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id="toc-Crystal_habits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Optical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermoluminescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermoluminescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Thermoluminescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermoluminescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Chemical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use and applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Natural occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Formation processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Earth_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Earth_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In Earth history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Earth_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcite</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsiet" title="Kalsiet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kalsiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="كالسيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كالسيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcita" title="Calcita – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Calcita" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsit" title="Kalsit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalsit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ক্যালসাইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যালসাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong-k%C3%A1i-chio%CC%8Dh" title="Hong-kái-chio̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hong-kái-chio̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Кальцыт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кальцыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Кальцыт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кальцыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Калцит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калцит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcit" title="Kalcit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalcit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcita" title="Calcita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calcita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcit" title="Kalcit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalcit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calsit" title="Calsit – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Calsit" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcit" title="Calcit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Calcit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcit" title="Calcit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Calcit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltsiit" title="Kaltsiit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaltsiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ασβεστίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασβεστίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcita" title="Calcita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calcita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcito" title="Kalcito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalcito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltzita" title="Kaltzita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaltzita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کلسیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلسیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calcite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailc%C3%ADt" title="Cailcít – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cailcít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcita" title="Calcita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calcita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%ED%95%B4%EC%84%9D" title="방해석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방해석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Կալցիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալցիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कैल्साइट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैल्साइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcit" title="Kalcit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalcit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsit" title="Kalsit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalsit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kals%C3%ADt" title="Kalsít – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kalsít" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calcite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%98" title="קלציט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלציט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კალციტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალციტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcyt" title="Kalcyt – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kalcyt" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Кальцит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кальцит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Кальцит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кальцит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcites" title="Calcites – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calcites" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalc%C4%ABts" title="Kalcīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalcīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcitas" title="Kalcitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalcitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcit" title="Kalcit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalcit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="കാൽസൈറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൽസൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciet" title="Calciet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Calciet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A7%A3%E7%9F%B3" title="方解石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="方解石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsitt" title="Kalsitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kalsitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsitt" title="Kalsitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kalsitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcita" title="Calcita – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Calcita" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsit" title="Kalsit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kalsit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcyt" title="Kalcyt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalcyt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcita" title="Calcita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calcita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcit" title="Calcit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calcit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Кальцит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кальцит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Calcite" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Calcite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcit" title="Kalcit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kalcit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcit" title="Kalcit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalcit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Калцит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калцит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcit" title="Kalcit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalcit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsiitti" title="Kalsiitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalsiitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkspat" title="Kalkspat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalkspat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கால்சைட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கால்சைட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="แคลไซต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคลไซต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsit" title="Kalsit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalsit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Кальцит – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кальцит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcit" title="Calcit – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Calcit" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A7%A3%E7%9F%B3" title="方解石 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="方解石" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A7%A3%E7%9F%B3" title="方解石 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="方解石" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A7%A3%E7%9F%B3" title="方解石 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="方解石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calcium carbonate mineral</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the database framework, see <a href="/wiki/Apache_Calcite" title="Apache Calcite">Apache Calcite</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #d4d1cd">Calcite</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite_Variation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Calcite_Variation.png/220px-Calcite_Variation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Calcite_Variation.png/330px-Calcite_Variation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Calcite_Variation.png/440px-Calcite_Variation.png 