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id="toc-Launch_and_sales_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_and_sales_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Launch and sales developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_and_sales_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_from_HD_DVD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_from_HD_DVD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Competition from HD DVD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_from_HD_DVD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Ongoing development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2005–2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005–2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 2005–2010 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005–2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 2011–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_scope_and_market_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_scope_and_market_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Future scope and market trends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_scope_and_market_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beyond_Blu-ray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_Blu-ray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Beyond Blu-ray </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond_Blu-ray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_boutique_labels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_boutique_labels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Rise of boutique labels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_boutique_labels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Physical media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laser_and_optics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laser_and_optics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Laser and optics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laser_and_optics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hard-coating_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard-coating_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Hard-coating technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard-coating_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drive_speeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drive_speeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Drive speeds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drive_speeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_quality_and_data_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_quality_and_data_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Media quality and data integrity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_quality_and_data_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Packaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Mini Blu-ray Disc </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mini_Blu-ray_Disc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blu-ray_Disc_recordable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Blu-ray Disc recordable </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blu-ray_Disc_recordable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BD9_and_BD5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BD9_and_BD5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 BD9 and BD5 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BD9_and_BD5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BDXL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BDXL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 BDXL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BDXL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IH-BD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IH-BD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.5 IH-BD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IH-BD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_format_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_format_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Data format standards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Data_format_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Data format standards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Data_format_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filesystem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filesystem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Filesystem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filesystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Application format </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Media format </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Container_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Container_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Container format </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Container_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codecs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codecs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Codecs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codecs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2.1 Video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2.2 Audio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bit_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bit_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Bit rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bit_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Java_software_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Java_software_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Java software interface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Java_software_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Player_profiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Player_profiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Player profiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Player_profiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BD-Live" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BD-Live"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 BD-Live </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BD-Live-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Region_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Region_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Region codes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Region_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_rights_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_rights_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Digital rights management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_rights_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_Access_Content_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_Access_Content_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2 Advanced Access Content System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_Access_Content_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BD+" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BD+"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.3 BD+ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BD+-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BD-ROM_Mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BD-ROM_Mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.4 BD-ROM Mark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BD-ROM_Mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backward_compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backward_compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Backward compatibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backward_compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Variations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Variations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio_(BD-A)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio_(BD-A)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 High Fidelity Pure Audio (BD-A) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio_(BD-A)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AVCHD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AVCHD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 AVCHD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AVCHD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AVCREC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AVCREC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 AVCREC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AVCREC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blu-ray_3D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blu-ray_3D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Blu-ray 3D </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blu-ray_3D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultra_HD_Blu-ray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Ultra HD Blu-ray </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultra_HD_Blu-ray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Blu-ray</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" > 79 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray-skyf" title="Blu-ray-skyf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Blu-ray-skyf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="بلو راي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلو راي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-Ray" title="Blu-Ray – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Blu-Ray" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="ব্লু ৰে ডিস্ক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ব্লু ৰে ডিস্ক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="ব্লু-রে ডিস্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্লু-রে ডিস্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Blu-ray диск – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Blu-ray диск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_Blu-ray" title="Δίσκος Blu-ray – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίσκος Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Blu-ray" title="Disco Blu-ray – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disco Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-radia_disko" title="Blu-radia disko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blu-radia disko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیسک بلوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیسک بلوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disque_Blu-ray" title="Disque Blu-ray – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Disque Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%A3%A8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4" title="블루레이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블루레이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="ब्लू-रे डिस्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्लू-रे डिस्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-radio" title="Blu-radio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Blu-radio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakram_Blu-ray" title="Cakram Blu-ray – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cakram Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95-%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99" title="בלו-ריי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלו-ריי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_disc" title="Blu-ray disc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Blu-ray disc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Blu-ray диск – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Blu-ray диск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്ലൂ റേ ഡിസ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലൂ റേ ഡിസ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-Ray_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="Blu-Ray დისკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Blu-Ray დისკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakera_Blu-ray" title="Cakera Blu-ray – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cakera Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Blu-ray" title="Disco Blu-ray – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Disco Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82-%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95" title="ਬਲੂ-ਰੇ ਡਿਸਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਲੂ-ਰੇ ਡਿਸਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B1%DB%92_%DA%88%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="بلو رے ڈسک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلو رے ڈسک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Blu-ray" title="Disco Blu-ray – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Disco Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-ray_Disk" title="Blue-ray Disk – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Blue-ray Disk" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-Ray_Disc" title="Blu-Ray Disc – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Blu-Ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88_%DA%95%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="بلو ڕای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بلو ڕای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakram_Blu-ray" title="Cakram Blu-ray – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cakram Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நீலக்கதிர் வட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீலக்கதிர் வட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81-%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87" title="బ్లు-రే – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్లు-రే" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="บลูเรย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บลูเรย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Blu-ray Disc" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B1%DB%92" title="بلو رے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلو رے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%86%D9%83_%D9%86%DB%87%D8%B1_%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="كۆك نۇر تېخنىكىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۆك نۇر تېخنىكىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Blu-ray" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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Disc</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Digital optical disc format</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Blu-ray</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Blu-ray_Disc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Blu-ray_Disc.svg/230px-Blu-ray_Disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Blu-ray_Disc.svg/345px-Blu-ray_Disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Blu-ray_Disc.svg/460px-Blu-ray_Disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="207" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:BluRayDiscBack_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BluRayDiscBack_b.jpg/200px-BluRayDiscBack_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BluRayDiscBack_b.jpg/300px-BluRayDiscBack_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BluRayDiscBack_b.jpg/400px-BluRayDiscBack_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="973" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Reverse side of a Blu-ray. Unlike CD and DVD, the reflection has a blue hue. Branded colors include silver, gold, and grey.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/High-density_storage_media" class="mw-redirect" title="High-density storage media">High-density</a> <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Content_format" title="Content format">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Data encoding: CLV or Zoned CAV pits-and-lands with interleaved error correction code</li><li>BDMV Video encoding:</li><li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/H.265" class="mw-redirect" title="H.265">H.265/HEVC</a> (only <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>25 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> (single-layer)</li><li>50, 66 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> (dual-layer)</li><li>100, 128 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> (<a href="#BDXL">BDXL</a>)</li><li>(Up to four layers are possible in a standard form BD)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Block size</th><td class="infobox-data">2 KB sector,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> 64 KB ECC-block<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Read mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">405 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">diode laser</a>, 36 Mbit/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Write mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">405 nm diode laser with a focused beam using more power than for reading</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_Association" title="Blu-ray Disc Association">Blu-ray Disc Association</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>12 <a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">cm</a> (4.7 <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">in</a>) diameter</li><li>1.2 mm (0.047 in) thickness<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usage</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">Data storage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High-definition video</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_audio" title="High-resolution audio">High-resolution audio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopic 3D</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_3_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of PlayStation 3 games">PlayStation 3 games</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_4_games" title="List of PlayStation 4 games">PlayStation 4 games</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_5_games" title="List of PlayStation 5 games">PlayStation 5 games</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Xbox_One_games" title="List of Xbox One games">Xbox One games</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S_games" title="List of Xbox Series X and Series S games">Xbox Series X games</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended to</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data">June 20, 2006; 18 years ago (2006-06-20)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical discs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_icon_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/128px-CD_icon_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/192px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/256px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">Optical disc authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring#Software" title="Optical disc authoring">Authoring software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Recording technologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_modes" title="Optical disc recording modes">Recording modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_writing" title="Packet writing">Packet writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_cutting_area" title="Burst cutting area">Burst cutting area</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Optical media types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Compact disc (<a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a>): <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1 Music Disc">5.1 Music Disc</a>, Super Audio CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a>, CD Video (<a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CDV</a>), Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a>), Super Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a>), <a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM_XA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-ROM XA">CD-ROM XA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIL-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MIL-CD">MIL-CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>: <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DS" title="DVD-R DS">DVD-R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DS" title="DVD+R DS">DVD+R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-D" title="DVD-D">DVD-D</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/EcoDisc" title="EcoDisc">EcoDisc</a>, <a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li> <li>Blu-ray Disc (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">BD</a>): <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R & BD-RE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc">Mini Blu-ray Disc</a>, 4K Blu-ray (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-DISC" title="M-DISC">M-DISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc (UMD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>: <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-R">HD DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RW">HD DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RAM">HD DVD-RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc">High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCDHD" title="VCDHD">VCDHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GD-ROM" title="GD-ROM">GD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Video_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Video Disc">Personal Video Disc (PVD)</a></li> <li>MiniDisc (<a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MD</a>): <a href="/wiki/MD_Data" title="MD Data">MD Data, MD Data2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a></li> <li>LaserDisc (<a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LD</a>): <a href="/wiki/LD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="LD-ROM">LD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/LV-ROM" title="LV-ROM">LV-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">Video Single Disc (VSD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">Magneto-optical discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">Ultra Density Optical (UDO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacked_Volumetric_Optical_Disc" title="Stacked Volumetric Optical Disc">Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent Multilayer Disc">Fluorescent Multilayer Disc</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_CD-ROM" title="Hyper CD-ROM">Hyper CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo optical disc (NOD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a> (AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee" title="Small Form Factor Committee">SFF</a> <a href="/wiki/ATA_Packet_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="ATA Packet Interface">ATAPI</a>/<a href="/wiki/SCSI_Multimedia_Commands" title="SCSI Multimedia Commands">MMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(packet_writing)" title="Mount Rainier (packet writing)">Mount Rainier</a> (packet writing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_Jump_Recording" title="Layer Jump Recording">Mount Fuji</a> (layer jump recording)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></li> <li>File systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo file system">Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a> / SUSP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ISO_9660_Extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple ISO 9660 Extensions">Apple ISO 9660 Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Universal Disk Format (<a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_optical_storage_media" class="mw-redirect" title="History of optical storage media">History of optical storage media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">High-definition optical disc format war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_disc" title="Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_disc" title="Template talk:Optical disc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Blu-ray (Blu-ray Disc or BD) is a <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">data storage</a> format designed to supersede the <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> format. It was invented and developed in 2005 and released worldwide on June 20, 2006, capable of storing several hours of <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition video</a> (<a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a> and <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a>). The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> material such as <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature films</a> and for the physical distribution of video games for the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series X</a>. The name refers to the <a href="/wiki/Blue_laser" title="Blue laser">blue laser</a> (actually a <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a> laser) used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs, resulting in an increased capacity. The <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a> disc is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>12 centimetres (4+3⁄4 inches) in diameter and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.2 millimetres (1⁄16 inch) thick, the same size as DVDs and <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CDs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Conventional (or "pre-BD-XL") Blu-ray discs contain 25 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> per layer, with dual-layer discs (50 GB) being the industry standard for feature-length video discs. Triple-layer discs (100 GB) and quadruple-layer discs (128 GB) are available for BD-XL re-writer drives.