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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_bot%C3%A0nica" title="Nomenclatura botànica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nomenclatura botànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanick%C3%A1_nomenklatura" title="Botanická nomenklatura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Botanická nomenklatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika_nomenklaturo" title="Botanika nomenklaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Botanika nomenklaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_botanique" title="Nomenclature botanique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nomenclature botanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanische_nomenclatuur" title="Botanische nomenclatuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Botanische nomenclatuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenklatura_botaniczna" title="Nomenklatura botaniczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nomenklatura botaniczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_bot%C3%A2nica" title="Nomenclatura botânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nomenclatura botânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ботаническая номенклатура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ботаническая номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For terminology used in describing plants, see <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">Glossary of plant morphology</a>.</div> <p><b>Botanical nomenclature</b> is the formal, scientific naming of plants. It is related to, but distinct from <a href="/wiki/Alpha_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha taxonomy">taxonomy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a> is concerned with grouping and classifying plants; <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanical</a> nomenclature then provides names for the results of this process. The starting point for modern botanical nomenclature is <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> of 1753. Botanical nomenclature is governed by the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a></i> (<i>ICN</i>), which replaces the <i>International Code of Botanical Nomenclature</i> (<i>ICBN</i>). <a href="/wiki/Fossil_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil plant">Fossil plants</a> are also covered by the code of nomenclature. </p><p>Within the limits set by that code there is another set of rules, the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></i> which applies to plant <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> that have been deliberately altered or selected by humans (see <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigen</a>). </p><p>Botanical nomenclature is independent of other systems of nomenclature, for example <a href="/wiki/Zoological_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological nomenclature">zoological nomenclature</a>. This implies that animals can have the same generic names as plants (e.g. there is a genus <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">Iris</a></i> in plants and a genus <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iris (insect)">Iris</a></i> in animals). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_scope">History and scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Botanical nomenclature has a long history, going back beyond the period when Latin was the scientific language throughout Europe, to <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (c. 370–287 BC), <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> (c. 40 – 90 AD) and other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> writers. Many of these works have come down to us in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> translations. The principal Latin writer on botany was <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (23–79 AD). From Mediaeval times, Latin became the universal scientific language (<a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>) in Europe. Most written plant knowledge was the property of monks, particularly <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a>, and the purpose of those early <a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">herbals</a> was primarily medicinal rather than plant science <i>per se</i>. It would require the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> (1450) to make such information more widely available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearn1992_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearn1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearn2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearn2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavord2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavord2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leonhart_Fuchs" title="Leonhart Fuchs">Leonhart Fuchs</a>, a German physician and botanist, is often considered the originator of Latin names for the rapidly increasing number of plants known to science. For instance he coined the name <i><a href="/wiki/Digitalis" title="Digitalis">Digitalis</a></i> in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_Historia_Stirpium_Commentarii_Insignes" class="mw-redirect" title="De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes">De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes</a></i> (1542). </p><p>A key event was <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus’</a> adoption of <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial names</a> for plant species in his <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> (1753).