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For the cryptographic exploit, see <a href="/wiki/Logjam_(computer_security)" title="Logjam (computer security)">Logjam (computer security)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LOG_JAM_ON_THE_QUINAULT_RIVER_LEFT_BY_BUREAU_OF_INDIAN_AFFAIRS_LOGGING_OPERATION_-_NARA_-_545148_(restored).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/LOG_JAM_ON_THE_QUINAULT_RIVER_LEFT_BY_BUREAU_OF_INDIAN_AFFAIRS_LOGGING_OPERATION_-_NARA_-_545148_%28restored%29.jpg/220px-LOG_JAM_ON_THE_QUINAULT_RIVER_LEFT_BY_BUREAU_OF_INDIAN_AFFAIRS_LOGGING_OPERATION_-_NARA_-_545148_%28restored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/LOG_JAM_ON_THE_QUINAULT_RIVER_LEFT_BY_BUREAU_OF_INDIAN_AFFAIRS_LOGGING_OPERATION_-_NARA_-_545148_%28restored%29.jpg/330px-LOG_JAM_ON_THE_QUINAULT_RIVER_LEFT_BY_BUREAU_OF_INDIAN_AFFAIRS_LOGGING_OPERATION_-_NARA_-_545148_%28restored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/LOG_JAM_ON_THE_QUINAULT_RIVER_LEFT_BY_BUREAU_OF_INDIAN_AFFAIRS_LOGGING_OPERATION_-_NARA_-_545148_%28restored%29.jpg/440px-LOG_JAM_ON_THE_QUINAULT_RIVER_LEFT_BY_BUREAU_OF_INDIAN_AFFAIRS_LOGGING_OPERATION_-_NARA_-_545148_%28restored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="2967" /></a><figcaption>Log jam on the <a href="/wiki/Quinault_River" title="Quinault River">Quinault River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>log jam</b> is a naturally occurring phenomenon characterized by a dense accumulation of tree trunks and pieces of large wood across a vast section of a river, stream, or lake. ("Large <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>" is commonly defined to be pieces of wood more than 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and more than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long.)<sup id="cite_ref-Large_in-stream_wood_studies_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Large_in-stream_wood_studies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Log jams in rivers and streams often span the entirety of the water's surface from <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">bank</a> to bank. Log jams form when trees floating in the water become entangled with other trees floating in the water or become snagged on rocks, <a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large woody debris</a>, or other objects anchored underwater. They can build up slowly over months or years, or they can happen instantaneously when large numbers of trees are swept into the water after <a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural disasters">natural disasters</a>. A notable example caused by a natural disaster is the log jam that occurred in <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_(Washington)#Mount_St._Helens_eruption" title="Spirit Lake (Washington)">Spirit Lake</a> following a <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> triggered by the <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">eruption of Mount St. Helens</a>. Unless they are dismantled by natural causes or humans, log jams can grow quickly, as more wood arriving from upstream becomes entangled in the mass. Log jams can persist for many decades, as is the case with the log jam in Spirit Lake. </p><p>Historically in North America, large natural "log rafts" were common across the continent prior to European settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous natural wood raft is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Raft" title="Great Raft">Great Raft</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, which prior to its removal in the 1830s affected between 390 and 480 km (240–300 mi) of the main channel.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that such extensive log rafts may have been common in Europe in prehistory.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the largest known log jam is over 3 million tonnes in the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada's</a> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains more than 400,000 caches of wood and stores 3.4 million tons of carbon, equivalent to a year's emissions from 2.5 million cars. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Log jams are not to be confused with man-made <a href="/wiki/Timber_rafting" title="Timber rafting">timber rafts</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">loggers</a> or the intentional release of large masses of trees into the water during a <a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">log drive</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_river_geomorphology">Effects on river geomorphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_jam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Effects on river geomorphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeadWoodGoodell_Creek_Log_Jam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/DeadWoodGoodell_Creek_Log_Jam.jpg/220px-DeadWoodGoodell_Creek_Log_Jam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/DeadWoodGoodell_Creek_Log_Jam.jpg/330px-DeadWoodGoodell_Creek_Log_Jam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/DeadWoodGoodell_Creek_Log_Jam.jpg/440px-DeadWoodGoodell_Creek_Log_Jam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Log jam in <a href="/wiki/Goodell_Creek" title="Goodell Creek">Goodell Creek</a>, Washington</figcaption></figure> <p>Log jams alter <a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">flow</a> hydraulics by diverting flow towards the bed or banks, increasing flow resistance and creating upstream pools, diverting flow onto the floodplain and damming the channel, causing water to spill over the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These altered channel hydraulics change local patterns of erosion and <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(sediment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (sediment)">deposition</a>, which can create greater variety in local geomorphology and thus create provision and variety of habitat for instream living organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of a log jam against one bank typically concentrates flow in the wood-free portion of the channel, increasing velocity through this section and promoting <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_scour" title="Hydrodynamic scour">scour</a> of the riverbed. The formation of channel-spanning log jams can lead to the formation of an upstream pool, water spilling over the structure generating a "plunge pool" immediately downstream.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hydraulic and geomorphological effects of log jams are highly dependent on the slope of the river (and thus the potential power of the stream); in steep channels, log jams tend to form channel-spanning steplike structures with an associated downstream scour pool,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in large lowland rivers with low slopes, log jams tend to be partial structures primarily acting to deflect flow with minimal geomorphological change.