2x" data-file-width="4250" data-file-height="3040" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Clockwise from top left: scalenohedral, rhomboedral, stalactitic, and botryoidal calcite</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #d4d1cd">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">Carbonate mineral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">CaCO<sub>3</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.AB.05</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trigonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal">Trigonal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hexagonal scalenohedral (<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m) <br /><a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>: (<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> 2/m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>R</i><span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>c</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>a</i> = 4.9896(2) <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångstrom">Å</a>, <br /><i>c</i> = 17.0610(11) Å; <i>Z</i> = 6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #d4d1cd">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Typically colorless or creamy white - may have shades of brownish colors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Botryoidal, concretionary, druse, globular, granular, massive, rhombohedral, scalenohedral, stalactitic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Common by four twin laws</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Perfect on {10<span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span>1} three directions with angle of 74° 55'<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Conchoidal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tenacity_(mineralogy)" title="Tenacity (mineralogy)">Tenacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brittle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">3 (defining mineral)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vitreous to pearly on cleavage surfaces</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Transparent to translucent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.71</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Uniaxial (−); low <a href="/wiki/Optical_relief" title="Optical relief">relief</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>n</i><sub>ω</sub> = 1.640–1.660<br /> <i>n</i><sub>ε</sub> = 1.486</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>δ</i> = 0.154–0.174</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fusibility" title="Fusibility">Fusibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Infusible (decrepitates energetically)<sup id="cite_ref-Sinkankas1964_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinkankas1964-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Soluble in dilute acids</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other characteristics</th><td class="infobox-data">May fluoresce red, blue, yellow, and other colors under either SW and LW UV; phosphorescent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-HOM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mindat_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Calcite</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate minerals">carbonate mineral</a> and the most stable <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">polymorph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> (CaCO<sub>3</sub>). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. Calcite defines hardness 3 on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale of mineral hardness</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Scratch_hardness" title="Scratch hardness">scratch</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardness_comparison" title="Hardness comparison">hardness comparison</a>. Large calcite crystals are used in optical equipment, and limestone composed mostly of calcite has numerous uses. </p><p>Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaterite" title="Vaterite">vaterite</a>. Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300 °C,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and vaterite is even less stable. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcite is derived from the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Calcit</i></span>, a term from the 19th century that came from the Latin word for <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">calx</i></span> (genitive <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">calcis</i></span>) with the suffix <i>-ite</i> used to name minerals. It is thus a <a href="/wiki/Doublet_(linguistics)" title="Doublet (linguistics)">doublet</a> of the word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chalk" class="extiw" title="wikt:chalk">chalk</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When applied by <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> and stone trade professionals, the term <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> is used not just as in geology and mineralogy, where it is reserved for a variety of <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>; but also for a similar-looking, <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">translucent</a> variety of fine-grained banded deposit of calcite.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unit_cell_and_Miller_indices">Unit cell and Miller indices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unit cell and Miller indices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Calcite.png/170px-Calcite.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Calcite.png/255px-Calcite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Calcite.png/340px-Calcite.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Crystal structure of calcite</figcaption></figure> <p>In publications, two different sets of <a href="/wiki/Miller_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller indices">Miller indices</a> are used to describe directions in hexagonal and rhombohedral crystals, including calcite crystals: three Miller indices <span class="texhtml"><i>h, k, l</i></span> in the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2831c92c630f4e7455ccf17eb5e182d91c20d6a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.643ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},c}"></span> directions, or four <a href="/wiki/Miller_index#Case_of_hexagonal_and_rhombohedral_structures" title="Miller index">Bravais–Miller indices</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>h, k, i, l</i></span> in the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8081f2b977197c94d93ff5ce5906640775c25ab6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.961ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},c}"></span> directions, where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span> is redundant but useful in visualizing <a href="/wiki/Permutation_group" title="Permutation group">permutation symmetries</a>. </p><p>To add to the complications, there are also two definitions of <a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">unit cell</a> for calcite. One, an older "morphological" unit cell, was inferred by measuring angles between faces of crystals, typically with a <a href="/wiki/Goniometer" title="Goniometer">goniometer</a>, and looking for the smallest numbers that fit. Later, a "structural" unit cell was determined using <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>. The morphological unit cell is <a href="/wiki/Rhombohedron" title="Rhombohedron">rhombohedral</a>, having approximate dimensions <span class="texhtml"><i>a</i> = 10 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångstrom">Å</a></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>c</i> = 8.5 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångstrom">Å</a></span>, while the structural unit cell is <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">hexagonal</a> (i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Rhombus" title="Rhombus">rhombic</a> <a href="/wiki/Prism_(geometry)" title="Prism (geometry)">prism</a>), having approximate dimensions <span class="texhtml"><i>a</i> = 5 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångstrom">Å</a></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>c</i> = 17 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångstrom">Å</a></span>. For the same orientation, <span class="texhtml"><i>c</i></span> must be multiplied by 4 to convert from morphological to structural units. As an example, calcite <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">cleavage</a> is given as "perfect on {1 0 <span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span> 1}" in morphological coordinates and "perfect on {1 0 <span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span> 4}" in structural units. In <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{hkl\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{hkl\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e019a55f3b356feca7fce827610004ab91422c2e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.568ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{hkl\}}"></span> indices, these are {1 0 1} and {1 0 4}, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a>, cleavage and <a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">crystal forms</a> are often given in morphological units.