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id="toc-Intrusive_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrusive_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Intrusive morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrusive_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Known_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Known_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Known examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Known_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economic importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="كربوناتيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كربوناتيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatitl%C9%99r" title="Karbonatitlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbonatitlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatita" title="Carbonatita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carbonatita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatit" title="Karbonatit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karbonatit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatit" title="Karbonatit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karbonatit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatiit" title="Karbonatiit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karbonatiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatita" title="Carbonatita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbonatita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کربناتیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربناتیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbonatite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatita" title="Carbonatita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbonatita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_karbonat" title="Lava karbonat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lava karbonat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbonatite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98" title="קרבונטיט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרבונטיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карбонатиттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карбонатиттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карбонатиттер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карбонатиттер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatitas" title="Karbonatitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karbonatitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatit" title="Karbonatit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbonatit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatiet" title="Carbonatiet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carbonatiet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%8A%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="カーボナタイト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーボナタイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatitt" title="Karbonatitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbonatitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatitt" title="Karbonatitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbonatitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatyty" title="Karbonatyty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karbonatyty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatito" title="Carbonatito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbonatito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Карбонатит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карбонатит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbonatite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatit" title="Karbonatit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karbonatit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Карбонатит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карбонатит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatiitti" title="Karbonatiitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karbonatiitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatit" title="Karbonatit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karbonatit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatit" title="Karbonatit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbonatit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Карбонатити – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карбонатити" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%88%90%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD%E5%B2%A9" title="火成碳酸鹽岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火成碳酸鹽岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q195178#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Carbonatite</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff"><b><a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">Igneous rock</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonatite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Carbonatite.jpg/220px-Carbonatite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Carbonatite.jpg/330px-Carbonatite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Carbonatite.jpg/440px-Carbonatite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Carbonatite from <a href="/wiki/Jacupiranga" title="Jacupiranga">Jacupiranga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. This rock is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Composition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">Carbonate minerals</a> (>50%)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lava_lengai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lava_lengai.jpg/220px-Lava_lengai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lava_lengai.jpg/330px-Lava_lengai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lava_lengai.jpg/440px-Lava_lengai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Carbonatite lava at <a href="/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai" title="Ol Doinyo Lengai">Ol Doinyo Lengai</a> volcano, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Carbonatite</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Extrusive_rock" title="Extrusive rock">extrusive</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> defined by <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineralogic</a> composition consisting of greater than 50% <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">carbonate minerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbonatites may be confused with <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> and may require geochemical verification. </p><p>Carbonatites usually occur as small <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plug" title="Volcanic plug">plugs</a> within zoned alkalic intrusive complexes, or as <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">veins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are almost exclusively associated with continental <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rift</a>-related tectonic settings. It seems that there has been a steady increase in the carbonatitic <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> activity through the Earth's history, from the <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> <a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a> to the present. </p><p>Nearly all carbonatite occurrences are intrusives or <a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">subvolcanic</a> intrusives. This is because carbonatite <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows, being composed largely of soluble carbonates, are easily weathered and are therefore unlikely to be preserved in the geologic record. Carbonatite eruptions as lava may therefore not be as uncommon as thought, but they have been poorly preserved throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">Earth's history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoppa2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoppa2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carbonatite liquid compositions are significantly more alkaline than what is preserved in the fossil carbonatite rock record as composition of the melt inclusions shows.