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a> specification has a maximum resolution of <a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a> (<a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, 720 × 480 pixels) or <a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">576p</a> (<a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, 720 × 576 pixels),<a href="#cite_note-dvdfaq-8">[7]</a> the initial specification for <a href="#Video">storing movies on Blu-ray discs</a> defined a maximum resolution of 1080p (1920 × 1080 pixels) at up to 24 <a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">progressive</a> or 29.97 <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlaced</a> <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frames per second</a>. Revisions to the specification allowed newer Blu-ray players to support videos with a resolution of 1440 × 1080 pixels, with <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a> players extending the maximum resolution to <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a> (3840 × 2160 pixels) and progressive frame rates up to 60 frames per second. Aside from an <a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a> resolution (7680 × 4320 pixels) Blu-ray format exclusive to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8kbd-9">[8]</a> videos with non-standard resolutions must use <a href="/wiki/Letterboxing_(filming)" title="Letterboxing (filming)">letterboxing</a> to conform to a resolution supported by the Blu-ray specification. Besides these hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> formats. Given that Blu-ray discs can contain ordinary <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">computer files</a>, there is no fixed limit as to which resolution of video can be stored when not conforming to the official specifications. The BD format was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_Association" title="Blu-ray Disc Association">Blu-ray Disc Association</a>, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> unveiled the first Blu-ray Disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in Japan in April 2003. Afterward, it continued to be developed until its official worldwide release on June 20, 2006, beginning the <a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">high-definition optical disc format war</a>, where Blu-ray Disc competed with the <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> format. <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, the main company supporting HD DVD, conceded in February 2008,<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> and later released its own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the United States were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales.<a href="#cite_note-sale-12">[11]</a> Blu-ray's competition includes <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> (VOD) and DVD.<a href="#cite_note-wired2015-13">[12]</a> In January 2016, 44% of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> households had a Blu-ray player.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schouhamerimmink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/170px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/255px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/340px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> received a personal <a href="/wiki/Emmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy">Emmy</a> award for his pioneering contributions to the <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and the Blu-ray Disc.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> The information density of the <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> format was limited by the wavelength of the <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diodes</a> used. Following protracted development, <a href="/wiki/Blue_laser" title="Blue laser">blue laser</a> diodes operating at 405 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometers</a> became available on a production basis, allowing for the development of a denser storage format that could hold higher-definition media, with prototype discs made with diodes at a slightly longer wavelength of 407 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometers</a> in October 1998.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-BDR-Whitepaper-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> commenced two projects in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TDK" title="TDK">TDK</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> applying the new diodes: <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">UDO</a> (Ultra Density Optical),<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> and DVR Blue (together with <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a>),<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu-ray Disc (more specifically, BD-RE). The core technologies of the formats are similar. The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled by Sony at the <a href="/wiki/CEATEC" title="CEATEC">CEATEC</a> exhibition in October 2000.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> A trademark for the "Blue Disc" logo was filed on February 9, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> On February 19, 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> and Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10, 2003: the Sony BDZ-S77, a US$3,800 BD-RE recorder that was made available only in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> However, there was no standard for pre-recorded video, and no movies were released for this player. Hollywood studios insisted that players be equipped with <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> before they would release movies for the new format, and they wanted a new DRM system that would protect more against unauthorized copying than the failed <a href="/wiki/Content_Scramble_System" title="Content Scramble System">Content Scramble System</a> (CSS) used on DVDs. On October 4, 2004, the name Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), and <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> joined the BDA's Board of Directors.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> The recording layer on which the data is stored lies under a 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">mm</a> protective layer and on top of a 1.1 mm substrate made of <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a> plastic, compared to 0.6 mm on either side on DVDs. Sony also announced in April 2004 a version using paper as the substrate developed with Toppan Printing, with up to 25 GB storage.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> In January 2005, TDK announced that it had developed an ultra-hard yet very thin polymer coating ("<a href="/wiki/Durabis" title="Durabis">Durabis</a>") for Blu-ray Discs; this was a significant technical advance because a far tougher protection was desired in the consumer market to protect bare discs against scratching and damage compared to DVD, given that Blu-ray Discs technically required a much thinner layer for the denser and higher-frequency blue laser.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Cartridges, originally used for scratch protection, were no longer necessary and were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Advanced Access Content System Licensing Administrator (AACS LA), a consortium founded in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to distribute movies to consumers while preventing copying. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray Disc group voiced concerns.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers, including Toshiba, Pioneer, and Samsung, an interim standard was published that did not include some features, such as managed copy, which would have let end users create copies limited to personal use.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_and_sales_developments">Launch and sales developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Launch and sales developments">edit</a>]</div> The first BD-ROM players (Samsung BD-P1000) were shipped in mid-June 2006, though <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> players beat them to market by a few months.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released on June 20, 2006: <a href="/wiki/50_First_Dates" title="50 First Dates">50 First Dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Element" title="The Fifth Element">The Fifth Element</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitch_(film)" title="Hitch (film)">Hitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Flying_Daggers" title="House of Flying Daggers">House of Flying Daggers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underworld:_Evolution" title="Underworld: Evolution">Underworld: Evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/XXX_(2002_film)" title="XXX (2002 film)">xXx</a> (all from Sony), and <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">The Terminator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The earliest releases used <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> video compression, the same method used on standard DVDs. The first releases using the newer <a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">AVC</a> formats were introduced in September 2006.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The first movies using 50 GB dual-layer discs were introduced in October 2006.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The first audio-only albums were released in May 2008.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> By June 2008, over 2,500 Blu-ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom, with 3,500 in the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In Japan, over 3,300 titles had been released as of July 2010.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition_from_HD_DVD">Competition from HD DVD</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Competition from HD DVD">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">High-definition optical disc format war</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/DVD_Forum" title="DVD Forum">DVD Forum</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, was split over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology. In March 2002 the forum approved a proposal, which was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">motion picture studios</a>. The proposal involved compressing <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition video</a> onto dual-layer standard <a href="/wiki/DVD-9" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-9">DVD-9</a> discs.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> In spite of this decision, however, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition video solution. In August, Toshiba and <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> announced their competing standard, the Advanced Optical Disc.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> It was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> the next year,<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> after being voted down twice by DVD Forum members who were also Blu-ray Disc Association members—a situation that drew preliminary investigations by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> HD DVD had a head start in the high-definition video market, as Blu-ray Disc sales were slow to gain market share. The first Blu-ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The Sony <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>, which contained a Blu-ray Disc player for primary storage, helped support Blu-ray.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Sony also ran a more thorough and influential marketing campaign for the format.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/AVCHD" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a> camcorders were also introduced in 2006. These recordings can be played back on many Blu-ray Disc players without re-encoding but are not compatible with HD DVD players. By January 2007, Blu-ray Discs had outsold HD DVDs,<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD outsold HD DVD by about two to one. At <a href="/wiki/International_CES" class="mw-redirect" title="International CES">CES 2007</a>, Warner proposed <a href="/wiki/Total_Hi_Def" title="Total Hi Def">Total Hi Def</a>—a hybrid disc containing Blu-ray on one side and HD DVD on the other, but it was never released. On June 28, 2007, <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> cited Blu-ray Discs' adoption of the <a href="#BD+">BD+ anticopying system</a> as key to their decision to support the Blu-ray Disc format.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> On January 4, 2008, a day before <a href="/wiki/International_CES" class="mw-redirect" title="International CES">CES</a> 2008, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, the only major studio still releasing movies in both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc format, announced that it would release only in Blu-ray after May 2008.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> This effectively included other studios that came under the Warner umbrella, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Line_Cinema" title="New Line Cinema">New Line Cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>—though in Europe, HBO's distribution partner, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, announced it would continue to release product on both formats while keeping an eye on market forces. This led to a chain reaction in the industry, with major American retailers such as <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circuit_City" title="Circuit City">Circuit City</a> and Canadian chains such as <a href="/wiki/Future_Shop" title="Future Shop">Future Shop</a> dropping HD DVD in their stores. <a href="/wiki/Woolworths_(United_Kingdom)" title="Woolworths (United Kingdom)">Woolworths</a>, then a major European retailer, dropped HD DVD from its inventory.<a href="#cite_note-woolsworth-56">[55]</a> Major <a href="/wiki/Video_rental_shop" title="Video rental shop">DVD rental</a> companies <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(retailer)" title="Blockbuster (retailer)">Blockbuster</a> said they would no longer carry HD DVD. Following these new developments, on February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced it would end production of <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> devices,<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> allowing Blu-ray Disc to become the industry standard for high-density optical discs. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a>, the sole major studio to back HD DVD since its inception, said shortly after Toshiba's announcement: "While Universal values the close partnership we have shared with Toshiba, it is time to turn our focus to releasing new and catalog titles on Blu-ray Disc."<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, which started releasing movies only in HD DVD format during late 2007, also said it would start releasing on Blu-ray Disc. Both studios announced initial Blu-ray lineups in May 2008. With this, all major Hollywood studios supported Blu-ray.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ongoing_development">Ongoing development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ongoing development">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005–2010">2005–2010</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2005–2010">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blu-ray_200GB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Blu-ray_200GB.png/170px-Blu-ray_200GB.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Blu-ray_200GB.png/255px-Blu-ray_200GB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Blu-ray_200GB.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Front of an experimental 200 GB rewritable Blu-ray Disc</figcaption></figure> Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue to work on advancing the technology. By 2005, quad-layer (100 GB)<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> discs had been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> and standard unaltered optics.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s video (HDTV) or 3 hours and 30 minutes of 64 Mbit/s video (<a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">ultra-high-definition television</a>). In April 2006, TDK canceled plans to produce 8-layer 200 GB Blu-ray Discs.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In August 2006, TDK announced that it had created a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200 GB of data on a single side, using six 33 GB data layers.<a href="#cite_note-TDK200GB_announcement-64">[63]</a> In 2007, Hitachi was reported to have plans to produce 200 GB discs by 2009.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Behind closed doors at <a href="/wiki/International_CES" class="mw-redirect" title="International CES">CES</a> 2007, <a href="/wiki/Ritek" title="Ritek">Ritek</a> revealed that it had successfully developed a high-definition optical disc process that extended the disc capacity to ten layers, increasing the capacity of the discs to 250 GB. However, it noted the major obstacle was that current read/write technology did not allow additional layers.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a> developed a three-layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/(standard) DVD combination.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> This would have enabled the consumer to purchase a disc that can be played on DVD players and can also reveal its HD version when played on a BD player.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Japanese optical disc manufacturer Infinity announced the first "hybrid" Blu-ray Disc/(standard) DVD combo, to be released on February 18, 2009. This disc set of the TV series Code Blue featured four hybrid discs containing a single Blu-ray Disc layer (25 GB) and two DVD layers (9 GB) on the same side of the disc.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In January 2007, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> showcased a 100 GB Blu-ray Disc, consisting of four layers containing 25 GB each.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> It claimed that, unlike TDK's and <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>'s 100 GB discs, this disc would be readable on standard Blu-ray Disc drives that were currently in circulation, and it was believed that a firmware update was the only requirement to make it readable by then-current players and drives.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In October 2007, they revealed a 100 GB Blu-ray Disc drive.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In December 2008, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer Corporation</a> unveiled a 400 GB Blu-ray Disc (containing 16 data layers, 25 GB each) compatible with current players after a firmware update. Its planned launch was in the 2009–10 time frame for ROM and 2010–13 for rewritable discs. Ongoing development was underway to create a 1 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> Blu-ray Disc.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> At CES 2009, Panasonic unveiled the DMP-B15, the first portable Blu-ray Disc player, and <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a> introduced the LC-BD60U and LC-BD80U series, the first LCD HDTVs with integrated Blu-ray Disc players. Sharp also announced that it would sell HDTVs with integrated Blu-ray Disc recorders in the United States by the end of 2009. Set-top box recorders were not being sold in the U.S. for fear of unauthorized copying. However, personal computers with Blu-ray recorder drives were available. In October 2009, TDK demonstrated a 10-layer 320 GB Blu-ray Disc.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> On January 1, 2010, Sony, in association with Panasonic, announced plans to increase the storage capacity on their Blu-ray Discs from 25 GB to 33.4 GB via a technology called i-MLSE (<a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood_sequence_estimation" title="Maximum likelihood sequence estimation">maximum likelihood sequence estimation</a>). The higher-capacity discs, according to Sony, would be readable on existing Blu-ray Disc players with a firmware upgrade.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> This technology was later used on BDXL discs.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> On July 20, 2010, the research team of Sony and Japanese Tohoku University announced the joint development of a blue-violet laser,<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> to help create Blu-ray Discs with a capacity of 1 TB using only two layers (and potentially more than 1 TB with additional layering). By comparison, the first blue laser was invented in 1996, with the first prototype discs coming four years later. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011–present"> 2011–present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2011–present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4K_Blu_Ray_early_Best_Buy_release.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/4K_Blu_Ray_early_Best_Buy_release.jpg/220px-4K_Blu_Ray_early_Best_Buy_release.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/4K_Blu_Ray_early_Best_Buy_release.jpg/330px-4K_Blu_Ray_early_Best_Buy_release.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/4K_Blu_Ray_early_Best_Buy_release.jpg/440px-4K_Blu_Ray_early_Best_Buy_release.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Early 4K Blu-ray release at <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a>. A 4K Blu-ray Disc player was also released.</figcaption></figure> On January 7, 2013, Sony announced that it would release "Mastered in 4K" Blu-ray Disc titles sourced at <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a> and encoded at 1080p.<a href="#cite_note-SonyMastered4K2013JanuaryEngadget-78">[77]</a> "Mastered in 4K" Blu-ray Disc titles can be played on existing Blu-ray Disc players and have a larger <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a> using <a href="/wiki/XvYCC" title="XvYCC">xvYCC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SonyMastered4K2013JanuaryEngadget-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-SonyMastered4K2013MayCNET-79">[78]</a> On January 14, 2013, Blu-ray Disc Association president Andy Parsons stated that a task force was created three months prior to conduct a study concerning an extension to the Blu-ray Disc specification that would add the ability to contain 4K UHD video.