<sup id="cite_ref-mindat_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hazen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diagnostic properties of calcite include a defining <a href="/wiki/Mohs_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs hardness">Mohs hardness</a> of 3, a <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> of 2.71 and, in crystalline varieties, a vitreous <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">luster</a>. Color is white or none, though shades of gray, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, brown, or even black can occur when the mineral is charged with impurities.<sup id="cite_ref-mindat_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystal_habits">Crystal habits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crystal habits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcite has numerous habits, representing combinations of over 1000 <a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallographic form">crystallographic forms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HOM_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most common are <a href="/wiki/Scalenohedron" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalenohedron">scalenohedra</a>, with faces in the hexagonal {2 1 1} directions (morphological unit cell) or {2 1 4} directions (structural unit cell); and rhombohedral, with faces in the {1 0 1} or {1 0 4} directions (the most common cleavage plane).<sup id="cite_ref-Hazen_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habits include acute to obtuse rhombohedra, tabular habits, <a href="/wiki/Prism_(geometry)" title="Prism (geometry)">prisms</a>, or various <a href="/wiki/Scalenohedron" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalenohedron">scalenohedra</a>. Calcite exhibits several <a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">twinning</a> types that add to the observed habits. It may occur as fibrous, granular, lamellar, or compact. A fibrous, efflorescent habit is known as <i>lublinite</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleavage is usually in three directions parallel to the rhombohedron form. Its fracture is <a href="/wiki/Conchoidal_fracture" title="Conchoidal fracture">conchoidal</a>, but difficult to obtain. </p><p>Scalenohedral faces are <a href="/wiki/Chiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiral">chiral</a> and come in pairs with mirror-image symmetry; their growth can be influenced by interaction with chiral biomolecules such as L- and D-<a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>. Rhombohedral faces are not chiral.<sup id="cite_ref-Hazen_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_182279_photo_(g28_g28-218_1_jpg).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhombohedral calcite"><img alt="Rhombohedral calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_182279_photo_%28g28_g28-218_1_jpg%29.jpg/120px-Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_182279_photo_%28g28_g28-218_1_jpg%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_182279_photo_%28g28_g28-218_1_jpg%29.jpg/180px-Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_182279_photo_%28g28_g28-218_1_jpg%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_182279_photo_%28g28_g28-218_1_jpg%29.jpg/240px-Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_182279_photo_%28g28_g28-218_1_jpg%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2343" data-file-height="1929" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhombohedral calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite_jaune_sur_fluorine_violette_(USA).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scalenohedral calcite"><img alt="Scalenohedral calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Calcite_jaune_sur_fluorine_violette_%28USA%29.jpg/120px-Calcite_jaune_sur_fluorine_violette_%28USA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Calcite_jaune_sur_fluorine_violette_%28USA%29.jpg/180px-Calcite_jaune_sur_fluorine_violette_%28USA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Calcite_jaune_sur_fluorine_violette_%28USA%29.jpg/240px-Calcite_jaune_sur_fluorine_violette_%28USA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scalenohedral calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite,_gal%C3%A8ne_et_pyrite_(Dal%27negorsk_-_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_Russie).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Prismatic calcite"><img alt="Prismatic calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Calcite%2C_gal%C3%A8ne_et_pyrite_%28Dal%27negorsk_-_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_Russie%29.JPG/120px-Calcite%2C_gal%C3%A8ne_et_pyrite_%28Dal%27negorsk_-_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_Russie%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Calcite%2C_gal%C3%A8ne_et_pyrite_%28Dal%27negorsk_-_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_Russie%29.JPG/180px-Calcite%2C_gal%C3%A8ne_et_pyrite_%28Dal%27negorsk_-_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_Russie%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Calcite%2C_gal%C3%A8ne_et_pyrite_%28Dal%27negorsk_-_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_Russie%29.JPG/240px-Calcite%2C_gal%C3%A8ne_et_pyrite_%28Dal%27negorsk_-_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_Russie%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3627" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prismatic calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite_et_fluorine_(USA).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Prismatic calcite"><img alt="Prismatic calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Calcite_et_fluorine_%28USA%29.JPG/120px-Calcite_et_fluorine_%28USA%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Calcite_et_fluorine_%28USA%29.JPG/180px-Calcite_et_fluorine_%28USA%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Calcite_et_fluorine_%28USA%29.JPG/240px-Calcite_et_fluorine_%28USA%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3734" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prismatic calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stalactitic calcite"><img alt="Stalactitic calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Calcite_7.jpg/120px-Calcite_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Calcite_7.jpg/180px-Calcite_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Calcite_7.jpg/240px-Calcite_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stalactitic calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_202078_photo_(g27_g27-415_1_jpg).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hexagonal calcite"><img alt="Hexagonal calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_202078_photo_%28g27_g27-415_1_jpg%29.jpg/120px-Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_202078_photo_%28g27_g27-415_1_jpg%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_202078_photo_%28g27_g27-415_1_jpg%29.jpg/180px-Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_202078_photo_%28g27_g27-415_1_jpg%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_202078_photo_%28g27_g27-415_1_jpg%29.jpg/240px-Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_202078_photo_%28g27_g27-415_1_jpg%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="1791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hexagonal calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite-241250.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dodecahedral calcite"><img alt="Dodecahedral calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Calcite-241250.jpg/120px-Calcite-241250.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Calcite-241250.jpg/180px-Calcite-241250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Calcite-241250.jpg/240px-Calcite-241250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dodecahedral calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite_-_Galleria_di_Mezzolombardo_(Trento)_-_Paolo_Ferretti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bipyramidal calcite"><img alt="Bipyramidal calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Calcite_-_Galleria_di_Mezzolombardo_%28Trento%29_-_Paolo_Ferretti.jpg/103px-Calcite_-_Galleria_di_Mezzolombardo_%28Trento%29_-_Paolo_Ferretti.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Calcite_-_Galleria_di_Mezzolombardo_%28Trento%29_-_Paolo_Ferretti.jpg/155px-Calcite_-_Galleria_di_Mezzolombardo_%28Trento%29_-_Paolo_Ferretti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Calcite_-_Galleria_di_Mezzolombardo_%28Trento%29_-_Paolo_Ferretti.jpg/206px-Calcite_-_Galleria_di_Mezzolombardo_%28Trento%29_-_Paolo_Ferretti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1253" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bipyramidal calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9um_de_Nantes_-_352_-_Calcite_(Grenoble,_Is%C3%A8re,_France).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Druse calcite"><img alt="Druse calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mus%C3%A9um_de_Nantes_-_352_-_Calcite_%28Grenoble%2C_Is%C3%A8re%2C_France%29.jpg/120px-Mus%C3%A9um_de_Nantes_-_352_-_Calcite_%28Grenoble%2C_Is%C3%A8re%2C_France%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mus%C3%A9um_de_Nantes_-_352_-_Calcite_%28Grenoble%2C_Is%C3%A8re%2C_France%29.jpg/180px-Mus%C3%A9um_de_Nantes_-_352_-_Calcite_%28Grenoble%2C_Is%C3%A8re%2C_France%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mus%C3%A9um_de_Nantes_-_352_-_Calcite_%28Grenoble%2C_Is%C3%A8re%2C_France%29.jpg/240px-Mus%C3%A9um_de_Nantes_-_352_-_Calcite_%28Grenoble%2C_Is%C3%A8re%2C_France%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Druse calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_History_Museum_155_(8047048490).