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_ecology">Effects on ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_jam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Effects on ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Log jams provide important <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> habitat. The pools created and sediment deposited by formation of log jams create prime spawning grounds for many species of <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>. These pools also provide refuge for fish during low water levels when other parts of a stream may be nearly dry. Log jams can provide refuge, as velocity shelters, during high-flow periods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that log jams are an aspect of trees acting as ecosystem engineers to alter river habitats to promote tree growth.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dynamic <a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">braided rivers</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tagliamento_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagliamento River">Tagliamento River</a> in Italy, where the dominant tree species is the <a href="/wiki/Black_poplar" class="mw-redirect" title="Black poplar">black poplar</a>, fallen trees form log jams when they are deposited on bars; fine sediment is deposited around these log jams, and sprouting seedlings are able to stabilise <a href="/wiki/Braid_bar" title="Braid bar">braid bars</a> and promote the formation of stable islands in the river. These stable islands are then prime areas for establishment of seedlings and further vegetation growth, which in turn can eventually provide more fallen trees to the river and thus form more log jams.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In large rivers in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> of the United States, it has been shown there is a lifecycle of tree growth and river migration, with large trees falling into the channel as banks erode, then staying in place and acting as focal points for log jam formation. These log jams act as hard points, resisting further erosion and channel migration. The areas of floodplain behind these log jams then become stable enough for more large trees to grow, which can in turn become potential log jam anchor points in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metaphorical_usage">Metaphorical usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_jam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metaphorical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Logjam" or "log jam" can be used metaphorically to mean "deadlock" or "impasse." It can be used either more literally, to mean a physical impasse, or more metaphorically, to mean an impasse in a process due to differing opinions, legal or technical issues, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here are two example sentences: </p> <ul><li>"The presence of an ambulance on the side of the highway created a logjam of rubberneckers who just had to have a look." (more literal).</li> <li>"He was called in to try to break the logjam in the negotiations." (more metaphorical).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_jam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Log_jams" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Log jams">Log jams</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_dam" title="Beaver dam">Beaver dam</a>, a wooden dam created by <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Raft" title="Great Raft">Great Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_restoration" title="Stream restoration">Stream restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_St._Croix_River_log_jam" title="1886 St. Croix River log jam">1886 St. Croix River log jam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_jam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Large_in-stream_wood_studies-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Large_in-stream_wood_studies_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWohl2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wohl, Ellen (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fesp.1966">"Large in-stream wood studies: a call for common metrics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_Surface_Processes_and_Landforms" title="Earth Surface Processes and Landforms">Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</a></i>. <b>35</b> (5): 618–625. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ESPL...35..618W">2010ESPL...35..618W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fesp.1966">10.1002/esp.1966</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16337806">16337806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+Surface+Processes+and+Landforms&rft.atitle=Large+in-stream+wood+studies%3A+a+call+for+common+metrics&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=618-625&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16337806%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fesp.1966&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010ESPL...35..618W&rft.aulast=Wohl&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fesp.1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWohl2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wohl, Ellen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ppg.sagepub.com/content/38/5/637.abstract">"A legacy of absence: Wood removal in US rivers"</a>. <i>Progress in Physical Geography</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 637–663. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0309133314548091">10.1177/0309133314548091</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131725942">131725942</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217051214/http://ppg.sagepub.com/content/38/5/637.abstract">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Physical+Geography&rft.atitle=A+legacy+of+absence%3A+Wood+removal+in+US+rivers&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=637-663&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0309133314548091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131725942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wohl&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fppg.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F38%2F5%2F637.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWohl2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wohl, Ellen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ppg.sagepub.com/content/38/5/637.abstract">"A legacy of absence: Wood removal in US rivers"</a>. <i>Progress in Physical Geography</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 637–663. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0309133314548091">10.1177/0309133314548091</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131725942">131725942</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217051214/http://ppg.sagepub.com/content/38/5/637.abstract">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Physical+Geography&rft.atitle=A+legacy+of+absence%3A+Wood+removal+in+US+rivers&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=637-663&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0309133314548091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131725942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wohl&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fppg.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F38%2F5%2F637.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALog+jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomeryCollinsBuffingtonAbbe2003" class="citation journal cs1">Montgomery, D.R.; Collins, B.D.; Buffington, J.M.; Abbe, T.B. 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