<a href="#cite_note-PCWorld2013JanuaryBDA4KUltraHD-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Expertreviews2013JanuaryBDA4KUltraHD-81">[80]</a> On August 5, 2015, the BDA announced it would commence licensing the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a> video format starting on August 24, 2015. The Ultra HD Blu-ray format delivered support for high dynamic range video that significantly expanded the range between the brightest and darkest elements, an expanded color range, a high frame rate of up to 60 frames per second for a smoother motion appearance, an increase of the supported resolution to 3840 × 2160 for a more detailed picture, object-based sound formats, and an optional "digital bridge" feature. New players were required to play this format, and they became able to play all three of DVDs, traditional Blu-rays, and the new format. New Ultra HD Blu-ray Discs hold up to 66 GB and 100 GB of data on dual- and triple-layer discs, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Blu-ray's physical and file system specifications are publicly available on the BDA's website.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_scope_and_market_trends">Future scope and market trends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Future scope and market trends">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the United States were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales.<a href="#cite_note-sale-12">[11]</a> 16.3 million DVD software units were sold in the first two years (1997–1998) compared to 8.3 million high-definition software units (2006–2007).<a href="#cite_note-sale-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-sale2-84">[83]</a> One reason given for this difference was the smaller marketplace (26.5 million HDTVs in 2007 compared to 100 million SDTVs in 1998).<a href="#cite_note-sale2-84">[83]</a> Former HD DVD supporter <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> did not make a Blu-ray Disc drive for the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The 360's successor Xbox One features a Blu-ray drive, as does the PS4, with both supporting 3D Blu-ray after later <a href="/wiki/Firmware_update" class="mw-redirect" title="Firmware update">firmware updates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Shortly after the "format war" ended, Blu-ray Disc sales began to increase. A study by the <a href="/wiki/NPD_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="NPD Group">NPD Group</a> found that awareness of Blu-ray Disc had reached 60% of households in the United States. Nielsen VideoScan sales numbers showed that for some titles, such as 20th Century Fox's Hitman, up to 14% of total disc sales were from Blu-ray, although the average Blu-ray sales for the first half of the year were only around 5%. In December 2008, the Blu-ray Disc version of Warner Bros.' <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a> sold 600,000 copies on the first day of its launch in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-DarkKnightDay-88">[87]</a> A week after the launch, The Dark Knight BD had sold over 1.7 million copies worldwide, making it the first Blu-ray Disc title to sell over a million copies in the first week of release.<a href="#cite_note-DarkKnightWeek-89">[88]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 15px 15px"> <caption>Blu-ray Disc sales in United States and Canada </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Cumulative sales (millions) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.2<a href="#cite_note-2009sales-90">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td style="text-align:center;">19.2<a href="#cite_note-2009sales-90">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td style="text-align:center;">82.9<a href="#cite_note-2009sales-90">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td style="text-align:center;">177.2<a href="#cite_note-2009sales-90">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td style="text-align:center;">350<a href="#cite_note-2010sales-91">[90]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> According to <a href="/wiki/Singulus_Technologies" title="Singulus Technologies">Singulus Technologies</a> AG, Blu-ray was adopted faster than the DVD format was at a similar period in its development. This conclusion was based on the fact that Singulus Technologies received orders for 21 Blu-ray dual-layer replication machines during the first quarter of 2008, while 17 DVD replication machines of this type were made in the same period in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> According to GfK Retail and Technology, in the first week of November 2008, sales of Blu-ray recorders surpassed DVD recorders in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> According to the Digital Entertainment Group, the number of Blu-ray Disc playback devices (both set-top box and game console) sold in the United States had reached 28.5 million by the end of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-2010sales-91">[90]</a> Blu-ray faces competition from <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> and from new technologies that allow access to movies on any format or device, such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_Entertainment_Content_Ecosystem" title="Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem">Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem</a> or Disney's <a href="/wiki/Keychest" class="mw-redirect" title="Keychest">Keychest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Some commentators suggested that renting Blu-ray would play a vital part in keeping the technology affordable while allowing it to move forward.<a href="#cite_note-renting-blu-ray-96">[95]</a> In an effort to increase sales, studios began releasing films in combo packs with Blu-ray Discs and DVDs, as well as <a href="/wiki/Digital_copy" title="Digital copy">digital copies</a> that can be played on computers and mobile devices. Some are released on "flipper" discs with Blu-ray on one side and DVD on the other. Other strategies are to release movies with the special features only on Blu-ray Discs and none on DVDs. Blu-ray Discs cost no more to produce than DVD discs.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> However, reading and writing mechanisms are more complicated, making Blu-ray recorders, drives and players more expensive than their DVD counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Adoption is also limited due to the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Blu-ray Discs are used to distribute <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Series X">Xbox Series X</a> games, and the aforementioned game consoles can play back regular Blu-ray Discs. In the mid-2010s, the Ultra HD Blu-ray format was released which is an enhanced variant of Blu-ray compatible with the <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K resolution</a>. Ultra HD Blu-ray discs and players became available in the first quarter of 2016, having a storage capacity of up to 100 GB.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> By December 2017, the specification for an 8K Blu-ray format was also completed. However, this specification was for Japan only so that it could be used by Japanese <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasters</a> like <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> to broadcast in <a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K resolution</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games</a> in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-8kbd-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beyond_Blu-ray">Beyond Blu-ray</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beyond Blu-ray">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a> (HVD), described in the ECMA-377 standard, was in development by the Holography System Development (HSD) Forum using a green writing/reading laser (532 nm) and a red positioning/addressing laser (650 nm). It was to offer MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC (H.264), <a href="/wiki/HEVC" class="mw-redirect" title="HEVC">HEVC</a> (H.265), and VC-1 encoding, supporting a maximum storage capacity of 6 TB.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> No systems conforming to the <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a> HVD standard have been released.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The company responsible for HVD went bankrupt in 2010, making any releases unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_boutique_labels">Rise of boutique labels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rise of boutique labels">edit</a>]</div> A boutique Blu-ray label or specialty Blu-ray label is a <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a> distributor that releases films on Blu-ray or 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray format, characterized by a specific or niche target market<a href="#cite_note-Kozak_2017-110">[109]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collectable" title="Collectable">collectable</a> features like "<a href="/wiki/Limited_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited edition">limited edition</a>" or "special edition" releases,<a href="#cite_note-Mack_2023-111">[110]</a> deluxe <a href="/wiki/Slipcase" title="Slipcase">slipcases</a> or packaging, and other materials. Examples of boutique Blu-ray labels include the American Genre Film Archive (AGFA),<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis_2022-112">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Films" title="Arrow Films">Arrow Films</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kozak_2017-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis_2022-112">[111]</a> Canadian International Pictures,<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection" title="The Criterion Collection">The Criterion Collection</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kozak_2017-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis_2022-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kino_Lorber" title="Kino Lorber">Kino Lorber</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis_2022-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Severin_Films" title="Severin Films">Severin Films</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mack_2023-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis_2022-112">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shout!_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Shout! Factory">Shout! Factory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kozak_2017-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis_2022-112">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Twilight_Time_(home_video_label)" title="Twilight Time (home video label)">Twilight Time</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kozak_2017-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vinegar_Syndrome" title="Vinegar Syndrome">Vinegar Syndrome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mack_2023-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis_2022-112">[111]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Warner_Archive_Collection" title="Warner Archive Collection">Warner Archive Collection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis_2022-112">[111]</a> Boutique Blu-ray labels, which are popular among collectors and enthusiasts of film and <a href="/wiki/Physical_media" title="Physical media">physical media</a>, have been credited as a factor in a "Blu-ray renaissance" dating back to at least 2018, with some consumers choosing to purchase films on physical formats in an age of digital streaming.<a href="#cite_note-Mack_2023-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raferty_2018-117">[116]</a> Reasons some consumers prefer Blu-rays to streaming include higher video quality, the tactile nature of owning a film physically, elaborate packaging, bonus features, and the desire to own or watch films that are not available in streaming services' libraries.<a href="#cite_note-Raferty_2018-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_media">Physical media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Physical media">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_disk_storage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/300px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/450px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/600px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of several forms of disc storage showing tracks (not to scale); green denotes start and red denotes end. * Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg/300px-Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg/450px-Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg/600px-Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of various optical storage media</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Type </th> <th rowspan="2">Diameter (cm) </th> <th rowspan="2">Layers </th> <th colspan="4">Capacity </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">Bytes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Standard disc size, single layer</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,025,314,816 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Standard disc size, dual layer</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,050,629,632 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Standard disc size, XL 3 layer<a href="#cite_note-bdxl_capacity-118">[117]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,103,356,416 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Standard disc size, XL 4 layer<a href="#cite_note-bdxl_capacity-118">[117]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="text-align:right;">128,001,769,472 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mini disc size, single layer</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,791,181,824 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mini disc size, dual layer</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,582,363,648 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laser_and_optics">Laser and optics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Laser and optics">edit</a>]</div> While a <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> uses a 650 nm red laser, Blu-ray Disc uses a 405 nm "<a href="/wiki/Blue_laser" title="Blue laser">blue</a>" <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diode</a>. Although the laser is called "blue", its color is actually in the <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a> range. The shorter wavelength can be focused to a smaller area, thus enabling it to read information recorded in pits that are less than half the size of those on a DVD, and can consequently be spaced more closely, resulting in a shorter track pitch, enabling a Blu-ray Disc to hold about five times the amount of information that can be stored on a DVD. The lasers are GaN (<a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">gallium nitride</a>) laser diodes that produce 405 nm light directly, that is, without <a href="/wiki/Second-harmonic_generation" title="Second-harmonic generation">frequency doubling</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_optics" title="Nonlinear optics">nonlinear optical</a> mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-BDR-Whitepaper-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc">CDs</a> use 780 nm near-infrared lasers. The minimum "<a href="/wiki/Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">spot size</a>" on which a laser can be focused is limited by <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> and depends on the wavelength of the light and the <a href="/wiki/Numerical_aperture" title="Numerical aperture">numerical aperture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lens</a> used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, increasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85, and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, designers can cause the laser beam to focus on a smaller spot, which effectively allows more information to be stored in the same area.<a href="#cite_note-BDF_physical_format_whitepaper-120">[119]</a> For a Blu-ray Disc, the spot size is 580 nm.<a href="#cite_note-spot_size-121">[120]</a> This allows a reduction of the pit size from 400 nm for DVD to 150 nm for Blu-ray Disc, and of the track pitch from 740 nm to 320 nm.<a href="#cite_note-BDF_physical_format_whitepaper-120">[119]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> for information on optical discs' physical structure. In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding that further increase the amount of content that can be stored.<a href="#cite_note-encoding-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard-coating_technology">Hard-coating technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hard-coating technology">edit</a>]</div> Given that the Blu-ray Disc data layer is closer to the surface of the disc compared to the <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> standard, it was found in early designs to be more vulnerable to scratches.<a href="#cite_note-BDF_general_whitepaper-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The first discs were therefore housed in <a href="/wiki/Caddy_(hardware)" title="Caddy (hardware)">cartridges</a> for protection, resembling <a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Discs</a> introduced by Sony in 2003. Using a cartridge would increase the price of an already expensive medium, and would increase the size of Blu-ray Disc drives, so designers chose hard-coating of the pickup surface instead. TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch-protection coating for Blu-ray Discs, naming it <a href="/wiki/Durabis" title="Durabis">Durabis</a>. In addition, both Sony's and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are spin-coated, using a scratch-resistant acrylic and antistatic coating.<a href="#cite_note-auto-125">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Kagaku_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Kagaku Media">Verbatim</a>'s recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Discs use their own proprietary technology, called Hard Coat.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Colloidal silica-dispersed UV-curable resins are used for the hard coating, given that, according to the Blu-ray Disc Association, they offer the best tradeoff between scratch resistance, optical properties, and productivity.<a href="#cite_note-auto-125">[124]</a> The Blu-ray Disc specification requires the testing of resistance to scratches by <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(mechanical)" title="Abrasion (mechanical)">mechanical abrasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BDF_physical_format_whitepaper-120">[119]</a> In contrast, DVD media are not required to be scratch-resistant, but since development of the technology, some companies, such as Verbatim, implemented hard-coating for more expensive lines of recordable DVDs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drive_speeds">Drive speeds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Drive speeds">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0"> <caption>BD drive speeds </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Drive speed </th> <th colspan="2">Data rate </th> <th colspan="2">~Write time (minutes) </th> <th rowspan="2">~<a href="/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity" title="Constant angular velocity">CAV</a> Rotation speed (RPM)<a href="#cite_note-hughnews-BD-127">[126]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/MB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="MB/s">MB/s</a></th> <th>Single-Layer</th> <th>Dual-Layer </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1×</td> <td>36</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>90</td> <td>180</td> <td>810 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2×</td> <td>72</td> <td>9</td> <td>45</td> <td>90</td> <td>1,620 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>4×</td> <td>144</td> <td>18</td> <td>22.5</td> <td>45</td> <td>3,240 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>6×</td> <td>216</td> <td>27</td> <td>15</td> <td>30</td> <td>4,860 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>8×</td> <td>288</td> <td>36</td> <td>11.25</td> <td>22.5</td> <td>6,480 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>10×</td> <td>360</td> <td>45</td> <td>9</td> <td>18</td> <td>8,100 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>12× </td> <td>432</td> <td>54</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>15</td> <td>9,720 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>14× </td> <td>504</td> <td>63</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>13</td> <td>11,340 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>16× </td> <td>576</td> <td>72</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>11.5</td> <td>12,960 </td></tr></tbody></table> The table shows the speeds available. Even the lowest speed (1×) is sufficient to play and record real-time 1080p video; the higher speeds are relevant for general data storage and more sophisticated handling of video. BD discs are designed to cope with at least 5,000 rpm of rotational speed. The usable data rate of a Blu-ray Disc drive can be limited by the capacity of the drive's data interface. With a <a href="/wiki/USB_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 2.0">USB 2.0</a> interface, the maximum exploitable drive speed is 288 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> or 36 <a href="/wiki/MB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="MB/s">MB/s</a> (also called 8× speed).<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> A <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.0</a> interface (with proper cabling) does not have this limitation,<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> nor do even the oldest version of <a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> (SATA, 150 MB/s)<a href="#cite_note-SATA1a-130">[129]</a> nor the latest <a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA</a> (133 MB/s) standards. Internal Blu-ray drives that are integrated into a computer (as opposed to physically separate and connected via a cable) typically have a SATA interface.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> More recent <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#Form_factors" title="Optical disc drive">half-height Blu-Ray writers</a> have reached writing speeds of up to 16× (<a href="/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity" title="Constant angular velocity">constant angular velocity</a>) on single-layer BD-R media, while the highest reading speeds are 12×, presumably to prevent repeated physical stress on the disc. <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#Form_factors" title="Optical disc drive">Slim type drives</a> are limited to 6× speeds (constant angular velocity) due to spacial and power limitations.<a href="#cite_note-HL-DT-ST-Discontinued-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-TSST-Manuals-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pioneer-Archive-134">[133]</a> The Blu-ray format has a write verification feature, similar to that of <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a>, but brings this feature to a write-once disc for the first time. If activated, the correctness of the written data is verified immediately after being written so unreadable data can be written again. In this case, the writing speed is halved because half of the disc rotations are for writing only. "Write verification" is not an official term for the feature, only a description for what it does. The feature may be activated by default, as is the case in the disc writing utility <a href="/wiki/Growisofs" class="mw-redirect" title="Growisofs">growisofs</a>. Deactivating write verification may be desirable to save time when mass-producing physical copies of data, since errors are unlikely to occur on physically undamaged media.