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<span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flood_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flood_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Flood control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flood_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floodplain_soils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floodplain_soils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Floodplain soils</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Floodplain_soils-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Floodplain soils subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Floodplain_soils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxygen_in_floodplain_soils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygen_in_floodplain_soils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Oxygen in floodplain soils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygen_in_floodplain_soils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphorus_cycling_in_floodplain_soils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphorus_cycling_in_floodplain_soils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Phosphorus cycling in floodplain soils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphorus_cycling_in_floodplain_soils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_pollutants_in_floodplain_soils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_pollutants_in_floodplain_soils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Environmental pollutants in floodplain soils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_pollutants_in_floodplain_soils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Floodplain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flussaue" title="Flussaue – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Flussaue" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="سهل فيضي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سهل فيضي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="প্লাবনভূমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লাবনভূমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%AB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%83%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Һыубаҫар туғай – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыубаҫар туғай" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пойма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пойма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Абалона – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абалона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कछार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कछार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Заливна тераса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Заливна тераса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plana_d%27inundaci%C3%B3" title="Plana d'inundació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plana d'inundació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D3%B3_(%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%95%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%95)" title="Ейӳ (юханшыв лапамĕн пайĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ейӳ (юханшыв лапамĕн пайĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Adoln%C3%AD_niva" title="Údolní niva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Údolní niva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flodslette" title="Flodslette – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flodslette" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flussaue" title="Flussaue – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flussaue" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamm" title="Lamm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lamm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlaida" title="Barlaida – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Barlaida" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Согра – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Согра" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanura_de_inundaci%C3%B3n" title="Llanura de inundación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Llanura de inundación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apudrivera_ebena%C4%B5o" title="Apudrivera ebenaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apudrivera ebenaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uholde-lautada" title="Uholde-lautada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uholde-lautada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="دشت سیلابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دشت سیلابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit_majeur" title="Lit majeur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lit majeur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbhach" title="Morbhach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Morbhach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaira_de_inundaci%C3%B3n" title="Chaira de inundación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chaira de inundación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%94%EB%9E%8C%EC%9B%90" title="범람원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="범람원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Գետահովիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գետահովիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF" title="पूरभूमि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पूरभूमि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_banjir" title="Dataran banjir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dataran banjir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golena" title="Golena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Golena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%94" title="מישור הצפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מישור הצפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ჭალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Жайылма – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жайылма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennva" title="Fennva – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fennva" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenn_inondab" title="Plenn inondab – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plenn inondab" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Жайылма – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жайылма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallis_vere_inundata" title="Vallis vere inundata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vallis vere inundata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliene" title="Paliene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Paliene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpa" title="Salpa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Salpa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पूर मैदान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पूर मैदान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="ჭალე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭალე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riviervlakte" title="Riviervlakte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Riviervlakte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%BE%E6%BF%AB%E5%8E%9F" title="氾濫原 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="氾濫原" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elveslette" title="Elveslette – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elveslette" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elveslette" title="Elveslette – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elveslette" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_d%27inondacion" title="Plan d'inondacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plan d'inondacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_plain&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood plain">Flood plain</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Land adjacent to a water body which is flooded during periods of high water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Floodplain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Floodplain (disambiguation)">Floodplain (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paran%C3%A1_River_Floodplain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Paran%C3%A1_River_Floodplain.jpg/350px-Paran%C3%A1_River_Floodplain.