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id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early Christian period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Arab conquest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolian_and_Turkic_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolian_and_Turkic_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Mongolian and Turkic rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolian_and_Turkic_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Iranian_Safavid_to_confirmed_Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Iranian_Safavid_to_confirmed_Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 From Iranian Safavid to confirmed Ottoman rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Iranian_Safavid_to_confirmed_Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 World War I and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrian_volunteers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian_volunteers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Assyrian volunteers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrian_volunteers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrian_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 Assyrian rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrian_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homeland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Homeland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrian_subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian_subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Assyrian subgroups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrian_subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Persecution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity_and_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity_and_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Identity and subdivisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Identity_and_subdivisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Identity and subdivisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Identity_and_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-designation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-designation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Self-designation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-designation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrian_vs._Syrian_naming_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian_vs._Syrian_naming_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Assyrian vs. Syrian naming controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrian_vs._Syrian_naming_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Script </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Traditional clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Genetics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genetics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haplogroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haplogroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Haplogroups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haplogroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Assyrian people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assiri%C3%ABrs" title="Assiriërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Assiriërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آشوريون/سريان/كلدان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آشوريون/سريان/كلدان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirianos_cristianos" title="Asirianos cristianos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Asirianos cristianos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aysorlar" title="Aysorlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aysorlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آشورلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آشورلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="অ্যাসিরীয় জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাসিরীয় জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Асірыйцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асірыйцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Асырыйцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Асырыйцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Асирийци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Асирийци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirianed" title="Asirianed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Asirianed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assiris" title="Assiris – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assiris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ассирисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ассирисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asy%C5%99an%C3%A9" title="Asyřané – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Asyřané" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyriaid" title="Asyriaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asyriaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrere" title="Assyrere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Assyrere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrer_(Gegenwart)" title="Assyrer (Gegenwart) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Assyrer (Gegenwart)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass%C3%BC%C3%BCrlased" title="Assüürlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Assüürlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ασσύριοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασσύριοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_asirio" title="Pueblo asirio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo asirio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirianoj" title="Asirianoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Asirianoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiriar" title="Asiriar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asiriar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="آشوری‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشوری‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass%C3%BDrar" title="Assýrar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Assýrar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriens" title="Assyriens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assyriens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrjers" title="Assyrjers – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Assyrjers" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisiriaigh" title="Aisiriaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aisiriaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_asirio" title="Pobo asirio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo asirio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="아시리아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아시리아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ասորիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասորիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="असीरियाई लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="असीरियाई लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajsori" title="Ajsori – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ajsori" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Asiria" title="Bangsa Asiria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangsa Asiria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assiri_(gruppo_etnico)" title="Assiri (gruppo etnico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assiri (gruppo etnico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אשורים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשורים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Suryani" title="Wong Suryani – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Suryani" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ასურელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასურელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ассириялықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ассириялықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waashuru" title="Waashuru – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waashuru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryan%C3%AE" title="Suryanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Suryanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrii_(praesens_aetas)" title="Assyrii (praesens aetas) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Assyrii (praesens aetas)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C4%ABrie%C5%A1i" title="Asīrieši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Asīrieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirai" title="Asirai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Asirai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirianes" title="Asirianes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Asirianes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assz%C3%ADrok" title="Asszírok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asszírok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Асирци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Асирци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiriana_(vahoaka)" title="Asiriana (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asiriana (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="അസ്സീറിയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അസ്സീറിയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ასურალეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ასურალეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سريان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سريان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="آشوریون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آشوریون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Assyria" title="Orang Assyria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Assyria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="အဆီးရီးယန်း လူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဆီးရီးယန်း လူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyri%C3%ABrs_(volk)" title="Assyriërs (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Assyriërs (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="アッシリア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アッシリア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ассирийхой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ассирийхой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrere" title="Assyrere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Assyrere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrarar" title="Assyrarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Assyrarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossuriylar" title="Ossuriylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ossuriylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="آشوری قوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آشوری قوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اشوريان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اشوريان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyryjczycy" title="Asyryjczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Asyryjczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass%C3%ADrios_(grupo_%C3%A9tnico)" title="Assírios (grupo étnico) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assírios (grupo étnico)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirieni" title="Asirieni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asirieni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Ассирийцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ассирийцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasu-zen" title="Yasu-zen – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Yasu-zen" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assiri_(Gruppu_etnicu)" title="Assiri (Gruppu etnicu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Assiri (Gruppu etnicu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Assyrian people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%BDr%C4%8Dania_(s%C3%BA%C4%8Dasnos%C5%A5)" title="Asýrčania (súčasnosť) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Asýrčania (súčasnosť)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirci" title="Asirci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Asirci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyryj%C5%8Fki" title="Asyryjŏki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Asyryjŏki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئاشوورییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاشوورییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Асирци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Асирци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirci" title="Asirci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Asirci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrialaiset_(kansa)" title="Assyrialaiset (kansa) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Assyrialaiset (kansa)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrier/syrianer" title="Assyrier/syrianer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Assyrier/syrianer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அசிரிய மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அசிரிய மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Ассириялеләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ассириялеләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCryaniler" title="Süryaniler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süryaniler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%96" title="Ассирійці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ассирійці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="آشوری قوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آشوری قوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Assyria" title="Người Assyria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Syriac people" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Assyrians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="syr">ܣܘܼܪ̈ܝܵܝܹܐ / ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܶܐ / ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ / ܐܵܫܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrians_(gold_and_blue_Assur).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_flag" title="Assyrian flag">Ethnic flag used by most Assyrians</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_world_population.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Assyrian_world_population.png/220px-Assyrian_world_population.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Assyrian_world_population.png/330px-Assyrian_world_population.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Assyrian_world_population.png/440px-Assyrian_world_population.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">World distribution of the Assyrian diaspora</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">3.3–5+ million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg20112304-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization:_yearbook-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Numbers can vary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>140,000<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> (2024 estimate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000–877,000 (pre-<a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>)<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Today's_Zaman-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,000<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,000–17,000<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Numbers can vary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600,000<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">150,000<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70,000–100,000<a href="#cite_note-Borken-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-remid-20">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000–150,000<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">61,000 (2020 est.)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,000–35,000<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,685<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,000<a href="#cite_note-Wieviorka166-27">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,000<a href="#cite_note-AthensNews-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500–5,000<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,421<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000–4,000<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,299<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,500–5,000<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,143<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,755<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,497<a href="#cite_note-StatNZ-40">[40]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">700<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">350<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Suret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turoyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Turoyo">Turoyo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac">Classical Syriac</a> (liturgical), <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> (in antiquity), <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> (in antiquity)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a> Minority: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Assyrians<a href="#cite_note-44">[a]</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, a geographical region in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. Modern Assyrians <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_continuity" title="Assyrian continuity">claim descent</a> directly from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a>, one of the key civilizations of Mesopotamia. While they are distinct from other Mesopotamian groups, such as the Babylonians, they share in the broader cultural heritage of the Mesopotamian region.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Modern Assyrians may culturally self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians#Syriac_identity" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Syriacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldeans</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians#Aramean_identity" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Arameans</a> for religious, geographic, and tribal identification.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Assyrians speak <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, specifically dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Suret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turoyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Turoyo">Turoyo</a>, which are among the oldest continuously spoken and written languages in the world. Aramaic was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of West Asia for centuries and was the language spoken by <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Jesus</a>. It has influenced other languages such as Hebrew and Arabic, and, through cultural and religious exchanges, it has had some influence on Mongolian and Uighur. Aramaic itself is the oldest continuously spoken and written language in the Middle East, with a history stretching back over 3,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-52">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg/220px-Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg/330px-Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg/440px-Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholics</a> praying in a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad, Iraq">Baghdad, Iraq</a></figcaption></figure> Assyrians are almost exclusively Christian,<a href="#cite_note-9780313321092_p206-53">[52]</a> with most adhering to the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> liturgical rites of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanish2015517-55">[54]</a> Both rites use <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a> as their liturgical language. The Assyrians were among the early converts to Christianity, along with Jews, Arameans, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a>. The ancestral indigenous lands that form the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a> are those of ancient <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and the Zab rivers, a region currently divided between modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, southeastern Turkey, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing-Marshall2005149-150-56">[55]</a> A majority of modern Assyrians have migrated to other regions of the world, including North America, <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">the Levant</a>, Australia, Europe, Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. Emigration was triggered by genocidal events throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, including the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a> or Sayfo, as well as religious persecution by Islamic extremists. The emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> and the occupation of a significant portion of the Assyrian homeland resulted in another major wave of Assyrian displacement due to events such as the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> by the United States and <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">its allies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, which began in 2011. Of the one million or more Iraqis who have fled Iraq since the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation</a>, nearly 40% were indigenous Assyrians, even though Assyrians accounted for only around 3% of the pre-war <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Iraqi population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The Islamic State was driven out from the Assyrian villages in the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabour River</a> Valley and the areas surrounding the city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a> in Syria by 2015, and from the <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a> in Iraq by 2017. In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plain_Protection_Units" title="Nineveh Plain Protection Units">Nineveh Plain Protection Units</a> was formed and many Assyrians joined the force to defend themselves. The organization later became part of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed forces</a> and played a key role in liberating areas previously held by the Islamic State during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In northern Syria, Assyrian groups have been taking part both politically and militarily in the Kurdish-dominated but multiethnic <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Khabour_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Khabour Guards">Khabour Guards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">History of the Assyrian people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Christian_history">Pre-Christian history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal,_the_last_great_Assyrian_king,_hunting_lions,_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_(Irak),_c._645-635_BC,_British_Museum_(16722368932).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722368932%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722368932%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722368932%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4811" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a>, c. 645–635 BC</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a> is the homeland of the Assyrian people, located in the ancient Near East. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> sites in Assyria belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> culture c. 7100 BC and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Hassuna" title="Tell Hassuna">Tell Hassuna</a>, the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a>, c. 6000 BC. The history of Assyria begins with the formation of the city of <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>, perhaps as early as the 25th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> During the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> united all the native <a href="/wiki/Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic language">Semitic</a>-speaking peoples, including the Assyrians, and the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> (2335–2154 BC). The cities of Assur and <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>), which was the oldest and largest city of the ancient Assyrian Empire,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> together with several other towns and cities, existed as early as the 25th century BC. They appear to have been Sumerian-ruled administrative centres at this time rather than independent states. The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) population.<a href="#cite_note-Deutscher-62">[61]</a> An Assyrian identity distinct from other neighboring groups appears to have formed during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a>, in the 21st or 20th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Assyria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Assyria.png/220px-Map_of_Assyria.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Assyria.png/330px-Map_of_Assyria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Assyria.png/440px-Map_of_Assyria.png 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> (dark green) and <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (light green)</figcaption></figure> In the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, they are descended from <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>'s grandson, <a href="/wiki/Dedan_(Bible)" title="Dedan (Bible)">Dedan</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Jokshan" title="Jokshan">Jokshan</a>, progenitor of the ancient Assyrians.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> However, there is no other historical basis for this assertion. The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> does not directly mention it, and there is no mention in Assyrian records, which date as far back as the 25th century BC. What is known is that <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> c. 1365 BC and the Assyrians benefited from this development by taking control of the eastern portion of Mitanni territory and later annexing <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian</a> territories.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The rise and rule of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (14th to 10th century BC) spread Assyrian culture, people and identity across <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">northern Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> The Assyrian people, after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> in 609 BC, were under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> and later, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>, which consumed the entire <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian or "Chaldean" Empire</a> in 539 BC. Assyrians became <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> soldiers for the Persian Empire under <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, playing a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a> under <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> in 490 BC.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a> are the primary source of information about that battle, makes no mention of Assyrians in connection with it.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Despite the influx of foreign elements, the presence of Assyrians is confirmed by the worship of the god <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>. References to the name survive into the 3rd century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYana200830-69">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> had a relatively low level of integration with the local population in Mesopotamia, which allowed their cultures to survive.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Semi-independent kingdoms influenced by Assyrian culture (<a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a>) and perhaps semi-autonomous Assyrian vassal states (<a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>) sprung up in the east under Parthian rule, lasting until conquests by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> in the region in the 3rd century AD.<a href="#cite_note-naei-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language">Language</h4></div> Modern Assyrian derives from ancient <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, part of the Northwest Semitic languages.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Around 700 BC, Aramaic slowly replaced Akkadian in Assyria, Babylonia and the Levant. Widespread bilingualism among Assyrian nationals was already present before the fall of the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-naei-71">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a> has influenced the Aramaic that the modern Assyrians speak.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe texts</a>, which were written in Old Assyrian, preserve some loanwords from the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite language</a>. Those loanwords are the earliest attestation of any <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a>, dated to the 20th century BC. Most of the archaeological evidence is typical of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> rather than of Assyria, but using both cuneiform and the dialect is the best indication of Assyrian presence. Over 20,000 cuneiform tablets have been recovered from the site.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> From 1700 BC and onward, the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian language</a> was preserved by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a> and Assyrians only as a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical language</a> for religious, artistic, and scholarly purposes.<a href="#cite_note-woods-76">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a>, with its main <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language#Dialects" title="Akkadian language">Assyrian and Babylonian</a>, once the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the Ancient <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, began to decline during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> around the 8th century BC, being marginalized by <a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, the language was largely confined to scholars and priests working in temples in Assyria and Babylonia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christian_period">Early Christian period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwestern_part_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Southwestern_part_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.jpg/300px-Southwestern_part_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Southwestern_part_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.jpg/450px-Southwestern_part_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Southwestern_part_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.jpg/600px-Southwestern_part_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/As%C5%8Drist%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Asōristān">Asōristān</a> (226–637 AD)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History of Eastern Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/As%C5%8Drist%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Asōristān">Asōristān</a></div> From the 1st century BC, Assyria was the theatre of the protracted <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a>. Much of the region would become the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a> from 116 AD to 118 AD following the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>. Still, after a Parthian-inspired Assyrian rebellion, the new emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> withdrew from the short-lived province Assyria and its neighboring provinces in 118 AD.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Following a successful campaign in 197–198, Severus converted the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a>, centred on <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, into a frontier Roman province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1967211-78">[77]</a> Roman influence in the area came to an end under <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a> in 363, who abandoned the region after concluding a hasty peace agreement with the Sassanians.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The Assyrians were Christianized in the first to third centuries in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Assyria">Roman Assyria</a>. The population of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Asoristan</a> was a mixed one, composed of Assyrians, <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> in the far south and the western deserts, and <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RP-80">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> element in the cities, still strong during the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, ceased to be ethnically distinct in Sasanian times. Most of the population were <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a> speakers. Along with the Arameans, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a>, the Assyrians were among the first people to convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and spread <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> despite becoming, from the 8th century, a <a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">minority religion</a> in their homeland following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>. In 410, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> organised the Christians within that Empire into what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>. Its head was declared to be the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, who in the acts of the council was referred to as the Grand or Major Metropolitan and who soon afterward was called the <a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a> of the East. Later, the title of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> was also used. Dioceses were organised into <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">provinces</a>, each of which was under the authority of a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishop</a>. Six such areas were instituted in 410. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_Matti_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mar_Matti_Monastery.jpg/220px-Mar_Matti_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mar_Matti_Monastery.jpg/330px-Mar_Matti_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mar_Matti_Monastery.jpg/440px-Mar_Matti_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mor_Mattai_Monastery" title="Mor Mattai Monastery">Mor Mattai Monastery</a> (Dayro d-Mor Mattai) in, <a href="/wiki/Bartella" title="Bartella">Bartella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a>. It is recognized as one of the oldest Christian monasteries in existence. It is famous for its magnificent library and a considerable collection of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christian</a> manuscripts<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></figcaption></figure> Another council held in 424 declared that the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East">Catholicos of the East</a> was independent of "Western" ecclesiastical authorities (those of the Roman Empire). Soon afterward, Christians in the Roman Empire were divided by their attitude regarding the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (431), which condemned <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> (451), which condemned <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a>. Those who for any reason refused to accept one or other of these councils were called Nestorians or Monophysites, while those who accepted both councils, held under the auspices of the Roman emperors, were called Melkites (derived from Syriac malkā, king),<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> meaning royalists. All three groups existed among the Syriac Christians, the East Syriacs being called Nestorians and the West Syriacs being divided between the Monophysites (today the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, also known as Jacobites, after <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a>) and those who accepted both councils, primarily today's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, which has adopted the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, but also the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, which kept its <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> and was not as closely aligned with Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-Syriac_language-84">[83]</a> Roman/Byzantine and Persian spheres of influence divided Syriac-speaking Christians into two groups: those who adhered to the Miaphysite Syriac Orthodox Church (the so-called Jacobite Church), or West Syrians, and those who adhered to the Church of the East, the so-called Nestorian Church. Following the split, they developed distinct dialects, mainly based on the pronunciation and written symbolization of vowels.<a href="#cite_note-Syriac_language-84">[83]</a> With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, eastern Aramaic enjoyed a renaissance as a classical language in the 2nd to 8th centuries, and varieties of that form of Aramaic (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic languages</a>) are still spoken by a few small groups of Jacobite and Nestorian Christians in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a>, who lived from April 1, 527 A.D. to June 28, 548 A.D., was a notable empress of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the wife of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. Although her exact ethnic background is not definitively established, some sources suggest she was of Assyrian origin. She played a significant role in advocating for women's rights and social reforms. Theodora is particularly remembered for her efforts to improve the status of women, including legislation against forced prostitution and support for widows and orphans. She was a key supporter of her husband's efforts to restore and expand the Byzantine Empire from their capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Additionally, Theodora worked towards alleviating the persecution of <a href="/wiki/Miaphysites" class="mw-redirect" title="Miaphysites">Miaphysites</a>, although full reconciliation with this Christian sect was not achieved during her lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_conquest">Arab conquest</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg/220px-Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg/330px-Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg/440px-Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Assyrian <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church,_Balowlan" title="St. Thomas Church, Balowlan">Mar Toma Church</a> near <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Assyrians initially experienced periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after the 7th century <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>. Assyrians contributed to Islamic civilizations during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphates</a> by translating works of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek philosophers</a> to Syriac and afterward to <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. They also excelled in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Masawaiyh" title="Masawaiyh">Masawaiyh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JoubertRocher1995-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eutychius_of_Alexandria" title="Eutychius of Alexandria">Eutychius of Alexandria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jabril_ibn_Bukhtishu" title="Jabril ibn Bukhtishu">Jabril ibn Bukhtishu</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babai_the_Great" title="Babai the Great">Babai the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Marga" title="Thomas of Marga">Thomas of Marga</a>) and the personal <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> of the Abbasid Caliphs were often Assyrians, such as the long-serving <a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a> dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Many scholars of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a> were of Assyrian Christian background.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Indigenous Assyrians became second-class citizens (<a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a>) in a greater Arab Islamic state. Those who resisted <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> and conversion to Islam were subject to severe religious, ethnic, and cultural discrimination and had certain restrictions imposed upon them.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Assyrians were excluded from specific duties and occupations reserved for Muslims. They did not enjoy the same political rights as Muslims, and their word was not equal to that of a Muslim in legal and civil matters. As Christians, they were subject to payment of a special tax, the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glenn_2007_219-94">[93]</a> They were banned from spreading their religion further or building new churches in Muslim-ruled lands, but were expected to adhere to the same laws of property, contract, and obligation as the Muslim Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-Glenn_2007_219-94">[93]</a> They could not seek the conversion of a Muslim, a non-Muslim man could not marry a Muslim woman, and the child of such a marriage would be considered a Muslim. They could not own an enslaved Muslim and had to wear different clothing from Muslims to be distinguishable. In addition to the jizya tax, they were required to pay the <a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">kharaj</a> tax on their land, which was heavier than the jizya. However, they were protected, given religious freedom, and to govern themselves according to their own laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph200048-49-95">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_our_virgin_lady_in_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Church_of_our_virgin_lady_in_Baghdad.jpg/220px-Church_of_our_virgin_lady_in_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Church_of_our_virgin_lady_in_Baghdad.jpg/330px-Church_of_our_virgin_lady_in_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Church_of_our_virgin_lady_in_Baghdad.jpg/440px-Church_of_our_virgin_lady_in_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Assyrian Church of Our Virgin Lady in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.</figcaption></figure> As non-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Proselytising" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytising">proselytising</a> was punishable by death under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, the Assyrians were forced into preaching in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> where they established numerous churches. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> was considered to be one of the major Christian powerhouses in the world, alongside <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Christianity</a> in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> From the 7th century AD onwards, Mesopotamia saw a steady influx of Arabs, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAboona2008XI-97">[96]</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>. Assyrians were increasingly marginalized, persecuted and gradually became a minority in their homeland. Conversion to Islam was a result of heavy taxation, which also resulted in decreased revenue from their rulers. As a result, the new converts migrated to Muslim garrison towns nearby. Assyrians remained dominant in Upper Mesopotamia as late as the 14th century,<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> and the city of Assur was still occupied by Assyrians during the Islamic period until the mid-14th century when the Muslim Turco-Mongol ruler <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> conducted a religiously motivated massacre against Assyrians. After, no records of Assyrians remained in Assur according to the archaeological and numismatic record. From this point, the Assyrian population was dramatically reduced in their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> From the 19th century, after the rise of nationalism in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the Ottomans started viewing Assyrians and other Christians on their eastern front as a potential threat. The Kurdish Emirs sought to consolidate their power by attacking Assyrian communities, which were already well-established there. Scholars estimate that tens of thousands of Assyrians in the <a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a> region were <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Badr_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres of Badr Khan">massacred in 1843</a> when <a href="/wiki/Bedr_Khan_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedr Khan Beg">Bedr Khan Beg</a>, the emir of <a href="/wiki/Bohtan" title="Bohtan">Bohtan</a>, invaded their region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauntBeṯ-ŞawoceDonef200632-100">[99]</a> After a later massacre in 1846, western powers forced the Ottomans into intervening in the region, and the ensuing conflict destroyed the Kurdish emirates and reasserted the Ottoman power in the area. The Assyrians were subject to the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_(1895)" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)">massacres of Diyarbakır</a> soon after.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAboona2008105-101">[100]</a> Being culturally, ethnically, and linguistically distinct from their Muslim neighbors in the Middle East—the Arabs, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, Kurds, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>—the Assyrians have endured much hardship throughout their recent history as a result of religious and ethnic persecution by these groups.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolian_and_Turkic_rule">Mongolian and Turkic rule</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Syriac_Christianity.svg/300px-Syriac_Christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Syriac_Christianity.svg/450px-Syriac_Christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Syriac_Christianity.svg/600px-Syriac_Christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Aramaic language and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a> in the Middle East and Central Asia until being largely annihilated by <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a> in the 14th century</figcaption></figure> After initially coming under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a>, the region eventually came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">fall of Baghdad</a> in 1258. The Mongol khans were sympathetic with Christians and did not harm them. The most prominent among them was probably <a href="/wiki/Isa_Kelemechi" title="Isa Kelemechi">Isa Kelemechi</a>, a diplomat, astrologer, and head of the Christian affairs in <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan China</a>. He spent some time in Persia under the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>. The 14th century massacres of Timur devastated the Assyrian people. Timur's massacres and pillages of all that was Christian drastically reduced their existence. At the end of the reign of Timur, the Assyrian population had almost been eradicated in many places. Toward the end of the thirteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a>, the noted Assyrian scholar and hierarch, found "much quietness" in his diocese in Mesopotamia. Syria's diocese, he wrote, was "wasted."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The region was later controlled by the in Iran-based Turkic confederations of the <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a>. Subsequently, all Assyrians, like with the rest of the ethnicities living in the former Aq Qoyunlu territories, fell into <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> hands from 1501 and on.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Iranian_Safavid_to_confirmed_Ottoman_rule">From Iranian Safavid to confirmed Ottoman rule</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Badr_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres of Badr Khan">Massacres of Badr Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbakir_(1895)" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)">Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_(1831).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_%281831%29.jpg/170px-Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_%281831%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_%281831%29.jpg/255px-Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_%281831%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_%281831%29.jpg/340px-Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_%281831%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Mar Elias (Eliya), the <a href="/wiki/Nestorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian">Nestorian</a> bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> plain village of Geogtapa, c. 1831</figcaption></figure> The Ottomans secured their control over Mesopotamia and Syria in the first half of the 17th century following the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1623%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39)">Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39)</a> and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a>. Non-Muslims were organised into <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millets</a>. Syriac Christians, however, were often considered one millet alongside Armenians until the 19th century, when Nestorian, Syriac Orthodox and Chaldeans gained that right as well.<a href="#cite_note-kennith255-103">[102]</a> The Aramaic-speaking Mesopotamian Christians had long been divided between followers of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorians</a>", and followers of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, commonly called <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacobites</a>. The latter were organised by <a href="/wiki/Marutha_of_Tikrit" title="Marutha of Tikrit">Marutha of Tikrit</a> (565–649) as 17 dioceses under a "Metropolitan of the East" or "<a href="/wiki/Maphrian" title="Maphrian">Maphrian</a>", holding the highest rank in the Syriac Orthodox Church after that of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East">Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East</a>. The Maphrian resided at <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a> until 1089, when he moved to the city of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> for half a century, before settling in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Mar_Mattai" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Mar Mattai">Monastery of Mar Mattai</a> (still belonging to the Syriac Orthodox Church) and thus not far from the residence of the Eliya line of Patriarchs of the Church of the East. From 1533, the holder of the office was known as the Maphrian of Mosul, to distinguish him from the Maphrian of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Tur_Abdin" title="Patriarch of Tur Abdin">Patriarch of Tur Abdin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In 1552, a group of bishops of the Church of the East from the northern regions of <a href="/wiki/Amid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amid">Amid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a>, who were dissatisfied with reservation of patriarchal succession to members of a single family, even if the designated successor was little more than a child, elected as a rival patriarch the abbot of the <a href="/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery" title="Rabban Hormizd Monastery">Rabban Hormizd Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Yohannan Sulaqa</a>. This was by no means the first schism in the Church of the East. An example is the attempt to replace Timothy I (779–823) with Ephrem of Gandīsābur.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> By tradition, a patriarch could be ordained only by someone of archiepiscopal (metropolitan) rank, a rank to which only members of that one family were promoted. For that reason, Sulaqa travelled to Rome, where, presented as the new Patriarch elect, he entered communion with the Catholic Church and was ordained by the Pope and recognized as Patriarch. The title or description under which he was recognized as Patriarch is given variously as "Patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> in Eastern Syria";<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> "Patriarch of the Church of the Chaldeans of Mosul";<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> "Patriarch of the Chaldeans";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisserant1931228-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey201045-110">[109]</a> "Patriarch of Mosul";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooken200333-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazee200657-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2019127-113">[112]</a> or "Patriarch of the Eastern Assyrians", this last being the version given by Pietro Strozzi on the second-last unnumbered page before page 1 of his De Dogmatibus Chaldaeorum,<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> of which an English translation is given in Adrian Fortescue's Lesser Eastern Churches.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the same year and fixed his seat in Amid. Before being imprisoned for four months and then in January 1555 put to death by the governor of <a href="/wiki/Amadiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya">Amadiya</a> at the instigation of the rival Patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a>, of the Eliya line,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazee200656-117">[116]</a> he ordained two metropolitans and three other bishops,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2019126-127-118">[117]</a> thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the Shimun line. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the see, after many changes, in the isolated village of <a href="/wiki/Qochanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Qochanis">Qochanis</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_(1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_%281909%29.jpg/170px-Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_%281909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_%281909%29.jpg/255px-Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_%281909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_%281909%29.jpg/340px-Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_%281909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="4965" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">massacre of Armenians and Assyrians</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, Ottoman Empire, April 1909</figcaption></figure> The Shimun line eventually drifted away from Rome and in 1662 adopted a profession of faith incompatible with that of Rome. Leadership of those who wished communion with Rome passed to the Archbishop of Amid <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_(Chaldean_Patriarch)" title="Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)">Joseph I</a>, recognized first by the Turkish civil authorities (1677) and then by Rome itself (1681). A century and a half later, in 1830, headship of the Catholics (the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>) was conferred on <a href="/wiki/Yohannan_VIII_Hormizd" title="Yohannan VIII Hormizd">Yohannan Hormizd</a>, a member of the family that for centuries had provided the patriarchs of the legitimist "Eliya line", who had won over most of the followers of that line. Thus the patriarchal line of those who in 1553 entered communion with Rome are now patriarchs of the "traditionalist" wing of the Church of the East, that which in 1976 officially adopted the name "<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph20001-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2017604-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In the 1840s many of the Assyrians living in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a> in the south eastern corner of the Ottoman Empire were massacred by the Kurdish emirs of Hakkari and Bohtan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAboona2008218-219-123">[122]</a> Another major massacre of Assyrians (and Armenians) in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> occurred between 1894 and 1897 by Turkish troops and their Kurdish allies during the rule of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>. The motives for these massacres were an attempt to reassert <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> in the Ottoman Empire, resentment at the comparative wealth of the ancient indigenous Christian communities, and a fear that they would attempt to secede from the tottering Ottoman Empire. Assyrians were massacred in <a href="/wiki/Diyarbakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Diyarbakir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasankeyef" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasankeyef">Hasankeyef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a> and other parts of Anatolia, by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. These attacks caused the death of over thousands of Assyrians and the forced "Ottomanisation" of the inhabitants of 245 villages. The Turkish troops looted the remains of the Assyrian settlements and these were later stolen and occupied by Kurds. Unarmed Assyrian women and children were raped, tortured and murdered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtois2004105-107-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtman2018215-232-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I_and_aftermath">World War I and aftermath</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg/220px-Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg/330px-Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg/440px-Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_flag" title="Assyrian flag">Assyrian flag</a>, c. 1920<a href="#cite_note-ChaldOn-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-AANF-127">[126]</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_of_Assyrians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Burning_of_Assyrians.jpg/220px-Burning_of_Assyrians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Burning_of_Assyrians.jpg/330px-Burning_of_Assyrians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Burning_of_Assyrians.jpg/440px-Burning_of_Assyrians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>The burning of bodies of Assyrian women</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a>, <a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">1915 genocide in Diyarbekir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_struggle_for_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian struggle for independence">Assyrian struggle for independence</a></div> The Assyrians suffered a number of religiously and ethnically motivated massacres throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAboona2008218-219-123">[122]</a> culminating in the large-scale <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> of unarmed men, women and children by Muslim Turks and Kurds in the late 19th century at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and its associated (largely Kurdish and Arab) militias, which further greatly reduced numbers, particularly in southeastern Turkey. The most significant recent persecution against the Assyrian population was the <a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> which occurred during the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYacoub2016-128">[127]</a> Between 275,000 and 300,000 Assyrians were estimated to have been slaughtered by the armies of the Ottoman Empire and their Kurdish allies, totalling up to two-thirds of the entire Assyrian population. This led to a large-scale migration of Turkish-based Assyrian people into countries such as Syria, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and Iraq (where they were to suffer further violent assaults at the hands of the Arabs and Kurds), as well as other neighbouring countries in and around the Middle East such as <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> During World War I (<a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a>), the Assyrians suffered heavy losses due to deportations and mass killings organized by the Ottoman Turks. Several representatives of the Assyrian people participated in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 after the war had ended. These representatives aimed to free Assyria and sought to influence the victorious powers to place it under one mandatory power. Although many felt sympathy for the Assyrians, none of their demands were implemented. The Assyrians failed in their efforts due to geographical and denominational differences among themselves, as well as the fact that the major powers, Britain and France, had their own plans for the territories where the Assyrians lived.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assyrian_volunteers">Assyrian volunteers</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_volunteers" title="Assyrian volunteers">Assyrian volunteers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_volunteers_capture_Turkish_banner_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Assyrian_volunteers_capture_Turkish_banner_1918.jpg/220px-Assyrian_volunteers_capture_Turkish_banner_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Assyrian_volunteers_capture_Turkish_banner_1918.jpg/330px-Assyrian_volunteers_capture_Turkish_banner_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Assyrian_volunteers_capture_Turkish_banner_1918.jpg/440px-Assyrian_volunteers_capture_Turkish_banner_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Assyrian troops led by Agha Petros (saluting) with a captured Turkish banner in the foreground, 1918</figcaption></figure> In reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Genocide">Assyrian Genocide</a> and lured by British and Russian promises of an independent nation, the Assyrians led by <a href="/wiki/Agha_Petros" title="Agha Petros">Agha Petros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malik_Khoshaba" title="Malik Khoshaba">Malik Khoshaba</a> of the Bit-<a href="/wiki/Tyari" title="Tyari">Tyari</a> tribe, fought alongside the Allies against Ottoman forces known as the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_volunteers" title="Assyrian volunteers">Assyrian volunteers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Our_Smallest_Ally" title="Our Smallest Ally">Our Smallest Ally</a>. Despite being heavily outnumbered and outgunned the Assyrians fought successfully, scoring a number of victories over the Turks and Kurds. This situation continued until their Russian allies left the war, and Armenian resistance broke, leaving the Assyrians surrounded, isolated and cut off from lines of supply. The sizable Assyrian presence in south eastern Anatolia which had endured for over four millennia was thus reduced significantly by the end of World War I.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assyrian_rebellion">Assyrian rebellion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_rebellion" title="Assyrian rebellion">Assyrian rebellion</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_rebellion" title="Assyrian rebellion">Assyrian rebellion</a> was an uprising by the Assyrians in <a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a> that began on the 3rd of September 1924 and ended on the 28th of September. The Assyrians of <a href="/wiki/Tyari" title="Tyari">Tyari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tkhuma" title="Tkhuma">Tkhuma</a> returned to their ancestral land in Hakkari in 1922, shortly after World War I without permission from the Turkish government. This led to clashes between the Assyrians and the Turkish army with their Kurdish allies that grew into a rebellion in 1924, it ended with the Assyrians being forced to retreat to Iraq. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_refugees_on_wagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Assyrian_refugees_on_wagon.jpg/200px-Assyrian_refugees_on_wagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Assyrian_refugees_on_wagon.jpg/300px-Assyrian_refugees_on_wagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Assyrian_refugees_on_wagon.jpg/400px-Assyrian_refugees_on_wagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Assyrian refugees on a wagon moving to a newly constructed village on the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur River</a> in Syria</figcaption></figure> The majority of Assyrians living in what is today modern Turkey were forced to flee to either Syria or Iraq after the Turkish victory during the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. In 1932, Assyrians refused to become part of the newly formed state of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and instead demanded their recognition as a nation within a nation. The Assyrian leader <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XXI_Eshai" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimun XXI Eshai">Shimun XXI Eshai</a> asked the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> to recognize the right of the Assyrians to govern the area known as the "<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian triangle">Assyrian triangle</a>" in northern Iraq. During the <a href="/wiki/French_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="French mandate">French mandate</a> period, some Assyrians, fleeing <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a>, established numerous villages along the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur River</a> during the 1930s. The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Levies" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Levies">Assyrian Levies</a> were founded by the British in 1928, with ancient Assyrian military rankings such as <a href="/wiki/Rab-shakeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rab-shakeh">Rab-shakeh</a>, Rab-talia and <a href="/wiki/Tartan_(Assyrian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartan (Assyrian)">Tartan</a>, being revived for the first time in millennia for this force. The Assyrians were prized by the British rulers for their fighting qualities, loyalty, bravery and discipline,<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> and were used to help the British put down insurrections among the Arabs and Kurds. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, eleven Assyrian companies saw action in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and another four served in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. The Parachute Company was attached to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marine_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Marine Commando">Royal Marine Commando</a> and were involved in fighting in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. The Assyrian Levies played a major role in subduing the pro-<a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> Iraqi forces at the battle of <a href="/wiki/Habbaniyah" title="Habbaniyah">Habbaniya</a> in 1941. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contingent_Arrives_in_England_For_Victory_Parade,_Liverpool,_Lancashire,_England,_UK,_1946_D27674.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Contingent_Arrives_in_England_For_Victory_Parade%2C_Liverpool%2C_Lancashire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1946_D27674.jpg/220px-Contingent_Arrives_in_England_For_Victory_Parade%2C_Liverpool%2C_Lancashire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1946_D27674.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Contingent_Arrives_in_England_For_Victory_Parade%2C_Liverpool%2C_Lancashire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1946_D27674.jpg/330px-Contingent_Arrives_in_England_For_Victory_Parade%2C_Liverpool%2C_Lancashire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1946_D27674.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Contingent_Arrives_in_England_For_Victory_Parade%2C_Liverpool%2C_Lancashire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1946_D27674.jpg/440px-Contingent_Arrives_in_England_For_Victory_Parade%2C_Liverpool%2C_Lancashire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1946_D27674.