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_quality_and_data_integrity">Media quality and data integrity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Media quality and data integrity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc#Surface_error_scanning" title="Optical disc">Optical disc § Surface error scanning</a></div> The quality and data integrity of optical media can be determined by <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc#Surface_error_scanning" title="Optical disc">measuring the rate of errors</a>, of which higher rates may be an indication for <a href="/wiki/Disc_rot" title="Disc rot">deteriorating media</a>, low-quality media, physical damage such as scratches, dust, and/or media written using a defective <a href="/wiki/Optical_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical drive">optical drive</a>. Errors on Blu-Ray media are measured using the so-called LDC (Long Distance Codes) and BIS (Burst Indication Subcodes) error parameters, of which rates below 13 and 15 respectively can be considered healthy. Not all vendors and models of optical drives have error scanning functionality implemented.<a href="#cite_note-cdrinfo-BD-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-BDR-Whitepaper-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packaging">Packaging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Packaging">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blu-ray_keep_case.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Blu-ray_keep_case.jpg/159px-Blu-ray_keep_case.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Blu-ray_keep_case.jpg/238px-Blu-ray_keep_case.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Blu-ray_keep_case.jpg/318px-Blu-ray_keep_case.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Blu-ray case (often blue-tinted)</figcaption></figure> Pre-recorded Blu-ray Disc titles usually ship in packages similar to, but slightly smaller (18.5 mm shorter and 2 mm thinner: 135 mm × 171.5 mm × 13 mm<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a>) and more rounded than, a standard <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging#Keep_case" title="Optical disc packaging">keep case</a>, generally with the format prominently displayed in a horizontal stripe across the top of the case (translucent blue for Blu-ray video discs, clear for Blu-ray 3D video releases, red for PlayStation 3 Greatest Hits Games, transparent for regular PlayStation 3 games, transparent dark blue for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 games, transparent green for Xbox One and Xbox Series X games and black for Ultra HD Blu-ray video releases). Warren Osborn and The Seastone Media Group, LLC created the package that was adopted worldwide following the Blu-ray versus HD DVD market adoption choice.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Because Blu-ray cases are smaller than DVD cases, more Blu-rays than DVDs can fit on a <a href="/wiki/Shelf_(storage)" title="Shelf (storage)">shelf</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mini_Blu-ray_Disc">Mini Blu-ray Disc</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mini Blu-ray Disc">edit</a>]</div> The "Mini Blu-ray Disc" (also, "Mini-BD" and "Mini Blu-ray") is a compact 8-centimetre-diameter (3.1 in) variant of the Blu-ray Disc that can store 7.8 GB of data in its single-layer configuration, or 15.6 GB on a dual-layer disc.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> It is similar in concept to the <a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a>. Recordable (BD-R) and rewritable (BD-RE) versions of Mini Blu-ray Disc have been developed specifically for compact camcorders and other compact recording devices.<a href="#cite_note-Verbatim_MiniBR-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blu-ray_Disc_recordable">Blu-ray Disc recordable</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Blu-ray Disc recordable">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">Blu-ray Disc recordable</a></div> "<a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">Blu-ray Disc recordable</a>" (BD-R) refers to two <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> formats that can be recorded with an <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">optical disc recorder</a>. BD-Rs can be written to once, whereas Blu-ray Disc Recordable Erasable (BD-REs) can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. The current practical maximum speed for Blu-ray Discs is about 12× (54 MB/s).<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a>: 1.7  Higher speeds of rotation (5,000+ rpm<a href="#cite_note-auto-125">[124]</a>) cause too much wobble for the discs to be written properly,<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> as with the 24× (33.2 MB/s) and 56× (8.2 MB/s, 11,200 rpm) maximum speeds, respectively, of standard <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc">CDs</a>. Since September 2007, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-RE</a> is also available in the smaller 8 cm Mini Blu-ray Disc size.<a href="#cite_note-Verbatim_MiniBR-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> On September 18, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> codeveloped BD-R LTH ("Low to High" in groove recording), which features an <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> dye recording layer that can be manufactured by modifying existing CD-R and DVD-R production equipment, significantly reducing manufacturing costs.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In February 2008, <a href="/wiki/Taiyo_Yuden" title="Taiyo Yuden">Taiyo Yuden</a>, Mitsubishi, and <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Maxell" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi Maxell">Maxell</a> released the first BD-R LTH Discs,<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> and in March 2008, Sony's PlayStation 3 officially gained the ability to use BD-R LTH Discs with the 2.20 firmware update.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> In May 2009 Verbatim/Mitsubishi announced the industry's first 6X BD-R LTH media, which allows recording a 25 GB disc in about 16 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Unlike with the previous releases of 120 mm <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical discs</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CDs</a> and standard <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>), Blu-ray recorders hit the market almost simultaneously with Blu-ray's debut. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BD9_and_BD5">BD9 and BD5</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: BD9 and BD5">edit</a>]</div> The BD9 format was proposed to the Blu-ray Disc Association by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Home_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Home Video">Warner Home Video</a> as a cost-effective alternative to the 25/50 GB BD-ROM discs. The format was supposed to use the same codecs and program structure as Blu-ray Disc video but recorded onto less expensive 8.5 GB dual-layer DVD. This red-laser media could be manufactured on existing DVD production lines with lower costs of production than the 25/50 GB Blu-ray media.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Usage of BD9 for releasing content on "pressed" discs never caught on. With the end of the format war, manufacturers ramped production of Blu-ray Discs and lowered prices to compete with DVDs. On the other hand, the idea of using inexpensive DVD media became popular among individual users. A lower-capacity version of this format that uses single-layer 4.7 GB DVDs has been unofficially called BD5. Both formats are being used by individuals for recording high-definition content in Blu-ray format onto recordable DVD media.<a href="#cite_note-Doom9_BDAuth-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Despite the fact that the BD9 format has been adopted as part of the BD-ROM basic format, none of the existing Blu-ray player models explicitly claim to be able to read it. Consequently, the discs recorded in BD9 and BD5 formats are not guaranteed to play on standard Blu-ray Disc players. <a href="/wiki/AVCHD" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a> and <a href="/wiki/AVCREC" title="AVCREC">AVCREC</a> also use inexpensive media like DVDs, but unlike BD9 and BD5 these formats have limited interactivity, codec types, and data rates. As of March 2011, BD9 was removed as an official BD-ROM disc.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BDXL">BDXL</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: BDXL">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_BD-R_XL_128GB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sony_BD-R_XL_128GB.jpg/170px-Sony_BD-R_XL_128GB.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sony_BD-R_XL_128GB.jpg/255px-Sony_BD-R_XL_128GB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sony_BD-R_XL_128GB.jpg/340px-Sony_BD-R_XL_128GB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>128 GB BDXL quadruple-layer disc manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a></figcaption></figure> The BDXL format allows 100 GB and 128 GB write-once discs,<a href="#cite_note-bdxlihbd1-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-bdxlihbd2-156">[155]</a> and 100 GB rewritable discs for commercial applications. The BDXL specification was finalised in June 2010.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> BD-R 3.0 Format Specification (BDXL) defined a multi-layered disc recordable in BDAV format with the speed of 2× and 4×, capable of 100/128 GB and usage of UDF2.5/2.6.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> BD-RE 4.0 Format Specification (BDXL) defined a multi-layered disc rewritable in BDAV with the speed of 2× and 4×, capable of 100 GB and usage of UDF2.5 as file system.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Although the 66 GB and 100 GB BD-ROM discs used for Ultra HD Blu-ray use the same linear density as BDXL, the two formats are not compatible with each other, therefore it is not possible to use a triple layer BDXL disc to burn an Ultra HD Blu-ray Disc playable in an Ultra HD Blu-ray player, although standard 50 GB BD-R DL discs can be burned in the Ultra HD Blu-ray format. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IH-BD">IH-BD</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: IH-BD">edit</a>]</div> The IH-BD (Intra-Hybrid Blu-ray) format includes a 25 GB rewritable layer (BD-RE) and a 25 GB write-once layer (BD-ROM), designed to work with existing Blu-ray Discs.<a href="#cite_note-bdxlihbd1-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-bdxlihbd2-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_format_standards">Data format standards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Data format standards">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filesystem">Filesystem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Filesystem">edit</a>]</div> Blu-ray Disc specifies the use of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">Universal Disk Format</a> (UDF) 2.50 as a convergent-friendly format for both PC and consumer electronics environments. It is used in the latest specifications of BD-ROM, BD-RE, and BD-R.<a href="#cite_note-r2-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-re3-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-bd-books-163">[162]</a> In the first BD-RE specification (defined in 2002), the BDFS (Blu-ray Disc File System) was used. The BD-RE 1.0 specification was defined mainly for the <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> of <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> (HDTV) <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">broadcast television</a>. The BDFS was replaced by UDF 2.50 in the second BD-RE specification in 2005, to enable interoperability among consumer electronics, Blu-ray recorders, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> systems. These <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">optical disc recording technologies</a> enabled PC recording and playback of BD-RE.<a href="#cite_note-bd-books-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> BD-R can use UDF 2.50/2.60.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The Blu-ray Disc application for recording of <a href="/wiki/Digital_broadcasting" title="Digital broadcasting">digital broadcasting</a> has been developed as System Description Blu-ray Rewritable Disc Format Part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications (BDAV). The requirements related to the <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">computer file</a> system have been specified in System Description Blu-ray Rewritable Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0 (BDFS).<a href="#cite_note-filesystem-167">[166]</a> Initially, the BD-RE version 1.0 (BDFS) was specifically developed for recording of digital broadcasts using the Blu-ray Disc application (BDAV application). But these requirements are superseded by the Blu-ray Rewritable Disc File System Specifications version 2.0 (UDF) (a.k.a. RE 2.0) and Blu-ray Recordable Disc File System Specifications version 1.0 (UDF) (a.k.a. R 1.0). Additionally, a new application format, BDMV (System Description Blu-ray Disc Prerecorded Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications) for High Definition Content Distribution was developed for BD-ROM. The only file system developed for BDMV is the System Description Blu-ray Read-Only Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0 (UDF) which defines the requirements for UDF 2.50.<a href="#cite_note-bd-books-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-filesystem-167">[166]</a> All BDMV application files are stored under a "BDMV" directory.<a href="#cite_note-bdav-videohelp-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-aacs-bd-r-171">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application_format">Application format</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Application format">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>BDAV or BD-AV (Blu-ray Disc Audio/Visual):<a href="#cite_note-bd-books-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-filesystem-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-bd-books2010-173">[172]</a> a consumer-oriented Blu-ray video format used for audio/video recording (defined in 2002).</li> <li>BDMV or BD-MV (Blu-ray Disc Movie):<a href="#cite_note-r2-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-re3-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-bd-books-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-filesystem-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-bd-books2010-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-dvddemystified-bdmv-174">[173]</a> a Blu-ray video format with menu capability commonly used for movie releases.</li> <li>BDMV Recording specification (defined in September 2006 for BD-RE and BD-R).<a href="#cite_note-re3-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-bd-re3-175">[174]</a></li> <li>RREF (Realtime Recording and Editing Format): a subset of BDMV designed for real-time recording and editing applications.<a href="#cite_note-bd-re3-175">[174]</a></li> <li>HFPA (<a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio" title="High Fidelity Pure Audio">High Fidelity Pure Audio</a>): A high definition audio disc using the Blu-ray format</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_format">Media format</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Media format">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Container_format">Container format</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Container format">edit</a>]</div> Audio, video, and other streams are <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexed</a> and stored on Blu-ray Discs in a <a href="/wiki/Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">container format</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a>. It is also known as <a href="/wiki/BD-AV" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-AV">BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream</a> and can use the filename extension <a href="/wiki/.m2ts" title=".m2ts">.m2ts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bdav-videohelp-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-bda-av-176">[175]</a> Blu-ray Disc titles authored with menus are in the BDMV (Blu-ray Disc Movie) format and contain audio, video, and other streams in BDAV container.<a href="#cite_note-bdvm-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-bdav-178">[177]</a> There is also the BDAV (Blu-ray Disc Audio/Visual) format, the consumer oriented alternative to the BDMV format used for movie releases. The BDAV format is used on BD-REs and BD-Rs for audio/video recording.<a href="#cite_note-bdav-178">[177]</a> BDMV format was later defined also for BD-RE and BD-R (in September 2006, in the third revision of BD-RE specification and second revision of BD-R specification).<a href="#cite_note-r2-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-re3-162">[161]</a> Blu-ray Disc employs the MPEG transport stream recording method. That enables transport streams of digital broadcasts to be recorded as they are broadcast, without altering the format.<a href="#cite_note-bda-bdre-179">[178]</a> It also enables flexible editing of a digital broadcast that is recorded as is and where the data can be edited just by rewriting the playback stream. Although it is quite natural, a function for high-speed and easy-to-use retrieval is built in.<a href="#cite_note-bda-bdre-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-bda-180">[179]</a> Blu-ray Disc Video use MPEG transport streams, compared to DVD's <a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG program streams</a>. An MPEG transport stream contains one or more MPEG program streams, so this allows multiple video programs to be stored in the same file so they can be played back simultaneously (e.g., with the "<a href="/wiki/Picture-in-picture" title="Picture-in-picture">picture-in-picture</a>" effect). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Codecs">Codecs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Codecs">edit</a>]</div> The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and movie software (content).<a href="#cite_note-bda-av-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Windows Media Player</a> does not come with all of the codecs required to play Blu-ray Discs.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Video">Video</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Video">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray#Specifications" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray#Specifications</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Blu-ray#Misleading_information_involving_video_formats" title="Talk:Blu-ray">Discuss</a>) (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Originally, BD-ROMs stored video up to 1920 × 1080 pixel resolution at up to 60 (59.94) <a href="/wiki/Field_(video)" title="Field (video)">fields</a> per second. Currently, with UHD BD-ROM, videos can be stored at a maximum of 3840 × 2160 pixel resolution at up to 60 (59.94) frames per second, progressively scanned. While most current Blu-ray players and recorders can read and write 1920 × 1080 video at the full 59.94p and 50p progressive format, new players for the UHD specifications will be able to read at 3840 × 2160 video at either 59.94p and 50p formats. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Supported video formats<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Format</th> <th style="width: 200px;">Resolution and frame/field rate</th> <th style="width: 120px;">Display aspect ratio </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">4K UHD<a href="#cite_note-HEVC-185">[b]</a> </td> <td>3840 × 2160p 60</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3840 × 2160p 59.94</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3840 × 2160p 50</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3840 × 2160p 30</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3840 × 2160p 29.976</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3840 × 2160p 25</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3840 × 2160p 24</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3840 × 2160p 23.976</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">HD<a href="#cite_note-HEVC-185">[b]</a> </td> <td>1920 × 1080p 60</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 × 1080p 59.94</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 × 1080p 50</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 × 1080p 30</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 × 1080p 29.976</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 × 1080p 25</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14">HD </td> <td>1920 × 1080i 59.94 <a href="#cite_note-interlaced_fields-186">[c]</a></td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 × 1080i 50 <a href="#cite_note-interlaced_fields-186">[c]</a></td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 × 1080p 24</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 × 1080p 23.976</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1440 × 1080i 59.94 <a href="#cite_note-MPEG2-188">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-interlaced_fields-186">[c]</a></td> <td>16:9<a href="#cite_note-Anamorphic-189">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1440 × 1080i 50<a href="#cite_note-MPEG2-188">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-interlaced_fields-186">[c]</a></td> <td>16:9<a href="#cite_note-Anamorphic-189">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1440 × 1080p 24<a href="#cite_note-MPEG2-188">[d]</a></td> <td>16:9<a href="#cite_note-Anamorphic-189">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1440 × 1080p 23.976<a href="#cite_note-MPEG2-188">[d]</a></td> <td>16:9<a href="#cite_note-Anamorphic-189">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1280 × 720p 59.94</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1280 × 720p 50</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1280 × 720p 29.976</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1280 × 720p 25</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1280 × 720p 24</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1280 × 720p 23.976</td> <td>16:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">SD </td> <td>720 × 480i 59.94 <a href="#cite_note-interlaced_fields-186">[c]</a></td> <td>4:3 or 16:9<a href="#cite_note-Anamorphic-189">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>720 × 576i 50 <a href="#cite_note-interlaced_fields-186">[c]</a></td> <td>4:3 or 16:9<a href="#cite_note-Anamorphic-189">[e]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> For video, all players are required to process <a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10: AVC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a> <a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> BD-ROM titles with video must store video using one of the three mandatory formats; multiple formats on a single title are allowed. Blu-ray Disc allows video with a <a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">bit depth</a> of 8-bits per color <a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a> with 4:2:0 <a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">chroma subsampling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AudioholicsHDMIApril2008-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-TelairityDigitalColorCodingPDF-192">[187]</a> The choice of formats affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs as well as the title's maximum run time, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 video typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25 GB) BD-ROM. The more-advanced video formats (VC-1 and MPEG-4 AVC) typically achieve a video run time twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality. MPEG-2, however, does have the advantage that it is available without licensing costs, as all <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_MPEG-2_patents" title="List of United States MPEG-2 patents">MPEG-2 patents</a> have expired. MPEG-2 was used by many studios (including <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, which initially used the <a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a> format for <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> releases) for the first series of Blu-ray Discs, which were launched throughout 2006.