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the nineteenth century it became increasingly clear that there was a need for rules to govern scientific nomenclature, and initiatives were taken to refine the body of laws initiated by Linnaeus. These were published in successively more sophisticated editions. For plants, key dates are 1867 (<i>lois</i> de Candolle) and 1906 (<i>International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature</i>, 'Vienna Rules'). The most recent is the <i>Shenzhen Code</i>, adopted in 2018. </p><p>Another development was the insight into the delimitation of the concept of 'plant'. Gradually more and more groups of organisms are being recognised as being independent of plants. Nevertheless, the formal names of most of these organisms are governed by the (ICN), even today. Some <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a> that do not fit easily into either plant or animal categories are treated under either or both of the ICN and the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">ICZN</a>. A separate <i>Code</i> was adopted to govern the nomenclature of Bacteria, the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria">International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_taxonomy">Relationship to taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship to taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Botanical nomenclature is closely linked to plant taxonomy, and botanical nomenclature serves plant taxonomy, but nevertheless botanical nomenclature is separate from plant taxonomy. Botanical nomenclature is merely the body of rules prescribing which name applies to that taxon (see <a href="/wiki/Correct_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Correct name (botany)">correct name</a>) and if a new name may (or must) be coined. </p><p>Plant <a href="/wiki/Alpha_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha taxonomy">taxonomy</a> is an empirical science, a science that determines what constitutes a particular <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> (taxonomic grouping, plural: taxa): e.g. "What plants belong to this species?" and "What species belong to this genus?". The definition of the limits of a taxon is called its '<a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscription</a>'. For a particular taxon, if two taxonomists agree exactly on its circumscription, <a href="/wiki/Rank_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank (taxonomy)">rank</a> and position (i.e. the higher rank in which it is included) then there is only one name which can apply under the <i>ICN</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where they differ in opinion on any of these issues, one and the same plant may be placed in taxa with different names. As an example, consider Siehe's Glory-of-the-Snow, <i><a href="/wiki/Chionodoxa_siehei" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionodoxa siehei">Chionodoxa siehei</a></i>: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chionodoxa_siehei_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chionodoxa_siehei_closeup.jpg/220px-Chionodoxa_siehei_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chionodoxa_siehei_closeup.jpg/330px-Chionodoxa_siehei_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chionodoxa_siehei_closeup.jpg/440px-Chionodoxa_siehei_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="1531" /></a><figcaption>Flowers of <i>Chionodoxa siehei</i>, which can also be called <i>Scilla siehei</i>, or included in <i>Chionodoxa forbesii</i> or in <i>Scilla forbesii</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Taxonomists can disagree as to whether two groups of plants are sufficiently distinct to be put into one species or not. Thus <i><a href="/wiki/Chionodoxa_siehei" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionodoxa siehei">Chionodoxa siehei</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chionodoxa_forbesii" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionodoxa forbesii">Chionodoxa forbesii</a></i> have been treated as a single species by some taxonomists or as two species by others.<sup id="cite_ref-DashwoodMathew2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DashwoodMathew2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If treated as one species, the earlier published name must be used,<sup id="cite_ref-MelbIII_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MelbIII-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so plants previously called <i>Chionodoxa siehei</i> become <i>Chionodoxa forbesii</i>.</li> <li>Taxonomists can disagree as to whether two genera are sufficiently distinct to be kept separate or not. While agreeing that the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Chionodoxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionodoxa">Chionodoxa</a></i> is closely related to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Scilla" title="Scilla">Scilla</a></i>, nevertheless the bulb specialist <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Brian Mathew</a> considers that their differences warrant maintaining separate genera.<sup id="cite_ref-DashwoodMathew2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DashwoodMathew2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others disagree, and would refer to <i>Chionodoxa siehei</i> as <i>Scilla siehei</i>. The earliest published genus name must be used when genera are merged;<sup id="cite_ref-MelbIII_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MelbIII-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in this case <i>Scilla</i> was published earlier and is used (not <i>Chionodoxa</i>).</li> <li>Taxonomists can disagree as to the limits of families. When the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> (APG) first published its classification of the flowering plants in 1998, <i>Chionodoxa siehei</i> would have been placed in the family Hyacinthaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2009 revision of their classification, the APG no longer recognize the Hyacinthaceae as a separate family, merging it into a greatly enlarged family <a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus <i>Chionodoxa siehei</i> moves from the Hyacinthaceae to the Asparagaceae.</li> <li>Taxonomists can disagree as to the rank of a taxon. Rather than allow the Hyacinthaceae to disappear altogether, Chase et al. suggested that it be treated as a subfamily within the Asparagaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>ICN</i> requires family names to end with "-aceae" and subfamily names to end with "-oideae".