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Paran%C3%A1_River_Floodplain.jpg/525px-Paran%C3%A1_River_Floodplain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Paran%C3%A1_River_Floodplain.jpg/700px-Paran%C3%A1_River_Floodplain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a> floodplain, at its confluence with the headstream of the <a href="/wiki/Parana%C3%ADba_River" title="Paranaíba River">Paranaíba</a> (on the right) and the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Verde_(upper_Parana%C3%ADba_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Verde (upper Paranaíba River)">Verde River</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Panorama,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Panorama, São Paulo">Panorama</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floodislewight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Floodislewight.jpg/220px-Floodislewight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Floodislewight.jpg/330px-Floodislewight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Floodislewight.jpg/440px-Floodislewight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>A floodplain after a one-in-10-year flood on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_Floodplain_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Alaska_Floodplain_1902.jpg/220px-Alaska_Floodplain_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Alaska_Floodplain_1902.jpg/330px-Alaska_Floodplain_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Alaska_Floodplain_1902.jpg/440px-Alaska_Floodplain_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Gravel floodplain of a glacial river near the Snow Mountains in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, 1902</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laramie_River_floodplain_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Laramie_River_floodplain_1949.jpg/220px-Laramie_River_floodplain_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Laramie_River_floodplain_1949.jpg/330px-Laramie_River_floodplain_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Laramie_River_floodplain_1949.jpg/440px-Laramie_River_floodplain_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Laramie_River" title="Laramie River">Laramie River</a> <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meanders</a> across its floodplain in <a href="/wiki/Albany_County,_Wyoming" title="Albany County, Wyoming">Albany County, Wyoming</a>, 1949</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animas_Valley_CO_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Animas_Valley_CO_1903.jpg/220px-Animas_Valley_CO_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Animas_Valley_CO_1903.jpg/330px-Animas_Valley_CO_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Animas_Valley_CO_1903.jpg/440px-Animas_Valley_CO_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption> This aggradational floodplain of a small meandering stream in <a href="/wiki/La_Plata_County,_Colorado" title="La Plata County, Colorado">La Plata County, Colorado</a>, is underlain by silt deposited above a dam formed by a terminal <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a> left by the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin Glacier</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flood_plain_7991.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flood_plain_7991.JPG/220px-Flood_plain_7991.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Flood_plain_7991.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Riparian vegetation on the floodplain of the <a href="/wiki/Lynches_River" title="Lynches River">Lynches River</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Johnsonville,_South_Carolina" title="Johnsonville, South Carolina">Johnsonville, South Carolina</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Tupelo_(tree)" title="Tupelo (tree)">tupelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxodium" title="Taxodium">cypress</a> trees show the <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_high_water_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary high water mark">high-water mark</a> of flooding.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>floodplain</b> or <b>flood plain</b> or <b>bottomlands</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an area of land adjacent to a <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a>. Floodplains stretch from the banks of a river channel to the base of the enclosing valley, and experience <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a> during periods of high <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goudie2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goudie2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soils usually consist of clays, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silts</a>, sands, and gravels deposited during floods.<sup id="cite_ref-kovacs-2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kovacs-2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of regular flooding, floodplains frequently have high <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil-fertility</a> since nutrients are deposited with the flood waters. This can encourage <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some important agricultural regions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Basin">Mississippi</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">river basins</a>, heavily exploit floodplains. Agricultural and urban regions have developed near or on floodplains to take advantage of the rich soil and freshwater. However, the <a href="/wiki/Flood_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood risk">risk of inundation</a> has led to increasing efforts to <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">control flooding</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodplain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most floodplains are formed by deposition on the inside of river <a href="/wiki/Meanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Meanders">meanders</a> and by overbank flow.<sup id="cite_ref-wolman-leopold-1957_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolman-leopold-1957-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wherever the river meanders, the flowing water erodes the river bank on the outside of the meander. At the same time, sediments are simultaneously deposited in a <a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">bar</a> on the inside of the meander. This is described as <i>lateral accretion</i> since the deposition builds the point bar laterally into the river channel. Erosion on the outside of the meander usually closely balances deposition on the inside so that the channel shifts in the direction of the meander without changing significantly in width. The point bar is built up to a level very close to that of the river banks. Significant net erosion of sediments occurs only when the meander cuts into higher ground. The overall effect is that, as the river meanders, it creates a level flood plain composed mostly of point bar deposits. The rate at which the channel shifts varies greatly, with reported rates ranging from too slow to measure to as much as 2,400 feet (730 m) per year for the <a href="/wiki/Kosi_River" title="Kosi River">Kosi River</a> of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold195791–97_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold195791–97-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overbank flow takes place when the river is flooded with more water than can be accommodated by the river channel. Flow over the banks of the river deposits a thin veneer of sediments that is coarsest and thickest close to the channel. This is described as <i>vertical accretion</i>, since the deposits build upwards. In undisturbed river systems, overbank flow is frequent, typically occurring every one to two years, regardless of climate or topography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold195788–91_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold195788–91-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedimentation rates for a three-day flood of the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine Rivers</a> in 1993 found average sedimentation rates in the floodplain of between 0.57 and 1.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Higher rates were found on the levees (4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or more) and on low-lying areas (1.