<sup id="cite_ref-Guzmics_et_al._2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzmics_et_al._2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only one carbonatite <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> is known to have erupted in historical time, the active <a href="/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai" title="Ol Doinyo Lengai">Ol Doinyo Lengai</a> volcano in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. It erupts with the coolest lava in the world, at 500–600 °C (932–1,112 °F). The lava is <a href="/wiki/Natrocarbonatite" title="Natrocarbonatite">natrocarbonatite</a> dominated by <a href="/wiki/Nyerereite" title="Nyerereite">nyerereite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregoryite" title="Gregoryite">gregoryite</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genesis">Genesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The magmatic origin of carbonatite was argued in detail by Swedish geologist <a href="/wiki/Harry_von_Eckermann" title="Harry von Eckermann">Harry von Eckermann</a> in 1948 based on his study of <a href="/wiki/Aln%C3%B6_Complex" title="Alnö Complex">Alnö Complex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodethesis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodethesis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was however the 1960 eruption of <a href="/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai" title="Ol Doinyo Lengai">Ol Doinyo Lengai</a> in Tanzania that led to geological investigations that finally confirmed the view that carbonatite is derived from <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodethesis_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodethesis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carbonatites are <i>rare</i>, <i>peculiar</i> igneous rocks formed by unusual processes and from unusual source rocks. Three models of their formation exist: </p> <ol><li>direct generation by very low-degree partial melts in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">mantle</a> and melt <a href="/wiki/Igneous_differentiation" title="Igneous differentiation">differentiation</a>,</li> <li>liquid <a href="/wiki/Immiscibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Immiscibility">immiscibility</a> between a carbonate melt and a <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> melt,</li> <li>peculiar, extreme crystal fractionation.</li></ol> <p>Evidence for each process exists, but the key is that these are unusual phenomena. Historically, carbonatites were thought to form by melting of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> by intrusion of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>, but geochemical and mineralogical data discount this. For example, the carbon isotopic composition of carbonatites is mantle-like and not like sedimentary limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The age of carbonatites ranges from Archean to present: the oldest carbonatite, Tupertalik in Greenland, is 3007 Ma old, while Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania is presently active.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mineralogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary mineralogy is highly variable, but may include <a href="/wiki/Natrolite" title="Natrolite">natrolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">sodalite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">baryte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancylite" title="Ancylite">ancylite</a> group minerals, and other rare minerals not found in more common igneous rocks. Recognition of carbonatites may be difficult, especially as their mineralogy and texture may not differ much from <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> except the presence of igneous minerals. They may also be sources of <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">vermiculite</a>. </p><p>Carbonatites are classed as <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">sovite</a> (coarse textured) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvikite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvikite (page does not exist)">alvikite</a> (finer textured) varieties or <a href="/wiki/Facies" title="Facies">facies</a>. The two are also distinguished by minor and <a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace element</a> composition.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kresten_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kresten-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms <i>rauhaugite</i> and <i>beforsite</i> refer to <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Ankerite" title="Ankerite">ankerite</a>-rich occurrences respectively. The alkali-carbonatites are termed <i>lengaite</i>. Examples with 50–70% carbonate minerals are termed <i>silico-carbonatites</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kresten_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kresten-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, carbonatites may be either enriched in <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth elements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guilbert_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilbert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Natrocarbonatite" title="Natrocarbonatite">Natrocarbonatite</a></i> is made up largely of two minerals, <a href="/wiki/Nyerereite" title="Nyerereite">nyerereite</a> (named after <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a>, the first president of independent <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gregoryite" title="Gregoryite">gregoryite</a> (named after <a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Gregory" title="John Walter Gregory">John Walter Gregory</a>, one of the first geologists to study the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> and author of the book <i>The Great Rift Valley</i>). These minerals are both <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> are present in significant quantities. Both are <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a>, and when they come into contact with the moisture in the atmosphere, they begin to react extremely quickly. The black or dark brown lava and ash erupted begins to turn white within a few hours, then grey after a few days, then brown after a few weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Allington-Jones2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allington-Jones2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnesiocarbonatite_from_British_Columbia_in_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Magnesiocarbonatite_from_British_Columbia_in_Canada.jpg/220px-Magnesiocarbonatite_from_British_Columbia_in_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Magnesiocarbonatite_from_British_Columbia_in_Canada.jpg/330px-Magnesiocarbonatite_from_British_Columbia_in_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Magnesiocarbonatite_from_British_Columbia_in_Canada.jpg/440px-Magnesiocarbonatite_from_British_Columbia_in_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Magnesiocarbonatite, from Verity-Paradise Carbonatite Complex of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. Specimen is 75 mm wide.