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus a possible name for the Hyacinthaceae when treated as a subfamily would be 'Hyacinthoideae'. However, the name <a href="/wiki/Scilloideae" title="Scilloideae">Scilloideae</a> had already been published in 1835 as the name for a subfamily containing the genus <i>Scilla</i>, so this name has <a href="/wiki/Priority_(biology)" title="Priority (biology)">priority</a> and must be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase2009_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence for those taxonomists who accept the APG system of 2009, <i>Chionodoxa siehei</i> can be placed in the subfamily Scilloideae of the family Asparagaceae. However, a taxonomist is perfectly free to continue to argue that Hyacinthaceae should be maintained as a separate family from the other families which were merged into the Asparagaceae.</li></ul> <p>In summary, if a plant has different names or is placed in differently named taxa: </p> <ul><li>If the confusion is purely nomenclatural, i.e. it concerns what to call a taxon which has the same circumscription, rank and position, the <i>ICN</i> provides rules to settle the differences, typically by prescribing that the earliest published name must be used, although names can be <a href="/wiki/Conserved_name" title="Conserved name">conserved</a>.</li> <li>If the confusion is taxonomic, i.e. taxonomists differ in opinion on the circumscription, rank or position of taxa, then only more scientific research can settle the differences, and <a href="/wiki/Lumpers_and_splitters" title="Lumpers and splitters">even then only sometimes</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accepted_names">Accepted names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Accepted names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various botanical databases such as <a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">World Flora Online</a> make determinations as to whether a name is <b>accepted</b>, e.g. accepted species. If a name is not accepted, it may be because the name is a <b><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonym</a></b> for a name that is already accepted, and is listed as such. Another term is <b><a href="/wiki/Ambiguous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambiguous">ambiguous</a></b> to denote a name that is not accepted because its separate existence cannot be reliably determined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific classification">Scientific classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_Codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature Codes">Nomenclature Codes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botany">Botany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Correct name (botany)">Correct name (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid name (botany)">Hybrid name (botany)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>: lists names of published seed plants and ferns</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearn1992-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearn1992_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStearn1992">Stearn 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearn2002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearn2002_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStearn2002">Stearn 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavord2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavord2005_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavord2005">Pavord 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarkworth2004" class="citation cs2">Barkworth, M. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720102826/http://herbarium.usu.edu/teaching/4420/botnom.htm"><i>Botanical Nomenclature (Nomenclature, Names, and Taxonomy)</i></a>, University of Utah, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herbarium.usu.edu/teaching/4420/botnom.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botanical+Nomenclature+%28Nomenclature%2C+Names%2C+and+Taxonomy%29&rft.pub=University+of+Utah&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Barkworth&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherbarium.usu.edu%2Fteaching%2F4420%2Fbotnom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill et al. 2012, Principle IV<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DashwoodMathew2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DashwoodMathew2005_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DashwoodMathew2005_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDashwoodMathew2005" class="citation cs2">Dashwood, Melanie & Mathew, Brian (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806123722/http://www.rhs.org.uk/getattachment/04d1dd16-01be-4c31-9510-8a081dfa23b0/Hyacinthaceae---Little-Blue-Bulbs-Bulletin.aspx"><i>Hyacinthaceae – little blue bulbs (RHS Plant Trials and Awards, Bulletin Number 11)</i></a>, Royal Horticultural Society, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhs.org.uk/getattachment/04d1dd16-01be-4c31-9510-8a081dfa23b0/Hyacinthaceae---Little-Blue-Bulbs-Bulletin.aspx">the original</a> on 6 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hyacinthaceae+%E2%80%93+little+blue+bulbs+%28RHS+Plant+Trials+and+Awards%2C+Bulletin+Number+11%29&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dashwood&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.au=Mathew%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fgetattachment%2F04d1dd16-01be-4c31-9510-8a081dfa23b0%2FHyacinthaceae---Little-Blue-Bulbs-Bulletin.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MelbIII-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MelbIII_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MelbIII_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill et al. 2012, Principle III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngiosperm_Phylogeny_Group1998" class="citation cs2">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608092107/http://www.bergianska.se/pub/publikationer/Bremer/Angiosperm_et_al_1998.pdf">"An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</i>, <b>85</b> (4): 531–553, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2992015">10.2307/2992015</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2992015">2992015</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bergianska.se/pub/publikationer/Bremer/Angiosperm_et_al_1998.