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sedimentation from the overbank flow is concentrated on natural levees, <a href="/wiki/Crevasse_splay" title="Crevasse splay">crevasse splays</a>, and in wetlands and shallow lakes of flood basins. Natural levees are ridges along river banks that form from rapid deposition from the overbank flow. Most of the suspended sand is deposited on the levees, leaving the silt and clay sediments to be deposited as floodplain mud further from the river. Levees are typically built up enough to be relatively well-drained compared with nearby wetlands, and levees in non-arid climates are often heavily vegetated.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crevasses are formed by breakout events from the main river channel. The river bank fails, and floodwaters scour a channel. Sediments from the crevasse spread out as <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a>-shaped deposits with numerous distributary channels. Crevasse formation is most common in sections of rivers where the river bed is accumulating sediments (<a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">aggrading</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeder2011266–267_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeder2011266–267-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Repeated flooding eventually builds up an alluvial ridge, whose natural levees and abandoned <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">meander loops</a> may stand well above most of the floodplain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeder2011267_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeder2011267-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alluvial ridge is topped by a channel belt formed by successive generations of channel migration and meander cutoff. At much longer intervals, the river may abandon the channel belt and build a new one at another position on the floodplain. This process is called avulsion and occurs at intervals of 10–1000 years. Historical avulsions leading to catastrophic flooding include the <a href="/wiki/1851%E2%80%931855_Yellow_River_floods" title="1851–1855 Yellow River floods">1855 Yellow River flood</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2008_Bihar_flood" title="2008 Bihar flood">2008 Kosi River flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeder2011269–271_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeder2011269–271-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Floodplains can form around rivers of any kind or size. Even relatively straight stretches of river are capable of producing floodplains. <a href="/wiki/Braid_bar" title="Braid bar">Mid-channel bars</a> in braided rivers migrate downstream through processes resembling those in point bars of meandering rivers and can build up a floodplain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold1957105–106_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold1957105–106-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quantity of sediments in a floodplain greatly exceeds the river load of sediments. Thus, floodplains are an important storage site for sediments during their transport from where they are generated to their ultimate depositional environment.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the rate at which the river is <a href="/wiki/River_incision" title="River incision">cutting downwards</a> becomes great enough that overbank flows become infrequent, the river is said to have abandoned its floodplain. Portions of the abandoned floodplain may be preserved as <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace">fluvial terraces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold1957105_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold1957105-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology <span class="anchor" id="Ecology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Floodplain_ecosystems"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodplain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Floodplains support diverse and productive <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUFRO_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUFRO-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KlimoHager2001_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KlimoHager2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are characterized by considerable variability in space and time, which in turn produces some of the most species-rich of ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-WardEtal1999_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WardEtal1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the ecological perspective, the most distinctive aspect of floodplains is the <i>flood pulse</i> associated with annual floods, and so the floodplain ecosystem is defined as the part of the river valley that is regularly flooded and dried.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayley1995_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayley1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Floods bring in detrital material rich in nutrients and release nutrients from dry soil as it is flooded. The decomposition of terrestrial plants submerged by the floodwaters adds to the nutrient supply. The flooded <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral zone</a> of the river (the zone closest to the river bank) provides an ideal environment for many aquatic species, so the spawning season for fish often coincides with the onset of flooding. Fish must grow quickly during the flood to survive the subsequent drop in water level. As the floodwaters recede, the littoral experiences blooms of microorganisms, while the banks of the river dry out and terrestrial plants germinate to stabilize the bank.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayley1995_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayley1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achterwehr_(129456655).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Achterwehr_%28129456655%29.jpeg/268px-Achterwehr_%28129456655%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Achterwehr_%28129456655%29.jpeg/402px-Achterwehr_%28129456655%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Achterwehr_%28129456655%29.jpeg/536px-Achterwehr_%28129456655%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>A low-lying field in <a href="/wiki/Achterwehr" title="Achterwehr">Achterwehr</a> Germany inundated by overflow from a nearby waterway.</figcaption></figure> <p>The biota of floodplains has high annual growth and mortality rates, which is advantageous for the rapid colonization of large areas of the floodplain. This allows them to take advantage of shifting floodplain geometry.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayley1995_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayley1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, floodplain<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trees are fast-growing and tolerant of root disturbance. Opportunists (such as birds) are attracted to the rich food supply provided by the flood pulse.<sup id="cite_ref-IUFRO_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUFRO-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Floodplain ecosystems have distinct biozones. In Europe, as one moves away from the river, the successive plant communities are bank vegetation (usually annuals); sedge and reeds; willow shrubs; willow-poplar forest; oak-ash forest; and broadleaf forest. Human disturbance creates <a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">wet meadows</a> that replace much of the original ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-Suchara2019_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suchara2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biozones reflect a soil moisture and oxygen gradient that in turn corresponds to a flooding frequency gradient.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes1997_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primeval floodplain forests of Europe were dominated by oak (60%) elm (20%) and hornbeam (13%), but human disturbance has shifted the makeup towards ash (49%) with maple increasing to 14% and oak decreasing to 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-KlimoHager2001_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KlimoHager2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Semiarid floodplains have a much lower species diversity. Species are adapted to alternating drought and flood. Extreme drying can destroy the ability of the floodplain ecosystem to shift to a healthy wet phase when flooded.