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twinned calcite"><img alt="Twinned calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Natural_History_Museum_155_%288047048490%29.jpg/120px-Natural_History_Museum_155_%288047048490%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Natural_History_Museum_155_%288047048490%29.jpg/180px-Natural_History_Museum_155_%288047048490%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Natural_History_Museum_155_%288047048490%29.jpg/240px-Natural_History_Museum_155_%288047048490%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3734" data-file-height="2806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Twinned calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite_-_Sassari,_Sardegna,_Italia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Globular calcite"><img alt="Globular calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Calcite_-_Sassari%2C_Sardegna%2C_Italia_01.jpg/120px-Calcite_-_Sassari%2C_Sardegna%2C_Italia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Calcite_-_Sassari%2C_Sardegna%2C_Italia_01.jpg/180px-Calcite_-_Sassari%2C_Sardegna%2C_Italia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Calcite_-_Sassari%2C_Sardegna%2C_Italia_01.jpg/240px-Calcite_-_Sassari%2C_Sardegna%2C_Italia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Globular calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite_(Cave-in-Rock_Mining_District,_Illinois,_USA)_3_(42590140555).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Botryoidal calcite"><img alt="Botryoidal calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Calcite_%28Cave-in-Rock_Mining_District%2C_Illinois%2C_USA%29_3_%2842590140555%29.jpg/120px-Calcite_%28Cave-in-Rock_Mining_District%2C_Illinois%2C_USA%29_3_%2842590140555%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Calcite_%28Cave-in-Rock_Mining_District%2C_Illinois%2C_USA%29_3_%2842590140555%29.jpg/180px-Calcite_%28Cave-in-Rock_Mining_District%2C_Illinois%2C_USA%29_3_%2842590140555%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Calcite_%28Cave-in-Rock_Mining_District%2C_Illinois%2C_USA%29_3_%2842590140555%29.jpg/240px-Calcite_%28Cave-in-Rock_Mining_District%2C_Illinois%2C_USA%29_3_%2842590140555%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3185" data-file-height="2998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Botryoidal calcite</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical">Optical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Optical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite-refraction-property.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Calcite-refraction-property.jpg/220px-Calcite-refraction-property.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Calcite-refraction-property.jpg/330px-Calcite-refraction-property.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Calcite-refraction-property.jpg/440px-Calcite-refraction-property.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of calcite displaying the characteristic birefringence optical behaviour</figcaption></figure> <p>Calcite is <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">transparent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opaque</a> and may occasionally show <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">phosphorescence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>. A transparent variety called "<a href="/wiki/Iceland_spar" title="Iceland spar">Iceland spar</a>" is used for optical purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acute <a href="/wiki/Bipyramid" title="Bipyramid">scalenohedral</a> crystals are sometimes referred to as "dogtooth spar" while the <a href="/wiki/Rhombohedron" title="Rhombohedron">rhombohedral</a> form is sometimes referred to as "nailhead spar".<sup id="cite_ref-Sinkankas1964_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinkankas1964-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rhombohedral form may also have been the "<a href="/wiki/Sunstone_(medieval)" title="Sunstone (medieval)">sunstone</a>" whose use by <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> navigators is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">Icelandic Sagas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Single calcite crystals display an optical property called <a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">birefringence</a> (double refraction). This strong birefringence causes objects viewed through a clear piece of calcite to appear doubled. The birefringent effect (using calcite) was first described by the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Bartholin" title="Rasmus Bartholin">Rasmus Bartholin</a> in 1669. At a wavelength of about 590 nm, calcite has ordinary and extraordinary <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive indices</a> of 1.658 and 1.486, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 190 and 1700 nm, the ordinary refractive index varies roughly between 1.9 and 1.5, while the extraordinary refractive index varies between 1.6 and 1.4.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermoluminescence">Thermoluminescence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thermoluminescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescence_in_calcite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fluorescence_in_calcite.jpg/220px-Fluorescence_in_calcite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fluorescence_in_calcite.jpg/330px-Fluorescence_in_calcite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fluorescence_in_calcite.jpg/440px-Fluorescence_in_calcite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration of birefringence in calcite, using 445 nm laser</figcaption></figure> <p>Calcite has <a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence" title="Thermoluminescence">thermoluminescent</a> properties mainly due to manganese divalent (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Mn<sup>2+</sup></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Medlin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An experiment was conducted by adding activators such as ions of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pb, and Bi to the calcite samples to observe whether they emitted heat or light. The results showed that adding ions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu<sup>2+</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Zn<sup>2+</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ag<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Bi<sup>3+</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>2+</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>3+</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Co<sup>2+</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ni<sup>2+</sup></span>) did not react.<sup id="cite_ref-Medlin_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a reaction occurred when both manganese and lead ions were present in calcite.<sup id="cite_ref-Medlin_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By changing the temperature and observing the glow curve peaks, it was found that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Pb<sup>2+</sup></span>and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mn<sup>2+</sup></span>acted as activators in the calcite lattice, but <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Pb<sup>2+</sup></span> was much less efficient than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mn<sup>2+</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Medlin_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measuring mineral thermoluminescence experiments usually use x-rays or gamma-rays to activate the sample and record the changes in glowing curves at a temperature of 700–7500 K.<sup id="cite_ref-Medlin_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mineral thermoluminescence can form various glow curves of crystals under different conditions, such as temperature changes, because impurity ions or other crystal defects present in minerals supply luminescence centers and trapping levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Medlin_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observing these curve changes also can help infer geological correlation and age determination.<sup id="cite_ref-Medlin_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcite, like most carbonates, dissolves in acids by the following reaction </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CaCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + 2 H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> → Ca<sup>2+</sup> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>The carbon dioxide released by this reaction produces a characteristic effervescence when a calcite sample is treated with an acid. </p><p>Due to its acidity, carbon dioxide has a slight solubilizing effect on calcite. The overall reaction is </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CaCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(s) + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(aq) → Ca<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span>(aq)</span></dd></dl> <p>If the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide drops, the reaction reverses to precipitate calcite. As a result, calcite can be either <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolved</a> by groundwater or <a href="/wiki/Precipitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitate">precipitated</a> by groundwater, depending on such factors as the water temperature, <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">pH</a>, and dissolved <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> concentrations. When conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement rock grains together and can fill fractures. When conditions are right for dissolution, the removal of calcite can dramatically increase the <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(fluid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (fluid)">permeability</a> of the rock, and if it continues for a long period of time, may result in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a>. Continued dissolution of calcium carbonate-rich formations