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> Modern releases are now often encoded in either MPEG-4 AVC or VC-1, allowing film studios to place all content on one disc, reducing costs and improving ease of use. Using these formats also frees a lot of space for storage of bonus content in HD (<a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a>/<a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">p</a>), as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SD</a> (<a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a>/<a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">p</a>) typically used for most titles. Some studios, such as <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, have released bonus content on discs encoded in a different format than the main feature title. For example, the Blu-ray Disc release of <a href="/wiki/Superman_Returns" title="Superman Returns">Superman Returns</a> uses VC-1 for the feature film and MPEG-2 for some of its bonus content.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> Today[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>], Warner and other studios typically provide bonus content in the video format that matches the feature.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Audio">Audio</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Audio">edit</a>]</div> For audio, BD-ROM players are required to implement <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a> (AC-3), <a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">linear PCM</a>. Players may optionally implement <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital_Plus" title="Dolby Digital Plus">Dolby Digital Plus</a> and <a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS-HD High Resolution Audio</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Lossless_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless audio">lossless</a> 5.1 and 7.1 surround sound formats <a href="/wiki/Dolby_TrueHD" title="Dolby TrueHD">Dolby TrueHD</a> and <a href="/wiki/DTS-HD_Master_Audio" title="DTS-HD Master Audio">DTS-HD Master Audio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> BD-ROM titles must use one of the mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Specification of BD-ROM Primary audio streams<a href="#cite_note-BDWhite2010-196">[191]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a> (Uncompressed)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital_Plus" title="Dolby Digital Plus">Dolby Digital Plus</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dolby_TrueHD" title="Dolby TrueHD">Dolby TrueHD</a> (Lossless)</th> <th>DTS Digital Surround</th> <th><a href="/wiki/DTS-HD_Master_Audio" title="DTS-HD Master Audio">DTS-HD Master Audio</a> (Lossless)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a></th> <th>DRA extension </th></tr> <tr> <td>Max. bitrate</td> <td>27.648 Mbit/s</td> <td>640 kbit/s</td> <td>4.736 Mbit/s</td> <td>18.64 Mbit/s</td> <td>1.524 Mbit/s</td> <td>24.5 Mbit/s</td> <td>1.5 Mbit/s</td> <td>3.0 Mbit/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max. channel</td> <td>8 (48 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kHz</a>, 96 kHz), 6 (192 kHz)</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>7.1</td> <td>8 (48 kHz, 96 kHz), 6 (192 kHz)</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>8 (48 kHz, 96 kHz), 6 (192 kHz)</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bits/sample</td> <td>16, 20, 24</td> <td>16, 24</td> <td>16, 24</td> <td>16, 24</td> <td>16, 20, 24</td> <td>16, 24</td> <td>16</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sample frequency</td> <td>48 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz</td> <td>48 kHz</td> <td>48 kHz</td> <td>48 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz</td> <td>48 kHz</td> <td>48 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz</td> <td>48 kHz</td> <td>48 kHz, 96 kHz </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bit_rate">Bit rate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bit rate">edit</a>]</div> The Blu-ray specification defines a maximum data transfer rate of 54 Mbit/s, a maximum AV bitrate of 48 Mbit/s (for both audio and video data), and a maximum video bit rate of 40 Mbit/s. In contrast, the HD DVD standard has a maximum data transfer rate of 36 Mbit/s, a maximum AV bitrate of 30.24 Mbit/s, and a maximum video bitrate of 29.4 Mbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Java_software_interface">Java software interface</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Java software interface">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/BD-J" title="BD-J">BD-J</a></div> At the 2005 <a href="/wiki/JavaOne" title="JavaOne">JavaOne</a> trade show, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>' <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard.<a href="#cite_note-2005JavaOne-198">[193]</a> Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>-video discs. DVDs use pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which are considerably more primitive and rarely seamless. At the conference, Java creator <a href="/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a> suggested that the inclusion of a <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a>, as well as network connectivity in some BD devices, will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional features not included on the disc at pressing time.<a href="#cite_note-cnet_nextgen_dvd-199">[194]</a> This Java version is called BD-J and is built on a profile of the <a href="/wiki/Globally_Executable_MHP" title="Globally Executable MHP">Globally Executable MHP</a> (GEM) standard; GEM is the worldwide version of the <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Home_Platform" title="Multimedia Home Platform">Multimedia Home Platform</a> standard.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Player_profiles">Player profiles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Player profiles">edit</a>]</div> The BD-ROM specification defines four Blu-ray Disc player profiles, including an audio-only player profile (BD-Audio) that does not require video decoding or <a href="/wiki/BD-J" title="BD-J">BD-J</a>. All of the video-based player profiles (BD-Video) are required to have a full implementation of BD-J.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Feature </th> <th rowspan="2">BD-Audio </th> <th colspan="4">BD-Video </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:150px;">Grace Period<a href="#cite_note-200">[f]</a> </td> <td style="width:150px;">Bonus View </td> <td style="width:150px;">BD-Live<a href="#cite_note-201">[g]</a> </td> <td style="width:150px;">Blu-ray 3D </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:100px;">Profile 3.0<a href="#cite_note-204">[h]</a> </td> <td>Profile 1.0 </td> <td>Profile 1.1 </td> <td>Profile 2.0 </td> <td>Profile 5.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Built-in persistent memory </td> <td>Unneeded </td> <td>64 KB </td> <td>64 KB </td> <td>64 KB </td> <td>64 KB? </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Local storage capability<a href="#cite_note-205">[i]</a> </td> <td>Unneeded </td> <td>Optional </td> <td>256 MB </td> <td>1 GB </td> <td>1 GB </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Secondary video decoder (<a href="/wiki/Picture-in-picture" title="Picture-in-picture">PiP</a>) </td> <td>No video </td> <td>Optional </td> <td>Mandatory </td> <td>Mandatory </td> <td>Mandatory </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Secondary audio decoder<a href="#cite_note-206">[j]</a> </td> <td>Optional </td> <td>Optional </td> <td>Mandatory </td> <td>Mandatory </td> <td>Mandatory </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a> </td> <td>Unneeded </td> <td>Optional </td> <td>Mandatory </td> <td>Mandatory </td> <td>Mandatory </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Internet connection capability </td> <td>No </td> <td>No </td> <td>No </td> <td>Mandatory </td> <td>Mandatory </td></tr></tbody></table> On November 2, 2007, the Grace Period Profile was superseded by Bonus View as the minimum profile for new BD-Video players released to the market.<a href="#cite_note-207">[197]</a> When Blu-ray Disc software not authored with interactive features dependent on Bonus View or BD-Live hardware capabilities is played on Profile 1.0 players, it is able to play the main feature of the disc, but some extra features may not be available or will have limited capability.<a href="#cite_note-208">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BD-Live">BD-Live</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: BD-Live">edit</a>]</div> The biggest difference between Bonus View and BD-Live is that BD-Live requires the Blu-ray Disc player to have an Internet connection to access Internet-based content. BD-Live features have included Internet chats, scheduled chats with the director, Internet games, downloadable featurettes, downloadable quizzes, and downloadable movie trailers.<a href="#cite_note-209">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[201]</a> While some Bonus View players may have an Ethernet port, it is used for firmware updates and is not used for Internet-based content.<a href="#cite_note-212">[202]</a> In addition, Profile 2.0 also requires more local storage in order to handle this content.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Profile 1.0 players are not eligible for Bonus View or BD-Live compliant upgrades and do not have the function or capability to access these upgrades, with the exception of the latest players and the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>. Internet is required to use.<a href="#cite_note-213">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Region_codes">Region codes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Region codes">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blu-ray-regions_with_key.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Blu-ray-regions_with_key.svg/400px-Blu-ray-regions_with_key.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Blu-ray-regions_with_key.svg/600px-Blu-ray-regions_with_key.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Blu-ray-regions_with_key.svg/800px-Blu-ray-regions_with_key.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Regions for the Blu-ray Disc standard:<a href="#cite_note-216">[206]</a><div style="font-size:110%;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Region A/1</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Region B/2</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Region C/3</div></div></figcaption></figure> As with the implementation of <a href="/wiki/DVD_region_code" title="DVD region code">region codes for DVDs</a>, Blu-ray Disc players sold in a specific geographical region are designed to play only discs authorized by the content provider for that region. This is intended to permit content providers (motion picture studios, <a href="/wiki/Television_production_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production company">television production companies</a>, etc.) to enact regional <a href="/wiki/Price_discrimination" title="Price discrimination">price discrimination</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive license">exclusive</a> <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">content licensing</a>. According to the Blu-ray Disc Association, all Blu-ray Disc players and Blu-ray Disc-equipped computer systems are required to enforce regional coding. However, content providers need not use region playback codes.<a href="#cite_note-217">[207]</a> Some current estimates suggest 70% of available movie Blu-ray Discs from the major studios are region-free and can therefore be played on any Blu-ray Disc player in any region.<a href="#cite_note-218">[208]</a> Movie distributors have different region-coding policies. Among major U.S. studios, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Walt Disney Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios" class="mw-disambig" title="Universal Studios">Universal Studios</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Pictures Entertainment">Sony Pictures</a> have released most of their titles free of region-coding.<a href="#cite_note-219">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lionsgate" title="Lionsgate">Lionsgate</a> have released a mix of region-free and region-coded titles.<a href="#cite_note-225">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[215]</a> While <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> initially released most of their titles region-coded,<a href="#cite_note-227">[216]</a> most of their post-Disney merger content is region-free. Vintage film restoration and distribution company <a href="/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection" title="The Criterion Collection">The Criterion Collection</a> uses US region-coding in all Blu-ray releases, with their releases in the UK market using UK region-coding.<a href="#cite_note-228">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[218]</a> The Blu-ray Disc region-coding scheme divides the world into three regions, labeled A, B, and C. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>Area </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> (excluding Australia and New Zealand), <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">B </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">FREE </td> <td rowspan="2">Informal term meaning "worldwide". Region free is not an official setting; discs that bear the region FREE symbol either have no flags set or have all three flags set. Discs with no flags set may not play in some non-compliant players. </td></tr> <tr> <td>A/B/C </td></tr></tbody></table> A new form of Blu-ray region-coding tests not only the region of the player/player software, but also its country code[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], repurposing a user setting intended for <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">localization</a> (PSR19) as a new form of regional lockout. This means, for example, while both the US and Japan are Region A, some American discs will not play on devices/software configured for Japan or vice versa, since the two countries have different country codes. (For example, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is "US" (21843 or <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hex</a> 0x5553), <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> is "JP" (19024 or hex 0x4a50), and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> is "CA" (17217 or hex 0x4341).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]) Although there are only three Blu-ray regions, the country code allows much more precise control of the regional distribution of Blu-ray Discs than the six (or eight) DVD regions. With Blu-ray Discs, there are no "special regions" such as the regions 7 and 8 for DVDs. In circumvention of region-coding restrictions, stand-alone Blu-ray Disc players are sometimes modified by third parties to allow for playback of Blu-ray Discs (and DVDs) with any region code.<a href="#cite_note-230">[219]</a> Instructions ("hacks") describing how to reset the Blu-ray region counter of computer player applications to make them multi-region indefinitely are also regularly posted to video enthusiast websites and forums. Unlike DVD region codes, Blu-ray region codes are verified only by the player software, not by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Playback_Control" title="Regional Playback Control">optical drive's firmware</a>. As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit">[update]</a> the latest types of Blu-ray players, suitable for Ultra HD Blu-ray content, are not region-free, but Ultra HD Blu-ray disc manufacturers have not yet locked the discs to any region and they work worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-231">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_rights_management">Digital rights management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Digital rights management">edit</a>]</div> The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM) which restrict the usage of the discs.<a href="#cite_note-dellbd-romprotection-232">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[222]</a> This has led to extensive criticism of the format by organizations <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management#Opposition" title="Digital rights management">opposed to DRM</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fsf-234">[223]</a> and consumers because new releases require player firmware updates to allow disc playback.<a href="#cite_note-235">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection">High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection" title="High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection">High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection</a></div> Blu-ray equipment is required to implement the High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) system to encrypt the data sent by players to rendering devices through physical connections. This is aimed at preventing the copying of copyrighted content as it travels across cables. Through a <a href="/wiki/Flag_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag (computing)">protocol flag</a> in the media stream called the <a href="/wiki/Image_Constraint_Token" title="Image Constraint Token">Image Constraint Token</a> (ICT), a Blu-ray Disc can enforce its reproduction in a lower resolution whenever a full HDCP-compliant link is not used. In order to ease the transition to high definition formats, the adoption of this protection method was postponed until 2011.<a href="#cite_note-aacs_adopters-237">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advanced_Access_Content_System">Advanced Access Content System</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Advanced Access Content System">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Access_Content_System" title="Advanced Access Content System">Advanced Access Content System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AACS_dataflow.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/AACS_dataflow.svg/220px-AACS_dataflow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/AACS_dataflow.svg/330px-AACS_dataflow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/AACS_dataflow.svg/440px-AACS_dataflow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The AACS decryption process</figcaption></figure> The Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">content distribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a>. It was developed by <a href="/wiki/AACS_LA" title="AACS LA">AS Licensing Administrator, LLC</a> (AACS LA), a <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, and Sony. Since the appearance of the format on devices in 2006, <a href="/wiki/AACS_encryption_key_controversy#TIMELINE" title="AACS encryption key controversy">several successful attacks</a> have been made on it. The first known attack relied on the <a href="/wiki/Trusted_client" title="Trusted client">trusted client</a> problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a weakly protected player (<a href="/wiki/WinDVD" title="WinDVD">WinDVD</a>). Since keys can be revoked in newer releases,<a href="#cite_note-238">[227]</a> this is only a temporary attack, and new keys must continually be discovered in order to decrypt the latest discs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BD+">BD+</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: BD+">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/BD%2B" title="BD+">BD+</a></div> BD+ was developed by <a href="/wiki/Cryptography_Research" title="Cryptography Research">Cryptography Research Inc.</a> and is based on their concept of <a href="/wiki/Self-Protecting_Digital_Content" title="Self-Protecting Digital Content">Self-Protecting Digital Content</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[228]</a> BD+, effectively a small <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> embedded in authorized players, allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:<a href="#cite_note-dellbd-romprotection-232">[221]</a> <ul><li>Examine the host environment to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices.</li> <li>Verify that the player's keys have not been changed</li> <li>Execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system</li> <li>Transform the audio and video output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+ program unscramble it.</li></ul> If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially release BD+ code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content releases.<a href="#cite_note-240">[229]</a> The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are available only to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed commercial adopters is available from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071106054231/https://www.bdplusllc.com/home/list_of_adopters_content_participants_and_eligible_code_developers">BD+ website.</a> The first titles using BD+ were released in October 2007. Since November 2007, versions of BD+ protection have been circumvented by various versions of the <a href="/wiki/AnyDVD" title="AnyDVD">AnyDVD</a> HD program.<a href="#cite_note-241">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[231]</a> Other programs known to be capable of circumventing BD+ protection are <a href="/wiki/DumpHD" class="mw-redirect" title="DumpHD">DumpHD</a> (versions 0.6 and above, along with some supporting software),<a href="#cite_note-243">[232]</a> MakeMKV,<a href="#cite_note-244">[233]</a> and two applications from DVDFab (Passkey and HD Decrypter).<a href="#cite_note-245">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BD-ROM_Mark">BD-ROM Mark</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: BD-ROM Mark">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/BD-ROM_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-ROM Mark">BD-ROM Mark</a></div> ROM Mark is a small amount of cryptographic data that is stored separately from normal Blu-ray Disc data, aiming to prevent replication of the discs. The cryptographic data is needed to decrypt the copyrighted disc content protected by AACS.<a href="#cite_note-aacs-bd-246">[235]</a> A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM Mark into the media during mastering. During replication, this ROM Mark is transferred together with the recorded data to the disc. In consequence, any copies of a disc made with a regular recorder will lack the ROM Mark data and will be unreadable on standard players.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Backward_compatibility">Backward compatibility</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Backward compatibility">edit</a>]</div> The Blu-ray Disc Association recommends but does not require that Blu-ray Disc drives be capable of reading standard DVDs and CDs, for <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[236]</a> Most Blu-ray Disc players are capable of reading both CDs and DVDs; however, a few of the early Blu-ray Disc players released in 2006, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sony_BDP-S1" title="Sony BDP-S1">Sony BDP-S1</a>, could play DVDs but not CDs.<a href="#cite_note-248">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[239]</a> In addition, with the exception of some early models from <a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, Blu-ray players cannot play <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVDs</a>, and HD DVD players cannot play Blu-ray Discs. Some Blu-ray players can also play <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CDs</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> discs. All Ultra HD Blu-ray players can play regular Blu-ray Discs, and most can play DVDs and CDs. The PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 do not support CDs.