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Three Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqi</a> Levies, who volunteered in 1946 for service as ground crew with the Royal Air Force, look over the side of the ORBITA as it pulls into the docks at Liverpool. Left to right, they are: Sergeant Macko Shmos, Lance Corporal Adoniyo Odisho and Corporal Yoseph Odisho.</figcaption></figure> However, this cooperation with the British was viewed with suspicion by some leaders of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a>. The tension reached its peak shortly after the formal declaration of independence when hundreds of Assyrian civilians were slaughtered during the Simele massacre by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a> in August 1933. The events lead to the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XXI_Eshai" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimun XXI Eshai">Shimun XXI Eshai</a> the Catholicos Patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> to the United States where resided until his death in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-peshitta1-138">[137]</a> The period from the 1940s through to 1963 saw a period of respite for the Assyrians. The regime of President <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a> in particular saw the Assyrians accepted into mainstream society. Many urban Assyrians became successful businessmen, others were well represented in politics and the military, their towns and villages flourished undisturbed, and Assyrians came to excel, and be over represented in sports. The <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> seized power in <a href="/wiki/February_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">Syria</a> in 1963, introducing laws aimed at suppressing the Assyrian national identity via arabization policies.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR1-139">[138]</a> The giving of traditional Assyrian names was banned and Assyrian schools, political parties, churches and literature were repressed.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR1-139">[138]</a> Assyrians were heavily pressured into identifying as Iraqi Christians or Syrian Christians.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR1-139">[138]</a> Assyrians were not recognized as an ethnic group by the governments and they fostered divisions among Assyrians along religious lines (e.g. Assyrian Church of the East vs. Chaldean Catholic Church vs Syriac Orthodox Church).<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR1-139">[138]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg/220px-SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg/330px-SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg/440px-SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Celebration at a Syriac Orthodox monastery in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> In response to Baathist persecution, the Assyrians of the <a href="/wiki/Zowaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zowaa">Zowaa</a> movement within the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a> took up armed struggle against the Iraqi government in 1982 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Yonadam_Kanna" title="Yonadam Kanna">Yonadam Kanna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-140">[139]</a> and then joined up with the Iraqi-Kurdistan Front in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-:2-140">[139]</a> Yonadam Kanna in particular was a target of the <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> Ba'ath government for many years.<a href="#cite_note-:2-140">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anfal_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Anfal genocide">Anfal campaign</a> of 1986–1989 in Iraq, which was intended to target Kurdish opposition, resulted in 2,000 Assyrians being murdered through its gas campaigns. Over 31 towns and villages, 25 Assyrian monasteries and churches were razed to the ground. Some Assyrians were murdered, others were deported to large cities, and their lands and homes then being appropriated by Arabs and Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> However, comparing to Syria, the Ba'athist government in Iraq was not as repressive as Syria. Saddam Hussein had an Assyrian Deputy Prime Minister and foreign minister, who was <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a>. There were also many Assyrians, who were offered high positions in the government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_exodus_from_Iraq" title="Assyrian exodus from Iraq">Assyrian exodus from Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/2008_attacks_on_Christians_in_Mosul" title="2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul">2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_Genocide_Memorial_in_Yerevan,_Armenia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Assyrian_Genocide_Memorial_in_Yerevan%2C_Armenia.JPG/170px-Assyrian_Genocide_Memorial_in_Yerevan%2C_Armenia.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Assyrian_Genocide_Memorial_in_Yerevan%2C_Armenia.JPG/255px-Assyrian_Genocide_Memorial_in_Yerevan%2C_Armenia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Assyrian_Genocide_Memorial_in_Yerevan%2C_Armenia.JPG/340px-Assyrian_Genocide_Memorial_in_Yerevan%2C_Armenia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Assyrian Genocide Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 Invasion of Iraq</a> by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">allies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> disbanded the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> military, security, and intelligence infrastructure of former President <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and began a process of "<a href="/wiki/De-Baathification" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Baathification">de-Baathification</a>".<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> This process became an object of controversy, cited by some critics as the biggest American mistake made in the immediate aftermath of the Invasion of Iraq, and as one of the main causes in the deteriorating security situation throughout Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_Mullen_Mistakes2-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-SSI_What_Went_Wrong-145">[144]</a> Social unrest and chaos resulted in the unprovoked persecution of Assyrians in Iraq mostly by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremists</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalists</a> (ex. <a href="/wiki/2011_Dohuk_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Dohuk riots">Dohuk Riots of 2011</a> aimed at Assyrians & <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>). In places such as <a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">Dora</a>, a neighborhood in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, the majority of its Assyrian population has either fled abroad or to northern Iraq, or has been murdered.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Islamic resentment over the United States' occupation of Iraq, and incidents such as the <a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI_Islam_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy">Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy</a>, have resulted in Muslims attacking Assyrian communities. Since the start of the Iraq war, at least 46 churches and monasteries have been bombed.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In recent years, the Assyrians in northern Iraq and northeast Syria have become the target of extreme unprovoked <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a>. As a result, Assyrians have taken up arms alongside other groups, such as the Kurds, Turcomans and Armenians, in response to unprovoked attacks by <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a> (ISIL), <a href="/wiki/Nusra_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusra Front">Nusra Front</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Fundamentalist">Islamic Fundamentalist</a> groups. In 2014 Islamic terrorists of ISIL attacked Assyrian towns and villages in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Homeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Homeland">Assyrian Homeland</a> of northern Iraq, together with cities such as <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> which have large Assyrian populations. There have been reports of atrocities committed by ISIL terrorists since, including; beheadings, crucifixions, child murders, rape, forced conversions, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, robbery, and extortion in the form of illegal taxes levied upon non-Muslims. Assyrians in Iraq have responded by forming armed militias to defend their territories. In response to the Islamic State's <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">invasion of the Assyrian homeland</a> in 2014, many Assyrian organizations also formed their own independent fighting forces to combat ISIL and potentially retake their "ancestral lands."<a href="#cite_note-aleteia-148">[147]</a> These include the <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plain_Protection_Units" title="Nineveh Plain Protection Units">Nineveh Plain Protection Units</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-aleteia-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwekh_Nawsha" title="Dwekh Nawsha">Dwekh Nawsha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plain_Forces" title="Nineveh Plain Forces">Nineveh Plain Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The latter two of these militias were eventually disbanded.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> In Syria, the <a href="/wiki/Dawronoye" title="Dawronoye">Dawronoye</a> modernization movement has influenced Assyrian identity <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">in the region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dawronoye-156">[155]</a> The largest proponent of the movement, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a> (SUP) has become a major political actor in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federation_of_Northern_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Federation of Northern Syria">Democratic Federation of Northern Syria</a>. In August 2016, the Ourhi Centre in the city of <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Zalin</a> was started by the Assyrian community, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an optional language of instruction in public schools,<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> which then started with the 2016/17 academic year.<a href="#cite_note-syriaclanguage-159">[158]</a> With that academic year, states the Rojava Education Committee, "three curriculums have replaced the old one, to include teaching in three languages: Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian."<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Associated with the SUP is the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a>, an Assyrian militia operating in Syria, established in January 2013 to protect and stand up for the national rights of Assyrians in Syria as well as working together with the other communities in Syria to change the current government of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> However, many Assyrians and the organizations that represent them, particularly those outside of Syria, are critical of the Dawronoye movement.<a href="#cite_note-schools-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-policy-163">[162]</a> A 2018 report stated that Kurdish authorities in Syria, in conjunction with Dawronoye officials, had shut down several Assyrian schools in Northern Syria and fired their administration. This was said to be because these schooled failed to register for a license and for rejecting the new curriculum approved by the Education Authority. Closure methods ranged from officially shutting down schools to having armed men enter the schools and shut them down forcefully. An Assyrian educator named Isa Rashid was later badly beaten outside of his home for rejecting the Kurdish self-administration's curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-policy-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-schools-162">[161]</a> The Assyrian Policy Institute claimed that an Assyrian reporter named Souleman Yusph was arrested by Kurdish forces for his reports on the Dawronoye-related school closures in Syria. Specifically, he had shared numerous photographs on Facebook detailing the closures.<a href="#cite_note-policy-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maunsell%27s_map,_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia,_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg/250px-Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg/375px-Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg/500px-Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10714" data-file-height="9183" /></a><figcaption>Maunsell's map, a Pre-World War I British Ethnographical Map of the Middle East showing "Chaldeans", "Jacobites", and "Nestorians"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Assyria_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Map_of_Assyria_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg/250px-Map_of_Assyria_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Map_of_Assyria_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg/375px-Map_of_Assyria_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Map_of_Assyria_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg/500px-Map_of_Assyria_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>The Assyro-Chaldean Delegation's map of an independent Assyria, presented at the Paris Peace Conference 1919</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeland">Homeland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_tribes" title="List of Assyrian tribes">List of Assyrian tribes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_Assyrian_autonomy_in_Iraq" title="Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq">Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nuhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuhadra">Nuhadra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dohuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk">Dohuk</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a>/Beth Garmai (<a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>), <a href="/wiki/Al_Qosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qosh">Al Qosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesqopa" title="Tesqopa">Tesqopa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Arbela</a> (Erbil) in Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> in Iran, and <a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a> (a large region which comprises the modern towns of <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCksekova" title="Yüksekova">Yüksekova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_(city)" title="Hakkâri (city)">Hakkâri</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurca" title="Çukurca">Çukurca</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eemdinli" title="Şemdinli">Şemdinli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uludere" title="Uludere">Uludere</a>), <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>/Urhoy (<a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>, Amida (<a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Midyat" title="Midyat">Midyat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kafro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafro">Kafro</a>) in Turkey, among others.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Some of the cities are presently under Kurdish control and some still have an Assyrian presence, namely those in Iraq, as the Assyrian population in southeastern Turkey (such as those in Hakkari) was <a href="/wiki/Ethnically_cleanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnically cleanse">ethnically cleansed</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing-Marshall2005149-150-56">[55]</a> Those who survived fled to unaffected areas of Assyrian settlement in northern Iraq, with others settling in <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">Iraqi cities</a> to the south. Though many also immigrated to neighbouring countries in and around the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> like Armenia, Syria, Georgia, southern Russia, Lebanon and Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> In ancient times, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>-speaking Assyrians have existed in what is now Syria, Jordan, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, Israel and Lebanon, among other modern countries, due to the sprawl of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian empire">Neo-Assyrian empire</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009439-166">[165]</a> Though recent settlement of Christian Assyrians in <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nisabina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah,_al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahtaniyah, al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Qahtaniyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Darbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Darbasiyah">Al Darbasiyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">Al-Malikiyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Tamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Tamer">Tel Tamer</a> and a few other small towns in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> in Syria, occurred in the early 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> when they fled from northern Iraq after they were targeted and slaughtered during the <a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> The Assyrians in Syria did not have <a href="/wiki/Syrian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian citizenship">Syrian citizenship</a> and title to their established land until late the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Sizable Assyrian populations only remain in <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Syria</a>, where an estimated 400,000 Assyrians live,<a href="#cite_note-Al-Monitor-170">[169]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">in Iraq</a>, where an estimated 300,000 Assyrians live.<a href="#cite_note-ishtartv.com-171">[170]</a> This is a decline from an estimate of 1,100,000 Assyrians in the 1980’s, following instability caused by the American invasion of Iraq in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> In Iran and Turkey, only small populations remain, with only 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians in Iran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-atourpop-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees-174">[173]</a> and a small but growing <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Assyrian population in Turkey</a>, where 25,000 Assyrians live, mostly in the cities and not the ancient settlements.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-175">[174]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Project_assyria_(updated).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Project_assyria_%28updated%29.png/220px-Project_assyria_%28updated%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Project_assyria_%28updated%29.png/330px-Project_assyria_%28updated%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Project_assyria_%28updated%29.png/440px-Project_assyria_%28updated%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4972" data-file-height="2517" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide population changes of the Assyrian population, showing a steep decline in areas where Assyrians lived historically, however a sharp increase in the overall population of the Assyrian diaspora.</figcaption></figure> In Tur Abdin, a traditional centre of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_culture" title="Assyrian culture">Assyrian culture</a>, there are only 2,500 Assyrians left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtto201183-176">[175]</a> Down from 50,000 in the 1960 census, but up from 1,000 in 1992. This sharp decline is due to an intense conflict between <a href="/wiki/Turkey-PKK_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-PKK War">Turkey and the PKK</a> in the 1980s. However, there are an estimated 25,000 Assyrians in all of Turkey, with most living in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-175">[174]</a> Most Assyrians currently reside in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> due to the centuries of persecution by the neighboring Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated18-177">[176]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>, in a 2013 report by a <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syriac_Assyrian_Popular_Council" title="Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council">Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council</a> official, it was estimated that 300,000 Assyrians remained in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-ishtartv.com-171">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrian_subgroups">Assyrian subgroups</h3></div> There are three main Assyrian subgroups: Eastern, Western, Chaldean. These subdivisions are only partially overlapping linguistically, historically, culturally, and religiously. <ul><li>The Eastern subgroup historically inhabited <a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Simele" title="Simele">Simele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sapna_valley" title="Sapna valley">Sapna valleys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dohuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk">Nuhadra</a>, and parts of the Nineveh and <a href="/wiki/Urmia_Plain" title="Urmia Plain">Urmia Plains</a>. They speak <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a> dialects and are religiously diverse, adhering to the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a> churches<a href="#cite_note-Minahan_2002,_p._209-178">[177]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a></li> <li>The Chaldean subgroup is a subgroup of the Eastern one. The group is often equated with the adherents of the Chaldean Catholic Church,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-180">[179]</a> however not all <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholics</a> identify as Chaldean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002x-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravis2010238-182">[181]</a> They are traditionally speakers of <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a> dialects, however there are some Turoyo speakers. In Iraq, Chaldean Catholics inhabit the western <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a> villages of <a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batnaya" title="Batnaya">Batnaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Keppe" title="Tel Keppe">Tel Keppe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tesqopa" title="Tesqopa">Tesqopa</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Nahla_valley" title="Nahla valley">Nahla valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqra">Aqra</a>. In Syria they live in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Amida" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Amida">In Turkey</a>, they live scattered in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyarbakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Diyarbakir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirnak_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirnak Province">Sirnak Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></li> <li>The Western subgroup, historically inhabited <a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> They mainly speak the <a href="/wiki/Central_Neo-Aramaic" title="Central Neo-Aramaic">Central Neo-Aramaic</a> language <a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Surayt</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Turoyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Turoyo">Turoyo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Most adhere to the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> churches,<a href="#cite_note-Minahan_2002,_p._209-178">[177]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a>. Today there are also evangelical groups that have founded their own churches in the diaspora. Historically, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_culture" title="Assyrian culture">Syriac Orthodox culture</a> was centred in two monasteries near <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> (west of Tur Abdin), <a href="/wiki/Mor_Gabriel_Monastery" title="Mor Gabriel Monastery">Mor Gabriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deyrulzafaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Deyrulzafaran">Deyrulzafaran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÜngör201115-187">[186]</a> Historic Assyrian villages, some of which are still inhabited by Assyrians in Turabdin, include the following: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClg%C3%B6ze,_Mardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gülgöze, Mardin">Aynwardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemi%C5%9Fli,_Midyat" title="Yemişli, Midyat">Anhil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbe%C4%9Fendi,_Midyat" title="Elbeğendi, Midyat">Kafro</a>, Miden, Arnas, Beth Debe, <a href="/wiki/Beth_Kustan,_Mardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Kustan, Mardin">Beth Kustan</a>, Beth Sbirino, Dayro da-Slibo, Hrabemishka, Qartmin, Arkah, <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6y,_Nusaybin" title="Taşköy, Nusaybin">Arbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan%C3%A7ay,_Mardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Doğançay, Mardin">Mizizah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nta%C5%9F,_Midyat" title="Altıntaş, Midyat">Kfraze</a>, Hah, Marbobo, Salah, Sare and Hapsis. In addition, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Midyat" title="Midyat">Midyat</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0dil" title="İdil">Beth Zabday</a> (Azech) were historically Assyrian cities with an Assyrian majority, this is no longer the case today. Outside of the area of core Assyrian settlement in <a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a>, there were also sizable populations in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harput" class="mw-redirect" title="Harput">Harput</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adiyaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiyaman">Adiyaman</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt_''et_al.''201719-188">[187]</a> as well as some other villages.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tur_Abdin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tur_Abdin.svg/220px-Tur_Abdin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tur_Abdin.svg/330px-Tur_Abdin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tur_Abdin.svg/440px-Tur_Abdin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>With its many historic churches & monasteries, Tur Abdin is considered the spiritual centre of the Syriac Orthodox Assyrians.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_genocide_map-pt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Assyrian_genocide_map-pt.svg/250px-Assyrian_genocide_map-pt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Assyrian_genocide_map-pt.svg/375px-Assyrian_genocide_map-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Assyrian_genocide_map-pt.svg/500px-Assyrian_genocide_map-pt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>A map depicting Assyrian relocation after Seyfo in 1914</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution">Persecution</h3></div> Due to their Christian faith and ethnicity, the Assyrians have been persecuted since their adoption of Christianity. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a>, Christians in Persia were viewed with suspicion as potential Roman subversives, resulting in persecutions while at the same time promoting <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a> Christianity as a buffer between the Churches of Rome and Persia. Persecutions and attempts to impose <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> continued during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> During the eras of Mongol rule under <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, there was indiscriminate slaughter of tens of thousands of Assyrians and destruction of the Assyrian population of northwestern Iran and central and northern Iran.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> More recent persecutions since the 19th century include the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Badr_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres of Badr Khan">massacres of Badr Khan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_(1895)" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)">massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal campaign">al-Anfal campaign</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Diaspora">Assyrian Diaspora</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_settlements" title="List of Assyrian settlements">List of Assyrian settlements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_population_by_country" title="Assyrian population by country">Assyrian population by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_world_population.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Assyrian_world_population.png/250px-Assyrian_world_population.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Assyrian_world_population.png/375px-Assyrian_world_population.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Assyrian_world_population.png/500px-Assyrian_world_population.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Assyrian world population <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  more than 500,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  100,000–500,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50,000–100,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  10,000–50,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  less than 10,000</div></figcaption></figure> Since the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a>, many Assyrians have left the Middle East entirely for a more safe and comfortable life in the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. As a result of this, the Assyrian population in the Middle East has decreased dramatically. As of today there are more Assyrians in the diaspora than in their homeland. The largest Assyrian diaspora communities are found in <a href="/wiki/Assyrians/Syriacs_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians/Syriacs in Sweden">Sweden</a> (100,000),<a href="#cite_note-Demographics_of_Sweden-192">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Assyrians/Syriacs_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians/Syriacs in Germany">Germany</a> (100,000),<a href="#cite_note-Erzdiözese-193">[192]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">United States</a> (80,000),<a href="#cite_note-Data_Access_and_Dissemination_Systems_DADS_2-194">[193]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (46,000).<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> By ethnic percentage, the largest Assyrian diaspora communities are located in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje" title="Södertälje">Södertälje</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_County" title="Stockholm County">Stockholm County</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nineveh_Press-196">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_and_Syriacs_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians and Syriacs in Sweden">Sweden</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairfield City">Fairfield City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Australian">Australia</a>, where they are the leading ethnic group in the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_New_South_Wales" title="Fairfield, New South Wales">Fairfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairfield Heights">Fairfield Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairiewood,_New_South_Wales" title="Prairiewood, New South Wales">Prairiewood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_Park,_New_South_Wales" title="Greenfield Park, New South Wales">Greenfield Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> There is also a sizable Assyrian community in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia (<a href="/wiki/Broadmeadows,_Victoria" title="Broadmeadows, Victoria">Broadmeadows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meadow_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadow Heights">Meadow Heights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craigieburn,_Victoria" title="Craigieburn, Victoria">Craigieburn</a>)<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">United States</a>, Assyrians are mostly found in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niles,_Illinois" title="Niles, Illinois">Niles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skokie,_Illinois" title="Skokie, Illinois">Skokie</a>), <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sterling_Heights,_Michigan" title="Sterling Heights, Michigan">Sterling Heights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Bloomfield_Township" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bloomfield Township">West Bloomfield Township</a>), <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_California" title="Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus County</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Turlock,_California" title="Turlock, California">Turlock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thrown_to_the_Lions-201">[200]</a> Small Assyrian communities are found in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresno" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresno">Fresno</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Canada</a> and also in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Assyrians" title="British Assyrians">UK</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Ealing" title="London Borough of Ealing">London Borough of Ealing</a>). In <a href="/wiki/German_Assyrians" title="German Assyrians">Germany</a>, pocket-sized Assyrian communities are scattered throughout <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_France" title="Assyrians in France">France</a>, the commune of <a href="/wiki/Sarcelles" title="Sarcelles">Sarcelles</a> has a small number of Assyrians. <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Assyrians in the Netherlands">Assyrians in the Netherlands</a> mainly live in the east of the country, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Russia</a>, small groups of Assyrians mostly reside in <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Kray" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnodar Kray">Krasnodar Kray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-http://www.aina.org/brief.html-202">[201]</a> To note, the Assyrians residing in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and Russia tend to be from <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Assyrians">Iran</a>, whilst those in Chicago and Sydney are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Assyrians">Iraqi Assyrians</a>. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Assyrians">Syrian Assyrians</a> are growing in size in Sydney after a huge influx of new arrivals in 2016, who were granted <a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">asylum</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">federal government</a>'s special <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> intake.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> The Assyrians in <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians in Detroit">Detroit</a> are primarily <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Neo-Aramaic">Chaldean</a> speakers, who also originate from Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-ACMEp2-205">[204]</a> Assyrians in such European countries as Sweden and Germany would usually be <a href="/wiki/Turoyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Turoyo">Turoyo</a>-speakers or Western Assyrians,<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> and tend to be originally from <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Assyrians">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nineveh_Press-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity_and_subdivisions">Identity and subdivisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrians_(gold_and_blue_Assur).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_flag" title="Assyrian flag">Assyrian flag</a>, adopted in 1968<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syriac_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac flag">Syriac-Aramean flag</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/220px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/330px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/440px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_flag" title="Chaldean flag">Chaldean flag</a>, published in 1999<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a></figcaption></figure> Syriac Christians of the Middle East and diaspora employ different terms for self-identification based on conflicting beliefs in the origin and identity of their respective communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2015127-210">[209]</a> During the 19th century, English archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a> believed that the native Christian communities in the historical region of Assyria were descended from the ancient Assyrians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayard1849aIX-X,_38,_241-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayard1849b237-212">[211]</a> a view that was also shared by <a href="/wiki/William_Ainger_Wigram" title="William Ainger Wigram">William Ainger Wigram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross_2005-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoakley2011a45-214">[213]</a> Although at the same time <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Southgate" title="Horatio Southgate">Horatio Southgate</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthgate1840179-215">[214]</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Thomas_Bettany" title="George Thomas Bettany">George Thomas Bettany</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettany1888491-216">[215]</a> claimed during their travels through <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> that the Syriac Christians are the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>. Today, Assyrians and other minority ethnic groups in the Middle East, feel pressure to identify as "Arabs",<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> "Turks" and "Kurds".<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Western media</a> often makes no mention of any ethnic identity of the Christians in the region, and simply call refer to them as Christians,<a href="#cite_note-Al-Monitor-170">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraqi Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Iranian Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Christians in Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Turkish Christians</a>, a label rejected by Assyrians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-designation">Self-designation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Syriac_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Syriac Christians">Names of Syriac Christians</a></div> Below are terms commonly used by Assyrians to self-identify:. <ul><li>Assyrian, named after their ethnicity as the descendants of the ancient Assyrian people,<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> is advocated by followers from within all Middle Eastern based <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> Churches. (see <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2015127-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopaedia-221">[220]</a></li> <li>Chaldean is a term that was used for centuries by western writers and scholars as designation for the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic language</a>. It was so used by <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2012123-141-222">[221]</a> and was still the normal terminology in the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeseniusPrideaux-Tregelles1859-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFürst1867-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1872-225">[224]</a> Only in 1445 did it begin to be used to designate Aramaic speakers who had entered <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. This happened at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoakley2011b93-226">[225]</a> which accepted the profession of faith that Timothy, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a> of the Aramaic speakers in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, made in Aramaic, and which decreed that "nobody shall in future dare to call [...] Chaldeans, Nestorians".<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Mahony2006526-527-229">[228]</a> Previously, when there were as yet no Catholic Aramaic speakers of Mesopotamian origin, the term "Chaldean" was applied with explicit reference to their "<a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a>" religion. Thus Jacques de Vitry wrote of them in 1220/1 that "they denied that Mary was the Mother of God and claimed that Christ existed in two persons. They consecrated leavened bread and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200363-230">[229]</a> Until the second half of the 19th century, the term "Chaldean" continued in general use for East Syriac Christians, whether "Nestorian" or Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth184136-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth1842b272-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayard1849a260-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> In 1840, upon visiting Mesopotamia, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Southgate" title="Horatio Southgate">Horatio Southgate</a> reported that local Chaldeans consider themselves to be descended from ancient Assyrians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthgate1840179-215">[214]</a> and in some later works also noted the same origin of local Jacobites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthgate1842249-235">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthgate184480-236">[235]</a></li> <li>Aramean, also known as Syriac-Aramean,<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> named after the ancient <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramean people</a>, is advocated by some followers from within Middle Eastern based <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> Churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonabedMako200975-239">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> Furthermore, Assyrians identifying as Aramean have obtained recognition from the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli government">Israeli government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> To note, ancient Arameans were a separate ethnic group that lived concurrently with the Assyrian empire in what is now <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiey1965141–160-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński2000-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind2002276-287-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGzella2015-246">[245]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrian_vs._Syrian_naming_controversy">Assyrian vs. Syrian naming controversy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_ancient_Syria,_Description_de_L%27Universe_(Alain_Manesson_Mallet,_1683).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Map_of_ancient_Syria%2C_Description_de_L%27Universe_%28Alain_Manesson_Mallet%2C_1683%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_ancient_Syria%2C_Description_de_L%27Universe_%28Alain_Manesson_Mallet%2C_1683%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Map_of_ancient_Syria%2C_Description_de_L%27Universe_%28Alain_Manesson_Mallet%2C_1683%29.jpg/330px-Map_of_ancient_Syria%2C_Description_de_L%27Universe_%28Alain_Manesson_Mallet%2C_1683%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Map_of_ancient_Syria%2C_Description_de_L%27Universe_%28Alain_Manesson_Mallet%2C_1683%29.jpg/440px-Map_of_ancient_Syria%2C_Description_de_L%27Universe_%28Alain_Manesson_Mallet%2C_1683%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>The proximity between <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> and Mesopotamia in the 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Manesson_Mallet" title="Alain Manesson Mallet">Alain Manesson Mallet</a>, 1683</figcaption></figure> As early as the 8th century BC <a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cilician" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilician">Cilician</a> subject rulers referred to their Assyrian overlords as Syrian, a western <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> corruption of the original term Assyrian. The Greeks used the terms "Syrian" and "Assyrian" interchangeably to indicate the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>, Assyrians and other inhabitants of the Near East, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> considered "Syria" west of the Euphrates. Starting from the 2nd century BC onwards, ancient writers referred to the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> ruler as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_monarchs" title="List of Syrian monarchs">King of Syria</a> or King of the Syrians.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> The Seleucids designated the districts of Seleucis and <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a> explicitly as Syria and ruled the Syrians as indigenous populations residing west of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> in contrast to Assyrians who had their native <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">homeland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> east of the Euphrates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201328-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2014299–317-249">[248]</a> This version of the name took hold in the Hellenic lands to the west of the old Assyrian Empire, thus during <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> rule from 323 BC the name Assyria was altered to Syria, and this term was also applied to areas west of Euphrates which had been an Assyrian colony, and from this point the Greeks applied the term without distinction between the Assyrians of Mesopotamia and <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> of the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph199737-43-251">[250]</a> The question of ethnic identity and self-designation is sometimes connected to the scholarly debate on the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(etymology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (etymology)">etymology of "Syria"</a>. The question has a long history of academic controversy, but majority mainstream opinion currently strongly favours that Syria is indeed ultimately derived from the Assyrian term Aššūrāyu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1992281–285-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye199730–36-253">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollinger2006a72-82-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollinger2006b283-287-255">[254]</a> Meanwhile, some scholars has disclaimed the theory of Syrian being derived from Assyrian as "simply naive", and detracted its importance to the naming conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs1993106–107-256">[255]</a> Rudolf Macuch points out that the Eastern Neo-Aramaic press initially used the term "Syrian" (suryêta) and only much later, with the rise of nationalism, switched to "Assyrian" (atorêta).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacuch197689,_206,_233-257">[256]</a> According to Tsereteli, however, a <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> equivalent of "Assyrians" appears in ancient Georgian, Armenian and Russian documents.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> This correlates with the theory of the nations to the East of Mesopotamia knew the group as Assyrians, while to the West, beginning with Greek influence, the group was known as Syrians. Syria being a Greek corruption of Assyria. The debate appears to have been settled by the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87inek%C3%B6y_inscription" title="Çineköy inscription">Çineköy inscription</a> in favour of Syria being derived from Assyria. The Çineköy inscription is a <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual inscription">bilingual</a>, uncovered from Çineköy, <a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana Province</a>, Turkey (ancient <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>), dating to the 8th century BC. Originally published by Tekoglu and Lemaire (2000),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETekoğluLemaireİpekTosun2000961-1007-259">[258]</a> it was more recently the subject of a 2006 paper published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies" title="Journal of Near Eastern Studies">Journal of Near Eastern Studies</a>, in which the author, Robert Rollinger, lends support to the age-old debate of the name "Syria" being derived from "Assyria" (see <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymology of Syria">Etymology of Syria</a>). The object on which the inscription is found is a monument belonging to Urikki, <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Hiyawa</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>), dating to the eighth century BC. In this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his Assyrian overlords. The Luwian inscription reads "Sura/i" whereas the Phoenician translation reads 'ŠR or "Ashur" which, according to Rollinger (2006), "settles the problem once and for all".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollinger2006b283–287-260">[259]</a> The modern terminological problem goes back to colonial times, but it became more acute in 1946, when with the independence of Syria, the adjective Syrian referred to an independent state. The controversy is not restricted to <a href="/wiki/Exonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonyms">exonyms</a> like English "Assyrian" vs. "Aramaean", but also applies to self-designation in Neo-Aramaic, the minority "Aramaean" faction endorses both Sūryāyē ܣܘܪܝܝܐ and Ārāmayē ܐܪܡܝܐ, while the majority "Assyrian" faction endorses Āṯūrāyē ܐܬܘܪܝܐ or Sūryāyē.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_culture" title="Assyrian culture">Assyrian culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrianclothes23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Assyrianclothes23.jpg/170px-Assyrianclothes23.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Assyrianclothes23.jpg/255px-Assyrianclothes23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Assyrianclothes23.jpg/340px-Assyrianclothes23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An Assyrian child dressed in traditional clothes</figcaption></figure> Assyrian culture is largely influenced by Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> There are many Assyrian customs that are common in other Middle Eastern cultures. Main festivals occur during religious holidays such as <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. There are also secular holidays such as <a href="/wiki/Kha_b-Nisan" title="Kha b-Nisan">Kha b-Nisan</a> (vernal equinox).<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> People often greet and bid relatives farewell with a kiss on each cheek and by saying "ܫܠܡܐ ܥܠܝܟ" <a href="/wiki/Shlama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlama">Shlama</a>/Shlomo lokh, which means: "Peace be upon you" in Neo-Aramaic. Others are greeted with a handshake with the right hand only; according to Middle Eastern customs, the left hand is associated with evil. Similarly, shoes may not be left facing up, one may not have their feet facing anyone directly, whistling at night is thought to waken evil spirits, etc.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> A parent will often place an eye pendant on their baby to prevent "an evil eye being cast upon it".<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spitting" title="Spitting">Spitting</a> on anyone or their belongings is seen as a grave insult.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Assyrians are <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamous</a>, meaning they generally marry within their own ethnic group, although <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamous</a> marriages are not perceived as a taboo, unless the foreigner is of a different religious background, especially a Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-Awoyemi2014-265">[264]</a> Throughout history, <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Assyrian_relations" title="Armenian–Assyrian relations">relations between the Assyrians and Armenians</a> have tended to be <a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">very friendly</a>, as both groups have practised Christianity since ancient times and have suffered through persecution under Muslim rulers. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">mixed marriage</a> between Assyrians and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> is quite common, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and as well as in the diaspora with adjacent Armenian and Assyrian communities.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_2">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg/300px-Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg/450px-Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg/600px-Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Assyrian dialects</a></figcaption></figure> The Neo-Aramaic languages, which are in the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic language family">Afroasiatic language family</a>, ultimately descend from <a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Aramaic language">Late Old Eastern Aramaic</a>, the lingua franca in the later phase of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which displaced the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Assyrian dialect of Akkadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>. After being conquered by the Assyrians, many people, including the Arameans, were deported to the Assyrian heartland and elsewhere. Due to a large number of Aramaic-speaking people, the Aramaization of Assyria began. The relationship between Arameans and Assyrians grew stronger, with Aramean scribes working with Assyrian ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola20049-267">[266]</a> Around 700 B.C., the Aramaic alphabet replaced cuneiform and became the official writing system of the Assyrian empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola20049-267">[266]</a> Aramaic was the language of commerce, trade, and communication and became the vernacular language of Assyria in classical antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński2000-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBae20041–20-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGzella2015-246">[245]</a> By the 1st century AD, Akkadian was extinct, although its influence on contemporary Eastern Neo-Aramaic languages spoken by Assyrians is significant and some loaned vocabulary still survives in these languages to this day.<a href="#cite_note-Akkadian_words-269">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-270">[269]</a> To the native speaker, the language is usually called Surayt, Soureth, Suret or a similar regional variant. A wide variety of dialects exist, mainly <a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Suret</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Surayt</a>. All are classified as Neo-Aramaic languages and are usually written using <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac script</a>, a derivative of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic script</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Aramaic">Jewish</a> varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Lishanid_Noshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishanid Noshan">Lishanid Noshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lish%C3%A1n_Did%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishán Didán">Lishán Didán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lishana_Deni" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishana Deni">Lishana Deni</a>, written in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew script</a>, are spoken by Assyrian Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Avenery,_Iddo_1988-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> There is a considerable amount of <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutual intelligibility</a> between Suret dialects. Therefore, these "languages" would generally be considered to be dialects rather than separate languages. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Aramaic">Jewish Aramaic</a> languages of Lishan Didan and Lishanid Noshan share a partial intelligibility with these varieties. The mutual intelligibility between Suret and Surayt/Turoyo is, depending on the dialect, limited to partial, and may be asymmetrical.<a href="#cite_note-Avenery,_Iddo_1988-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs1990-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETezel2003-275">[274]</a> Being <a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">stateless</a>, Assyrians are typically multilingual, speaking both their native language and learning those of the societies they reside in. While many Assyrians have fled from their traditional homeland recently,<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> a substantial number still reside in Arabic-speaking countries speaking <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> alongside the Neo-Aramaic languages<a href="#cite_note-aina_1-278">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> and is also spoken by many Assyrians in the diaspora. The most commonly spoken languages by Assyrians in the diaspora are <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>. Historically many Assyrians also spoke <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and a smaller number of Assyrians that remain in Iran, Turkey (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a>) and Armenia still do today.<a href="#cite_note-trtworld.com-280">[279]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" title="List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">loanwords from the aforementioned languages</a> exist in the Neo-Aramaic languages, with the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a> and Turkish being the greatest influences overall. Only Turkey is reported to be experiencing a population increase of Assyrians in the four countries constituting their historical homeland, largely consisting of Assyrian refugees from Syria and a smaller number of Assyrians returning from the diaspora in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-trtworld.com-280">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Script">Script</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a></div> Assyrians predominantly use the Syriac script, which is written from right to left. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjads</a> directly descending from the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a> and shares similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriquel-Chatonnet2019243–265-281">[280]</a> It has 22 letters representing consonants, three of which can be <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">also</a> used to indicate vowels. The vowel sounds are supplied either by the reader's memory or by optional <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> marks. Syriac is a <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> script where some, but not all, letters connect within a word. It was used to write the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a> from the 1st century AD.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is the ʾEsṭrangēlā script.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has received some revival since the 10th century, and it has been added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in September, 1999. The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the Maḏnḥāyā form of the alphabet, which is often translated as "contemporary", reflecting its use in writing modern Neo-Aramaic. The West Syriac dialect is usually written in the Serṭā form of the alphabet. Most of the letters are clearly derived from ʾEsṭrangēlā, but are simplified, flowing lines.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> Furthermore, for practical reasons, Assyrian people sometimes use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg/280px-Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg/420px-Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg/560px-Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Historical divisions within Syriac Christian Churches in the Middle East</figcaption></figure> Assyrians belong to various <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, which has over 1 million members around the world, the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, with about 600,000 members,<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, with an estimated 400,000 members,<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, with some 100,000 members. The churches that constitute the East Syriac rite include the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, whereas the churches of the West Syriac rite are the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a>. A small minority of Assyrians accepted the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Reform Orthodox</a> in the 20th century, possibly due to British influences, and are now organised in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> and other Protestant/Reform Orthodox Assyrian groups. While there are some atheist Assyrians, they tend to still associate with some denomination.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> Many members of the following churches consider themselves Assyrian. Ethnic identities are often deeply intertwined with religion, a legacy of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millet system</a>. The group is traditionally characterized as adhering to various churches of Syriac Christianity and speaking Neo-Aramaic languages. It is subdivided into: <ul><li>adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> following the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>, also known as Nestorians</li> <li>adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> following the East Syriac Rite, also known as Chaldeans</li> <li>adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> following the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a>, also known as Jacobites</li> <li>adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> following the West Syriac Rite</li></ul> Baptism and First Communion are celebrated extensively, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Brit_Milah" class="mw-redirect" title="Brit Milah">Brit Milah</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar and Bat Mitzvah">Bar Mitzvah</a> in Jewish communities. After a death, a gathering is held three days after burial to celebrate the ascension to heaven of the dead person, as of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>; after seven days another gathering commemorates their death. A close family member wears only black clothes for forty days and nights, or sometimes a year, as a sign of mourning. During the "Seyfo" genocide,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdalla201792-105-288">[287]</a> there were a number of Assyrians who were forced to convert to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> They reside in Turkey, and practice Islam but still retain their identity.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> A small number of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Jews" title="Assyrian Jews">Assyrian Jews</a> exist as well.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> <div align="center"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Assyrian Christianity</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eskikale-Mardin_Merkez-Mardin,_Turkey_-_panoramio_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mor Hananyo Monastery: is an important Syriac Orthodox monastery in Tur Abdin, Turkey."><img alt="Mor Hananyo Monastery: is an important Syriac Orthodox monastery in Tur Abdin, Turkey." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eskikale-Mardin_Merkez-Mardin%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/150px-Eskikale-Mardin_Merkez-Mardin%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eskikale-Mardin_Merkez-Mardin%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/225px-Eskikale-Mardin_Merkez-Mardin%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eskikale-Mardin_Merkez-Mardin%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/300px-Eskikale-Mardin_Merkez-Mardin%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1148" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mor_Hananyo_Monastery" title="Mor Hananyo Monastery">Mor Hananyo Monastery</a>: is an important <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_Assia_Syrian_Catholic_Church,_Aleppo_(interior).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mar Assia al-Hakim Church: is a Syriac Catholic Church in Al-Jdayde quarter of Aleppo, Syria.[294]"><img alt="Mar Assia al-Hakim Church: is a Syriac Catholic Church in Al-Jdayde quarter of Aleppo, Syria.[294]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mar_Assia_Syrian_Catholic_Church%2C_Aleppo_%28interior%29.jpg/150px-Mar_Assia_Syrian_Catholic_Church%2C_Aleppo_%28interior%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mar_Assia_Syrian_Catholic_Church%2C_Aleppo_%28interior%29.jpg/225px-Mar_Assia_Syrian_Catholic_Church%2C_Aleppo_%28interior%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mar_Assia_Syrian_Catholic_Church%2C_Aleppo_%28interior%29.jpg/300px-Mar_Assia_Syrian_Catholic_Church%2C_Aleppo_%28interior%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1281" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mar_Assia_al-Hakim_Church" title="Mar Assia al-Hakim Church">Mar Assia al-Hakim Church</a>: is a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Al-Jdayde quarter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery_-_view_from_below_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rabban Hormizd Monastery: is an important monastery of the Chaldean Catholic Church and the Church of the East in Alqosh, Iraq.[295]"><img alt="Rabban Hormizd Monastery: is an important monastery of the Chaldean Catholic Church and the Church of the East in Alqosh, Iraq.[295]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery_-_view_from_below_%281%29.jpg/150px-Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery_-_view_from_below_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery_-_view_from_below_%281%29.jpg/225px-Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery_-_view_from_below_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery_-_view_from_below_%281%29.jpg/300px-Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery_-_view_from_below_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery" title="Rabban Hormizd Monastery">Rabban Hormizd Monastery</a>: is an important <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_Church.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows: is a Chaldean Catholic cathedral in Baghdad, Iraq"><img alt="Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows: is a Chaldean Catholic cathedral in Baghdad, Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/150px-Assyrian_Church.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/225px-Assyrian_Church.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/300px-Assyrian_Church.png 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="525" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows">Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows</a>: is a <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic">Chaldean Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Mary Church: is an ancient Assyrian church located in the city of Urmia, Iran."><img alt="Saint Mary Church: is an ancient Assyrian church located in the city of Urmia, Iran." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/150px-Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/225px-Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/300px-Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Church,_Urmia" title="St. Mary Church, Urmia">Saint Mary Church</a>: is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Assyrian church</a> located in the city of <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian/Syriac_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian/Syriac folk music">Assyrian/Syriac folk music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyriankhigga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Assyriankhigga.jpg/230px-Assyriankhigga.