can lead to the expansion and eventual collapse of cave systems, resulting in various forms of <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst topography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calcite exhibits an unusual characteristic called retrograde solubility: it is less soluble in water as the temperature increases. Calcite is also more soluble at higher pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pure calcite has the composition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CaCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>. However, the calcite in limestone often contains a few percent of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>. Calcite in limestone is divided into low-magnesium and high-magnesium calcite, with the dividing line placed at a composition of 4% magnesium. High-magnesium calcite retains the calcite mineral structure, which is distinct from that of <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">MgCa(CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calcite can also contain small quantities of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manganese may be responsible for the fluorescence of impure calcite, as may traces of organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcite is found all over the world, and its leading global distribution is as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pd36-2-iss013e14843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pd36-2-iss013e14843.jpg/220px-Pd36-2-iss013e14843.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pd36-2-iss013e14843.jpg/330px-Pd36-2-iss013e14843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pd36-2-iss013e14843.jpg/440px-Pd36-2-iss013e14843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Calcite Quarry, Michigan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Calcite is found in many different areas in the United States. One of the best examples is the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Limestone_and_Chemical_Company" title="Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company">Calcite Quarry</a> in Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Calcite Quarry is the largest carbonate mine in the world and has been in use for more than 85 years.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large quantities of calcite can be mined from these sizeable open pit mines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcite can also be found throughout Canada, such as in Thorold Quarry and Madawaska Mine, Ontario, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abundant calcite is mined in the Santa Eulalia mining district, Chihuahua, Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large quantities of calcite in Iceland are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Helgustadir_mine" title="Helgustadir mine">Helgustadir mine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AZo_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mine was once the primary mining location of "Iceland spar."<sup id="cite_ref-Krist_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krist-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it currently serves as a nature reserve, and calcite mining will not be allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-Krist_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krist-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcite is found in parts of England, such as Alston Moor, Egremont, and Frizington, Cumbria.<sup id="cite_ref-AZo_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Andreasberg, Harz Mountains, and Freiberg, Saxony can find calcite.<sup id="cite_ref-AZo_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_and_applications">Use and applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Use and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tutankhamun%27s_Alabaster_Jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tutankhamun%27s_Alabaster_Jar.jpg/170px-Tutankhamun%27s_Alabaster_Jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tutankhamun%27s_Alabaster_Jar.jpg/255px-Tutankhamun%27s_Alabaster_Jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tutankhamun%27s_Alabaster_Jar.jpg/340px-Tutankhamun%27s_Alabaster_Jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="2942" /></a><figcaption>One of several calcite or alabaster perfume jars from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>, d. 1323 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient Egyptians carved many items out of calcite, relating it to their goddess <a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bast</a>, whose name contributed to the term <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> because of the close association. Many other cultures have used the material for similar carved objects and applications.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A transparent variety of calcite known as <a href="/wiki/Iceland_spar" title="Iceland spar">Iceland spar</a> may have been used by <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> for navigating on cloudy days. A very pure crystal of calcite can split a beam of sunlight into dual images, as the polarized light deviates slightly from the main beam. By observing the sky through the crystal and then rotating it so that the two images are of equal brightness, the rings of polarized light that surround the sun can be seen even under overcast skies. Identifying the sun's location would give seafarers a reference point for navigating on their lengthy sea voyages.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In World War II, high-grade optical calcite was used for gun sights, specifically in bomb sights and anti-aircraft weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used as a polarizer (in <a href="/wiki/Nicol_prism" title="Nicol prism">Nicol prisms</a>) before the invention of <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_(polarizer)" title="Polaroid (polarizer)">Polaroid</a> plates and still finds use in optical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993408_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993408-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, experiments have been conducted to use calcite for a <a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">cloak of invisibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microbiologically_induced_calcite_precipitation" title="Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation">Microbiologically precipitated calcite</a> has a wide range of applications, such as soil remediation, soil stabilization and concrete repair.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also can be used for tailings management and is designed to promote sustainable development in the mining industry.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calcite can help synthesize precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) (mainly used in the paper industry) and increase <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jimoh_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jimoh-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, due to its particular crystal habit, such as rhombohedron, hexagonal prism, etc., it promotes the production of PCC with specific shapes and particle sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-Jimoh_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jimoh-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calcite, obtained from an 80 kg sample of <a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Carrara marble</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IAEA603RefSheet_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAEA603RefSheet-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used as the <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a>-603 isotopic standard in <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> for the calibration of <a href="/wiki/%CE%9418O" title="Δ18O">δ<sup>18</sup>O</a> and <a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C">δ<sup>13</sup>C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calcite can be formed naturally or synthesized. However, artificial calcite is the preferred material to be used as a scaffold in bone tissue engineering due to its controllable and repeatable properties.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calcite can be used to alleviate water pollution caused by the excessive growth of <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>. Lakes and rivers can lead to cyanobacteria blooms due to <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>, which pollutes water resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Han_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phosphorus (P) is the leading cause of excessive growth of cyanobacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Han_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an active capping material, calcite can help reduce P release from sediments into the water, thus inhibiting cyanobacteria overgrowth.