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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Education"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-33a3af95-8f9a-4422-81d8-e497818a61a4"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-33a3af95-8f9a-4422-81d8-e497818a61a4"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by R Craft</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="102432356"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432356/The_U_S_Large_Truck_Crash_Causation_Study"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The U.S. Large Truck Crash Causation Study" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432356/The_U_S_Large_Truck_Crash_Causation_Study">The U.S. Large Truck Crash Causation Study</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety A...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the US Department of Transportation (USDOT) are conducting a three-year nationwide study of truck crashes. The Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) will determine contributing factors to fatal and serious injury truck crashes, allowing FMCSA to implement effective crash countermeasures. This paper presents the background to the study, the study approaches, a description of the study and its implementation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432356"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432356"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432356; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432356]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432356]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432356; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432356']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432356, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432356]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432356,"title":"The U.S. Large Truck Crash Causation Study","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the US Department of Transportation (USDOT) are conducting a three-year nationwide study of truck crashes. 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The Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) will determine contributing factors in fatal and serious injury truck crashes. This will allow FMCSA and NHTSA to implement more effective crash countermeasures. The LTCCS is important in its own right. However, its greatest impact may be in beginning the shift of federal highway safety databases. Currently all major national crash databases focus on the collection of descriptive data. In the future they may focus more on the pre-crash reasons, related factors, and causes that lead to crashes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432355"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432355"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432355; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432355]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432355]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432355; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432355']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432355, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432355]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432355,"title":"Federal Crash Databases: Shifting the Paradigm the Large Truck Crash Causation Study","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper discusses how the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the United States Department of Transportation are conducting a three-year nationwide study of the reasons for truck crashes. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="102432354"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432354/Emergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Industrial_Hygiene_Association_Toxicology_Committee"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Emergency Exposure LimitsAmerican Industrial Hygiene Association, Toxicology Committee" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102704923/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432354/Emergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Industrial_Hygiene_Association_Toxicology_Committee">Emergency Exposure LimitsAmerican Industrial Hygiene Association, Toxicology Committee</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal</span><span>, 1964</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="551737ea9b37efd77221444100bd8962" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":102704923,"asset_id":102432354,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/102704923/download_file?st=MTczMjgwNzYzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432354"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432354"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432354; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432354]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432354]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432354; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432354']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432354, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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These Limits are intended to give guidance to imdustrial hygienisis in the management of single, brief exposures to airborne contaminants in the workinq environment. Emergency Exposure Limits for n:trog.-n diox:de. 1.1-dimethylhydrazine, and l,l,l-trichloroethane are presented with supporting information.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1964,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":102704923},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102432354/Emergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Industrial_Hygiene_Association_Toxicology_Committee","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-05-27T02:48:14.682-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":271417603,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":102704923,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102704923/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0002889640934264620230527-1-2mvgjl.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/102704923/download_file?st=MTczMjgwNzYzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Emergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Indust.