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carbonatites are unusual igneous rocks composed predominantly of <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">carbonate minerals</a>. Most carbonatites tend to include some silicate mineral fraction; by definition an igneous rock containing >50% carbonate minerals is classified as a carbonatite. Silicate minerals associated with such compositions are <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, and silica-<a href="/wiki/Undersaturated" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersaturated">undersaturated</a> minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Nepheline" title="Nepheline">nepheline</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Feldspathoid" title="Feldspathoid">feldspathoids</a>. </p><p>Geochemically, carbonatites are dominated by incompatible elements (Ba, Cs, Rb) and depletions in compatible elements (Hf, Zr, Ti). This together with their silica-undersaturated composition supports inferences that carbonatites are formed by low degrees of <a href="/wiki/Partial_melting" title="Partial melting">partial melting</a>. </p><p>A specific type of <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_alteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal alteration">hydrothermal alteration</a> termed <i>fenitization</i> is typically associated with carbonatite intrusions. This alteration assemblage produces a unique rock mineralogy termed a <i><a href="/wiki/Fenite" title="Fenite">fenite</a></i> after its type locality, the <a href="/wiki/Fen_Complex" title="Fen Complex">Fen Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. The alteration consists of <a href="/wiki/Metasomatism" title="Metasomatism">metasomatic</a> halos consisting of sodium rich <a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">silicates</a> <a href="/wiki/Arfvedsonite" title="Arfvedsonite">arfvedsonite</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barkevikite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barkevikite (page does not exist)">barkevikite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glaucophane" title="Glaucophane">glaucophane</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mineral" title="Phosphate mineral">phosphates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> and other iron and titanium oxides.<sup id="cite_ref-Guilbert_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilbert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okaite,_Oka_Niobium_Mine,_Quebec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Okaite%2C_Oka_Niobium_Mine%2C_Quebec.jpg/220px-Okaite%2C_Oka_Niobium_Mine%2C_Quebec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Okaite%2C_Oka_Niobium_Mine%2C_Quebec.jpg/330px-Okaite%2C_Oka_Niobium_Mine%2C_Quebec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Okaite%2C_Oka_Niobium_Mine%2C_Quebec.jpg/440px-Okaite%2C_Oka_Niobium_Mine%2C_Quebec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>Okaite, an <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic rock</a> found near the carbonatite of the Oka Carbonatite Complex, <a href="/wiki/Oka,_Quebec" title="Oka, Quebec">Oka, Quebec</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Overall, 527 carbonatite localities are known on Earth, and they are found on all continents and also on oceanic islands. Most of the carbonatites are shallow intrusive bodies of calcite-rich igneous rocks in form of volcanic necks, dykes, and cone-sheets. These generally occur in association with larger intrusions of alkali-rich silicate igneous rocks. The extrusive carbonatites are particularly rare, only 49 are known, and they appear to be restricted to a few continental rift zones, such as the Rhine valley and the East African rift system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Associated igneous rocks typically include <a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">ijolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melteigite" class="mw-redirect" title="Melteigite">melteigite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">teschenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">lamprophyres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">phonolite</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foyaite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foyaite (page does not exist)">foyaite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">shonkinite</a>, silica undersaturated foid-bearing <a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">pyroxenite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">essexite</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">nepheline syenite</a>. </p><p>Carbonatites are typically associated with undersaturated (low <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>) igneous rocks that are either alkali (Na<sub>2</sub>O and K<sub>2</sub>O), ferric iron (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Agpaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agpaitic">agpaitic</a> rocks or alkali-poor, FeO-CaO-MgO-rich and zirconium-poor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaskitic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miaskitic (page does not exist)">miaskitic</a> rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Guilbert_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilbert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Weld">Mount Weld</a> carbonatite is unassociated with a belt or suite of alkaline igneous rocks, although calc-alkaline magmas are known in the region. The genesis of this Archaean carbonatite remains contentious as it is the sole example of an Archaean carbonatite in Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrusive_morphology">Intrusive morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intrusive morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carbonatite is known to form in association with concentrically zoned complexes of alkaline-igneous rocks, the typical example of this being <a href="/wiki/Phalaborwa,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalaborwa, South Africa">Phalaborwa, South Africa</a>. </p><p>Carbonatites in the form of sills, <a href="/wiki/Lopolith" title="Lopolith">lopoliths</a> and rare dikes are reported in the <a href="/wiki/Guyana_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Guyana Shield">Guyana Shield</a>. </p><p>The