<sup id="cite_ref-Han_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_occurrence">Natural occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Natural occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcite is a common constituent of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>, limestone in particular, much of which is formed from the shells of dead marine organisms. Approximately 10% of sedimentary rock is limestone. It is the primary mineral in <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>. It also occurs in deposits from <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">vein</a> mineral; in caverns as <a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">stalactites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">stalagmites</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle-derived</a> rocks such as <a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">carbonatites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlites</a>, or rarely in <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotites</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">Cacti</a> contain Ca-oxalate biominerals. Their death releases these biominerals into the environment, which subsequently transform to calcite via a monohydrocalcite intermediate, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestering carbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calcite is often the primary constituent of the shells of <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine organisms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Coccolith" title="Coccolith">coccoliths</a> and planktic <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>), the hard parts of red <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Serpulidae" title="Serpulidae">serpulids</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">bryozoa</a>, and parts of the shells of some <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">bivalves</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudists" title="Rudists">rudists</a>). Calcite is found in spectacular form in the <a href="/wiki/Snowy_River_Cave" title="Snowy River Cave">Snowy River Cave</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> as mentioned above, where microorganisms are credited with natural formations. <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">Trilobites</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">extinct a quarter billion years ago</a>, had unique compound eyes that used clear calcite crystals to form the lenses.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also forms a substantial part of birds' eggshells, and the <a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C">δ<sup>13</sup>C</a> of the diet is reflected in the δ<sup>13</sup>C of the calcite of the shell.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch-et-al-2007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-et-al-2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest documented single crystal of calcite originated from Iceland, measured 7 m × 7 m × 2 m (23 ft × 23 ft × 6.6 ft) and 6 m × 6 m × 3 m (20 ft × 20 ft × 9.8 ft) and weighed about 250 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classic samples have been produced at <a href="/wiki/Madawaska_Mine" title="Madawaska Mine">Madawaska Mine</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bancroft,_Ontario" title="Bancroft, Ontario">Bancroft, Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bed_(geology)" title="Bed (geology)">Bedding</a> parallel veins of fibrous calcite, often referred to in quarrying parlance as <i>beef</i>, occur in dark organic rich mudstones and shales, these veins are formed by increasing <a href="/wiki/Fluid_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid pressure">fluid pressure</a> during <a href="/wiki/Diagenesis" title="Diagenesis">diagenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_processes">Formation processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Formation processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:P-T_Diagram_for_CaCO3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/P-T_Diagram_for_CaCO3.svg/400px-P-T_Diagram_for_CaCO3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/P-T_Diagram_for_CaCO3.svg/600px-P-T_Diagram_for_CaCO3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/P-T_Diagram_for_CaCO3.svg/800px-P-T_Diagram_for_CaCO3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Calcite formation can proceed by several pathways, from the classical <a href="/wiki/Terrace_ledge_kink_model" title="Terrace ledge kink model">terrace ledge kink model</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the crystallization of poorly ordered precursor phases like <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_calcium_carbonate" title="Amorphous calcium carbonate">amorphous calcium carbonate</a> (ACC) via an <a href="/wiki/Ostwald_ripening" title="Ostwald ripening">Ostwald ripening</a> process, or via the agglomeration of nanocrystals.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crystallization of ACC can occur in two stages. First, the ACC nanoparticles rapidly dehydrate and crystallize to form individual particles of <a href="/wiki/Vaterite" title="Vaterite">vaterite</a>. Second, the vaterite transforms to calcite via a <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">reprecipitation</a> mechanism, with the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_rate" title="Reaction rate">reaction rate</a> controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> of a calcite crystal.<sup id="cite_ref-Geb_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geb-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second stage of the reaction is approximately 10 times slower. </p><p>However, crystallization of calcite has been observed to be dependent on the starting <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> in solution. A neutral starting pH during mixing promotes the direct transformation of ACC into calcite without a vaterite intermediate. But when ACC forms in a solution with a <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a> initial pH, the transformation to calcite occurs via <a href="/wiki/Metastability" title="Metastability">metastable</a> vaterite, following the pathway outlined above.<sup id="cite_ref-Geb_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geb-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnesium has a noteworthy effect on both the stability of ACC and its transformation to crystalline CaCO<sub>3</sub>, resulting in the formation of calcite directly from ACC, as this ion destabilizes the structure of vaterite. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Epitaxy" title="Epitaxy">Epitaxial</a> overgrowths of calcite precipitated on <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathered</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">cleavage</a> surfaces have morphologies that vary with the type of weathering the substrate experienced: growth on physically weathered surfaces has a shingled morphology due to Volmer-Weber growth, growth on chemically weathered surfaces has characteristics of Stranski-Krastanov growth, and growth on pristine cleavage surfaces has characteristics of Frank - van der Merwe growth.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These differences are apparently due to the influence of surface roughness on layer coalescence dynamics. </p><p>Calcite may form in the subsurface in response to <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganism</a> activity, such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a>-dependent <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_oxidation_of_methane" title="Anaerobic oxidation of methane">anaerobic oxidation of methane</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> is <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidized</a> and sulfate is <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduced</a>, leading to precipitation of calcite and <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> from the produced <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a>. These processes can be traced by the specific <a href="/wiki/Carbon_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon isotope">carbon isotope</a> composition of the calcites, which are extremely depleted in the <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13"><sup>13</sup>C</a> isotope, by as much as −125 per mil <a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C#Reference_standard" title="Δ13C">PDB</a> (δ<sup>13</sup>C).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Earth_history">In Earth history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In Earth history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Calcite_sea" title="Calcite sea">Calcite seas</a> existed in Earth's history when the primary inorganic <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> in marine waters was low-magnesium calcite (lmc), as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> and high-magnesium calcite (hmc) precipitated today. Calcite seas alternated with <a href="/wiki/Aragonite_sea" title="Aragonite sea">aragonite seas</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a>, being most prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> periods. Lineages evolved to use whichever <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">morph</a> of calcium carbonate was favourable in the ocean at the time they became mineralised, and retained this mineralogy for the remainder of their evolutionary history.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter2007_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter2007-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Petrography" title="Petrography">Petrographic</a> evidence for these calcite sea conditions consists of calcitic <a href="/wiki/Ooid" title="Ooid">ooids</a>, lmc cements, <a href="/wiki/Hardgrounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardgrounds">hardgrounds</a>, and rapid early seafloor aragonite dissolution.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolution of marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells may have been affected by the calcite and aragonite sea cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calcite is one of the minerals that has been shown to <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyze</a> an important biological reaction, the <a href="/wiki/Formose_reaction" title="Formose reaction">formose reaction</a>, and may have had a role in the origin of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Hazen_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interaction of its <a href="/wiki/Chirality" title="Chirality">chiral</a> surfaces (see <a href="#Form">Form</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">aspartic acid</a> molecules results in a slight bias in chirality; this is one possible mechanism for the origin of <a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">homochirality</a> in living cells.