<a href="#cite_note-251">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Variations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio_(BD-A)">High Fidelity Pure Audio (BD-A)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: High Fidelity Pure Audio (BD-A)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio" title="High Fidelity Pure Audio">High Fidelity Pure Audio</a></div> High Fidelity Pure Audio (HFPA) is a marketing initiative, spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>, for audio-only Blu-ray optical discs. Launched in 2013 as a potential successor to the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a>, it has been compared with <a href="/wiki/DVD-A" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-A">DVD-A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a>, which had similar aims.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AVCHD">AVCHD</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: AVCHD">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AVCHD" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panasonic_DMP-BD60_Blu-Ray_Player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Panasonic_DMP-BD60_Blu-Ray_Player.jpg/350px-Panasonic_DMP-BD60_Blu-Ray_Player.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Panasonic_DMP-BD60_Blu-Ray_Player.jpg/525px-Panasonic_DMP-BD60_Blu-Ray_Player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Panasonic_DMP-BD60_Blu-Ray_Player.jpg/700px-Panasonic_DMP-BD60_Blu-Ray_Player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> Blu-ray player DMP-BD60 (late 2009) compatible with AVCHD</figcaption></figure> AVCHD was originally developed as a high-definition format for consumer <a href="/wiki/Tapeless" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeless">tapeless</a> <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a>. Derived from the Blu-ray Disc specification, AVCHD shares a similar <a href="/wiki/Random_access" title="Random access">random access</a> directory structure but is restricted to lower audio and video bitrates, simpler interactivity, and the use of AVC-video and Dolby AC-3 (or linear PCM) audio. Being primarily an acquisition format, AVCHD playback is not universally recognized among devices that play Blu-ray Discs. Nevertheless, many such devices are capable of playing AVCHD recordings from removable media, such as DVDs, <a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">SD</a>/<a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">SDHC</a> memory cards, "<a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a>" cards, and <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AVCREC">AVCREC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: AVCREC">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AVCREC" title="AVCREC">AVCREC</a></div> AVCREC uses a BDAV container to record high-definition content on conventional DVDs.<a href="#cite_note-253">[242]</a> Presently AVCREC is tightly integrated with the Japanese <a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a> broadcast standard and is not marketed outside of Japan. AVCREC is used primarily in set-top <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorders</a> and in this regard it is comparable to <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD#HD_REC" title="HD DVD">HD REC</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blu-ray_3D">Blu-ray 3D</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Blu-ray 3D">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blu_ray_3d_(logo).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Blu_ray_3d_%28logo%29.svg/110px-Blu_ray_3d_%28logo%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Blu_ray_3d_%28logo%29.svg/165px-Blu_ray_3d_%28logo%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Blu_ray_3d_%28logo%29.svg/220px-Blu_ray_3d_%28logo%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>The Blu-ray 3D logo</figcaption></figure> The Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA) created a task force made up of executives from the film industry and the consumer electronics and IT sectors to help define standards for putting <a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a> and <a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a> content on a Blu-ray Disc.<a href="#cite_note-254">[243]</a> On December 17, 2009, the BDA officially announced 3D specs for Blu-ray Disc, allowing backward compatibility with current 2D Blu-ray players,<a href="#cite_note-255">[244]</a> though compatibility is limited by the fact that the longer 3D discs are triple-layer, which normal (2D only) players cannot read.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The BDA has said, "The Blu-ray 3D specification calls for encoding 3D video using the "Stereo High" profile defined by <a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">Multiview Video Coding</a> (MVC), an extension to the ITU-T H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) codec currently implemented by all Blu-ray Disc players. MPEG4-MVC compresses both left and right eye views with a typical 50% overhead compared to equivalent 2D content, and can provide full 1080p resolution backward compatibility with current 2D Blu-ray Disc players."<a href="#cite_note-256">[245]</a> This means the MVC (3D) stream is backward compatible with H.264/AVC (2D) stream, allowing older 2D devices and software to decode stereoscopic video streams, ignoring additional information for the second view. However, some 3D discs have a user limitation set preventing the disc from being viewed in 2D (though a 2D disc is often included in the packaging).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sony added Blu-ray 3D support to its <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> console via a <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3_system_software" title="PlayStation 3 system software">firmware upgrade</a> on September 21, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-3.50-257">[246]</a> The console had previously gained 3D gaming capability via an update on April 21, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-258">[247]</a> Since the version 3.70 software update on August 9, 2011, the PlayStation 3 can play DTS-HD Master Audio and DTS-HD High Resolution Audio while playing 3D Blu-ray.<a href="#cite_note-259">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dolby_TrueHD" title="Dolby TrueHD">Dolby TrueHD</a> is used on a small minority of Blu-ray 3D releases, and <a href="/wiki/Bitstream_format" title="Bitstream format">bitstreaming</a> implemented in slim PlayStation 3 models only (original "fat" PS3 models decode internally and send audio as <a href="/wiki/LPCM" class="mw-redirect" title="LPCM">LPCM</a>).<a href="#cite_note-260">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR" title="PlayStation VR">PlayStation VR</a> can also be used to watch these movies in 3D on a <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[250]</a> As of 2018,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit">[update]</a> most major home entertainment studios, such as <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment" title="Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment">Walt Disney Studios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> had discontinued the Blu-ray 3D format in North America, but continued to produce and sell them in other regions such as South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> has ceased sales and productions of 3D Blu-ray Discs all over the world, its last 3D releases being <a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(2017_film)" title="Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transformers:_The_Last_Knight" title="Transformers: The Last Knight">Transformers: The Last Knight</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> continued to sell and produce 3D Blu-ray Discs in North America until 2022 with their last film released on the format being <a href="/wiki/Dune_(2021_film)" title="Dune (2021 film)">Dune</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultra_HD_Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Ultra HD Blu-ray">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></div> Ultra HD Blu-ray Discs are incompatible with existing standard Blu-ray players. They support <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHD</a> (3840 × 2160 pixel resolution) video at frame rates up to 60 progressive frames per second,<a href="#cite_note-CNET4KBlu-raySeptember2014-262">[251]</a> encoded using <a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">High Efficiency Video Coding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNET4KBlu-raySeptember2014-262">[251]</a> The discs support both <a href="/wiki/High_dynamic_range" title="High dynamic range">high dynamic range</a> (HDR) by increasing the color depth to <a href="/wiki/Color_depth#Deep_color_(30-bit)" title="Color depth">10-bit per color</a> and a greater color <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> than supported by conventional Blu-ray video by using the <a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a> <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[252]</a> The specification for an <a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a> Blu-ray format was also completed by the Blu-ray Disc Association for use in Japan. More than two hours of 8K content can be recorded on <a href="#BDXL">BDXL discs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8kbd-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2D_plus_Delta" title="2D plus Delta">2D plus Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring#Blu-ray_Disc" title="Optical disc authoring">Blu-ray Disc authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">Blu-ray Disc recordable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_high-definition_optical_disc_formats" title="Comparison of high-definition optical disc formats">Comparison of high-definition optical disc formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_popular_optical_data-storage_systems" title="Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems">Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_player_software#Optical_media_ability" title="Comparison of video player software">Comparison of video player software: Optical media ability</a>, for a list of software BD video players</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_3D" title="Digital 3D">Digital 3D</a> and <a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk-drive_performance_characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk-drive performance characteristics">Disk-drive performance characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format_war" title="Format war">Format war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">High-definition optical disc format war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">High-definition television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a> (HVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_disc_manufacturers" title="List of optical disc manufacturers">List of optical disc manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Blu-ray_player_manufacturers" title="List of Blu-ray player manufacturers">List of Blu-ray player manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> This is the same as previous optical media formats <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>. Exact composition is different as stated in the body of the article. </li> <li id="cite_note-HEVC-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HEVC_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEVC_185-1">b</a> Only supported on UltraHD Blu-ray with <a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC video compression standard</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-interlaced_fields-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-interlaced_fields_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interlaced_fields_186-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interlaced_fields_186-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interlaced_fields_186-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interlaced_fields_186-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interlaced_fields_186-5">f</a> Field rate of interlaced video. Frame rate for interlaced video is usually half of the field rate, but may also match the field rate. </li> <li id="cite_note-MPEG2-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG2_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG2_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG2_188-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG2_188-3">d</a> MPEG-2 at 1440 × 1080 was previously not included in a draft version of the specification from March 2005.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anamorphic-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anamorphic_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anamorphic_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anamorphic_189-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anamorphic_189-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anamorphic_189-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anamorphic_189-5">f</a> These resolutions are stored <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_format" title="Anamorphic format">anamorphically</a>, i.e. they are stretched to the display aspect ratio by the player or display. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Also known as Initial Standard profile. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Also known as Final Standard profile. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Profile 3.0 is a separate audio-only player profile. The first Blu-ray Disc album to be released was Divertimenti by record label Lindberg Lyd.<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> This is used for storing audio/video and title updates. It can either be built-in memory or removable media, such as a memory card or USB flash memory. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Although titles released by Warner's <a href="/wiki/New_Line_Cinema" title="New Line Cinema">New Line Cinema</a> division were initially region-coded, subsequent re-releases subsequently have been region-free. Titles released by other labels on behalf of New Line are still subject to region-coding. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/White_Paper_General_3rd_Dec%202012_20121210.pdf">"White Paper Blu-ray Disc Format"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_Association" title="Blu-ray Disc Association">Blu-ray Disc Association</a>. December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313161841/https://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/White_Paper_General_3rd_Dec%202012_20121210.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Paper+Blu-ray+Disc+Format&rft.pub=Blu-ray+Disc+Association&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blu-raydisc.com%2FAssets%2FDownloadablefile%2FWhite_Paper_General_3rd_Dec%25202012_20121210.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sutlib2.sut.ac.th/sut_contents/h95009/data/5643_58.pdf">"Data"</a> (PDF). sutlib2.sut.ac.th. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222044500/https://sutlib2.sut.ac.th/sut_contents/h95009/data/5643_58.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sutlib2.sut.ac.th&rft.atitle=Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsutlib2.sut.ac.th%2Fsut_contents%2Fh95009%2Fdata%2F5643_58.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-ray.com/faq/#bluray_developers">Blu-ray FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004150831/https://www.blu-ray.com/faq/#bluray_developers">Archived</a> October 4, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Blu-ray.com. 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Retrieved November 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Sony+%27mastered+in+4K%27+Blu-rays+a+mixed+blessing&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.au=Seamus+Byrne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ftech%2Fhome-entertainment%2Fsony-mastered-in-4k-blu-rays-a-mixed-blessing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCWorld2013JanuaryBDA4KUltraHD-80"><a href="#cite_ref-PCWorld2013JanuaryBDA4KUltraHD_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelissa_J._Perenson2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Melissa J. Perenson (January 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/2024919/blu-ray-looks-ahead-to-4k.html">"Blu-ray looks ahead to 4K"</a>. 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Retrieved February 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blank+Blu-ray+Media%3A+Blu+ray+Recordable+%28BD-R%2C+BD-R+LTH%29+%2F+Rewritable+%28BD-RE%29+Discs%2C+Blu-ray+DVD&rft.pub=Verbatim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verbatim.com%2Fsubcat%2Foptical-media%2Fblu-ray%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hughnews-BD-127"><a href="#cite_ref-hughnews-BD_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hughsnews.ca/faqs/authoritative-blu-ray-disc-bd-faq/8-recording-and-reading-speed">"The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc (BD) FAQ – Recording and reading speed"</a>. Hugh's News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223002516/https://www.hughsnews.ca/faqs/authoritative-blu-ray-disc-bd-faq/8-recording-and-reading-speed">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2020. <q>At this early stage anticipating anything is merely speculation but it's possible to make some informed predictions. From a practical perspective, spinning an optical disc at 10,000 RPM has long proven the realistic limit for half-height drives and 5,000 RPM for slim-types.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hugh%27s+News&rft.atitle=The+Authoritative+Blu-ray+Disc+%28BD%29+FAQ+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BRecording+and+reading+speed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hughsnews.ca%2Ffaqs%2Fauthoritative-blu-ray-disc-bd-faq%2F8-recording-and-reading-speed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everythingusb.com/hi-speed-usb.html#8">"USB 2.0, Hi-Speed USB FAQ"</a>. Everythingusb.com. 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November 17, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430173405/https://www.everythingusb.com/superspeed-usb.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SuperSpeed+USB+3.0+FAQ&rft.pub=Everythingusb.com&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.everythingusb.com%2Fsuperspeed-usb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SATA1a-130"><a href="#cite_ref-SATA1a_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storusint.com/pdf/storage_protocols/sata/serialata10a.pdf">"Serial ATA: High Speed Serialized AT Attachment"</a> (PDF). www.serialata.org. Serial ATA Working Group. January 7, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307041317/https://storusint.com/pdf/storage_protocols/sata/serialata10a.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.serialata.org&rft.atitle=Serial+ATA%3A+High+Speed+Serialized+AT+Attachment&rft.date=2003-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstorusint.com%2Fpdf%2Fstorage_protocols%2Fsata%2Fserialata10a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computershopper.com/components/howto/how-to-install-a-blu-ray-burner">"How To Install A Blu-ray Burner"</a>. ComputerShopper.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220184209/https://www.computershopper.com/components/howto/how-to-install-a-blu-ray-burner">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Install+A+Blu-ray+Burner&rft.pub=ComputerShopper.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computershopper.com%2Fcomponents%2Fhowto%2Fhow-to-install-a-blu-ray-burner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HL-DT-ST-Discontinued-132"><a href="#cite_ref-HL-DT-ST-Discontinued_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200711193519/https://www.lg.com/us/burners-drives/discontinued">"View All Discontinued LG Burners & Drives"</a>. LG USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lg.com/us/burners-drives/discontinued">the original</a> on July 11, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LG+USA&rft.atitle=View+All+Discontinued+LG+Burners+%26+Drives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lg.com%2Fus%2Fburners-drives%2Fdiscontinued&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TSST-Manuals-133"><a href="#cite_ref-TSST-Manuals_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tsstodd.com/manual-2/">"Manual"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904033921/https://www.tsstodd.com/manual-2/">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2018. 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Retrieved August 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pioneer+Electronics+USA&rft.atitle=Computer+Drives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pioneerelectronics.com%2FPUSA%2FComputer%2Fch.Computer%2BDrives.Archived&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW/Blu-ray/">Blu-ray Disc notes for dvd+rw-tools</a> - <q>Defect management comes with a performance penalty: most units will typically record at about 1/2 of the advertised media speed. This is because such units will spend every second revolution verifying the newly recorded data for defects.</q> <q>growisofs allows for SRM recordings without spare area through "undocumented" <code>-use-the-force-luke=spare:none</code> option</q> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E88353_01/html/E37839/xorriso-1.html">xorriso - man pages section 1: User Commands</a> - "Formatting activates Defect Management which tries to the expense of half speed even with flawless media." </li> <li id="cite_note-cdrinfo-BD-137"><a href="#cite_ref-cdrinfo-BD_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/Reviews/Print.aspx?ArticleId=25532">"Blu-Ray Writing Quality Tests Vol 2"</a>. www.cdrinfo.com. CDR info. June 19, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107203123/https://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/Reviews/Print.aspx?ArticleId=25532">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdrinfo.com&rft.atitle=Blu-Ray+Writing+Quality+Tests+Vol+2&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdrinfo.com%2FSections%2FReviews%2FPrint.aspx%3FArticleId%3D25532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kompendium.infotip.de/blu-ray-disc-bd.html">"Blu-ray Disc (BD) – InfoTip Kompendium"</a>. kompendium.infotip.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502085423/https://kompendium.infotip.de/blu-ray-disc-bd.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2015. 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Retrieved June 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blu-ray+Case+Patent&rft.pub=cd-info.