Mud Tank and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Weld">Mount Weld</a> carbonatites take the form of multi-stage cylindrical intrusive bodies with several distinct phases of carbonatite intrusion. Smaller carbonatite sills and dikes are present in other <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> mobile belts in Australia, typically as dikes and discontinuous pods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Known_examples">Known examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Known examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dozens of carbonatites are known including: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Bearpaw_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearpaw Mountains">Bearpaw Mountains</a>, Montana;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Oka,_Quebec" title="Oka, Quebec">Oka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Honor%C3%A9,_Quebec" title="Saint-Honoré, Quebec">Saint-Honoré, Quebec</a>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gem_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gem Park (page does not exist)">Gem Park</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Hill,_Colorado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron Hill, Colorado (page does not exist)">Iron Hill, Colorado</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_Cove_igneous_complex" title="Magnet Cove igneous complex">Magnet Cove igneous complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Guilbert_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilbert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Pass_rare_earth_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Pass rare earth mine">Mountain Pass, California</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Guilbert_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilbert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Palabora_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Palabora Complex">Palabora Complex</a> near <a href="/wiki/Phalaborwa" title="Phalaborwa">Phalaborwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Guilbert_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilbert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacupiranga" title="Jacupiranga">Jacupiranga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayopaya,_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayopaya, Bolivia (page does not exist)">Ayopaya, Bolivia</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Impacto" title="Cerro Impacto">Cerro Impacto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovdor" title="Kovdor">Kovdor</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vischnevogorsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vischnevogorsk (page does not exist)">Vischnevogorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>;</li> <li>Amba Dongar and Newania from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>;</li> <li>Maz, Argentina;</li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_Tank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mud Tank (page does not exist)">Mud Tank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Weld">Mount Weld</a>, Australia;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Fen_Complex" title="Fen Complex">Fen Complex</a>, Norway;</li> <li>part of the basal complex of <a href="/wiki/Fuerteventura" title="Fuerteventura">Fuerteventura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>;</li> <li>the Avon Volcanic District, Missouri;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Elk Creek Carbonatite, Nebraska, USA.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2017, the discovery of a new carbonatite deposit was confirmed north-west of <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia" title="Prince George, British Columbia">Prince George, British Columbia</a>, in a region termed the "Rocky Mountain Rare Metal Belt".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The volcano <a href="/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai" title="Ol Doinyo Lengai">Ol Doinyo Lengai</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> is the world's only active carbonatite volcano. Other older carbonatite volcanoes are located in the same region, including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Homa" title="Mount Homa">Mount Homa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_importance">Economic importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thin_section_scan_crossed_polarizers_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301-61.70.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Thin_section_scan_crossed_polarizers_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301-61.70.jpg/220px-Thin_section_scan_crossed_polarizers_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301-61.70.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Thin_section_scan_crossed_polarizers_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301-61.70.jpg/330px-Thin_section_scan_crossed_polarizers_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301-61.70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Thin_section_scan_crossed_polarizers_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301-61.70.jpg/440px-Thin_section_scan_crossed_polarizers_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301-61.70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thin_section" title="Thin section">Thin section</a> of apatite-rich carbonatite in cross polarised transmitted light. The sample is from <a href="/wiki/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_apatite_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Siilinjärvi apatite mine">Siilinjärvi apatite mine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carbonatites may contain economic or anomalous concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth elements</a> (REEs), <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, and other rare or incompatible elements. <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">Apatite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barite" class="mw-redirect" title="Barite">barite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">vermiculite</a> are among the industrially important minerals associated with some carbonatites.<sup id="cite_ref-Guilbert_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilbert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trace elements are extremely enriched in carbonatites, and they have the highest concentration of lanthanides of any known rock type.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest REE-carbonatite deposits are Bayan Obo,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountain Pass,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maoniuping,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mount Weld.