<sup id="cite_ref-ColloffBaldwin2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColloffBaldwin2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Floodplain forests constituted 1% of the landscape of Europe in the 1800s. Much of this has been cleared by human activity, though floodplain forests have been impacted less than other kinds of forests. This makes them important <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugia</a> for biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-KlimoHager2001_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KlimoHager2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUFRO_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUFRO-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human destruction of floodplain ecosystems is largely a result of flood control,<sup id="cite_ref-Bayley1995_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayley1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hydroelectric development (such as reservoirs), and conversion of floodplains to agriculture use.<sup id="cite_ref-KlimoHager2001_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KlimoHager2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transportation and waste disposal also have detrimental effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayley1995_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayley1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result is the fragmentation of these ecosystems, resulting in loss of populations and diversity<sup id="cite_ref-KlimoHager2001_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KlimoHager2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and endangering the remaining fragments of the ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-WardEtal1999_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WardEtal1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flood control creates a sharper boundary between water and land than in undisturbed floodplains, reducing physical diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayley1995_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayley1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Floodplain forests protect waterways from erosion and pollution and reduce the impact of floodwaters.<sup id="cite_ref-KlimoHager2001_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KlimoHager2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disturbance by humans of temperate floodplain ecosystems frustrates attempts to understand their natural behavior. Tropical rivers are less impacted by humans and provide models for temperate floodplain ecosystems, which are thought to share many of their ecological attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayley1995_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayley1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flood_control">Flood control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodplain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flood control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Floodplain" title="Special:EditPage/Floodplain">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Excluding <a href="/wiki/Famines" class="mw-redirect" title="Famines">famines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a>, some of the worst natural disasters in history<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (measured by fatalities) have been river floods, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> in China – see <a href="/wiki/List_of_deadliest_floods" title="List of deadliest floods">list of deadliest floods</a>. The worst of these, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll#Ten_deadliest_natural_disasters_by_highest_estimated_death_toll_excluding_epidemics_and_famines" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">worst natural disaster</a> (excluding famine and epidemics), was the <a href="/wiki/1931_China_floods" title="1931 China floods">1931 China floods</a>, estimated to have killed millions. This had been preceded by the <a href="/wiki/1887_Yellow_River_flood" title="1887 Yellow River flood">1887 Yellow River flood</a>, which killed around one million people and is the second-worst natural disaster in history. </p><p>The extent of floodplain inundation depends partly on flood magnitude, defined by the <a href="/wiki/Return_period" title="Return period">return period</a>. </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Fema" class="mw-redirect" title="Fema">Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)</a> manages the <a href="/wiki/National_Flood_Insurance_Program" title="National Flood Insurance Program">National Flood Insurance Program</a> (NFIP). The NFIP offers insurance to properties located within a flood-prone area, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Insurance_Rate_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood Insurance Rate Map">Flood Insurance Rate Map</a> (FIRM), which depicts various flood risks for a community. The FIRM typically focuses on the delineation of the 100-year flood inundation area, also known within the NFIP as the Special Flood Hazard Area. </p><p>Where a detailed study of a waterway has been done, the 100-year floodplain will also include the floodway, the critical portion of the floodplain which includes the <a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">stream channel</a> and any adjacent areas that must be kept free of encroachments that might block flood flows or restrict storage of flood waters. Another commonly encountered term is the Special Flood Hazard Area, which is any area subject to inundation by a 100-year flood.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A problem is that any alteration of the watershed upstream of the point in question can potentially affect the ability of the watershed to handle water, and thus potentially affects the levels of the periodic floods. A large shopping center and parking lot, for example, may raise the levels of 5-year, 100-year, and other floods, but the maps are rarely adjusted and are frequently rendered obsolete by subsequent development. </p><p>In order for a flood-prone property to qualify for government-subsidized insurance, a local community must adopt an ordinance that protects the floodway and requires that new residential structures built in Special Flood Hazard Areas be elevated to at least the level of the 100-year flood. Commercial structures can be elevated or floodproofed to or above this level. In some areas without detailed study information, structures may be required to be elevated to at least two feet above the surrounding grade.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many State and local governments have, in addition, adopted floodplain construction regulations which are more restrictive than those mandated by the NFIP. The US government also sponsors flood hazard mitigation efforts to reduce flood impacts. <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s Hazard Mitigation Program is one funding source for mitigation projects. A number of whole towns such as <a href="/wiki/English,_Indiana" title="English, Indiana">English, Indiana</a>, have been completely relocated to remove them from the floodplain. Other smaller-scale mitigation efforts include acquiring and demolishing flood-prone buildings or flood-proofing them. </p><p>In some floodplains, such as the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, annual flooding events are a natural part of the local ecology and <a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">rural economy</a>, allowing for the raising of crops through <a href="/wiki/Recessional_agriculture" title="Recessional agriculture">recessional agriculture</a>. However, in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, which occupies the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a>, the advantages provided by the richness of the alluvial soil of the floodplain are severely offset by frequent floods brought on by <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a> and annual <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> rains. These <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events cause severe economic disruption and loss of human life in the densely-populated region. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flooding_of_Pampanga_River_after_Typhoon_Quinta_(Molave),_Santa_Rosa,_Nueva_Ecija.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flooding_of_Pampanga_River_after_Typhoon_Quinta_%28Molave%29%2C_Santa_Rosa%2C_Nueva_Ecija.jpg/500px-Flooding_of_Pampanga_River_after_Typhoon_Quinta_%28Molave%29%2C_Santa_Rosa%2C_Nueva_Ecija.