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Effect_of_Ocean_Acidification_on_Calcification.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Effect_of_Ocean_Acidification_on_Calcification.png/220px-Effect_of_Ocean_Acidification_on_Calcification.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Effect_of_Ocean_Acidification_on_Calcification.png/330px-Effect_of_Ocean_Acidification_on_Calcification.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Effect_of_Ocean_Acidification_on_Calcification.png/440px-Effect_of_Ocean_Acidification_on_Calcification.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Ocean acidification reduces pH, which affects calcification in shelled organisms.</figcaption></figure> <p>Climate change is exacerbating <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>, possibly leading to lower natural calcite production. The oceans absorb large amounts of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> from fossil fuel emissions into the air.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total amount of artificial <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> absorbed by the oceans is calculated to be 118 ± 19 Gt C.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a large amount of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> dissolves in the sea, it will cause the acidity of the seawater to increase, thereby affecting the pH value of the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calcifying organisms in the sea, such as molluscs foraminifera, crustaceans, echinoderms and corals, are susceptible to pH changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, these calcifying organisms are also an essential source of calcite. As ocean acidification causes pH to drop, carbonate ion concentrations will decline, potentially reducing natural calcite production.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite-Mottramite-cktsu-45b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calcite with mottramite"><img alt="Calcite with mottramite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Calcite-Mottramite-cktsu-45b.jpg/133px-Calcite-Mottramite-cktsu-45b.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Calcite-Mottramite-cktsu-45b.jpg/200px-Calcite-Mottramite-cktsu-45b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Calcite-Mottramite-cktsu-45b.jpg/266px-Calcite-Mottramite-cktsu-45b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calcite with <a href="/wiki/Mottramite" title="Mottramite">mottramite</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erbenochile_eye.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Trilobite eyes employed calcite"><img alt="Trilobite eyes employed calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Erbenochile_eye.JPG/133px-Erbenochile_eye.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Erbenochile_eye.JPG/200px-Erbenochile_eye.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Erbenochile_eye.JPG/266px-Erbenochile_eye.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">Trilobite</a> eyes employed calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calcite crystals inside a test of the cystoid Echinosphaerites aurantium (Middle Ordovician, northeastern Estonia)"><img alt="Calcite crystals inside a test of the cystoid Echinosphaerites aurantium (Middle Ordovician, northeastern Estonia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg/133px-CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg/200px-CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg/266px-CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2634" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calcite crystals inside a <a href="/wiki/Test_(biology)" title="Test (biology)">test</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cystoidea" title="Cystoidea">cystoid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Echinosphaerites" title="Echinosphaerites">Echinosphaerites aurantium</a></i> (Middle <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite-Dolomite-Gypsum-159389.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhombohedrons of calcite that appear almost as books of petals, piled up 3-dimensionally on the matrix"><img alt="Rhombohedrons of calcite that appear almost as books of petals, piled up 3-dimensionally on the matrix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Calcite-Dolomite-Gypsum-159389.jpg/133px-Calcite-Dolomite-Gypsum-159389.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Calcite-Dolomite-Gypsum-159389.jpg/200px-Calcite-Dolomite-Gypsum-159389.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Calcite-Dolomite-Gypsum-159389.jpg/266px-Calcite-Dolomite-Gypsum-159389.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rhombohedron" title="Rhombohedron">Rhombohedrons</a> of calcite that appear almost as books of petals, piled up 3-dimensionally on the <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite-Hematite-Chalcopyrite-176263.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calcite crystal canted at an angle, with little balls of hematite and crystals of chalcopyrite both on its surface and included just inside the surface of the crystal"><img alt="Calcite crystal canted at an angle, with little balls of hematite and crystals of chalcopyrite both on its surface and included just inside the surface of the crystal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Calcite-Hematite-Chalcopyrite-176263.jpg/133px-Calcite-Hematite-Chalcopyrite-176263.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Calcite-Hematite-Chalcopyrite-176263.jpg/200px-Calcite-Hematite-Chalcopyrite-176263.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Calcite-Hematite-Chalcopyrite-176263.jpg/266px-Calcite-Hematite-Chalcopyrite-176263.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calcite crystal canted at an angle, with little balls of <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> and crystals of <a href="/wiki/Chalcopyrite" title="Chalcopyrite">chalcopyrite</a> both on its surface and included just inside the surface of the crystal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GeopetalCarboniferousNV.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thin section of calcite crystals inside a recrystallized bivalve shell in a biopelsparite"><img alt="Thin section of calcite crystals inside a recrystallized bivalve shell in a biopelsparite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GeopetalCarboniferousNV.jpg/133px-GeopetalCarboniferousNV.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GeopetalCarboniferousNV.jpg/200px-GeopetalCarboniferousNV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GeopetalCarboniferousNV.jpg/266px-GeopetalCarboniferousNV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thin_section" title="Thin section">Thin section</a> of calcite crystals inside a recrystallized <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalve</a> shell in a <a href="/wiki/Folk_classification#Folk's_carbonate_classification" title="Folk classification">biopelsparite</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OoidSurface01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grainstone with calcite ooids and sparry calcite cement; Carmel Formation, Middle Jurassic, of southern Utah, USA."><img alt="Grainstone with calcite ooids and sparry calcite cement; Carmel Formation, Middle Jurassic, of southern Utah, USA." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/OoidSurface01.jpg/133px-OoidSurface01.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/OoidSurface01.jpg/200px-OoidSurface01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/OoidSurface01.jpg/266px-OoidSurface01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="2192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grainstone with calcite <a href="/wiki/Ooids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ooids">ooids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spar_(mineralogy)" title="Spar (mineralogy)">sparry</a> calcite cement; <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Formation" title="Carmel Formation">Carmel Formation</a>, Middle <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, of southern <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, USA.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite-Aragonite-Sulphur-69380.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Several well formed milky white casts, made up of many small sharp calcite crystals, from the sulfur mines at Agrigento, Sicily"><img alt="Several well formed milky white casts, made up of many small sharp calcite crystals, from the sulfur mines at Agrigento, Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Calcite-Aragonite-Sulphur-69380.jpg/117px-Calcite-Aragonite-Sulphur-69380.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Calcite-Aragonite-Sulphur-69380.jpg/175px-Calcite-Aragonite-Sulphur-69380.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Calcite-Aragonite-Sulphur-69380.jpg/234px-Calcite-Aragonite-Sulphur-69380.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Several well formed milky white casts, made up of many small sharp calcite crystals, from the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> mines at <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite-tch21c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reddish rhombohedral calcite crystals from China. Its red color is due to the presence of iron"><img alt="Reddish rhombohedral calcite crystals from China. Its red color is due to the presence of iron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Calcite-tch21c.jpg/121px-Calcite-tch21c.