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.ar%2Fpatents%2FUS20060124479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acronova.com/blog/blu-ray-disc/">"Blu-ray Disc – The Scoop"</a>. Acronova Technologies Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120110802/https://www.acronova.com/blog/blu-ray-disc/">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blu-ray+Disc+%E2%80%93+The+Scoop&rft.pub=Acronova+Technologies+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acronova.com%2Fblog%2Fblu-ray-disc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verbatim_MiniBR-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verbatim_MiniBR_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verbatim_MiniBR_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424094148/https://www.verbatim.com.au/en_AU/newsroom/verbatim-to-launch-world-s-first-mini-blu-ray-media">"Verbatim to Launch World's First Mini BD Media"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verbatim.com.au/en_AU/newsroom/verbatim-to-launch-world-s-first-mini-blu-ray-media">the original</a> on April 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verbatim+to+Launch+World%27s+First+Mini+BD+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verbatim.com.au%2Fen_AU%2Fnewsroom%2Fverbatim-to-launch-world-s-first-mini-blu-ray-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-ray.com/faq">"Blu-ray FAQ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004150831/https://www.blu-ray.com/faq/">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blu-ray+FAQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blu-ray.com%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cldCAQAAIAAJ&q=bluray+disc+writing+at+high+speeds+of+rotation">Japanese Journal of Applied Physics: Regular papers & short notes</a>. Publication Board, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312170911/https://books.google.com/books?id=cldCAQAAIAAJ&q=bluray+disc+writing+at+high+speeds+of+rotation">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Applied+Physics%3A+Regular+papers+%26+short+notes&rft.pub=Publication+Board%2C+Japanese+Journal+of+Applied+Physics&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcldCAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbluray%2Bdisc%2Bwriting%2Bat%2Bhigh%2Bspeeds%2Bof%2Brotation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TvdRAAAAMAAJ&q=bluray+disc+writing+at+high+speeds+of+rotation">Optical Data Storage</a>. Optical Society of America. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8194-6357-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8194-6357-9"><bdi>978-0-8194-6357-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312170914/https://books.google.com/books?id=TvdRAAAAMAAJ&q=bluray+disc+writing+at+high+speeds+of+rotation">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optical+Data+Storage&rft.pub=Optical+Society+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8194-6357-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTvdRAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbluray%2Bdisc%2Bwriting%2Bat%2Bhigh%2Bspeeds%2Bof%2Brotation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070803/137462/">Hitachi First in Industry to Release Blu-ray Disc Camcorder</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810093717/https://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070803/137462/">Archived</a> August 10, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Naoki Asakawa, Nikkei Electronics, Nikkei Business Publications, August 3, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=21422">"Pioneer and Mitsubishi Develop Low cost BD-R Discs Using Organic Recording Layers"</a>. CDRInfo.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225121648/https://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=21422">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pioneer+and+Mitsubishi+Develop+Low+cost+BD-R+Discs+Using+Organic+Recording+Layers&rft.pub=CDRInfo.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdrinfo.com%2FSections%2FNews%2FDetails.aspx%3FNewsId%3D21422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=22521">Taiyo Yuden, Mitsubishi and Maxell Release First LTH BD-R Discs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227195919/https://cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=22521">Archived</a> February 27, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> cdrinfo.com </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afterdawn.com/news/archive/13371.cfm">PS3 firmware update v2.20 available – added support for LTH BD-R</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080329190941/https://www.afterdawn.com/news/archive/13371.cfm">Archived</a> March 29, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> afterdawn.com </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS108367+21-May-2009+BW20090521">Verbatim/MKM certified BD-R LTH type media makes performance leap to 6X</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913151416/https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS108367+21-May-2009+BW20090521">Archived</a> September 13, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> reuters.com </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=16769">"BD9 Licensing Further Delays The Launch of Blu-ray Burners"</a>. cdrinfo.com. April 11, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071106044010/https://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=16769">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdrinfo.com&rft.atitle=BD9+Licensing+Further+Delays+The+Launch+of+Blu-ray+Burners&rft.date=2006-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdrinfo.com%2FSections%2FNews%2FDetails.aspx%3FNewsId%3D16769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doom9_BDAuth-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Doom9_BDAuth_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?t=134402">"Quick Blu-ray content (BD, BD-5 and BD-9) authoring guide (PS3+PowerDVD)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304141526/https://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?t=134402">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quick+Blu-ray+content+%28BD%2C+BD-5+and+BD-9%29+authoring+guide+%28PS3%2BPowerDVD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.doom9.org%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D134402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html">"Mini Blu-ray Disc: Guide for mini-Blu-ray-Disc Authoring"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080712175755/https://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mini+Blu-ray+Disc%3A+Guide+for+mini-Blu-ray-Disc+Authoring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdtvtotal.com%2Fmodule-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/White_Paper_General_3rd_Dec%202012_20121210.pdf">"White Paper Blu-ray Disc Format General, 3rd Edition"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313161841/https://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/White_Paper_General_3rd_Dec%202012_20121210.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Paper+Blu-ray+Disc+Format+General%2C+3rd+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blu-raydisc.com%2FAssets%2FDownloadablefile%2FWhite_Paper_General_3rd_Dec%25202012_20121210.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bdxlihbd1-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bdxlihbd1_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bdxlihbd1_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/BDXL/BDXL_Spec_Upgrades_Blu-ray_Storage_to_128GB/4493">"BDXL Spec Upgrades Blu-ray Storage to 128GB"</a>. 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Retrieved April 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BDXL+Spec+Upgrades+Blu-ray+Storage+to+128GB&rft.date=2010-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbluray.highdefdigest.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2FIndustry_Trends%2FBDXL%2FBDXL_Spec_Upgrades_Blu-ray_Storage_to_128GB%2F4493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bdxlihbd2-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bdxlihbd2_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bdxlihbd2_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGlaun2010" class="citation web cs1">McGlaun, Shane (April 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201223314/https://www.dailytech.com/Bluray+Disc+Association+Unveils+128GB+Specification/article18059.htm">"Blu-ray Disc Association Unveils 128GB Specification"</a>. DailyTech.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailytech.com/Bluray+Disc+Association+Unveils+128GB+Specification/article18059.htm">the original</a> on December 1, 2011. 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June 25, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191108161851/https://www.engadget.com/2010/06/25/128gb-bdxl-blu-ray-disc-specification-finalized-and-fabulous/">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=128GB+BDXL+Blu-ray+Disc+specification+finalized...+and+fabulous%21&rft.date=2010-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2010%2F06%2F25%2F128gb-bdxl-blu-ray-disc-specification-finalized-and-fabulous%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-raydisc.info/format-spec/r3-spec.php">"R3 Format Specification (BDXL)"</a>. Blu-ray Disc Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100630000927/https://www.blu-raydisc.info/format-spec/r3-spec.php">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2010. 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Retrieved June 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+paper%2C+Blu-ray+Disc+Format%2C+2.B+Audio+Visual+Application%2C+Format+Specifications%2C+for+BD-ROM+Version+2.4%2C+May+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blu-raydisc.com%2Fassets%2FDownloadablefile%2FBD-ROM-AV-WhitePaper_100604%25281%2529-15916.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/bdj_gem_application_definition-15496.pdf">"Application Definition, Blu-ray Disc Format, BD-J Baseline Application and Logical Model Definition for BD-ROM, March 2005"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708073443/https://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/bdj_gem_application_definition-15496.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2011. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aacsla.com/specifications/AACS_Spec_BD_Recordable_Final_0.951.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 7, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advanced+Access+Content+System+%28AACS%29+Blu-ray+Disc+Recordable+Book%2C+Revision+0.951&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aacsla.com%2Fspecifications%2FAACS_Spec_BD_Recordable_Final_0.951.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-raydisc.info/format-spec/r1-spec.php">"R1 Format Specification"</a>. Blu-ray Disc Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702101618/https://www.blu-raydisc.info/format-spec/r1-spec.php">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2010. 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McGraw Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071423960" title="Special:BookSources/9780071423960"><bdi>9780071423960</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312170918/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikxuL2aX9cAC&q=bd-mv%20dvd%20demystified&pg=PT347">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2023. 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March 2005. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221051302/https://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/2b_bdrom_audiovisualapplication_0305-12955-15269.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved July 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+paper+Blu-ray+Disc+Format+%E2%80%93+2.B+Audio+Visual+Application+Format+Specifications+for+BD-ROM&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Blu-ray+Disc+Association&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blu-raydisc.com%2FAssets%2FDownloadablefile%2F2b_bdrom_audiovisualapplication_0305-12955-15269.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bdvm-177"><a href="#cite_ref-bdvm_177-0">^</a> AfterDawn.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/terms/bd-mv.cfm">Glossary – BD-MV (Blu-ray Movie) and BDAV container</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201115516/https://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/terms/bd-mv.cfm">Archived</a> December 1, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on July 26, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-bdav-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bdav_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bdav_178-1">b</a> AfterDawn.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/terms/bdav.cfm">Glossary – BDAV container</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209014907/https://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/term.cfm/bdav">Archived</a> December 9, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Retrieved on July 26, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-bda-bdre-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bda-bdre_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bda-bdre_179-1">b</a> Blu-ray Disc Association (March 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/BD-RE_Part3_V2.1_WhitePaper_080406-15271.pdf">BD-RE – Audiovisual Application Format Specification for BD-RE 2.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206111829/https://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/BD-RE_Part3_V2.1_WhitePaper_080406-15271.pdf">Archived</a> February 6, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-raydisc.com/en/Technical/TechnicalWhitePapers/BDRE.html">Technical White Papers – BD RE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506111157/https://www.blu-raydisc.com/en/Technical/TechnicalWhitePapers/BDRE.html">Archived</a> May 6, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on July 28, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-bda-180"><a href="#cite_ref-bda_180-0">^</a> Blu-ray Disc Association (August 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/general_bluraydiscformat-15263.pdf">Blu-ray Disc Format, White paper</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612042130/https://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/general_bluraydiscformat-15263.pdf">Archived</a> June 12, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF) Page 22, Retrieved on July 28, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-raydisc.com/en/Technical/TechnicalWhitePapers/BDROM.html">"Technical White Papers — BD ROM"</a>. Blu-ray Disc Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110063557/https://www.blu-raydisc.com/en/Technical/TechnicalWhitePapers/BDROM.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+White+Papers+%E2%80%94+BD+ROM&rft.pub=Blu-ray+Disc+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blu-raydisc.com%2Fen%2FTechnical%2FTechnicalWhitePapers%2FBDROM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_7-pictures/windows-7-media-player-will-not-play-back-bluray/36f826cd-db66-45e7-bfad-1ad7f37f42af">"Microsoft Community"</a>. microsoft.com. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016004928/https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_7-pictures/windows-7-media-player-will-not-play-back-bluray/36f826cd-db66-45e7-bfad-1ad7f37f42af">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2015. 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July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605030640/https://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/Downloadablefile/BD-ROM_Part3_V3.0_WhitePaper_150724.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Paper%3A+Blu-ray+Disc+Read-Only+Format+%28Ultra+HD+Blu-ray%29%3A+Audio+Visual+Application+Format+Specifications+for+BD-ROM+Version+3.0&rft.pub=Blu-ray+Disc+Association&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blu-raydisc.com%2Fassets%2FDownloadablefile%2FBD-ROM_Part3_V3.0_WhitePaper_150724.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/2b_bdrom_audiovisualapplication_0305-12955-15269.pdf">"White Paper: Blu-ray Disc Format: 2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM"</a> (PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association. 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Retrieved February 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SMPTE+Motion+Imaging+Journal&rft.atitle=Ultra+HD+Blu-ray+Format+Video+Characteristics&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=14-27&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5594%2FJMI.2016.2563078&rft.issn=2160-2492&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F7514362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlu-ray" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blu-ray</a> (BD/BD-ROM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">Blu-ray Disc recordable</a> (BD-R/BD-RE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc Java">Blu-ray Disc Java</a> (BD-J)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio" title="High Fidelity Pure Audio">High Fidelity Pure Audio</a> (HFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Hi_Def" title="Total Hi Def">Total Hi Def</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD_region_code#Blu-ray_Disc_region_codes" title="DVD region code">Blu-ray Disc region codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_high-definition_optical_disc_formats" title="Comparison of high-definition optical disc formats">Blu-ray & HD-DVD comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">HDTV disc format war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray rot">Blu-ray rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-AV" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-AV">BD-AV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-J" title="BD-J">BD-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_laser" title="Blue laser">Blue laser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BD-ROM_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-ROM Mark">BD-ROM Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD%2B" title="BD+">BD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinavia" title="Cinavia">Cinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Access_Content_System" title="Advanced Access Content System">AACS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection" title="High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection">HDCP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_Association" title="Blu-ray Disc Association">Blu-ray Disc Association</a> (BDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Blu-ray_Disc_recordable_manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Blu-ray Disc recordable manufacturers">BD-R(E)(DL) manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Blu-ray_disc_manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Blu-ray disc manufacturers">Disc manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Blu-ray_player_manufacturers" title="List of Blu-ray player manufacturers">Player manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware/software/content</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VCR/Blu-ray_combo" title="VCR/Blu-ray combo">VCR/Blu-ray combo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_ripper" title="Blu-ray ripper">Blu-ray ripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc recorder">Blu-ray Disc recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Blu-ray_Disc" title="Category:Blu-ray Disc">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_storage_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_storage_formats" title="Template talk:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_storage_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video storage formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video#Analog_video" title="Video">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_videotape" title="Quadruplex videotape">Quadruplex</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus" title="Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus">VERA</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Ampex 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR#Joint_efforts_with_Sony_and_then_Toshiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Sony 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_A_videotape" title="Type A videotape">Type A</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_videotape_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai videotape format">Akai</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ-1" title="EIAJ-1">EIAJ-1</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartrivision" title="Cartrivision">Cartrivision</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">Philips VCR</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Cord" title="V-Cord">V-Cord</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(videocassette_format)" title="VX (videocassette format)">VX</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVC_videotape_format" title="IVC videotape format">IVC</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape" title="Type B videotape">Type B</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">Type C</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_VK" title="Akai VK">VK</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">SVR</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_2000" title="Video 2000">Video 2000</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Video_Cassette" title="Compact Video Cassette">CVC</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-C</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_(videocassette_format)" title="M (videocassette format)">M</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SP" title="Betacam">Betacam SP</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MII_(videocassette_format)" title="MII (videocassette format)">MII</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">S-VHS-C</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi8" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi8">Hi8</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruvi" title="Ruvi">Ruvi</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-1_(Sony)" title="D-1 (Sony)">D1</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-2_(video)" title="D-2 (video)">D2</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-3_(video)" title="D-3 (video)">D3</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCT_(videocassette_format)" title="DCT (videocassette format)">DCT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Digital_Betacam" title="Betacam">Digital Betacam</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D5_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="D5 HD">D5</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital-S" title="Digital-S">Digital-S (D9)</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SX" title="Betacam">Betacam SX</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital8" title="Digital8">Digital8</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#MPEG_IMX" title="Betacam">MPEG IMX</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">UniHi</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape#Special_BCN_units" title="Type B videotape">BCH 1000</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D6_HDTV_VTR" title="D6 HDTV VTR">D6 HDTV VTR</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM#HDCAM_SR" title="HDCAM">HDCAM SR</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videodisc" title="Videodisc">Videodisc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonovision" title="Phonovision">Phonovision</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex#HS-100_.26_HS-200_.22slo-mo.22_disc_recorder" title="Ampex">Ampex-HS</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Electronic_Disc" title="Television Electronic Disc">TeD</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">CED</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">VHD</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserfilm" title="Laserfilm">Laserfilm</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">VSD</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieCD" title="MovieCD">MovieCD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD#CVD" title="Super Video CD">CVD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">EVD</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoNow" title="VideoNow">PVD (Personal Video Disc)</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">FVD</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">MUSE Hi-Vision LD</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc (PFD)</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">VMD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BD (Blu-ray Disc)</a> (2006)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc">MiniBD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media agnostic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCAM" title="DV (video format)">DVCAM</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO50" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO50</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO_HD" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO HD</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tapeless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CamCutter" title="CamCutter">CamCutter</a> <a href="/wiki/Editcam" title="Editcam">Editcam</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_Video" title="Game Boy Advance Video">GBA-TV</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVCHD" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVC-Intra" title="AVC-Intra">AVC-Intra</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">TOD</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFrame_(video_format)" title="IFrame (video format)">iFrame</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAVC" title="XAVC">XAVC</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">Solid state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P2_(storage_media)" title="P2 (storage media)">P2</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM#SxS" title="XDCAM">SxS</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video recorded to film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">Kinescope</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicam" title="Electronicam">Electronicam kinescope</a> (1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Video_Recording" title="Electronic Video Recording">Electronic Video Recording</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-definition_media" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High_definition_media" title="Template:High definition media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High_definition_media" title="Template talk:High definition media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High_definition_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High definition media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-definition_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">High-definition media</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China Blue High-definition Disc</a> (CBHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserdisc#MUSE_LD" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">MUSE LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">VMD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_Association" title="Blu-ray Disc Association">Blu-ray Disc Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China High-definition DVD Industry Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD#Origins_and_competition_from_Blu-ray_Disc" title="HD DVD">HD DVD Promotion Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc#Standards" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">HVD Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interactivity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Content" title="Advanced Content">Advanced Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-J" title="BD-J">BD-Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recordable formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-RE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD-RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD-RW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_high-definition_optical_disc_formats" title="Comparison of high-definition optical disc formats">Comparison of high-definition optical disc formats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Copy prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Access_Content_System" title="Advanced Access Content System">AACS</a> (BD, <a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">FVD</a>, and HD DVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD%2B" title="BD+">BD+</a> (BD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection" title="High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection">HDCP</a> (BD and HD DVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_Mark" title="ROM Mark">ROM Mark</a> (BD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinavia" title="Cinavia">Cinavia</a> (BD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blu-ray players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcsoft_TotalMedia_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsoft TotalMedia Theatre">TotalMedia Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerDVD" title="PowerDVD">PowerDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_BDP-S1" title="Sony BDP-S1">Sony BDP-S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ultra HD Blu-ray players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_One_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox One S">Xbox One S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_One_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox One X">Xbox One X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">HD DVD players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_360_HD_DVD_Player" title="Xbox 360 HD DVD Player">Xbox 360 HD DVD Drive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-definition_(HD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-definition" title="Template:High-definition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-definition" title="Template talk:High-definition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-definition_(HD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">High-definition (HD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">High-definition television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High-definition video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-high-definition television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p (HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1440p" title="1440p">1440p (Quad HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">2160p (4K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">4320p (8K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16K_resolution" title="16K resolution">8640p (16K Ultra HD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog broadcast</a> (All defunct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">819 line system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">HD MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE (Hi-Vision)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital broadcast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DMB-T/H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Surround sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital" title="Direct Stream Digital">DSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_eXtreme_Definition" title="Digital eXtreme Definition">DXD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filming and storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives" title="Digital Cinema Initiatives">DCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_pre-recorded_media_and_compression" title="High-definition pre-recorded media and compression">HD media and compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">CBHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">HD VMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserdisc#MUSE_LD" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">MUSE LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country" title="List of digital television deployments by country">List of digital television deployments by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stereoscopy_and_3D_display" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stereoscopy" title="Template:Stereoscopy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stereoscopy" title="Template talk:Stereoscopy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stereoscopy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stereoscopy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stereoscopy_and_3D_display" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">3D display</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_stereo_view" title="3D stereo view">3D stereo view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_rivalry" title="Binocular rivalry">Binocular rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">Binocular vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromostereopsis" title="Chromostereopsis">Chromostereopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_insufficiency" title="Convergence insufficiency">Convergence insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_problem" title="Correspondence problem">Correspondence problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">Peripheral vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">Depth perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipolar_geometry" title="Epipolar geometry">Epipolar geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_depth_effect" title="Kinetic depth effect">Kinetic depth effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoblindness" title="Stereoblindness">Stereoblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">Stereopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereopsis_recovery" title="Stereopsis recovery">Stereopsis recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_acuity" title="Stereoscopic acuity">Stereoscopic acuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergence-accommodation_conflict" title="Vergence-accommodation conflict">Vergence-accommodation conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system" title="Active shutter 3D system">Active shutter 3D system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">Anaglyph 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubblegram" title="Bubblegram">Bubblegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_imaging" title="Integral imaging">Integral imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_lens" title="Lenticular lens">Lenticular lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">Multiscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_barrier" title="Parallax barrier">Parallax barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_scrolling" title="Parallax scrolling">Parallax scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarized_3D_system" title="Polarized 3D system">Polarized 3D system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specular_holography" title="Specular holography">Specular holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">Stereo display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">Stereoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectograph" title="Vectograph">Vectograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggle_stereoscopy" title="Wiggle stereoscopy">Wiggle stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">2D to 3D conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D_plus_Delta" title="2D plus Delta">2D plus Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D-plus-depth" title="2D-plus-depth">2D-plus-depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_stereo_vision" title="Computer stereo vision">Computer stereo vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">Multiview Video Coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_scanning" title="Parallax scanning">Parallax scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscope" title="Pseudoscope">Pseudoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_photography_techniques" title="Stereo photography techniques">Stereo photography techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoautograph" title="Stereoautograph">Stereoautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_depth_rendition" title="Stereoscopic depth rendition">Stereoscopic depth rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_rangefinder" title="Stereoscopic rangefinder">Stereoscopic rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_spectroscopy" title="Stereoscopic spectroscopy">Stereoscopic spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_coding" title="Stereoscopic video coding">Stereoscopic video coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_camcorder" title="3D camcorder">3D camcorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D-enabled mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4D_film" title="4D film">4D film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_3D" title="Digital 3D">Digital 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">Stereo camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_microscope" title="Stereo microscope">Stereo microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_game" title="Stereoscopic video game">Stereoscopic video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_HD3D" title="AMD HD3D">AMD HD3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_Real_3D" title="Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D">Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infitec" title="Infitec">Infitec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MasterImage_3D" title="MasterImage 3D">MasterImage 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Nintendo_3DS" title="New Nintendo 3DS">New 3DS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_3D_Vision" title="Nvidia 3D Vision">Nvidia 3D Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavision_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavision 3D">Panavision 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealD_3D" title="RealD 3D">RealD 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Actius_RD3D_Notebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharp Actius RD3D Notebook">Sharp Actius RD3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View-Master" title="View-Master">View-Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereographer" title="Stereographer">Stereographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_Displays_and_Applications" title="Stereoscopic Displays and Applications">Stereoscopic Displays and Applications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sony" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sony" title="Template:Sony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sony" title="Template talk:Sony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sony" title="History of Sony">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary businesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony#Electronics_Products_&_Solutions" title="Sony">Sony Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony#Imaging_&_Sensing_Solutions" title="Sony">Sony Semiconductor Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment" title="Sony Entertainment">Sony Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Group" title="Sony Music Group">Sony Music Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Publishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Financial_Group" title="Sony Financial Group">Sony Financial Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Life" title="Sony Life">Sony Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Bank" title="Sony Bank">Sony Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Entertainment Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniplex" title="Aniplex">Aniplex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sony_trademarks" title="List of Sony trademarks">Technologies and brands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B1" title="Sony α">α (Alpha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionz" title="Bionz">Bionz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravia_(brand)" title="Bravia (brand)">Bravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (microprocessor)">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-shot" title="Cyber-shot">Cyber-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dash" title="Sony Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dream_Machine" title="Sony Dream Machine">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmor" title="Exmor">Exmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handycam" title="Handycam">Handycam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM/HDCAM-SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMZ-T1" title="HMZ-T1">HMZ-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inzone" title="Inzone">Inzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LocationFree_Player" title="LocationFree Player">LocationFree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">MiniDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylo_(Sony)" title="Mylo (Sony)">mylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_8_channel_SDDS_films" title="List of 8 channel SDDS films">8 channel films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_X-tal_Reflective_Display" title="Silicon X-tal Reflective Display">SXRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Tablet" title="Sony Tablet">Sony Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_diode" title="Tunnel diode">Tunnel diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransferJet" title="TransferJet">TransferJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8/Hi8/Digital8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Vision-S" title="Sony Vision-S">Vision-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia" title="Sony Xperia">Xperia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIBO" title="AIBO">AIBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLI%C3%89" title="CLIÉ">Sony CLIÉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbotron" title="Jumbotron">Jumbotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Lissa" title="Sony Lissa">Lissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Mavica" title="Sony Mavica">Mavica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_NEWS" title="Sony NEWS">NEWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optiarc" title="Optiarc">Optiarc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia_(Sony)" title="Qualia (Sony)">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Rolly" title="Sony Rolly">Rolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-55" title="TR-55">TR-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitron" title="Trinitron">Trinitron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FD_Trinitron/WEGA" title="FD Trinitron/WEGA">FD series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">1 inch Type C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Watchman" title="Sony Watchman">Watchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEGA" title="WEGA">WEGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Creative_Software" title="Sony Creative Software">Sony Creative Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa Networks</a> (57%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Online distribution</a> <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Network" title="PlayStation Network">PlayStation Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Now" title="PlayStation Now">PlayStation Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation Store</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Core" title="Sony Pictures Core">Sony Pictures Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SonyLIV" title="SonyLIV">SonyLIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Flix" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Flix">Great American Pure Flix</a> (joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Media" title="Great American Media">Great American Media</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Former/Defunct" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former/Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Video" title="PlayStation Video">PlayStation Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vue" title="PlayStation Vue">PlayStation Vue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_EMEA#Anime_Digital_Network" title="Crunchyroll EMEA">Anime Digital Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_on_Demand" title="Anime on Demand">Anime on Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_Store_Australia#AnimeLab" title="Crunchyroll Store Australia">AnimeLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakanim" title="Wakanim">Wakanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRV_(streaming_service)" title="VRV (streaming service)">VRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Minisode_Network" title="The Minisode Network">Minisodes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other businesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Digital_Audio_Disc_Corporation" title="Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation">Sony DADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So-net" title="So-net">Sony Network Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Professional_Solutions" title="Sony Professional Solutions">Sony Professional Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Honda_Mobility" title="Sony Honda Mobility">Sony Honda Mobility</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDLinx" title="MDLinx">M3</a> (39.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a> (4.9%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America" title="Sony Corporation of America">Sony Corporation of America</a> (umbrella company in the US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Sony" title="List of assets owned by Sony">Other subsidiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Sony" title="List of acquisitions by Sony">List of acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_owned_by_Sony" title="List of libraries owned by Sony">List of libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonprofit organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shohoku_College" title="Shohoku College">Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Toshiba_IBM_Center_of_Competence_for_the_Cell_Processor" title="Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor">Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_timer" title="Sony timer">Sony timer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lasers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lasers" title="Template:Lasers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lasers" title="Template talk:Lasers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lasers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_articles" title="List of laser articles">List of laser articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_types" title="List of laser types">List of laser types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_applications" title="List of laser applications">List of laser applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_acronyms" title="Laser acronyms">Laser acronyms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of lasers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_laser" title="Chemical laser">Chemical laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">Dye laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_laser" title="Bubble laser">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid-crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_laser" title="Gas laser">Gas laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide laser">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excimer_laser" title="Excimer laser">Excimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">Helium–neon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_laser" title="Ion laser">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_laser" title="Nitrogen laser">Nitrogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">Free-electron laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">Solid-state laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Er:YAG_laser" title="Er:YAG laser">Er:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_laser" title="Raman laser">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_laser" title="Ruby laser">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti-sapphire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_laser" title="X-ray laser">X-ray laser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laser_science" title="Laser science">Laser physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">Active laser medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplified_spontaneous_emission" title="Amplified spontaneous emission">Amplified spontaneous emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" 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