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Assyriankhigga.jpg/345px-Assyriankhigga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Assyriankhigga.jpg/460px-Assyriankhigga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Traditional_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional clothing">Traditional clothing</a> may be worn for <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian folk dance</a>.</figcaption></figure> Assyrian music is a combination of traditional <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> and western contemporary music genres, namely <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">soft rock</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>. Instruments traditionally used by Assyrians include the <a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">zurna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davul" title="Davul">davula</a>, but has expanded to include guitars, pianos, violins, synthesizers (keyboards and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">electronic drums</a>), and other instruments. Some well known Assyrian singers in modern times are <a href="/wiki/Ashur_Bet_Sargis" title="Ashur Bet Sargis">Ashur Bet Sargis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargon_Gabriel" title="Sargon Gabriel">Sargon Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evin_Agassi" title="Evin Agassi">Evin Agassi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janan_Sawa" title="Janan Sawa">Janan Sawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliana_Jendo" title="Juliana Jendo">Juliana Jendo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linda_George_(Assyrian_singer)" title="Linda George (Assyrian singer)">Linda George</a>. Assyrian artists that traditionally sing in other languages include <a href="/wiki/Melechesh" title="Melechesh">Melechesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timz" title="Timz">Timz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aril_Brikha" title="Aril Brikha">Aril Brikha</a>. Assyrian-Australian band <a href="/wiki/Azadoota" title="Azadoota">Azadoota</a> performs its songs in the Assyrian language whilst using a western style of instrumentation. The first international Aramaic Music Festival was held in Lebanon in August 2008 for Assyrian people internationally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian folk dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrianfolkdance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Assyrianfolkdance.jpg/220px-Assyrianfolkdance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Assyrianfolkdance.jpg/330px-Assyrianfolkdance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Assyrianfolkdance.jpg/440px-Assyrianfolkdance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a> in an Assyrian party in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></figcaption></figure> Assyrians have numerous traditional dances which are performed mostly for special occasions such as weddings. Assyrian dance is a blend of ancient indigenous and general Near Eastern elements. Assyrian folk dances are mainly made up of <a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle dances</a> that are performed in a line, which may be straight, curved, or both. The most common form of Assyrian folk dance is <a href="/wiki/Khigga" title="Khigga">khigga</a>, which is routinely danced as the bride and groom are welcomed into the wedding reception. Most of the circle dances allow unlimited number of participants, with the exception of the Sabre Dance, which require three at most. Assyrian dances would vary from weak to strong, depending on the mood and <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a> of a song. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> Assyrian festivals tend to be closely associated with their Christian faith, of which <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> is the most prominent of the celebrations. Members of the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syriac Catholic Church follow the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and as a result celebrate Easter on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25 inclusively.<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> Members of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Ancient Church of the East celebrate Easter on a Sunday between April 4 and May 8 inclusively on the Gregorian calendar, March 22 and April 25 on the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, Assyrians are encouraged to fast for 50 days from meat and any other foods which are animal based. Assyrians celebrate a number of festivals unique to their culture and traditions as well as religious ones: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kha_b-Nisan" title="Kha b-Nisan">Kha b-Nisan</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1265712417">.mw-parser-output .script-Syre{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Noto Sans Syriac","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrj{font-family:"Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy","Noto Sans Syriac Western","Noto Sans Syriac"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrn{font-family:"East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern","Noto Sans Syriac",FreeSans,Code2000}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrc{font-family:"Noto Sans Syriac Eastern","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Noto Sans Syriac Western","Noto Sans Syriac","FreeSans","Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Segoe UI Historic","Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy",Code2000}</style>ܚܕ ܒܢܝܣܢ‎, the Assyrian New Year, traditionally on April 1, though usually celebrated on January 1. Assyrians usually wear traditional costumes and hold social events including parades and parties, dancing, and listening to poets telling the story of creation.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauma_d-Ba%27utha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauma d-Ba'utha">Sauma d-Ba'utha</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1265712417">ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܝܐ‎, the Nineveh fast, is a three-day period of fasting and prayer.<a href="#cite_note-SycOrth-299">[298]</a></li> <li>Somikka, All Saints Day, is celebrated to motivate children to fast during Lent through use of frightening costumes</li> <li>Kalu d'Sulaqa, feast of the Bride of the Ascension, celebrates Assyrian resistance to the invasion of Assyria by Tamerlane</li> <li>Nusardyl, commemorating the baptism of the Assyrians of Urmia by St. Thomas.<a href="#cite_note-FestivalsAssyrianIranica-300">[299]</a></li> <li>Sharra d'Mart Maryam, usually on August 15, a festival and feast celebrating St. Mary with games, food, and celebration.<a href="#cite_note-FestivalsAssyrianIranica-300">[299]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_(Akitu)_year_6769_(April_1st_2019)_in_Nohadra_(Duhok)_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_%28Akitu%29_year_6769_%28April_1st_2019%29_in_Nohadra_%28Duhok%29_23.jpg/220px-Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_%28Akitu%29_year_6769_%28April_1st_2019%29_in_Nohadra_%28Duhok%29_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_%28Akitu%29_year_6769_%28April_1st_2019%29_in_Nohadra_%28Duhok%29_23.jpg/330px-Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_%28Akitu%29_year_6769_%28April_1st_2019%29_in_Nohadra_%28Duhok%29_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_%28Akitu%29_year_6769_%28April_1st_2019%29_in_Nohadra_%28Duhok%29_23.jpg/440px-Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_%28Akitu%29_year_6769_%28April_1st_2019%29_in_Nohadra_%28Duhok%29_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Assyrians celebrating Mesopotamian New Year (<a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a>) year 6769 (<a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a>, April 1st 2019) in Nohadra (<a href="/wiki/Duhok" title="Duhok">Duhok</a>), <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></figcaption></figure>Other Sharras (special festivals) include: Sharra d'Mart Shmuni, Sharra d'Mar Shimon Bar-Sabbaye, Sharra d'Mar Mari, and Shara d'Mar Zaia, Mar Bishu, Mar Sawa, Mar Sliwa, Mar Odisho, and many more. Each town or city also have their own Sharras based on the patron saints of the churches, monasteries, or other holy sites in the settlement or nearby.</li> <li>Yoma d'Sah'deh (Day of Martyrs), commemorating the thousands massacred in the <a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> and the hundreds of thousands massacred in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a>. It is commemorated annually on August 7.</li></ul> Assyrians practice unique marriage ceremonies. The rituals performed during weddings are derived from many different elements from the past 3,000 years. An Assyrian wedding traditionally lasted a week. Today, weddings in the Assyrian homeland usually last 2–3 days. In the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a> they last 1–2 days. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_clothing">Traditional clothing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian clothing">Assyrian clothing</a></div> Assyrian clothing varies from village to village. Clothing is usually blue, red, green, yellow, and purple; these colors are also used as embroidery on a white piece of clothing. Decoration is lavish in Assyrian costumes, and sometimes involves jewellery. The conical hats of traditional Assyrian dress have changed little over millennia from those worn in ancient Mesopotamia, and until the 19th and early 20th centuries the ancient Mesopotamian tradition of braiding or platting of hair, beards and moustaches was still commonplace.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyriancusiene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Assyriancusiene.jpg/220px-Assyriancusiene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Assyriancusiene.jpg/330px-Assyriancusiene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Assyriancusiene.jpg/440px-Assyriancusiene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Typical <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian cuisine</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian cuisine</a> is similar to other Middle Eastern cuisines, and is rich in grains, meat, potato, cheese, bread and tomatoes. Typically, rice is served with every meal, with a stew poured over it. Tea is a popular drink, and there are several dishes of desserts, snacks, and beverages. Alcoholic drinks such as wine and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">wheat beer</a> are organically produced and drunk. Assyrian cuisine is primarily identical to <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi/Mesopotamian cuisine</a>, as well as being very similar to other <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a> and Caucasian cuisines, as well as <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian cuisine</a>, with most dishes being similar to the cuisines of the area in which those Assyrians live/originate from.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> It is rich in grains such as barley, meat, tomato, herbs, spices, cheese, and potato as well as herbs, fermented dairy products, and pickles.<a href="#cite_note-:0-302">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic history of the Middle East</a></div> Late-20th-century DNA analysis conducted by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Luca_Cavalli-Sforza" title="Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza">Cavalli-Sforza</a>, Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza, "shows that Assyrians have a distinct genetic profile that distinguishes their population from any other population."<a href="#cite_note-assyrianfoundation.org-303">[302]</a> Genetic analyses of the Assyrians of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> demonstrated that they were "closed" with little "intermixture" with the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian population</a> and that an individual Assyrian's genetic makeup is relatively close to that of the Assyrian population as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> "The genetic data are compatible with historical data that religion played a major role in maintaining the Assyrian population's separate identity during the <a href="/wiki/Christian_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian era">Christian era</a>".<a href="#cite_note-assyrianfoundation.org-303">[302]</a> In a 2006 study of the <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> DNA of six regional <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenian</a> populations, including, for comparison, Assyrians and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrians</a>, researchers found that, "the Semitic populations (Assyrians and Syrians) are very distinct from each other according to both [comparative] axes. This difference supported also by other methods of comparison points out the weak genetic affinity between the two populations with different historical destinies."<a href="#cite_note-Iran_and_the_Caucasus-306">[305]</a> A 2008 study on the genetics of "old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia", including 340 subjects from seven ethnic communities ("Assyrian, Jewish, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a>, Armenian, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab peoples</a> in Iran, Iraq, and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>") found that Assyrians were homogeneous with respect to all other ethnic groups sampled in the study, regardless of religious affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-pubmed.gov-307">[306]</a> In a 2011 study focusing on the genetics of <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a> of Iraq, researchers identified Y chromosome <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotypes</a> shared by Marsh Arabs, Iraqis, and Assyrians, "supporting a common local background."<a href="#cite_note-BMC_Evolutionary_Biology-308">[307]</a> In a 2017 study focusing on the genetics of Northern Iraqi populations, it was found that Iraqi Assyrians and Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> clustered together, but away from the other Northern Iraqi populations analyzed in the study, and largely in between the West Asian and Southeastern European populations. According to the study, "contemporary Assyrians and Yazidis from northern Iraq may in fact have a stronger continuity with the original genetic stock of the Mesopotamian people, which possibly provided the basis for the ethnogenesis of various subsequent Near Eastern populations".<a href="#cite_note-:1-309">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haplogroups">Haplogroups</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA haplogroup</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J-M304</a> which originated from a geographical zone that includes northeastern Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey from where it expanded to the rest of the Near East and North Africa<a href="#cite_note-:1-309">[308]</a> has been measured at 55% among Assyrians of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and diaspora; while it has been found at 11% among Assyrians of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-auto-310">[309]</a> the same haplogroup also have high prevalence among Iraqi Arabs which is "indicative of their indigenous nature".<a href="#cite_note-:1-309">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184" title="Haplogroup T-M184">Haplogroup T-M184</a> [reported as K*] has been measured at 15.09% among <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">Assyrians in Armenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-311">[310]</a> The haplogroup is frequent in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Jews">Middle Eastern Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian people">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze people">Druze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somalians</a>. According to a 2011 study by Lashgary et al., <a href="/wiki/R1b" class="mw-redirect" title="R1b">R1b</a> [reported as R*(xR1a)] has been measured at 40% among <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians in Iran</a>, making it major haplogroup among Iranian Assyrians.<a href="#cite_note-auto-310">[309]</a> Yet another <a href="/wiki/DNA_test" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA test">DNA test</a> comprising 48 Assyrian male subjects from Iran, the Y-DNA haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J-M304</a>, found in its greatest concentration in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a>, and the northern <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b#R1b1a1b_(R-M269)" title="Haplogroup R1b">R-M269</a>, were also frequent at 29.2% each.<a href="#cite_note-Grugni-312">[311]</a> Lashgary et al. explain the presence of haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R</a> in Iranian Assyrians as well as in other Assyrian communities (~23%) as a consequence of mixing with <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and assimilation/integration of different peoples carrying haplogroup R, while explain its frequency as a result of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a> due to small population size and endogamy due to religious barriers.<a href="#cite_note-auto-310">[309]</a> Haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172" title="Haplogroup J-M172">J2</a> has been measured at 13.4%, which is commonly found in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, coastal <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Universal_Alliance" title="Assyrian Universal Alliance">Assyrian Universal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Assyrians" title="The Last Assyrians">The Last Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Assyrians">List of Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhallami" title="Mhallami">Mhallami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_Assyrian_autonomy_in_Iraq" title="Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq">Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Arameans" title="World Council of Arameans">World Council of Arameans</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> (ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ, Sūrāyē/Sūrōyē) </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" class="citation web cs1">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749c9837.html">"Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Syriacs"</a>. Refworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503103556/https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749c9837.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%E2%80%93+World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+%E2%80%93+Turkey%3A+Syriacs&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F49749c9837.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumer2006">Baumer 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg20112304-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg20112304_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2011">Murre van den Berg 2011</a>, p. 2304. </li> <li id="cite_note-Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization:_yearbook-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization:_yearbook_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1998" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Mary Kate (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWB3Bv3vuyMC&q=total+assyrian+population&pg=PA43">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0223-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0223-2"><bdi>978-90-411-0223-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization%3A+yearbook&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-411-0223-2&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Mary+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWB3Bv3vuyMC%26q%3Dtotal%2Bassyrian%2Bpopulation%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/SIL_Ethnologue" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL Ethnologue">SIL Ethnologue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aii">estimate for the "ethnic population" associated with Neo-Aramaic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120102101200/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aii">Archived</a> 2 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/assyrians-return-to-turkey-from-europe-to-save-their-culture-10131">"Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111212816/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/assyrians-return-to-turkey-from-europe-to-save-their-culture-10131">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assyrians+return+to+Turkey+from+Europe+to+save+their+culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fmagazine%2Fassyrians-return-to-turkey-from-europe-to-save-their-culture-10131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/assyrians-3000-years-history-yet-internet-our-only-home">"Assyrians: "3,000 Years of History, Yet the Internet is Our Only Home""</a>. www.culturalsurvival.org. 25 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120023442/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/assyrians-3000-years-history-yet-internet-our-only-home">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.culturalsurvival.org&rft.atitle=Assyrians%3A+%223%2C000+Years+of+History%2C+Yet+the+Internet+is+Our+Only+Home%22&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fpublications%2Fcultural-survival-quarterly%2Fassyrians-3000-years-history-yet-internet-our-only-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shlama.org/population">"The Shlama Population Project"</a>. Shlama. Retrieved 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shlama+Population+Project&rft.pub=Shlama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shlama.org%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-monitor.com-9"><a href="#cite_ref-al-monitor.com_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/04/syria-assyrians-threat-crisis.html">"Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East"</a>. Al-Monitor. 28 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115080459/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/04/syria-assyrians-threat-crisis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Assyrians+threatened+by+extremists+%E2%80%93+Al-Monitor%3A+the+Pulse+of+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Fsecurity%2F2014%2F04%2Fsyria-assyrians-threat-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> "Prior to the start of the war in Syria, it is estimated that the country was home to approximately 200,000 ethnic Assyrians" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assyrianpolicy.org/syria">Syria: Assyrian Policy Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031045323/https://www.assyrianpolicy.org/syria">Archived</a> 31 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> "The Assyrian population in Iraq, estimated at approximately 200,000, constitutes the largest remaining concentration of the ethnic group in the Middle East." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assyrianpolicy.org/">Assyrian Policy Institute's Erasing the Legacy of the Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028235049/https://www.assyrianpolicy.org/">Archived</a> 28 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Today's_Zaman-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Today's_Zaman_12-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812191457/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=140085">Turkey-Syria deal allows Syriacs to cross border for religious holidays</a> "An estimated 25,000 Syriacs live in Turkey, while Syria boasts some 877,000." </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/turkey/">"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Turkey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425223904/https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/turkey/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+U.S.+Department+of+State+International+Religious+Freedom+Report%3A+Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fturkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iran/">"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Iran"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218105556/https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iran/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+U.S.+Department+of+State+International+Religious+Freedom+Report%3A+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/news/20200303173214.htm">"Assyrian Genocide Resolution Read in Arizona Assembly"</a>. www.aina.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307143628/http://www.aina.org/news/20200303173214.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aina.org&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Genocide+Resolution+Read+in+Arizona+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fnews%2F20200303173214.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trackbill.com/bill/arizona-house-concurrent-resolution-2006-assyrian-genocide-remembrance-day/1796482/">"Arizona HCR2006 – TrackBill"</a>. trackbill.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723223202/https://trackbill.com/bill/arizona-house-concurrent-resolution-2006-assyrian-genocide-remembrance-day/1796482/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trackbill.com&rft.atitle=Arizona+HCR2006+%E2%80%93+TrackBill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrackbill.com%2Fbill%2Farizona-house-concurrent-resolution-2006-assyrian-genocide-remembrance-day%2F1796482%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/54leg/2r/bills/hcr2006p.htm">"HCR2006 – 542R – I Ver"</a>. www.azleg.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304010431/https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/54leg/2r/bills/hcr2006p.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.azleg.gov&rft.atitle=HCR2006+%E2%80%93+542R+%E2%80%93+I+Ver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azleg.gov%2Flegtext%2F54leg%2F2r%2Fbills%2Fhcr2006p.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyheter2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nyheter, SVT (9 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/sodertalje/statministerns-folkmordsbesked-kan-avgora-kommunvalet-underskatta-inte-fragan">"Statministerns folkmordsbesked kan avgöra kommunvalet: "Underskatta inte frågan""</a>. SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509042416/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/sodertalje/statministerns-folkmordsbesked-kan-avgora-kommunvalet-underskatta-inte-fragan">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SVT+Nyheter&rft.atitle=Statministerns+folkmordsbesked+kan+avg%C3%B6ra+kommunvalet%3A+%22Underskatta+inte+fr%C3%A5gan%22&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft.aulast=Nyheter&rft.aufirst=SVT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Flokalt%2Fsodertalje%2Fstatministerns-folkmordsbesked-kan-avgora-kommunvalet-underskatta-inte-fragan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borken-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Borken_19-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008014028/http://www.borkenerzeitung.de/lokales/kreis_borken/borken/1561426_Diskussion_zum_Thema_Aaramaeische_Christen_im_Kapitelshaus.html">"Diskussion zum Thema 'Aaramäische Christen' im Kapitelshaus"</a> Borkener Zeitung (in German) (archived link, 8 October 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-remid-20"><a href="#cite_ref-remid_20-0">^</a> 70,000 Syriac Christians according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm">REMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100533/http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm">Archived</a> 25 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (of which 55,000 <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianheadlines.com/news/assyrian-and-chaldean-christians-flee-iraq-to-neighboring-jordan-11542438.html">"Assyrian and Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aina.org&rft.atitle=Brief+History+of+Assyrians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fbrief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709233002/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20">"2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20">the original</a> on 9 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2071.0+%E2%80%93+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%3A+Reflecting+Australia+%E2%80%93+Stories+from+the+Census%2C+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2Fby%2520Subject%2F2071.0~2016~Main%2520Features~Cultural%2520Diversity%2520Article~20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assyrianpolicy.org/lebanon">"Lebanon | Assyrian Policy Institute"</a>. Assyrian Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016141119/https://www.assyrianpolicy.org/lebanon">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assyrian+Policy&rft.atitle=Lebanon+%26%23124%3B+Assyrian+Policy+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assyrianpolicy.org%2Flebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiri2021" class="citation web cs1">Miri, Adhid (27 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chaldeannews.com/chaldeans-around-the-world/2021/1/27/chaldeans-in-europe-part-v">"Chaldeans in Europe Part V"</a>. Chaldean News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214025802/https://www.chaldeannews.com/chaldeans-around-the-world/2021/1/27/chaldeans-in-europe-part-v">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chaldean+News&rft.atitle=Chaldeans+in+Europe+Part+V&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft.aulast=Miri&rft.aufirst=Adhid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaldeannews.com%2Fchaldeans-around-the-world%2F2021%2F1%2F27%2Fchaldeans-in-europe-part-v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada">"Canada Census Profile 2021"</a>. Census Profile, 2021 Census. 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Athens News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330043953/http://www.atour.com/news/international/20030623a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athens+News&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Forgotten+Christians+Face+Exclusion+in+Greece&rft.date=2003-05-10&rft.aulast=Tzilivakis&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atour.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F20030623a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bethnahrin.de/assyrer/assyrische-bevoelkerung-weltweit/">"Assyrische Bevölkerung weltweit"</a>. bethnahrin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016141121/https://bethnahrin.de/assyrer/assyrische-bevoelkerung-weltweit/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bethnahrin&rft.atitle=Assyrische+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+weltweit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbethnahrin.de%2Fassyrer%2Fassyrische-bevoelkerung-weltweit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzkan2012" class="citation web cs1">Özkan, Duygu (31 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diepresse.com/home/panorama/religion/745254/Die-christlichen-Assyrer-zu-Wien">"Die christlichen Assyrer zu Wien"</a>. DiePresse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624063417/https://diepresse.com/home/panorama/religion/745254/Die-christlichen-Assyrer-zu-Wien">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DiePresse&rft.atitle=Die+christlichen+Assyrer+zu+Wien&rft.date=2012-03-31&rft.aulast=%C3%96zkan&rft.aufirst=Duygu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiepresse.com%2Fhome%2Fpanorama%2Freligion%2F745254%2FDie-christlichen-Assyrer-zu-Wien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>. Retrieved 31 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2Ftab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> "This figure is an estimate from the Assyrian Cultural and Advice Centre" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso26_3_1995_241_255.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101120842/https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso26_3_1995_241_255.pdf">Archived</a> 1 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/">Iraqi Assyrians in London: Beyond the 'Immigrant/Refugee' Divide; Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1995</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028194953/https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 28 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "According to the 1989 population census, there were 5,200 Assyrians in Georgia (0.1 percent); according to the 2002 census, their number dropped to 3,299, while their percentage remained the same" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.syriacstudies.com/AFSS/Syriac_Articles_in_English/Entries/2010/1/13_THE_ASSYRIANS_OF_GEORGIA__ETHNIC_SPECIFICS_SHOULD_BE_PRESERVED_Mamuka_KOMAKHIA.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025203901/http://www.syriacstudies.com/AFSS/Syriac_Articles_in_English/Entries/2010/1/13_THE_ASSYRIANS_OF_GEORGIA__ETHNIC_SPECIFICS_SHOULD_BE_PRESERVED_Mamuka_KOMAKHIA.html">Archived</a> 2021-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [The Assyrians of Georgia: Ethnic Specifics Should Be Preserved in the Journal of Central Asia and the Caucasus] </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105030638/http://www.ecoi.net/189322::georgia/324351.316658.8309...lk.566738/others.htm">"Georgia – ecoi.net – European Country of Origin Information Network"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecoi.net/189322::georgia/324351.316658.8309...lk.566738/others.htm">the original</a> on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia+%E2%80%93+ecoi.net+%E2%80%93+European+Country+of+Origin+Information+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecoi.net%2F189322%3A%3Ageorgia%2F324351.316658.8309...lk.566738%2Fothers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bethbc.edu/blog/2017/03/28/syriacs-still-going-strong">"Syriacs still going strong – Syriacs in Palestine"</a>. 28 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107232112/https://bethbc.edu/blog/2017/03/28/syriacs-still-going-strong/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022. 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Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2013+Census+ethnic+group+profiles%3A+Assyrian&rft.pub=Statistics+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.stats.govt.nz%2FCensus%2F2013-census%2Fprofile-and-summary-reports%2Fethnic-profiles.aspx%3Frequest_value%3D24764%26parent_id%3D24761%26tabname%3D%2324764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parshan.co.il/index2.php?id=11204&lang=HEB">"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel"</a>. parshan.co.il (in Hebrew). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122044210/http://parshan.co.il/index2.php?id=11204">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parshan.co.il&rft.atitle=The+ethnic+origin+of+Christians+in+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparshan.co.il%2Findex2.php%3Fid%3D11204%26lang%3DHEB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenger-Grøndahl2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fenger-Grøndahl, Af Malene (1 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/kirke-tro/vi-har-vores-eget-sted-styrker-min-tro-og-min-foelelse-af-hoere-til-i-danmark">"Assyrer: At vi har vores eget sted, styrker min følelse af at høre til i Danmark"</a>. Kristeligt Dagblad (in Danish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016141117/https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/kirke-tro/vi-har-vores-eget-sted-styrker-min-tro-og-min-foelelse-af-hoere-til-i-danmark">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kristeligt+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Assyrer%3A+At+vi+har+vores+eget+sted%2C+styrker+min+f%C3%B8lelse+af+at+h%C3%B8re+til+i+Danmark&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft.aulast=Fenger-Gr%C3%B8ndahl&rft.aufirst=Af+Malene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kristeligt-dagblad.dk%2Fkirke-tro%2Fvi-har-vores-eget-sted-styrker-min-tro-og-min-foelelse-af-hoere-til-i-danmark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astanatimes.com/2014/12/assyrian-community-kazakhstan-survived-dark-times-now-focuses-education/">"Assyrian Community in Kazakhstan Survived Dark Times, Now Focuses on Education"</a>. The Astana Times. 19 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330155008/https://astanatimes.com/2014/12/assyrian-community-kazakhstan-survived-dark-times-now-focuses-education/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Astana+Times&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Community+in+Kazakhstan+Survived+Dark+Times%2C+Now+Focuses+on+Education&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astanatimes.com%2F2014%2F12%2Fassyrian-community-kazakhstan-survived-dark-times-now-focuses-education%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1988" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). 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Retrieved 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=factsanddetails.com&rft.atitle=ASSYRIAN+CHRISTIANS%2C+CHALDEANS+AND+JACOBITES+%7C+Facts+and+Details&rft.aulast=Hays&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fworld%2Fcat55%2Fsub392%2Fentry-5794.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanish2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hanish, Shak (22 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10604367&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA240186433&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac people of Iraq: an ethnic identity problem"</a>. Digest of Middle East Studies. 17 (1): 32–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x">10.1111/j.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digest+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Chaldean+Assyrian+Syriac+people+of+Iraq%3A+an+ethnic+identity+problem&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2008-03-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x&rft.aulast=Hanish&rft.aufirst=Shak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D10604367%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA240186433%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Naby, Eden (2016), The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aramaic language. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Barr, James, WHICH LANGUAGE DID JESUS SPEAK? SOME REMARKS OF A SEMITIST, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-52"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_52-0">^</a> Khan, Geoffrey (2012), The Language of the Modern Assyrians: The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialect group. </li> <li id="cite_note-9780313321092_p206-53"><a href="#cite_ref-9780313321092_p206_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32109-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32109-2"><bdi>978-0-313-32109-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Assyrians, although closely associated with their Christian religion, are divided among a number of Christian sects. The largest denominations are the Chaldean Catholic Church with about 45% of the Assyrian population, the Syriac Orthodox with 26%, the Assyrian Church of the East with 19%, the free Orthodox Church of Antioch or Syriac Catholic Church with 4%, and various Protestant sects with a combined 6%.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+A-C&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32109-2&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> For Assyrians as a Christian people, see <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2000/zn112700.htm#TheLighthouse">Joel J. Elias, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031613/http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2000/zn112700.htm#TheLighthouse">Archived</a> 13 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanish2015517-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanish2015517_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanish2015">Hanish 2015</a>, p. 517. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing-Marshall2005149-150-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaing-Marshall2005149-150_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaing-Marshall2005149-150_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaing-Marshall2005">Laing-Marshall 2005</a>, p. 149-150. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/article/20061205/23863.htm">"Assyrian Christians 'Most Vulnerable Population' in Iraq"</a>. The Christian Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208143126/http://www.christianpost.com/article/20061205/23863.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Post&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Christians+%27Most+Vulnerable+Population%27+in+Iraq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Farticle%2F20061205%2F23863.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211195624/http://www.christianpost.com/article/20070314/26312_U.S._Gov%27t_Watchdog_Urges_Protection_for_Iraq%27s_Assyrian_Christians.htm">"U.S. Gov't Watchdog Urges Protection for Iraq's Assyrian Christians"</a>. The Christian Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/article/20070314/26312_U.S._Gov't_Watchdog_Urges_Protection_for_Iraq's_Assyrian_Christians.htm">the original</a> on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+Gov%27t+Watchdog+Urges+Protection+for+Iraq%27s+Assyrian+Christians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Farticle%2F20070314%2F26312_U.S._Gov%27t_Watchdog_Urges_Protection_for_Iraq%27s_Assyrian_Christians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20161023-video-iraqi-troops-liberate-christian-town-bartella">"Video: Iraqi troops liberate Christian town of Bartella from IS group"</a>. France 24. 23 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216161737/https://www.france24.com/en/20161023-video-iraqi-troops-liberate-christian-town-bartella">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Video%3A+Iraqi+troops+liberate+Christian+town+of+Bartella+from+IS+group&rft.date=2016-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20161023-video-iraqi-troops-liberate-christian-town-bartella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Nineveh-ancient-city-Iraq">"Nineveh"</a>. Max Mallowan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117200057/https://www.britannica.com/place/Nineveh-ancient-city-Iraq">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nineveh&rft.pub=Max+Mallowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FNineveh-ancient-city-Iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutscher-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Deutscher_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher,_Guy2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Deutscher_(linguist)" title="Guy Deutscher (linguist)">Deutscher, Guy</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFwUxmCdG94C">Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press US</a>. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953222-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953222-3"><bdi>978-0-19-953222-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050423/https://books.google.com/books?id=XFwUxmCdG94C">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntactic+Change+in+Akkadian%3A+The+Evolution+of+Sentential+Complementation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953222-3&rft.au=Deutscher%2C+Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXFwUxmCdG94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel2017" class="citation book cs1">Michel, Cécile (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Old Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ">A Companion to Assyria</a>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32524-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32524-7"><bdi>978-1-118-32524-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economy%2C+Society%2C+and+Daily+Life+in+the+Old+Assyrian+Period&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-118-32524-7&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9cile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhsmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Genesis 25:3 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/ashur/">"Ashur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416200312/https://www.worldhistory.org/ashur/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Ashur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fashur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDüring2020" class="citation book cs1">Düring, Bleda S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NLKDwAAQBAJ">The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47874-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47874-8"><bdi>978-1-108-47874-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperialisation+of+Assyria%3A+An+Archaeological+Approach&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47874-8&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCring&rft.aufirst=Bleda+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NLKDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> "Artifacts show rivals Athens and Sparta," Yahoo News, December 5, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parstimes.com/history/herodotus/persian_wars/erato.html">"The Persian Wars by Herodotus: Book 6 – ERATO"</a>. parstimes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413103808/http://www.parstimes.com/history/herodotus/persian_wars/erato.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parstimes.com&rft.atitle=The+Persian+Wars+by+Herodotus%3A+Book+6+%E2%80%93+ERATO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parstimes.com%2Fhistory%2Fherodotus%2Fpersian_wars%2Ferato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYana200830-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYana200830_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYana2008">Yana 2008</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Olmatead, History of the Persian Empire, Chicago University Press, 1959, p.39 </li> <li id="cite_note-naei-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naei_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naei_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119042653/http://media.hujada.nu/2019/03/Parpola-identity_Article_-Final1.pdf">"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.hujada.nu/2019/03/Parpola-identity_Article_-Final1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+and+Ethnic+Identity+in+the+Neo-Assyrian+Empire+and+Assyrian+Identity+in+Post-Empire+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.hujada.nu%2F2019%2F03%2FParpola-identity_Article_-Final1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/news/20191001180841.htm">"The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East"</a>. www.aina.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418042312/http://www.aina.org/news/20191001180841.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aina.org&rft.atitle=The+Assyrians+and+Aramaic%3A+Speaking+the+Oldest+Living+Language+of+the+Middle+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fnews%2F20191001180841.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Parpola, Simo, National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> E. Bilgic and S Bayram, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri II, Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-16-0246-7" title="Special:BookSources/975-16-0246-7">975-16-0246-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> K. R. Veenhof, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri V, Turk Tarih Kurumu, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-16-2235-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-16-2235-8">978-975-16-2235-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-woods-76"><a href="#cite_ref-woods_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429121058/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/OIS2.pdf">"Woods C. 2006 "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian." In S. L. Sanders (ed) Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91–120 Chicago"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/OIS2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woods+C.+2006+%22Bilingualism%2C+Scribal+Learning%2C+and+the+Death+of+Sumerian.%22+In+S.+L.+Sanders+%28ed%29+Margins+of+Writing%2C+Origins+of+Culture%3A+91%E2%80%93120+Chicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fpdf%2FOIS2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hadrian">"Hadrian"</a>. G. W. Bowersock. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929200715/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hadrian">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hadrian&rft.pub=G.+W.+Bowersock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHadrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1967211-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar1967211_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillar1967">Millar 1967</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> The Later Roman Empire (354–378) A shameful peace concluded by Jovian 6.7 p. 303, Penguin Classics, Translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hamilton_(translator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Hamilton (translator) (page does not exist)">Walter Hamilton</a> 1986 </li> <li id="cite_note-RP-80"><a href="#cite_ref-RP_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtheredge2011" class="citation book cs1">Etheredge, Laura (2011). Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing" title="Rosen Publishing">Rosen Publishing</a>. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-304-5"><bdi>978-1-61530-304-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-304-5&rft.aulast=Etheredge&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Seleucia-Ctesiphon is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Isauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucia Isauria">Seleucia Isauria</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Silifke" title="Silifke">Silifke</a>, Turkey) within the Roman Empire, where, at the request of the Roman emperor, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia" title="Council of Seleucia">Council of Seleucia</a> was held in 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Goldfarb_(author_and_journalist)" title="Michael Goldfarb (author and journalist)">Michael Goldfarb</a>, Ahmad's War, Ahmad's Peace (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/melkite">"Definition of melkite"</a>. Dictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181207102814/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/melkite">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+melkite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmelkite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syriac_language-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_language_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_language_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Syriac-language">"Syriac language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. 29 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+language&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSyriac-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aramaic-language">"Aramaic language"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aramaic+language&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAramaic-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Theodora the "Believing Queen:" A Study in Syriac Historiographical Tradition, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, p. 216, 217, 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theodora-Byzantine-empress-died-548">"Theodora | Empress, Biography, Accomplishments, Justinian, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415173948/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theodora-Byzantine-empress-died-548">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Theodora+%26%23124%3B+Empress%2C+Biography%2C+Accomplishments%2C+Justinian%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FTheodora-Byzantine-empress-died-548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JoubertRocher1995-88"><a href="#cite_ref-JoubertRocher1995_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeston1983" class="citation book cs1">Beeston, Alfred Felix Landon (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0QkhaK4kBUC&pg=PA501">Arabic literature to the end of the Umayyad period</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24015-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24015-4"><bdi>978-0-521-24015-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+literature+to+the+end+of+the+Umayyad+period&rft.pages=501&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24015-4&rft.aulast=Beeston&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Felix+Landon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0QkhaK4kBUC%26pg%3DPA501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContadini2003" class="citation journal cs1">Contadini, Anna (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/434/1/UnicornMuqarnas2003.pdf">"A Bestiary Tale: Text and Image of the Unicorn in the Kitāb naʿt al-hayawān (British Library, or. 2784)"</a> (PDF). Muqarnas. 20: 17–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22118993-90000037">10.1163/22118993-90000037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523325">1523325</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124004948/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/434/1/UnicornMuqarnas2003.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=A+Bestiary+Tale%3A+Text+and+Image+of+the+Unicorn+in+the+Kit%C4%81b+na%CA%BFt+al-hayaw%C4%81n+%28British+Library%2C+or.+2784%29&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22118993-90000037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1523325%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Contadini&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F434%2F1%2FUnicornMuqarnas2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrague" class="citation web cs1">Brague, Rémi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015958/http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm">"Assyrians Contributions To The Islamic Civilization"</a>. christiansofiraq.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=christiansofiraq.com&rft.atitle=Assyrians+Contributions+To+The+Islamic+Civilization&rft.aulast=Brague&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9mi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiansofiraq.com%2Fassyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Hyman and Walsh Philosophy in the Middle Ages Indianapolis, 1973, p. 204' Meri, Josef W. and Jere L. Bacharach, Editors, Medieval Islamic Civilization Vol.1, A-K, Index, 2006, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrague2009" class="citation book cs1">Brague, Rémi (2009). The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07080-3"><bdi>978-0-226-07080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Philosophical+Explorations+of+Medieval+Christianity%2C+Judaism%2C+and+Islam&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07080-3&rft.aulast=Brague&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9mi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2005" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NY7RzLXR79wC">Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 162, 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5481-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5481-X"><bdi>0-8264-5481-X</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+Modernity%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Issues+and+Debates&rft.pages=162%2C+163&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8264-5481-X&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNY7RzLXR79wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenn_2007_219-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_2007_219_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_2007_219_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn2007" class="citation book cs1">Glenn, H. Patrick (2007). Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Traditions+of+the+World&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=H.+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph200048-49-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph200048-49_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoseph2000">Joseph 2000</a>, p. 48-49. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2009" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Dietmar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7f9gS40A_3IC&pg=PA321">Hidden Treasures And Intercultural Encounters: Studies On East Syriac Christianity In China And Central Asia</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50045-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50045-8"><bdi>978-3-643-50045-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Treasures+And+Intercultural+Encounters%3A+Studies+On+East+Syriac+Christianity+In+China+And+Central+Asia&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-643-50045-8&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7f9gS40A_3IC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAboona2008XI-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAboona2008XI_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAboona2008">Aboona 2008</a>, p. XI. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> According to Georges Roux and Simo Parpola </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assur.de/Themen/Stadtgeschichte_Engl/body_stadtgeschichte_engl.html">"History of Ashur"</a>. Assur.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010103424/http://www.assur.de/Themen/Stadtgeschichte_Engl/body_stadtgeschichte_engl.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. 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I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-056-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-056-7"><bdi>978-1-84511-056-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fire%2C+the+star%2C+and+the+cross%3A+minority+religions+in+medieval+and+early+modern+Iran&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-056-7&rft.aulast=Khanbaghi&rft.aufirst=Aptin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7iAbUEaXnfEC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennith255-103"><a href="#cite_ref-kennith255_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2008" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Kenneth (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtSuvaVAAoC&pg=PA255">The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-76639-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-76639-2"><bdi>978-0-470-76639-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-470-76639-2&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHtSuvaVAAoC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Maphrian">[3]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022054401/https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Maphrian">Archived</a> 22 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Maphrian Catholicos [Syr. Orth." in Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, Adrian Henry Timothy Knottesford. "4. The Nestorian Church in the Past". <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Lesser_Eastern_Churches/Chapter_4">The Lesser Eastern Churches</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421152829/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Lesser_Eastern_Churches/Chapter_4">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023 – via Wikisource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+The+Nestorian+Church+in+the+Past&rft.btitle=The+Lesser+Eastern+Churches&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Adrian+Henry+Timothy+Knottesford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Lesser_Eastern_Churches%2FChapter_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumstark2004" class="citation book cs1">Baumstark, Anton, ed. (2004). "Patriarcha de Mozal in Syria orientali". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orienschristian04grgoog">Oriens Christianus</a>. Vol. IV:1. Rome and Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz. p. 277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarcha+de+Mozal+in+Syria+orientali&rft.btitle=Oriens+Christianus&rft.place=Rome+and+Leipzig&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=O.+Harrassowitz&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forienschristian04grgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Chaldaeorum ecclesiae Musal Patriarcha (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitale-sammlungen.ulb.uni-bonn.de/content/pageview/33998">Giuseppe Simone Assemani (editor), Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana (Rome 1725), vol. 3, part 1, p. 661)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219054858/http://digitale-sammlungen.ulb.uni-bonn.de/content/pageview/33998">Archived</a> 19 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETisserant1931228-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisserant1931228_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTisserant1931">Tisserant 1931</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumer2006">Baumer 2006</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey201045-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey201045_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHealey2010">Healey 2010</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooken200333-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooken200333_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMooken2003">Mooken 2003</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazee200657-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazee200657_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrazee2006">Frazee 2006</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2019127-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler2019127_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinkler2019">Winkler 2019</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietro_Strozzi1617" class="citation book cs1">Pietro Strozzi (1617). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2u2hpp2f3G0C">De dogmatibus chaldaeorum disputatio ad Patrem ... Adam Camerae Patriarchalis Babylonis ...</a> ex typographia Bartholomaei Zannetti.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+dogmatibus+chaldaeorum+disputatio+ad+Patrem+...+Adam+Camerae+Patriarchalis+Babylonis+...&rft.pub=ex+typographia+Bartholomaei+Zannetti&rft.date=1617&rft.au=Pietro+Strozzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2u2hpp2f3G0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173539">"A Chronicle Of The Carmelites In Persia (vol I)"</a>. 11 May 1939. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/assyria.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assyria&rft.pub=Crwflags.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fassyria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/sy%7Darama.html">"Syriac-Aramaic People (Syria)"</a>. Crwflags.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011110172504/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/sy%7Darama.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2001. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syriac-Aramaic+People+%28Syria%29&rft.pub=Crwflags.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fsy%257Darama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chaldeanflag.com/flag.html">"CHALDEAN FLAG ... from A to Z"</a>. Chaldean Flag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729203245/http://chaldeanflag.com/flag.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chaldean+Flag&rft.atitle=CHALDEAN+FLAG+...+from+A+to+Z&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchaldeanflag.com%2Fflag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2015127-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2015127_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2015127_210-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2015">Murre van den Berg 2015</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELayard1849aIX-X,_38,_241-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayard1849aIX-X,_38,_241_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLayard1849a">Layard 1849a</a>, p. IX-X, 38, 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELayard1849b237-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayard1849b237_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLayard1849b">Layard 1849b</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross_2005-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Cross_2005_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>. <q>In the 19th cent. A. H. Layard, the excavator of Nineveh, first suggested that the local *Syriac Christian communities in the region were descended from the ancient Assyrians, and the idea was later popularized by W. A. Wigram, a member of the Abp. Of Canterbury's Mission to the Church of the East (1895–1915).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoakley2011a45-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoakley2011a45_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoakley2011a">Coakley 2011a</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthgate1840179-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthgate1840179_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthgate1840179_215-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthgate1840">Southgate 1840</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettany1888491-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBettany1888491_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBettany1888">Bettany 1888</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Eric_Lewis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jonathan Eric Lewis (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/article/558">"Iraqi Assyrians: Barometer of Pluralism"</a>. Middle East Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704192409/http://www.meforum.org/article/558">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Forum&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Assyrians%3A+Barometer+of+Pluralism&rft.date=2003-06&rft.au=Jonathan+Eric+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2Farticle%2F558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/releases/20070416140021.htm">"Arab American Institute Still Deliberately Claiming Assyrians Are Arabs"</a>. Aina.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126055125/http://www.aina.org/releases/20070416140021.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+American+Institute+Still+Deliberately+Claiming+Assyrians+Are+Arabs&rft.pub=Aina.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Freleases%2F20070416140021.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/news/20061120133220.htm">"In Court, Saddam Criticizes Kurdish Treatment of Assyrians"</a>. Aina.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014180706/http://aina.org/news/20061120133220.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Court%2C+Saddam+Criticizes+Kurdish+Treatment+of+Assyrians&rft.pub=Aina.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fnews%2F20061120133220.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrahm2017" class="citation book cs1">Frahm, Eckart (2017). A companion to Assyria. Hoboken, NJ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32524-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32524-7"><bdi>978-1-118-32524-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/962025766">962025766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Assyria&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F962025766&rft.isbn=978-1-118-32524-7&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopaedia-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopaedia_221-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05230a.htm">"Eastern Churches"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717065130/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05230a.htm">Archived</a> 17 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, see "Eastern Syrians" and "Western Syrians" respectively. Modern terminology within the group is Western Assyrians and Eastern Assyrians respectively, while those who reject the Assyrian identity opt for Syriac or Aramean rather than Assyrian. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2012123-141-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher2012123-141_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGallagher2012">Gallagher 2012</a>, p. 123-141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeseniusPrideaux-Tregelles1859-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeseniusPrideaux-Tregelles1859_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeseniusPrideaux-Tregelles1859">Gesenius & Prideaux-Tregelles 1859</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFürst1867-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFürst1867_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFürst1867">Fürst 1867</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1872-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1872_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1872">Davies 1872</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoakley2011b93-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoakley2011b93_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoakley2011b">Coakley 2011b</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFathers1431" class="citation web cs1">Fathers, Council (14 December 1431). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum17.htm">"Council of Basel 1431–45 A.D. Council Fathers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117000637/https://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum17.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Basel+1431%E2%80%9345+A.D.+Council+Fathers&rft.date=1431&rft.aulast=Fathers&rft.aufirst=Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2Fcouncils%2Fecum17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Mahony2006526-527-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Mahony2006526-527_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Mahony2006">O'Mahony 2006</a>, p. 526-527. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200363-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200363_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth184136-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth184136_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAinsworth1841">Ainsworth 1841</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth1842b272-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth1842b272_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAinsworth1842b">Ainsworth 1842b</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELayard1849a260-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayard1849a260_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLayard1849a">Layard 1849a</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_(oratorien)1684" class="citation web cs1">Simon (oratorien), Richard (3 July 1684). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ppAOAAAAQAAJ&q=levant+chald%C3%A9ens+nestoriens&pg=PA83">"Histoire critique de la creance et des coûtumes des nations du Levant"</a>. Chez Frederic Arnaud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117150843/https://books.google.com/books?id=ppAOAAAAQAAJ&q=levant+chald%C3%A9ens+nestoriens&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Histoire+critique+de+la+creance+et+des+co%C3%BBtumes+des+nations+du+Levant&rft.pub=Chez+Frederic+Arnaud&rft.date=1684-07-03&rft.aulast=Simon+%28oratorien%29&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DppAOAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dlevant%2Bchald%25C3%25A9ens%2Bnestoriens%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthgate1842249-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthgate1842249_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthgate1842">Southgate 1842</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthgate184480-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthgate184480_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthgate1844">Southgate 1844</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkopian2017" class="citation book cs1">Akopian, Arman (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463238933-014/html">"11. Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites"</a>. Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies. pp. 217–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463238933-014">10.31826/9781463238933-014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-3893-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-3893-3"><bdi>978-1-4632-3893-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423164655/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463238933-014/html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.+Other+branches+of+Syriac+Christianity%3A+Melkites+and+Maronites&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Aramean+and+Syriac+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463238933-014&rft.isbn=978-1-4632-3893-3&rft.aulast=Akopian&rft.aufirst=Arman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463238933-014%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation citeseerx cs1">"Syriac Universal Alliance". 2003. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.694.4099">10.1.1.694.4099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=CiteSeerX&rft.atitle=Syriac+Universal+Alliance&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.694.4099%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonabedMako200975-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonabedMako200975_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonabedMako2009">Donabed & Mako 2009</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastellinoCavanaugh2013" class="citation book cs1">Castellino, Joshua; Cavanaugh, Kathleen A. (25 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5mRxprCL9MC&q=Suryanis&pg=PA109">Minority Rights in the Middle East</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967949-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967949-2"><bdi>978-0-19-967949-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 October 2019 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+Rights+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967949-2&rft.aulast=Castellino&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Cavanaugh%2C+Kathleen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5mRxprCL9MC%26q%3DSuryanis%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/107811"><bdi lang="he">אנחנו לא ערבים - אנחנו ארמים</bdi></a> (in Hebrew). <a href="/wiki/Israel_HaYom" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel HaYom">Israel HaYom</a>. 9 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019153849/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/107811">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95+%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+-+%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.pub=Israel+HaYom&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelhayom.co.il%2Farticle%2F107811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAderet2018" class="citation news cs1">Aderet, Ofer (9 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-neither-arab-nor-jew-israel-s-unheard-minorities-speak-up-1.6464684">"Neither Arab nor Jew: Israel's Unheard Minorities Speak Up After the Nation-state Law"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018190343/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-neither-arab-nor-jew-israel-s-unheard-minorities-speak-up-1.6464684">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019. 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Martin Bailey, Betty Jane Bailey, Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? p. 163: "more than two thirds" out of "nearly a million" Christians in Iraq. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031001183203/http://adherents.com/Na/Na_41.html#303">"Assyrian Church of the East"</a>. Adherents.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_41.html#303">the original</a> on 1 October 2003. Retrieved 18 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.pub=Adherents.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2FNa%2FNa_41.html%23303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoháč2010" class="citation conference cs1">Boháč, Artur (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalization.osu.cz/publ/beyond_globalisation.pdf#page=71">"Assyrian Ethnic Identity in a Globalizing World"</a> (PDF). In Mácha, Přemysl; Kopeček, Vincenc (eds.). Beyond Globalisation: Exploring the Limits of Globalisation in the Regional Context. <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ostrava" title="University of Ostrava">University of Ostrava</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7368-717-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7368-717-5"><bdi>978-80-7368-717-5</bdi></a>. <q>Although there are some atheists among Assyrians, they are usually associated with specific communities based on the adherence to a concrete religious sect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Ethnic+Identity+in+a+Globalizing+World&rft.btitle=Beyond+Globalisation%3A+Exploring+the+Limits+of+Globalisation+in+the+Regional+Context&rft.place=Ostrava&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=University+of+Ostrava&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-80-7368-717-5&rft.aulast=Boh%C3%A1%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Artur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalization.osu.cz%2Fpubl%2Fbeyond_globalisation.pdf%23page%3D71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdalla201792-105-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdalla201792-105_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbdalla2017">Abdalla 2017</a>, p. 92-105. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Shirinian2017" class="citation book cs1">N. Shirinian, George (2017). Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923. Berghahn Books. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-433-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-433-7"><bdi>978-1-78533-433-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Armenians%2C+Assyrians%2C+and+Greeks%2C+1913%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-433-7&rft.aulast=N.+Shirinian&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._Barthoma2017" class="citation book cs1">O. Barthoma, Soner (2017). 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Berghahn Books. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-499-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-499-3"><bdi>978-1-78533-499-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Them+Not+Return%3A+Sayfo+%E2%80%93+The+Genocide+Against+the+Assyrian%2C+Syriac%2C+and+Chaldean+Christians+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-499-3&rft.aulast=O.+Barthoma&rft.aufirst=Soner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Hovannisian2011" class="citation book cs1">G. Hovannisian, Richard (2011). The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. 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Who are they?"</a>. 23 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801081135/http://www.seyfocenter.com/english/muslim-assyrians-who-are-they/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Assyrians%3F+Who+are+they%3F&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seyfocenter.com%2Fenglish%2Fmuslim-assyrians-who-are-they%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianweekly.com/2016/11/28/crypto-assyrians-who-are-they/">"Crypto-Assyrians: Who are they?"</a>. The Armenian Weekly. 28 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703162129/https://armenianweekly.com/2016/11/28/crypto-assyrians-who-are-they/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Armenian+Weekly&rft.atitle=Crypto-Assyrians%3A+Who+are+they%3F&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenianweekly.com%2F2016%2F11%2F28%2Fcrypto-assyrians-who-are-they%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jokopost.com/thoughts/21609/">"שואת אחינו האשוריים | הדרך המהירה שבין תרבות ישראל לתרבות אשור | יעקב מעוז"</a>. JOKOPOST | עיתון המאמרים והבלוגים המוביל בישראל (in Hebrew). 18 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722162725/https://www.jokopost.com/thoughts/21609/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2019. 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Gorgias Press. pp. 166–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-276-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-276-1"><bdi>978-1-59333-276-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monks+and+Monasteries+of+the+Near+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-276-1&rft.aulast=Leroy&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft.au=Collin%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrzDqR7xjKoUC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/easter.php">The Date of Easter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814045718/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/easter.php">Archived</a> 2011-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Jewish in Seattle Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mag.jewishinseattle.org/articles/2017/12/5/an-ancient-empire-gets-new-life-on-a-food-truck">the original</a> on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+in+Seattle+Magazine&rft.atitle=An+Ancient+Empire+Gets+New+Life+%E2%80%94+on+a+Food+Truck&rft.date=2017-12-05&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmag.jewishinseattle.org%2Farticles%2F2017%2F12%2F5%2Fan-ancient-empire-gets-new-life-on-a-food-truck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-302"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Edelstein, Sari, ed. 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Journal of Universal Language. 5: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22425%2Fjul.2004.5.1.1">10.22425/jul.2004.5.1.1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210326075531/https://www.sejongjul.org/download/download_pdf?pid=jul-5-1-1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Universal+Language&rft.atitle=Aramaic+as+a+Lingua+Franca+During+the+Persian+Empire+%28538-333+B.C.E.%29&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22425%2Fjul.2004.5.1.1&rft.aulast=Bae&rft.aufirst=Chul-hyun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejongjul.org%2Fdownload%2Fdownload_pdf%3Fpid%3Djul-5-1-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagg2017" class="citation book cs1">Bagg, Ariel M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42720898">"Assyria and the West: Syria and the Levant"</a>. A Companion to Assyria. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 268–274. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417115239/https://www.academia.edu/42720898">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyria+and+the+West%3A+Syria+and+the+Levant&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bagg&rft.aufirst=Ariel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F42720898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumWinkler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)" title="Wilhelm Baum (historian)">Baum, Wilhelm</a>; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ">The Church of the East: A Concise History</a>. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-43019-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-43019-2"><bdi>978-1-134-43019-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Routledge-Curzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-43019-2&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnSCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2006" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ7ZAAAAMAAJ">The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity</a>. London-New York: Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-115-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-115-1"><bdi>978-1-84511-115-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Assyrian+Christianity&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-115-1&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ7ZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin,_Yoab" class="citation journal cs1">Benjamin, Yoab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v10n2/yoab2.pdf">"Assyrians in Middle America: A Historical and Demographic Study of the Chicago Assyrian Community"</a> (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 10 (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227130516/http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v10n2/yoab2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Assyrian+Academic+Studies&rft.atitle=Assyrians+in+Middle+America%3A+A+Historical+and+Demographic+Study+of+the+Chicago+Assyrian+Community&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Yoab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaas.org%2Fedocs%2Fv10n2%2Fyoab2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetGivargis-McDaniel,_Maegan2007" class="citation book cs1">BetGivargis-McDaniel, Maegan (2007). Assyrians of New Britain. <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-5012-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-5012-1"><bdi>978-0-7385-5012-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156908771">156908771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrians+of+New+Britain&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156908771&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-5012-1&rft.au=BetGivargis-McDaniel%2C+Maegan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2008" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Adam H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oD2vKMCu_JgC&pg=PA394">"The Ancient Near East in the Late Antique Near East: Syriac Christian Appropriation of the Biblical East"</a>. Antiquity in Antiquity: Jewish and Christian Pasts in the Greco-Roman World. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 394–415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149411-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149411-6"><bdi>978-3-16-149411-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Near+East+in+the+Late+Antique+Near+East%3A+Syriac+Christian+Appropriation+of+the+Biblical+East&rft.btitle=Antiquity+in+Antiquity%3A+Jewish+and+Christian+Pasts+in+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E394-%3C%2Fspan%3E415&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149411-6&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Adam+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoD2vKMCu_JgC%26pg%3DPA394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2015" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Adam H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WEGNBgAAQBAJ">Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14531-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14531-0"><bdi>978-0-226-14531-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revival+and+Awakening%3A+American+Evangelical+Missionaries+in+Iran+and+the+Origins+of+Assyrian+Nationalism&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14531-0&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Adam+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWEGNBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeitrag2012" class="citation book cs1">Beitrag, Onders (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=no5_QSBVq7kC">"Minority Rights in Turkey: Quo Vadis, Assyrians?"</a>. The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 99–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90268-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90268-9"><bdi>978-3-643-90268-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221202/https://books.google.com/books?id=no5_QSBVq7kC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minority+Rights+in+Turkey%3A+Quo+Vadis%2C+Assyrians%3F&rft.btitle=The+Slow+Disappearance+of+the+Syriacs+from+Turkey+and+of+the+Grounds+of+the+Mor+Gabriel+Monastery&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90268-9&rft.aulast=Beitrag&rft.aufirst=Onders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dno5_QSBVq7kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettany1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Thomas_Bettany" title="George Thomas Bettany">Bettany, George T.</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-P1Zq5a_BYC">The World's Inhabitants</a>. London-New York: Ward, Lock & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Inhabitants&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Ward%2C+Lock+%26+Co.&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Bettany&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-P1Zq5a_BYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriquel-Chatonnet2019" class="citation book cs1">Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Writing Syriac: Manuscripts and Inscriptions"</a>. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 243–265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-89901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-89901-8"><bdi>978-1-138-89901-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing+Syriac%3A+Manuscripts+and+Inscriptions&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-89901-8&rft.aulast=Briquel-Chatonnet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_R._Bryce" title="Trevor R. Bryce">Bryce, Trevor R.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C">The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire</a>. London-New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15907-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15907-9"><bdi>978-1-134-15907-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Peoples+and+Places+of+Ancient+Western+Asia%3A+The+Near+East+from+the+Early+Bronze+Age+to+the+fall+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-134-15907-9&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwwNS0diXP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2017" class="citation book cs1">Butts, Aaron M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1587631">"Assyrian Christians"</a>. A Companion to Assyria. Malden: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 599–612. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408011058/https://www.academia.edu/1587631">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Christians&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.place=Malden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E599-%3C%2Fspan%3E612&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Aaron+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1587631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley1992" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, James F. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UHcKAQAAMAAJ">The Church of the East and the Church of England: A History of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Assyrian Mission</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826744-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826744-7"><bdi>978-0-19-826744-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East+and+the+Church+of+England%3A+A+History+of+the+Archbishop+of+Canterbury%27s+Assyrian+Mission&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826744-7&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUHcKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley1996" class="citation journal cs1">Coakley, James F. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2407">"The Church of the East since 1914"</a>. The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. 78 (3): 179–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.78.3.14">10.7227/BJRL.78.3.14</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220109/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2407">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021. 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Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417113634/https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Assyrians">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyrians&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FAssyrians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley2011b" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, James F. (2011b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Chaldeans">"Chaldeans"</a>. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 93. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801102543/https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Chaldeans">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chaldeans&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FChaldeans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtois2004" class="citation book cs1">Courtois, Sebastien de (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vd1AvgAACAAJ">The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Aramaeans</a>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-077-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-077-4"><bdi>978-1-59333-077-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Genocide%3A+Eastern+Christians%2C+the+Last+Aramaeans&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-077-4&rft.aulast=Courtois&rft.aufirst=Sebastien+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvd1AvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1872" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Davies_(Hebraist)" title="Benjamin Davies (Hebraist)">Davies, Benjamin</a> (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THIOAAAAYAAJ">A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament</a>. London: Asher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Compendious+and+Complete+Hebrew+and+Chaldee+Lexicon+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Asher&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHIOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemir2017" class="citation book cs1">Demir, Sara (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_8azAQAACAAJ">"The Atrocities against the Assyrians in 1915: A Legal Perspective"</a>. The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 106–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-28405-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-28405-0"><bdi>978-1-138-28405-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Atrocities+against+the+Assyrians+in+1915%3A+A+Legal+Perspective&rft.btitle=The+Assyrian+Genocide%3A+Cultural+and+Political+Legacies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-28405-0&rft.aulast=Demir&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_8azAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonabedDonabed2006" class="citation book cs1">Donabed, Sargon G.; Donabed, Ninos (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVruJbN8GJ4C">Assyrians of Eastern Massachusetts</a>. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-4480-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-4480-9"><bdi>978-0-7385-4480-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrians+of+Eastern+Massachusetts&rft.place=Charleston&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-4480-9&rft.aulast=Donabed&rft.aufirst=Sargon+G.&rft.au=Donabed%2C+Ninos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVruJbN8GJ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonabedMako2009" class="citation journal cs1">Donabed, Sargon G.; Mako, Shamiran (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56704913.pdf">"Ethno-cultural and Religious Identity of Syrian Orthodox Christians"</a> (PDF). Chronos: Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand. 19: 69–111. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127201246/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56704913.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronos%3A+Revue+d%27Histoire+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+de+Balamand&rft.atitle=Ethno-cultural+and+Religious+Identity+of+Syrian+Orthodox+Christians&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Donabed&rft.aufirst=Sargon+G.&rft.au=Mako%2C+Shamiran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F56704913.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonabed2015" class="citation book cs1">Donabed, Sargon G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwLdCQAAQBAJ">Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century</a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8605-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8605-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-8605-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforging+a+Forgotten+History%3A+Iraq+and+the+Assyrians+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-8605-6&rft.aulast=Donabed&rft.aufirst=Sargon+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbwLdCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonabed2017" class="citation book cs1">Donabed, Sargon G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxt4rgEACAAJ">"Neither Syriac-speaking nor Syrian Orthodox Christians: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression"</a>. Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context. 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Milano: Università di Bologna. pp. 75–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8483-107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8483-107-1"><bdi>978-88-8483-107-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mapping+Assyria&rft.btitle=Ideologies+as+Intercultural+Phenomena&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A0+di+Bologna&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-8483-107-1&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LdtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazee2006" class="citation book cs1">Frazee, Charles A. 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Leiden-Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22802-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22802-3"><bdi>978-90-04-22802-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Scripture+in+Patristic+Biblical+Theory%3A+Canon%2C+Language%2C+Text&rft.place=Leiden-Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22802-3&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWkyAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauntBeṯ-ŞawoceDonef2006" class="citation book cs1">Gaunt, David; Beṯ-Şawoce, Jan; Donef, Racho (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6wZvgAACAAJ">Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I</a>. 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Leiden-Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28510-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28510-1"><bdi>978-90-04-28510-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Aramaic%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+Advent+of+Islam&rft.place=Leiden-Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28510-1&rft.aulast=Gzella&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy9UuBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalo2018" class="citation book cs1">Halo, Thea (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=64jttwEACAAJ">"The Targeting of Assyrians during the Christian Holocaust in Ottoman Turkey"</a>. 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Münster: LIT Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50616-0"><bdi>978-3-643-50616-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221203/https://books.google.com/books?id=vNV8BAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. 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Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11641-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11641-9"><bdi>90-04-11641-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Assyrians+of+the+Middle+East%3A+A+History+of+Their+Encounter+with+Western+Christian+Missions%2C+Archaeologists%2C+and+Colonial+Powers&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11641-9&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D79wj2hj4wKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalpakian2011" class="citation book cs1">Kalpakian, Jack Vahram (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA30">"Assyrians"</a>. 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Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. pp. 30–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-362-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-362-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-362-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyrians&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-362-0&rft.aulast=Kalpakian&rft.aufirst=Jack+Vahram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPBfnT_E1mgC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2012" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Robert A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZITAQ4XbgC">"The Assyrian Church of the East"</a>. In Casiday, Augustine M. (ed.). The Orthodox Christian World. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 78–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45516-9"><bdi>978-0-415-45516-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Christian+World&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45516-9&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbkZITAQ4XbgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing-Marshall2005" class="citation book cs1">Laing-Marshall, Andrea (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">"Assyrians"</a>. Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Vol. 1. New York-London: Routledge. pp. 149–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19388-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19388-1"><bdi>978-1-135-19388-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115015612/https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyrians&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Minorities&rft.place=New+York-London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-135-19388-1&rft.aulast=Laing-Marshall&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXYKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayard1849a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Layard, Austen H.</a> (1849a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0RXpxc0JWU4C">Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan</a>. Vol. 1. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineveh+and+its+Remains%3A+With+an+Account+of+a+Visit+to+the+Chaldean+Christians+of+Kurdistan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Layard&rft.aufirst=Austen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0RXpxc0JWU4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayard1849b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Layard, Austen H.</a> (1849b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SxE_WD4OUUQC">Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan</a>. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineveh+and+its+Remains%3A+With+an+Account+of+a+Visit+to+the+Chaldean+Christians+of+Kurdistan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Layard&rft.aufirst=Austen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSxE_WD4OUUQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipiński2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lipi%C5%84ski_(orientalist)" title="Edward Lipiński (orientalist)">Lipiński, Edward</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rrMKKtiBBI4C">The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion</a>. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0859-8"><bdi>978-90-429-0859-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aramaeans%3A+Their+Ancient+History%2C+Culture%2C+Religion&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-429-0859-8&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrrMKKtiBBI4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundgren2016" class="citation book cs1">Lundgren, Svante (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3xmAQAACAAJ">The Assyrians: From Nineveh to Södertälje</a>. Södertälje: Tigris Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-983441-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-983441-2-7"><bdi>978-91-983441-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assyrians%3A+From+Nineveh+to+S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje&rft.place=S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje&rft.pub=Tigris+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-91-983441-2-7&rft.aulast=Lundgren&rft.aufirst=Svante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3xmAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald,_Kevin2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_B._MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin B. 