording devices">Recording devices</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_terminology" title="Category:Television terminology">Television terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Video_storage" title="Category:Video storage">Video storage</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_March_2019" title="Category:Use American English from March 2019">Use American English from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2009" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2009">Articles needing additional references from June 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 18:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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