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vein deposits of <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth elements</a> may be associated with carbonatites and may be hosted internal to or within the <a href="/wiki/Metasomatism" title="Metasomatism">metasomatized</a> aureole of a carbonatite. </p><p>As an example, the Palabora complex of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> has produced significant copper (as <a href="/wiki/Chalcopyrite" title="Chalcopyrite">chalcopyrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bornite" title="Bornite">bornite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalcocite" title="Chalcocite">chalcocite</a>), apatite, vermiculate along with lesser magnetite, <a href="/wiki/Linnaeite" title="Linnaeite">linnaeite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baddeleyite" title="Baddeleyite">baddeleyite</a> (zirconium–hafnium), and by-product <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guilbert_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilbert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The generic stone found in the <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> <a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a> has been theorised to be carbonatite.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBell1989" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Keith, ed. 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Nomenclature, Average Chemical Compositions, and Element Distribution. In: Bell, K. (Eds.) Carbonatites, Genesis and Evolution, Unwin Hyman, 1–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yang, X.Y., Sun, W.D., Zhang, Y.X. & Zheng Y.F. 2009. Geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit in Inner Mongolia, China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 1417–1435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castor, S.B. 2008. The Mountain Pass Rare Earth carbonatite and associated ultrapotassic rocks, California. Canadian Mineralogist 46, 779–806.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xie, Y., Hou, Z., Yin, S., Dominy, S.C., Xu, J., Tian, S. & Xu, W. 2009. Continuous carbonatitic melt-fluid evolution of a REE mineralization system: Evidence from inclusions in the Maoniuping REE Deposit, Western Sichuan, China. Ore Geology Reviews 36, 90–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lottermoser, B.G. 1990. Rare-earth element mineralisation within the Mt. Weld carbonatite laterite, Western Australia. Lithos 24, 151–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGneiss_Name2023" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Gneiss Name (2023-06-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMx63AJShLE&ab_channel=GneissName"><i>Geologist answers: What is Stone</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-16</span></span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geologist+answers%3A+What+is+Stone&rft.date=2023-06-12&rft.au=Gneiss+Name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DuMx63AJShLE%26ab_channel%3DGneissName&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonatite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Duncan R. K., Willett G. C. (1990) – Mount Weld Carbonatite: in Hughes F. E. (Ed.), 1990 <i>Geology of the Mineral Deposits of Australia & Papua New Guinea</i> The AusIMM, Melbourne Mono 14, v. 1 pp. 591–597.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr-95-0831/CHAP6.pdf">"Carbonatite Deposits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a> Carbonatite Deposits</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGS+Carbonatite+Deposits&rft.atitle=Carbonatite+Deposits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fof%2F1995%2Fofr-95-0831%2FCHAP6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonatite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b1693/html/bull5rsj.htm">"Descriptive Model of Carbonatite Deposits"</a>. <i>USGS Descriptive Model of Carbonatite Deposits</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGS+Descriptive+Model+of+Carbonatite+Deposits&rft.atitle=Descriptive+Model+of+Carbonatite+Deposits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fbul%2Fb1693%2Fhtml%2Fbull5rsj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonatite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/2003/03_04_17.html">"World's Coolest Lava is in Africa"</a>. <i>Volcano Watch April 17, 2003</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volcano+Watch+April+17%2C+2003&rft.atitle=World%27s+Coolest+Lava+is+in+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhvo.wr.usgs.gov%2Fvolcanowatch%2F2003%2F03_04_17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonatite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acceda.ulpgc.es/bitstream/10553/1784/1/4459.pdf">"Rare earth minerals in carbonatites of Basal Complex of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rare+earth+minerals+in+carbonatites+of+Basal+Complex+of+Fuerteventura+%28Canary+Islands%2C+Spain%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facceda.ulpgc.es%2Fbitstream%2F10553%2F1784%2F1%2F4459.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonatite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133109/https://www.ielf.tu-clausthal.de/fileadmin/user_upload/lager/pdf/Schultz_et_al_2004.pdf">Bolivian carbonatite occurrences</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503015748/http://www.mtsu.edu/~fbelton/lengai.html">Ol Doinyo Lengai – The Mountain of God</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071108232232/http://www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/latam.htm">List of alkaline rock occurrences in the Americas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819091127/http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/info/aimr/phosphate.jsp">Phosphate deposits of Australia, Mount Weld Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portergeo.com.au/database/mineinfo.asp?mineid=mn770">Description of the Mount Weld Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021220707/http://www.commerceresources.com/i/pdf/FirResourceEstimate_March62003.pdf">Blue River Carbonatites, British Columbia, Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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id="Common_igneous_rocks_classified_by_silicon_dioxide_content79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> classified by <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> content</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Type</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">Ultramafic</a><br /><45% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">Mafic</a><br />45–52% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a><br />52–63% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a>–<a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a><br />63–69% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">Felsic</a><br />>69% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a>:</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">Subvolcanic rocks</a>:</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">Plutonic rocks</a>:</b> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase (Dolerite)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Microdiorite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Microgranodiorite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Microgranite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&oldid=1263436809">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonatite&oldid=1263436809</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Igneous_rocks" title="Category:Igneous rocks">Igneous rocks</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" 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