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.atitle=An+ordinal+classification+for+the+families+of+flowering+plants&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=531-553&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2992015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2992015%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bergianska.se%2Fpub%2Fpublikationer%2FBremer%2FAngiosperm_et_al_1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngiosperm_Phylogeny_Group_III2009" class="citation cs2">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>, <b>161</b> (2): 105–121, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10654%2F18083">10654/18083</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=An+update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+III&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-121&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10654%2F18083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&rft.au=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chase2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chase2009_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase2009_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaseRevealFay2009" class="citation cs2">Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>, <b>161</b> (2): 132–136, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00999.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+subfamilial+classification+for+the+expanded+asparagalean+families+Amaryllidaceae%2C+Asparagaceae+and+Xanthorrhoeaceae&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=132-136&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00999.x&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=M.W.&rft.au=Reveal%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Fay%2C+M.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill et al. 2012, Article 19.1</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavord2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavord" title="Anna Pavord">Pavord, Anna</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qksX1BeWkqcC"><i>The naming of names the search for order in the world of plants</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596919655" title="Special:BookSources/9781596919655"><bdi>9781596919655</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+naming+of+names+the+search+for+order+in+the+world+of+plants.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781596919655&rft.aulast=Pavord&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqksX1BeWkqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearn1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/WT_Stearn" class="mw-redirect" title="WT Stearn">Stearn, William T.</a> (1992) [1966]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/botanicallatin00will"><i>Botanical Latin : history, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary</i></a></span> (4 ed.). Portland, Or.: Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881923216" title="Special:BookSources/9780881923216"><bdi>9780881923216</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botanical+Latin+%3A+history%2C+grammar%2C+syntax%2C+terminology+and+vocabulary&rft.place=Portland%2C+Or.&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780881923216&rft.aulast=Stearn&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbotanicallatin00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearn2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/WT_Stearn" class="mw-redirect" title="WT Stearn">Stearn, William T.</a> (2002) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5DiLBkjQmUkC"><i>Stearn's dictionary of plant names for gardeners : a handbook on the origin and meaning of the botanical names of some cultivated plants</i></a>. Portland, Or.: Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881925562" title="Special:BookSources/978-0881925562"><bdi>978-0881925562</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stearn%27s+dictionary+of+plant+names+for+gardeners+%3A+a+handbook+on+the+origin+and+meaning+of+the+botanical+names+of+some+cultivated+plants&rft.place=Portland%2C+Or.&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0881925562&rft.aulast=Stearn&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5DiLBkjQmUkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernhardt2008" class="citation book cs1">Bernhardt, Peter (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsgoddessesing00bern"><i>Gods and goddesses in the garden : Greco-Roman mythology and the scientific names of plants</i></a></span>. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813542669" title="Special:BookSources/9780813542669"><bdi>9780813542669</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+goddesses+in+the+garden+%3A+Greco-Roman+mythology+and+the+scientific+names+of+plants&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780813542669&rft.aulast=Bernhardt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsgoddessesing00bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2005" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, Michelle (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904205354/http://www.mediherb.com/pdf/6089_US.pdf">"Botanical Latin: The Poetry of Herb Names"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Number 89</i>. MediHerb. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediherb.com/pdf/6089_US.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Number+89&rft.atitle=Botanical+Latin%3A+The+Poetry+of+Herb+Names&rft.date=2005-10&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediherb.com%2Fpdf%2F6089_US.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotanical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs1642" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonhart_Fuchs" title="Leonhart Fuchs">Fuchs, Leonhart</a> (1642). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/leodeh/index.html"><i>De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes</i></a>. Basileae: In officina Isingriniana<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carl_Linnaeus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Template:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Template talk:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carl_Linnaeus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Published works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_bibliography" title="Carl Linnaeus bibliography">Linnaeus bibliography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> (1735)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fundamenta_Botanica" title="Fundamenta Botanica">Fundamenta Botanica</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Botanica" title="Bibliotheca Botanica">Bibliotheca Botanica</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Cliffortiana" class="extiw" title="de:Musa Cliffortiana">Musa Cliffortiana</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_Botanica" title="Critica Botanica">Critica Botanica</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Lapponica" title="Flora Lapponica">Flora Lapponica</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classes_Plantarum" title="Classes Plantarum">Classes Plantarum</a></i> (1738)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Svecica" title="Flora Svecica">Flora Svecica</a></i> (1745)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Svecica" title="Fauna Svecica">Fauna Svecica</a></i> (1746)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></i> (1751)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> (1753)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centuria_Insectorum" title="Centuria Insectorum">Centuria Insectorum</a></i> (1763)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mantissa_Plantarum_Altera" title="Mantissa Plantarum Altera">Mantissa Plantarum Altera</a></i> (1771)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Vegetabilium" title="Systema Vegetabilium">Systema Vegetabilium</a></i> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9,_1707-1778,_botanist,_professor_(Alexander_Roslin)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-90px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-135px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="3655" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Herbarium" title="Linnaean Herbarium">Linnaean Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a> (Linnaean classification)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Botanical nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">Zoological nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus">Taxa named by Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Linnaeus" title="Apostles of Linnaeus">Apostles of Linnaeus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Afzelius" title="Adam Afzelius">Adam Afzelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Berlin" title="Andreas Berlin">Andreas Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Falk" title="Johan Peter Falk">Johan Peter Falk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Peter Forsskål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Kalm" title="Pehr Kalm">Pehr Kalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_L%C3%B6fling" title="Pehr Löfling">Pehr Löfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Osbeck" title="Pehr Osbeck">Pehr Osbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rolander" title="Daniel Rolander">Daniel Rolander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Rothman" title="Göran Rothman">Göran Rothman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sparrman" title="Anders Sparrman">Anders Sparrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg" title="Carl Peter Thunberg">Carl Peter Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_family" title="Linné family">Family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl Linnaeus the Younger</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christina_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Elisabeth Christina von Linné">Elisabeth Christina von Linné</a> (daughter))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Linnaeus" title="List of students of Linnaeus">Students of Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bauhin" title="Johann Bauhin">Johann Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Artedi" title="Peter Artedi">Peter Artedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Burman" title="Johannes Burman">Johannes Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clifford_III" title="George Clifford III">George Clifford III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus">Recognitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_Linn%C3%A9" title="Expedition Linné">Expedition Linné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaea" title="Linnaea">Linnaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Garden" title="Linnaean Garden">Linnaean Garden</a> (<i>including the Linnaeus Museum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeite" title="Linnaeite">Linnaeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemya" title="Linnaemya">Linnaemya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemyini" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaemyini">Linnaemyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7412_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="7412 Linnaeus">7412 Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_Arboretum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus Arboretum">Linnaeus Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus%27s_Hammarby" title="Linnaeus's Hammarby">Linnaeus's Hammarby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_(crater)" title="Linné (crater)">Linné (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9a" title="Linnéa">Linnéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Medal" title="Linnean Medal">Linnean Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Linnaeus_Society" title="Swedish Linnaeus Society">Swedish Linnaeus Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_New_South_Wales" title="Linnean Society of New South Wales">Linnean Society of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Tercentenary_Medal" title="Linnean Tercentenary Medal">Linnean Tercentenary Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Maine" title="Linneus, Maine">Linneus, Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Missouri" 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