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flooding_of_Pampanga_River_after_Typhoon_Quinta_%28Molave%29%2C_Santa_Rosa%2C_Nueva_Ecija.jpg/750px-Flooding_of_Pampanga_River_after_Typhoon_Quinta_%28Molave%29%2C_Santa_Rosa%2C_Nueva_Ecija.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flooding_of_Pampanga_River_after_Typhoon_Quinta_%28Molave%29%2C_Santa_Rosa%2C_Nueva_Ecija.jpg/1000px-Flooding_of_Pampanga_River_after_Typhoon_Quinta_%28Molave%29%2C_Santa_Rosa%2C_Nueva_Ecija.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Flooding of Pampanga River floodplain after <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Molave_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon Molave (2020)">Typhoon Quinta</a>, 2020 (view from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_Nueva_Ecija" title="Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija">Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija</a> bridge).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Floodplain_soils">Floodplain soils</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodplain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Floodplain soils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygen_in_floodplain_soils">Oxygen in floodplain soils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodplain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oxygen in floodplain soils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Floodplain soil composition is unique and varies widely based on microtopography. Floodplain forests have high topographic heterogeneity which creates variation in localized hydrologic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil moisture within the upper 30 cm of the soil profile also varies widely based on microtopography which affects oxygen availability.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Floodplain soil stays aerated for long stretches of time in between flooding events, but during flooding, saturated soil can become oxygen-depleted if it stands stagnant for long enough. More soil oxygen is available at higher elevations farther from the river. Floodplain forests generally experience alternating periods of aerobic and anaerobic soil microbe activity which affects fine root development and desiccation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphorus_cycling_in_floodplain_soils">Phosphorus cycling in floodplain soils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodplain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phosphorus cycling in floodplain soils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Floodplains have high buffering capacity for phosphorus to prevent nutrient loss to river outputs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phosphorus <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">nutrient loading</a> is a problem in freshwater systems. Much of the phosphorus in freshwater systems comes from municipal wastewater treatment plants and agricultural runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-Schönbrunner_329–337_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schönbrunner_329–337-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stream connectivity controls whether phosphorus cycling is mediated by floodplain sediments or by external processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Schönbrunner_329–337_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schönbrunner_329–337-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under conditions of stream connectivity, phosphorus is better able to be cycled, and sediments and nutrients are more readily retained.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water in freshwater streams ends up in either short-term storage in plants or algae or long-term in sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-Schönbrunner_329–337_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schönbrunner_329–337-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wet/dry cycling within the floodplain has a big impact on phosphorus availability because it alters water level, redox state, pH, and physical properties of minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-Schönbrunner_329–337_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schönbrunner_329–337-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry soils that were previously inundated have reduced availability of phosphorus and increased affinity for obtaining phosphorus.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human floodplain alterations also impact the phosphorus cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particulate phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) can contribute to algal blooms and toxicity in waterways when the nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios are altered farther upstream.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvie_123–132_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvie_123–132-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas where the phosphorus load is primarily particulate phosphorus, like the Mississippi River, the most effective ways of removing phosphorus upstream are sedimentation, soil accretion, and burial.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In basins where SRP is the primary form of phosphorus, biological uptake in floodplain forests is the best way of removing nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvie_123–132_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvie_123–132-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phosphorus can transform between SRP and particulate phosphorus depending on ambient conditions or processes like decomposition, biological uptake, redoximorphic release, and sedimentation and accretion.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In either phosphorus form, floodplain forests are beneficial as phosphorus sinks, and the human-caused disconnect between floodplains and rivers exacerbates the phosphorus overload.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_pollutants_in_floodplain_soils">Environmental pollutants in floodplain soils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodplain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environmental pollutants in floodplain soils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Floodplain soils tend to be high in eco-pollutants, especially <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutant</a> (POP) deposition.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper understanding of the distribution of soil contaminants is difficult because of high variation in microtopography and soil texture within floodplains.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodplain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">Alluvial plain</a> – Region on which rivers have deposited sediment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a> – Land adjacent to a river subject to seasonal flooding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a> – Artificially irrigated meadow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Floodway" title="Red River Floodway">Red River Floodway</a> – Artificial flood control channel in Manitoba, Canada as a good example of a floodway.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain_restoration" title="Floodplain restoration">Floodplain restoration</a> – Restoration of a river's floodplain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_opening" title="Flood opening">Flood opening</a> – Technique for mitigating the effects of flooding on structures</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodplain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bottomland">"Definition of BOTTOMLAND"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614190223/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bottomland">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+BOTTOMLAND&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbottomland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodplain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goudie2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goudie2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goudie, A. S., 2004, <i>Encyclopedia of Geomorphology</i>, vol. 1. Routledge, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32737-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32737-7">0-415-32737-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kovacs-2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kovacs-2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovács2013" class="citation book cs1">Kovács, János (2013). "Flood Deposits". <i>Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards</i>. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4399-4_137">10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8699-0"><bdi>978-90-481-8699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flood+Deposits&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Natural+Hazards&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Earth+Sciences+Series&rft.pages=325&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4399-4_137&rft.isbn=978-90-481-8699-0&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodplain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott, James C.</a> (22 August 2017). "The Domestication of Fire, Plants, Animals, and ... Us". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UjYuDwAAQBAJ"><i>Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3002-3168-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3002-3168-7"><bdi>978-0-3002-3168-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>The general problem with farming – especially plough agriculture – is that it involves so much intensive labor. One form of agriculture, however, eliminates most of this labor: 'flood-retreat' (also known as décrue or recession) agriculture. In flood-retreat agriculture, seeds are generally broadcast on the fertile silt deposited by an annual riverine flood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Domestication+of+Fire%2C+Plants%2C+Animals%2C+and+...+Us&rft.btitle=Against+the+Grain%3A+A+Deep+History+of+the+Earliest+States&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017-08-22&rft.isbn=978-0-3002-3168-7&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUjYuDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodplain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolman-leopold-1957-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wolman-leopold-1957_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolmanLeopold1957" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wolman, M. Gordon; Leopold, Luna B. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp282C">"River Flood Plains: Some Observations On Their Formation"</a>. <i>U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper</i>. Professional Paper. 282-C: 87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp282C">10.3133/pp282C</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Professional+Paper&rft.atitle=River+Flood+Plains%3A+Some+Observations+On+Their+Formation&rft.volume=282-C&rft.pages=87&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Fpp282C&rft.aulast=Wolman&rft.aufirst=M.+Gordon&rft.au=Leopold%2C+Luna+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3133%252Fpp282C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodplain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold195791–97-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold195791–97_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolmanLeopold1957">Wolman & Leopold 1957</a>, pp. 91–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold195788–91-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold195788–91_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolmanLeopold1957">Wolman & Leopold 1957</a>, pp. 88–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsselmanMiddelkoop1995" class="citation journal cs1">Asselman, Nathalie E. M.; Middelkoop, Hans (September 1995). "Floodplain sedimentation: Quantities, patterns and processes". <i>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</i>. <b>20</b> (6): 481–499. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ESPL...20..481A">1995ESPL...20..481A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fesp.3290200602">10.1002/esp.3290200602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+Surface+Processes+and+Landforms&rft.atitle=Floodplain+sedimentation%3A+Quantities%2C+patterns+and+processes&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=481-499&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fesp.3290200602&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995ESPL...20..481A&rft.aulast=Asselman&rft.aufirst=Nathalie+E.+M.&rft.au=Middelkoop%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodplain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeder2011" class="citation book cs1">Leeder, M. R. (2011). <i>Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics</i> (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 265–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405177832" title="Special:BookSources/9781405177832"><bdi>9781405177832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentology+and+sedimentary+basins+%3A+from+turbulence+to+tectonics&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pages=265-266&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781405177832&rft.aulast=Leeder&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodplain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeder2011266–267-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeder2011266–267_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeder2011">Leeder 2011</a>, pp. 266–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeder2011267-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeder2011267_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeder2011">Leeder 2011</a>, pp. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeder2011269–271-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeder2011269–271_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeder2011">Leeder 2011</a>, pp. 269–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold1957105–106-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold1957105–106_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolmanLeopold1957">Wolman & Leopold 1957</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin1978" class="citation journal cs1">Lewin, John (October 1978). "Floodplain geomorphology". <i>Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 408–437. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PrPG....2..408L">1978PrPG....2..408L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030913337800200302">10.1177/030913337800200302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220950870">220950870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Physical+Geography%3A+Earth+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Floodplain+geomorphology&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=408-437&rft.date=1978-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220950870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030913337800200302&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978PrPG....2..408L&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodplain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold1957105-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolmanLeopold1957105_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolmanLeopold1957">Wolman & Leopold 1957</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUFRO-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUFRO_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUFRO_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUFRO_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulhavyCater" class="citation web cs1">Kulhavy, Jiri; Cater, Matjaz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iufro.org/science/divisions/division-8/80000/80100/80105/">"Floodplain forest ecosystems"</a>. International Union of Forest Research Organizations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Floodplain+forest+ecosystems&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Forest+Research+Organizations&rft.aulast=Kulhavy&rft.aufirst=Jiri&rft.au=Cater%2C+Matjaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iufro.org%2Fscience%2Fdivisions%2Fdivision-8%2F80000%2F80100%2F80105%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodplain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KlimoHager2001-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KlimoHager2001_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KlimoHager2001_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KlimoHager2001_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KlimoHager2001_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KlimoHager2001_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KlimoHager2001_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimoHager2001" class="citation book cs1">Klimo, Emil; Hager, Herbert, eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+floodplain+forests+in+Europe+%3A+current+situations+and+perspectives&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789004119581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCGbpTCAeJAC%26dq%3Dklimo%2Bhager%2B2001%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodplain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WardEtal1999-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WardEtal1999_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WardEtal1999_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardTocknerSchiemer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, J. V.; Tockner, K.; Schiemer, F. (1999). 