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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vlax Romani language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C3%ADn_vlax" title="Romanín vlax – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Romanín vlax" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C3%AD_Vlax" title="Romaní Vlax – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Romaní Vlax" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C3%AD_vlax" title="Romaní vlax – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Romaní vlax" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlax_Romani_bhasa" title="Vlax Romani bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vlax Romani bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_vlax" title="Romani vlax – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romani vlax" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vla%C5%A1ki_romski" title="Vlaški romski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vlaški romski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_roman%C3%AC_vlax" title="Lingua romanì vlax – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua romanì vlax" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Влашкоромски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Влашкоромски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach_Romani" title="Vlach Romani – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlach Romani" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valakisk_romani" title="Valakisk romani – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Valakisk romani" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_romani_vlax" title="Lenga romani vlax – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga romani vlax" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Влашские диалекты цыганского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Влашские диалекты цыганского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱣᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱣᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Влашки ромски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Влашки ромски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romani dialect group of southeastern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Vlax Romani</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Vlax Romani-language text"><i lang="rmy">romani shib</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>; scattered in numerous other states</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">538,480 (2002–2014)<sup id="cite_ref-e19_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Western Zone<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Vlax Romani</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rmy" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:rmy">rmy</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/vlax1238">vlax1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5346">Vlax Romani</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Romany_dialects_Vlax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Romany_dialects_Vlax.svg/320px-Romany_dialects_Vlax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Romany_dialects_Vlax.svg/480px-Romany_dialects_Vlax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Romany_dialects_Vlax.svg/640px-Romany_dialects_Vlax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Vlax Romani</b> varieties are spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boretzky_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boretzky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vlax Romani can also be referred to as an independent language<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as one dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>. Vlax Romani is the second most widely spoken dialect subgroup of the Romani language worldwide, after <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlax_Romani_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language's name <i>Vlax Romani</i> was coined by British scholar Bernard Gilliat-Smith in his 1915 study on Bulgarian Romani, in which he first divided Romani dialects into <i>Vlach</i> and <i>non-Vlach</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-matras_2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matras_2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vlax Roma, a subgroup of the Romani people that speak the Vlax Romani language, originate from the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">former Roma slaves</a> in the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> (with the name "Vlax", which comes from "Vlach", coming from the latter), now <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words <i>Romani</i> and <i>Romania</i> are <a href="/wiki/False_cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="False cognates">false cognates</a>, the former deriving from <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <i>rom</i> – ultimately from Sanskrit word ḍoma/डोम, and the latter deriving from <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Language">Romanian</a> <i>român</i> – ultimately from Latin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlax_Romani_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vlax Romani is classified in two groups: Vlax I, or Northern Vlax (including <a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a>), and Vlax II, or Southern Vlax.<sup id="cite_ref-boretzky_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boretzky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elšík<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses this classification and dialect examples (geographical information from Matras<sup id="cite_ref-matras_dialects_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matras_dialects-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Sub-group </th> <th scope="col">Dialect </th> <th scope="col">Place </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ukrainian Vlax</i> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Ukraine </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Northern Vlax</i> </td> <td>Cerhari </td> <td rowspan="2">Hungary </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2">Hungarian Lovari </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Slovakia </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Austrian Lovari </td> <td>Austria </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Polish Lovari </td> <td>Poland </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Norwegian Lovari </td> <td>Norway </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Serbian Kalderaš </td> <td>Serbia </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Italian Kalderaš </td> <td>Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Russian Kalderaš </td> <td>Russia </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Taikon Kalderaš </td> <td>Sweden<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>American Vlax </td> <td>USA </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Southern Vlax</i> </td> <td>Vallachian </td> <td>Romania </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ihtiman </td> <td>Bulgaria <small>(named after the <a href="/wiki/Ihtiman" title="Ihtiman">city</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Gurbet </td> <td>Serbia and Bosnia <a href="/wiki/Gurbeti" title="Gurbeti">Gurbeti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Korça </td> <td>Albania <small>(named after the <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">city</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Italian Xoraxane </td> <td>Italy <small>(Xoraxane translates as "Muslims" in the dialect)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ajia Varvara </td> <td>Greece <small>(named after a <a href="/wiki/Agia_Varvara" title="Agia Varvara">suburb</a> of Athens)</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlax_Romani_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vlax Romani is written using the <a href="/wiki/Romani_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani orthography">Romani orthography</a>, predominantly using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a> with several additional characters. In the area of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, however, it can also be written in the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlax_Romani_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e19-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e19_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/rmy/">Vlax Romani</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (19th ed., 2016) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boretzky-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boretzky_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boretzky_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norbert Boretzky and Birgit Igla. Kommentierter Dialektatlas des Romani. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag 2004. Teil 1: Vergleich der Dialekte.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmy">"Romani, Vlax"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romani%2C+Vlax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Drmy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlax+Romani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matras_2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matras_2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaron_Matras2002" class="citation book cs1">Yaron Matras (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ggLGcnloNoC&q=Gilliat"><i>Romani: A Linguistic Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139433242" title="Special:BookSources/9781139433242"><bdi>9781139433242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781139433242&rft.au=Yaron+Matras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ggLGcnloNoC%26q%3DGilliat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlax+Romani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Gilliath-Smith as „Petulengro“: <i>Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria.</i> In: <i>Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society.</i> New series, volume 9, 1915/1916, p. 1 ff. and 65 ff., especially p. 65: <i>„In making a comprehensive survey of the Gypsy dialects of the whole Balkan Peninsula one would probably begin by distinguishing two great divisions — (1) the non-Vlach Dialects; (2) the Vlach Dialects.“</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hancock, Ian (1997). "A Glossary of Romani Terms". <i>The American Journal of Comparative Law</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 329–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F840853">10.2307/840853</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/840853">840853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=A+Glossary+of+Romani+Terms&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=329-344&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F840853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F840853%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlax+Romani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElšík1999" class="citation web cs1">Elšík, Viktor (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ulug.ff.cuni.cz/lingvistika/elsik/veda/Elsik_2000_Pronouns.pdf">"Dialect variation in Romani personal pronouns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dialect+variation+in+Romani+personal+pronouns&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=El%C5%A1%C3%ADk&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fulug.ff.cuni.cz%2Flingvistika%2Felsik%2Fveda%2FElsik_2000_Pronouns.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlax+Romani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matras_dialects-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matras_dialects_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-Matras-2002">Matras, Yaron (2002). <i>Romani: A Linguistic Introduction</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-02330-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-02330-0">0-521-02330-0</a></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, Björn; de Haan, Ferdinand (2009). <i>Modals in the Languages of Europe</i>. Walter de Gruyter: p. 307 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021920-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021920-3">978-3-11-021920-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023536/https://www.ilholocaustmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/TheJournies.pdf">"Journey of Besieged Languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ilholocaustmuseum.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilholocaustmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/TheJournies.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilholocaustmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Journey+of+Besieged+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilholocaustmuseum.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2FTheJournies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlax+Romani+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romani_language#Dialects" title="Romani language">Romani varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumelian_Romani" title="Rumelian Romani">Rumelian Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_Romani" title="Zargari Romani">Zargari Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Romani_dialects" title="Northern Romani dialects">Northern Romani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Kalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Romani_language" title="Welsh Romani language">Welsh Romani</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vlax Romani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalderash_Romani_language" title="Kalderash Romani language">Kalderash Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Carpathian Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Romani" title="Early Romani">Early Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Mixed varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cant" title="Scottish Cant">Scottish Cant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Romani" title="Bible translations into Romani">Bible translations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Languages_of_Finland" title="Institute for the Languages of Finland">Institute for the Languages of Finland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khrlo_e_Romengo" title="Khrlo e Romengo">Khrlo e Romengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTK_2" title="RTK 2">RTK 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutka_City_TV" title="Sutka City TV">Sutka City TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language_standardization" title="Romani language standardization">Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_of_Romani_Language" title="World Day of Romani Language">World Day of Romani Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox 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