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Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-005959-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-005959-5"><bdi>978-3-11-005959-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+sp%C3%A4t-+und+neusyrischen+Literatur&rft.place=Berlin-New+York&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-3-11-005959-5&rft.aulast=Macuch&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-DFXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakko2012" class="citation book cs1">Makko, Aryo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=no5_QSBVq7kC">"Living Between the Fronts: The Turkish-Kurdish Conflict and the Assyrians"</a>. The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 63–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90268-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90268-9"><bdi>978-3-643-90268-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221202/https://books.google.com/books?id=no5_QSBVq7kC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Living+Between+the+Fronts%3A+The+Turkish-Kurdish+Conflict+and+the+Assyrians&rft.btitle=The+Slow+Disappearance+of+the+Syriacs+from+Turkey+and+of+the+Grounds+of+the+Mor+Gabriel+Monastery&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90268-9&rft.aulast=Makko&rft.aufirst=Aryo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dno5_QSBVq7kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nIUfAAAAIAAJ">The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours</a>. 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Iraq: British Institute for the Study of Iraq. 45 (1): 101–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4200184">10.2307/4200184</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200184">4200184</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192959948">192959948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq%3A+British+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Iraq&rft.atitle=Assyrians+and+Arameans&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192959948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200184%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4200184&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooken2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aprem_Mooken" title="Aprem Mooken">Mooken, Aprem</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofassyria0018mara">The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century</a>. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.pub=St.+Ephrem+Ecumenical+Research+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mooken&rft.aufirst=Aprem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofassyria0018mara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heleen_Murre-van_den_Berg" title="Heleen Murre-van den Berg">Murre van den Berg, Heleen</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nU2cPgAACAAJ">"Chaldeans and Assyrians: The Church of the East in the Ottoman Period"</a>. The Christian Heritage of Iraq. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 146–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60724-111-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60724-111-9"><bdi>978-1-60724-111-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221204/https://books.google.com/books?id=nU2cPgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chaldeans+and+Assyrians%3A+The+Church+of+the+East+in+the+Ottoman+Period&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Heritage+of+Iraq&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60724-111-9&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnU2cPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2011" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2011) [2009]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1287641">"Syriac Orthodox Church"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Vol. 4. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2304–2309. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326041333/https://www.academia.edu/1287641">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Orthodox+Church&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christian+Civilization&rft.place=Malden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2304-%3C%2Fspan%3E2309&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1287641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2015" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K123rQEACAAJ">"Classical Syriac and the Syriac Churches: A Twentieth-Century History"</a>. Syriac Encounters: Papers from the Sixth North American Syriac Symposium. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 119–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3046-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3046-9"><bdi>978-90-429-3046-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Syriac+and+the+Syriac+Churches%3A+A+Twentieth-Century+History&rft.btitle=Syriac+Encounters%3A+Papers+from+the+Sixth+North+American+Syriac+Symposium&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-429-3046-9&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK123rQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutlu-NumansenOssewaarde2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mutlu-Numansen, Sofia; Ossewaarde, Marinus (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.utwente.nl/files/191702532/Mutlu_Numansen2019struggle.pdf">"A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present"</a> (PDF). Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 33 (3): 412–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcz045">10.1093/hgs/dcz045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Struggle+for+Genocide+Recognition%3A+How+the+Aramean%2C+Assyrian%2C+and+Chaldean+Diasporas+Link+Past+and+Present&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E412-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcz045&rft.aulast=Mutlu-Numansen&rft.aufirst=Sofia&rft.au=Ossewaarde%2C+Marinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.utwente.nl%2Ffiles%2F191702532%2FMutlu_Numansen2019struggle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisan2002" class="citation book cs1">Nisan, Mordechai (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keD9z1XWuNwC">Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression</a> (2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5133-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-5133-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+the+Middle+East%3A+A+History+of+Struggle+and+Self-Expression&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5133-3&rft.aulast=Nisan&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkeD9z1XWuNwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Mahony, Anthony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC">"Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East"</a>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–536. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81113-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Christianity+in+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E536&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81113-2&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xUV-nMxNGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simo_Parpola" title="Simo Parpola">Parpola, Simo</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128181409/http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v18n2/Parpola-identity_Article%20-Final.pdf">"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times"</a> (PDF). 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Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 305–326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-0730-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-0730-4"><bdi>978-1-4632-0730-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Memory+of+Sayfo+and+Its+Relation+to+the+Identity+of+Contemporary+Assyrian%2FAramean+Christians+in+Syria&rft.btitle=Sayfo+1915%3A+An+Anthology+of+Essays+on+the+Genocide+of+Assyrians%2FArameans+during+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E326&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4632-0730-4&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=Noriko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64jttwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchniedewind2002" class="citation book cs1">Schniedewind, William M. 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"Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War". Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-499-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-499-3"><bdi>978-1-78533-499-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Contextualizing+the+Sayfo+in+the+First+World+War&rft.btitle=Let+Them+Not+Return%3A+Sayfo+%E2%80%93+The+Genocide+Against+the+Assyrian%2C+Syriac%2C+and+Chaldean+Christians+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-499-3&rft.aulast=Gaunt&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Atto%2C+Naures&rft.au=Barthoma%2C+Soner+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_Modern_Turkey" title="The Making of Modern Turkey">The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965522-9"><bdi>978-0-19-965522-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Turkey%3A+Nation+and+State+in+Eastern+Anatolia%2C+1913%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965522-9&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Assyrian_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924013211/http://betnahrain.am/">BetNahrain – Assyrian Center in Armenia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfwoGQS_ieE">YouTube-Video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren elaborates on the history and origin of the Assyrian people</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071116064544/http://www.visarkiv.se/mmm/media/assyrien/cyber-e.htm">A virtual Assyria: Cyberland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043107/http://www.visarkiv.se/mmm/media/assyrien/religi-e.htm">A virtual Assyria: Christians from the Middle East</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103114444/http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancostumoc96.html">Traditional Assyrian Costumes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030511210802/http://www.zindamagazine.com/iraqi_documents/earliestchurches.html">Assyrian Iraqi Document Projects</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030511211400/http://www.zindamagazine.com/iraqi_documents/whoareassyrians.html">Who Are Assyrians?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/brief.html">Assyrian History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aramaic-dem.org/English/History/1.htm">Aramean History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318194125/http://www.aramaic-dem.org/English/History/1.htm">Archived</a> 2018-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Assyrian_people&#124;link=Assyrian_people_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Assyrian_people&#124;link=Assyrian_people_Assyrian_people929" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people"><img alt="Assyrian people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg/23px-Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg/35px-Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg/46px-Old_Assyrian_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="564" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assyrian people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>; also known as Syriac-Arameans or Chaldeans</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_continuity" title="Assyrian continuity">Assyrian continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrians_(gold_and_blue_Assur).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Assyrian flag"><img alt="The Assyrian flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_flag" title="Assyrian flag">Assyrian flag</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Syriac-Aramean flag"><img alt="The Syriac-Aramean flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aramean-Syriac_flag" title="Aramean-Syriac flag">Aramean-Syriac flag</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Chaldean flag"><img alt="The Chaldean flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/100px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/150px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/200px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_flag" title="Chaldean flag">Chaldean flag</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (518–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (1552–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1692–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Sureth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Surayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barwar" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barwar">Barwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Qaraqosh" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Qaraqosh">Bakhdida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_culture" title="Assyrian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk-pop_music" title="Assyrian folk-pop music">Assyrian folk-pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">History</a> (including related contexts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Assyria" title="Timeline of ancient Assyria">Ancient Assyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Assyrian_period" title="Early Assyrian period">Early Assyrian period</a> (2600–2025 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a> (2025–1364 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1363–912 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–609 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-imperial_Assyria" title="Post-imperial Assyria">Post-imperial Assyria</a> (609 BCE–240 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_tribes" title="List of Assyrian tribes">Assyrian tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> (312–63 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (247 BCE–224 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> (132 BCE–244 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a> (66 BCE–217 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> (64 BCE–637 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a> (15–116)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Roman Assyria</a> (116–118)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Christianization</a> (1st to 3rd c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorian_schism" title="Nestorian schism">Nestorian schism</a> (5th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>-<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Asoristan</a> (226–651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sasanian Wars">Byzantine–Sasanian Wars</a> (502–628)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a> (630s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of Syria</a> (630s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (750–1258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Mosul" title="List of rulers of Mosul">Emirs of Mosul</a> (905–1383)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid amirate</a> (945–1055)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a> (1098–1268)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (1258–1335)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a> (1335–1432)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> (1375–1468)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> (1453–1501)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Safavid Empire</a> (1508–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Ottoman Empire</a> (1555–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">Schism of 1552</a> (16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">Massacres of Badr Khan</a> (1840s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbekir_(1895)" title="Massacres of Diyarbekir (1895)">Massacres of Diyarbekir</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Rise of nationalism</a> (19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Independence movement</a> (1919–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq#Post-Saddam_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Post-Saddam Iraq</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by ISIL">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_population_by_country" title="Assyrian population by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Homeland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_settlements" title="List of Assyrian settlements">Settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh" title="Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Keppe" title="Tel Keppe">Tel Keppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartella" title="Bartella">Bartella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankawa" title="Ankawa">Ankawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa" title="Shaqlawa">Shaqlawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maz%C4%B1da%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Mazıdağı">Mazıdağı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Assyrians in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Australians" title="Assyrian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Belgium" title="Assyrians in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Finland" title="Assyrians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_France" title="Assyrians in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Assyrians" title="German Assyrians">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Greece" title="Assyrians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Jordan" title="Assyrians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Lebanon" title="Assyrians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Mexicans" title="Assyrian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Assyrians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_New_Zealand" title="Assyrians in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Assyrians in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Sweden" title="Assyrians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Assyrians" title="British Assyrians">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_Eastern_people_in_Metro_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athra_Alliance" title="Athra Alliance">Athra Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Universal_Alliance" title="Assyrian Universal Alliance">Assyrian Universal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawronoye" title="Dawronoye">Dawronoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)">Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Arameans" title="World Council of Arameans">World Council of Arameans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Iran57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Iran57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Iran">Ethnic groups in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> 53%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> 16%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a> 10%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a> 4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazandaranis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaranis">Mazandaranis</a> 4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> 6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Arabs" title="Iranian Arabs">Arabs</a> 2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people_in_Iran" title="Baloch people in Iran">Balochs</a> 2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Turkmen">Turkmens</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Turks">Turkic people</a> 2%</li> <li>Others 1% <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Iran)" title="Tat people (Iran)">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Assyrians">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Afro-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zagari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Iran75" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks adr mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Iran" title="Template:Immigration to Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Iran" title="Template talk:Immigration to Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Iran75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Immigration to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran" title="Afghans in Iran">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Iran" title="Chinese people in Iran">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Iran" title="Indians in Iran">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Iraqis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese people in Iran">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Iran" title="Koreans in Iran">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Iran" title="Russians in Iran">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Iran" title="Pakistanis in Iran">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poles_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poles in Iran (page does not exist)">Poles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran" title="Ethnicities in Iran">Ethnicities in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Iran" title="Human trafficking in Iran">Human trafficking in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_citizens_abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian citizens abroad">Iranian citizens abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics583" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_topics" title="Template talk:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Period">Old Assyrian Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sassanid Asorestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">638–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq" title="List of kings of Iraq">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">1958–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">2003–2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">2011–present</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">National Command</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. troop withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War (2014–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis" title="2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis">2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq" title="Template:Borders of Iraq">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq" title="Category:Lakes of Iraq">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq" title="List of islands of Iraq">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives (legislative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">in pre-Saddam Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">in Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">in post-invasion Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">in ISIL-controlled territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">Wars and conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq" title="List of banks in Iraq">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq" title="List of companies of Iraq">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq" title="Infrastructure of Iraq">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Foreign Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange" title="Iraq Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq" title="List of airlines of Iraq">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq" title="Category:Society of Iraq">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>/Turkoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq" title="Mass media in Iraq">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq" title="Squatting in Iraq">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Mandaean New Year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 86 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-mbktk","wgBackendResponseTime":161,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.200","walltime":"3.566","ppvisitednodes":{"value":25985,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":729423,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26706,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":57,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":979293,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3022.506 1 -total"," 37.19% 1124.195 3 Template:Reflist"," 17.88% 540.293 112 Template:Cite_book"," 17.50% 528.992 99 Template:Cite_web"," 10.90% 329.532 80 Template:Sfn"," 10.50% 317.219 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 6.83% 206.325 37 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.95% 119.280 2 Template:Short_description"," 3.88% 117.287 8 Template:Navbox"," 3.79% 114.640 4 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.060","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23873852,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._Leo_Oppenheim1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAANF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFASSYRIANS_OF_CHICAGO\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbdalla2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAboona2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbramtsov1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAderet2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAinsworth1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAinsworth1842a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAinsworth1842b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkbari_M.T.Papiha_Sunder_S.Roberts_D.F.Farhud_Daryoush_D.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkopian2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Jeloo1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrade2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrade2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtto2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBae2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBagg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanoeiChaleshtoriSanatiShariati2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumWinkler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumstark2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeeston1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeitrag2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin,_Yoab\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetGivargis-McDaniel,_Maegan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBettany1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoháč2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrague\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrague2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriquel-Chatonnet2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryce2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButts2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarl_Drott2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastellinoCavanaugh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCertrezDonabedMakko2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoakley1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoakley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoakley2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoakley2011b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContadini2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourtois2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemir2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher,_Guy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDogan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonabed2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonabed2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonabedDonabed2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonabedMako2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr._Joseph_Adebayo_Awoyemi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrott2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDüring2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdelstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEtheredge2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFathers1431\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenger-Grøndahl2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiey1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortescue\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrahm2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFürst1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._Hovannisian2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGauntBeṯ-ŞawoceDonef2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaunt_et_al.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeseniusPrideaux-Tregelles1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGewargis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrugniBattagliaHooshiar_KashaniParolo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGzella2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanish2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanish2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanna2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHays\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinrichs1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinrichs1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovannisian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakob2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Eric_Lewis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalpakian2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanbaghi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorbani\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaing-Marshall2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLashgaryKhodadadiSinghHoushmand2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayard1849a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayard1849b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeroyCollin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipiński2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLundgren2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLundgren2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald,_Kevin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacuch1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakko2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBride2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillar1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillard1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiri2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooken2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMutlu-NumansenOssewaarde2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Shirinian2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigel_Wilson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNisan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyheter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Mahony2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO._Barthoma2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParpola2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_BetBasoo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPietro_Strozzi1617\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiroyanNaby1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRollinger2006a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRollinger2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSato2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchniedewind2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShams2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_(oratorien)1684\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthgate1840\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthgate1842\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthgate1844\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTekoğluLemaireİpekTosun2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTezel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTisserant1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTzilivakis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnderhillShenLinJin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVander_Werff1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWieviorkaBataille2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWigram1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWigram1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinkler2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinkler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolk2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYacoub2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYana2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYepiskoposianKhudoyanHarutyunian2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYildiz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYildiz2000a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYildiz2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYildiz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubaida2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzkan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÜngör2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFСадо1996\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"As written\"] = 1,\n [\"Assyrian communities\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite CiteSeerX\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 112,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 99,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Iran\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 25,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Iraq topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Legend\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 17,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Script/Mdnh\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 80,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Smaller\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 21,\n [\"`\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper 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