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Calcite-tch21c.jpg/181px-Calcite-tch21c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Calcite-tch21c.jpg/242px-Calcite-tch21c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reddish rhombohedral calcite crystals from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Its red color is due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite-75480.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cobaltoan, the cobalt-rich variety of calcite"><img alt="Cobaltoan, the cobalt-rich variety of calcite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Calcite-75480.jpg/133px-Calcite-75480.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Calcite-75480.jpg/200px-Calcite-75480.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Calcite-75480.jpg/266px-Calcite-75480.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobaltoan</a>, the cobalt-rich variety of calcite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite-114508.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sand calcites (calcites heavily included with desert sand) in South Dakota, USA"><img alt="Sand calcites (calcites heavily included with desert sand) in South Dakota, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Calcite-114508.jpg/133px-Calcite-114508.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Calcite-114508.jpg/200px-Calcite-114508.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Calcite-114508.jpg/266px-Calcite-114508.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sand calcites (calcites heavily included with desert sand) in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RM463c-calcite-butterfly-twin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calcite, butterfly twin, 4.0 × 3.3 × 1.6 cm. José María Patoni, San Juan del Río, Durango (Mexico)"><img alt="Calcite, butterfly twin, 4.0 × 3.3 × 1.6 cm. José María Patoni, San Juan del Río, Durango (Mexico)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/RM463c-calcite-butterfly-twin.jpg/90px-RM463c-calcite-butterfly-twin.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/RM463c-calcite-butterfly-twin.jpg/135px-RM463c-calcite-butterfly-twin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/RM463c-calcite-butterfly-twin.jpg/180px-RM463c-calcite-butterfly-twin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calcite, butterfly twin, <span class="nowrap">4.0 × 3.3 × 1.6 cm</span>. José María Patoni, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_del_R%C3%ADo,_Durango" title="San Juan del Río, Durango">San Juan del Río, Durango</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Calcite" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Calcite">Calcite</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">Carbonate rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaite" title="Ikaite">Ikaite</a>, CaCO<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals" title="List of minerals">List of minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysocline" title="Lysocline">Lysocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganoan_calcite" title="Manganoan calcite">Manganoan calcite</a>, (Ca,Mn)CO<sub>3</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monohydrocalcite" title="Monohydrocalcite">Monohydrocalcite</a>, CaCO<sub>3</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitratine" title="Nitratine">Nitratine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulexite" title="Ulexite">Ulexite</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKleinHurlbut1993" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993). <i>Manual of mineralogy: (after James D. Dana)</i> (21st ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/047157452X" title="Special:BookSources/047157452X"><bdi>047157452X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+mineralogy%3A+%28after+James+D.+Dana%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=405&rft.edition=21st&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=047157452X&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft.au=Hurlbut%2C+Cornelius+S.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinkankas1964-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinkankas1964_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinkankas1964_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinkankas1964" class="citation book cs1">Sinkankas, John (1964). <i>Mineralogy for amateurs</i>. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/calcite.pdf">"Calcite"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Handbook of Mineralogy</i>. Vol. V (Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates). 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S.; Wallace, Douglas W. R.; Tilbrook, Bronte; Billero, Frank J.; Peng, Tsung-Hung; Kozyr, Alexander; Ono, Tsueno; Rios, A. F. (2004). "The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2". <i>Science</i>. <b>305</b> (5682): 367–371. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305..367S">2004Sci...305..367S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1097403">10.1126/science.1097403</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F52596">10261/52596</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15256665">15256665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5607281">5607281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+oceanic+sink+for+anthropogenic+CO2.&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5682&rft.pages=367-371&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F52596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5607281%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305..367S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15256665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1097403&rft.aulast=Sabine&rft.aufirst=Christopher+L.&rft.au=Feely%2C+Richard+A.&rft.au=Gruber%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Key%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Kitack&rft.au=Bullister%2C+John+L.&rft.au=Wanninkhof%2C+Rik&rft.au=Wong%2C+C.+S.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Douglas+W.+R.&rft.au=Tilbrook%2C+Bronte&rft.au=Billero%2C+Frank+J.&rft.au=Peng%2C+Tsung-Hung&rft.au=Kozyr%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Ono%2C+Tsueno&rft.au=Rios%2C+A.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcite&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmittnerGiresse1999" class="citation journal cs1">Schmittner, Karl-Erich; Giresse, Pierre (June 1999). "Micro-environmental controls on biomineralization: superficial processes of apatite and calcite precipitation in Quaternary soils, Roussillon, France". <i>Sedimentology</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 463–476. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sedim..46..463S">1999Sedim..46..463S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3091.1999.00224.x">10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00224.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140680495">140680495</a>.</cite><span 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[\"CITEREFDrake,_H.Astrom,_M._E.Heim,_C.Broman,_C.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDromgooleWalter1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElert2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarvie2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGebauerKellermeierGaleBergström2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanWangZhanLin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper,_E.M.Palmer,_T.J.Alphey,_J.R.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarstadStipp2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson_Institute_of_Mineralogy\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJiangPacellaAthanasiadouNelea2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJimohAriffinHussinTemitope2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinHurlbut1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristjansson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynchBeringerKershawMarshall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDougall2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedlin1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeierhenrich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMujahShahinCheng2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmerWilson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedoneCerconeBurruss1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavierMartinezPellenardZanella2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRickwood1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoparsLakshminarayananLe_Floch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabineFeelyGruberKey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmittnerGiresse1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharpKennedy1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinkankas1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaudigel_P._T.Swart_P._K.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonDevriesTiwaldWoollam1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyrrell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfgang2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshioka_S.Kitano_Y.1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZúñiga-BarraToledo-AlarcónTorres-AravenaJorquera2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"=\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Br\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox mineral\"] = 1,\n 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