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Vácha, Radim; Čupr, Pavel (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6025328">"Which Compounds Contribute Most to Elevated Soil Pollution and the Corresponding Health Risks in Floodplains in the Headwater Areas of the Central European Watershed?"</a>. <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i>. <b>15</b> (6): 1146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph15061146">10.3390/ijerph15061146</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1660-4601">1660-4601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6025328">6025328</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29865159">29865159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Which+Compounds+Contribute+Most+to+Elevated+Soil+Pollution+and+the+Corresponding+Health+Risks+in+Floodplains+in+the+Headwater+Areas+of+the+Central+European+Watershed%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1146&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6025328%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1660-4601&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29865159&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph15061146&rft.aulast=Sk%C3%A1la&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=V%C3%A1cha%2C+Radim&rft.au=%C4%8Cupr%2C+Pavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6025328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodplain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinklebeFrankeNeue2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rinklebe, Jörg; Franke, Christa; Neue, Heinz-Ulrich (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.06.001">"Aggregation of floodplain soils based on classification principles to predict concentrations of nutrients and pollutants"</a>. <i>Geoderma</i>. <b>141</b> (3–4): 210–223. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Geode.141..210R">2007Geode.141..210R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2007.06.001">10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.06.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7061">0016-7061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=Aggregation+of+floodplain+soils+based+on+classification+principles+to+predict+concentrations+of+nutrients+and+pollutants&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=210-223&rft.date=2007-10&rft.issn=0016-7061&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2007.06.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Geode.141..210R&rft.aulast=Rinklebe&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Franke%2C+Christa&rft.au=Neue%2C+Heinz-Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2007.06.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodplain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodplain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Powell, W. Gabe. 2009. Identifying Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Using <a href="/wiki/National_Agriculture_Imagery_Program" title="National Agriculture Imagery Program">National Agriculture Imagery Program</a> (NAIP) Data as a Hydrologic Model Input for Local Flood Plain Management. Applied Research Project, Texas State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/296/">http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/296/</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floodplain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Flood Plain"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Flood_Plain">"Flood Plain" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 526–527.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flood+Plain&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=526-527&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloodplain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Floodplains" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">Alluvial plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)" title="Drainage system (geomorphology)">Drainage system (geomorphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strahler_number" title="Strahler number">Strahler number (stream order)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="River valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_sinuosity" class="mw-redirect" title="River sinuosity">River sinuosity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion (river)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar (river morphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_cutoff" title="Meander cutoff">Meander cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_channel_migration" title="River channel migration">River channel migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip-off_slope" title="Slip-off slope">Slip-off slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_river" title="Bedrock river">Bedrock river</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedform" title="Bedform">Bedforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidune" title="Antidune">Antidune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">Current ripple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_level" title="Base level">Base level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degradation_(geology)" title="Degradation (geology)">Degradation (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_and_tectonics" title="Erosion and tectonics">Erosion and tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_rejuvenation" title="River rejuvenation">River rejuvenation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion#Water" title="Erosion">Water erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_that_have_reversed_direction" title="List of rivers that have reversed direction">List of rivers that have reversed direction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:River_morphology" title="Category:River morphology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rivers,_streams_and_springs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template talk:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers,_streams_and_springs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">lists</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_types" title="Channel types">Channel types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">Confluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">Distributary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">River source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">Tributary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">Streams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(watercourse)" title="Arroyo (watercourse)">Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_(stream)" title="Bourne (stream)">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_(landform)" title="Burn (landform)">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_stream" title="Chalk stream">Chalk stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">Coulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">Stream channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">Streamflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">Stream gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">Perennial stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)" title="Winterbourne (stream)">Winterbourne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Springs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_springs" title="List of springs">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estavelle" title="Estavelle">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" title="List of hot springs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States" title="List of hot springs in the United States">list in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_karst_springs" title="List of karst springs">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">Mineral spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">Ponor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_spring" title="Rhythmic spring">Rhythmic spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_horizon" title="Spring horizon">Spring horizon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sedimentary processes</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)" title="Abrasion (geology)">Abrasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armor_(hydrology)" title="Armor (hydrology)">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">Bed load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_material_load" title="Bed material load">Bed material load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Granular flow">Granular flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_load" title="Dissolved load">Dissolved load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcutting" title="Downcutting">Downcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headward_erosion" title="Headward erosion">Headward erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeochannel" title="Palaeochannel">Palaeochannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progradation" title="Progradation">Progradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrogradation" title="Retrogradation">Retrogradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">Saltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_flow#River_bends" title="Secondary flow">Secondary flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_load" title="Suspended load">Suspended load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_load" title="Wash load">Wash load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gap" title="Water gap">Water gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent_drainage_stream" title="Antecedent drainage stream">Antecedent drainage stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billabong" title="Billabong">Billabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_island" title="Floating island">Floating island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace">Fluvial terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(ravine)" title="Gill (ravine)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulch" title="Gulch">Gulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">Gully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen" title="Glen">Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_scar" title="Meander scar">Meander scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle-pool_sequence" title="Riffle-pool sequence">Riffle-pool sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">Ravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rill" title="Rill">Rill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">River island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_basin" title="Rock-cut basin">Rock-cut basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">Sedimentary structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strath" title="Strath">Strath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scale_of_river_difficulty" title="International scale of river difficulty">International scale of river difficulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">Log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">Stream capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">Whitewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_flush" title="First flush">First flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">100-year flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse_splay" title="Crevasse splay">Crevasse splay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-water_floods" title="List of non-water floods">Non-water flood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_barrier" title="Flood barrier">Flood barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_forecasting" title="Flood forecasting">Flood forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_pulse_concept" title="Flood pulse concept">Flood pulse concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Inundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model" title="Storm Water Management Model">Storm Water Management Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_period" title="Return period">Return period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution#Pollution_from_point_sources" title="Water pollution">Point source pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">Effluent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River measurement<br />and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baer%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Baer's law">Baer's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseflow" title="Baseflow">Baseflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_model" title="Bradshaw model">Bradshaw model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">Discharge (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_density" title="Drainage density">Drainage density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_model" title="Groundwater model">Groundwater model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve" title="Hjulström curve">Hjulström curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrograph" title="Hydrograph">Hydrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_model" title="Hydrological model">Hydrological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">Hydrological transport model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">Main stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief ratio">Relief ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept" title="River Continuum Concept">River Continuum Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_number" title="Rouse number">Rouse number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_curve_number" title="Runoff curve number">Runoff curve number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_model_(reservoir)" title="Runoff model (reservoir)">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">Stream gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Soil_Loss_Equation" title="Universal Soil Loss Equation">Universal Soil Loss Equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAFLEX" title="WAFLEX">WAFLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetted_perimeter" title="Wetted perimeter">Wetted perimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">Volumetric flow rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_lake" title="Balancing lake">Balancing lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_structure" title="Drop structure">Drop structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)" title="Daylighting (streams)">Daylighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain_restoration" title="Floodplain restoration">Floodplain restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flume" title="Flume">Flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leat" title="Leat">Leat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian-zone_restoration" title="Riparian-zone restoration">Riparian-zone restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_restoration" title="Stream restoration">Stream restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_skipping" title="Stone skipping">Stone skipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_slalom" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater slalom">Whitewater slalom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">Body of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic civilization">Hydraulic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley_civilization" title="River valley civilization">River valley civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_cruise" title="River cruise">River cruise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_river" title="Wild river">Wild river</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers by length">Rivers by length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge" title="List of rivers by discharge">Rivers by discharge rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="List of drainage basins">Drainage basins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whitewater_rivers" title="List of whitewater rivers">Whitewater rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_floods" title="List of flash floods">Flash floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_river_name_etymologies" title="List of river name etymologies">River name etymologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_without_rivers" title="List of countries without rivers">Countries without rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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