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/102704923/0002889640934264620230527-1-2mvgjl-libre.pdf?1685182658=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEmergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Indust.pdf\u0026Expires=1732811233\u0026Signature=WCXIiaziM51IDRmcGa3RjOVE7Dk0ZK6DEfDGP-M0HPEVTCQjXLTbbnHoE0KEePH55sVZ2RTTbYXOnmGUtTPTK0jGISw6802ofQxchKA79-pWPrj3yuFew~Va5ATMe54krdQkSApVBdxYpXWMRlJS-HPZ5zseV1vDyTXFqjy6vZ0HGcLcOR-BC4xnEiR55t6b2Loo0HL9wlp5hKssxAO2IIde9TOtqZvT5aisFbH-DxFnfDKPhOZn9QMXfckfPnu1FdtiHpaQHFIG40vkYYsyy6szKikWPn~JDP9~uiLq5AOXWlGQxvImnyQZ-Mn4ClIGKuB~yhmtRGcm0wcRrz9ThQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Emergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Industrial_Hygiene_Association_Toxicology_Committee","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":271417603,"first_name":"R","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Craft","page_name":"RCraft2","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-05-27T02:46:29.898-07:00","display_name":"R Craft","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RCraft2"},"attachments":[{"id":102704923,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102704923/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0002889640934264620230527-1-2mvgjl.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/102704923/download_file?st=MTczMjgwNzYzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Emergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Indust.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/102704923/0002889640934264620230527-1-2mvgjl-libre.pdf?1685182658=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEmergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Indust.pdf\u0026Expires=1732811233\u0026Signature=WCXIiaziM51IDRmcGa3RjOVE7Dk0ZK6DEfDGP-M0HPEVTCQjXLTbbnHoE0KEePH55sVZ2RTTbYXOnmGUtTPTK0jGISw6802ofQxchKA79-pWPrj3yuFew~Va5ATMe54krdQkSApVBdxYpXWMRlJS-HPZ5zseV1vDyTXFqjy6vZ0HGcLcOR-BC4xnEiR55t6b2Loo0HL9wlp5hKssxAO2IIde9TOtqZvT5aisFbH-DxFnfDKPhOZn9QMXfckfPnu1FdtiHpaQHFIG40vkYYsyy6szKikWPn~JDP9~uiLq5AOXWlGQxvImnyQZ-Mn4ClIGKuB~yhmtRGcm0wcRrz9ThQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":7403,"name":"Environmental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Health"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":110240,"name":"Occupational Hygiene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Hygiene"},{"id":396914,"name":"Occupational Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Exposure"}],"urls":[{"id":31785544,"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00028896409342646"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="102432352"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432352/Behavioral_characterization_of_the_excitatory_and_desensitizing_effects_of_intravesical_capsaicin_and_resiniferatoxin_in_the_rat"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Behavioral characterization of the excitatory and desensitizing effects of intravesical capsaicin and resiniferatoxin in the rat" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432352/Behavioral_characterization_of_the_excitatory_and_desensitizing_effects_of_intravesical_capsaicin_and_resiniferatoxin_in_the_rat">Behavioral characterization of the excitatory and desensitizing effects of intravesical capsaicin and resiniferatoxin in the rat</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Pain</span><span>, 1993</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This study characterized the excitatory (nociceptive) and desensitizing (antinociceptive) propert...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This study characterized the excitatory (nociceptive) and desensitizing (antinociceptive) properties of the natural pungent substances, capsaicin (CAP) and resiniferatoxin (RTX) instilled in the bladder (intravesical, i.ves.) via an indwelling cannula in awake, freely moving rats. The incidence of 9 behaviors was scored for 10 min following i.ves. vehicle or RTX (1.0 nmol). Abdominal licking and head-turning occurred significantly more often in RTX-treated rats compared to vehicle controls, whereas head-grooming, locomotion, rearing and biting did not differ between the two groups. Little or no vocalization, defecation or hindlimb hyperextension was observed in either RTX- or vehicle-treated rats. A second injection of either vehicle or RTX administered to RTX-treated rats 60 min later did not significantly increase abdominal licking or head-turning compared to vehicle controls; this subsequent lack of excitation was taken as a measure of desensitization. In a separate experiment, the first injection of i.ves. RTX (0.1-3.0 nmol) increased licking in a dose-dependent manner; in contrast, the first injection of i.ves. CAP (0.1-3.0 mumol) significantly increased licking only at the intermediate dose tested, 1.0 mumol. With each subsequent injection of the same drug and dose at 30-min intervals, licking increased to a lesser extent, such that it was not significantly different from control after the fourth injection. Rats treated with i.ves. CAP or RTX also did not show increased licking when administered the opposite treatment 30 min later (RTX or CAP, respectively), indicating cross-desensitization; however, i.ves. administration of a third, higher dose of RTX reinstated licking behavior in these &amp;#39;desensitized&amp;#39; rats. Subcutaneous administration of CAP (18-180 mg/kg) or RTX (18-180 micrograms/kg) dose-dependently attenuated the excitatory response to i.ves. CAP and RTX administered 2 days later. Whereas rats treated systemically with RTX also were desensitized to the excitatory effects of RTX instilled in the eye (evaluated in the eye-wipe assay), rats treated i.ves. with RTX and vehicle-treated rats showed a normal eye-wiping response. Finally, pretreatment with i.ves. ruthenium red, a cation channel blocker, antagonized the excitatory and desensitizing effects of i.ves. RTX. This study demonstrates that repeated application of both CAP and RTX into the bladder produces behavioral effects indicative of local sensory afferent desensitization. I.ves. CAP and RTX appear to produce their excitatory and desensitizing effects via a common mechanism, which is dependent on cation channel activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432352"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432352"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432352; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432352]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432352]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432352; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432352']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432352, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432352]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432352,"title":"Behavioral characterization of the excitatory and desensitizing effects of intravesical capsaicin and resiniferatoxin in the rat","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This study characterized the excitatory (nociceptive) and desensitizing (antinociceptive) properties of the natural pungent substances, capsaicin (CAP) and resiniferatoxin (RTX) instilled in the bladder (intravesical, i.ves.) via an indwelling cannula in awake, freely moving rats. The incidence of 9 behaviors was scored for 10 min following i.ves. vehicle or RTX (1.0 nmol). Abdominal licking and head-turning occurred significantly more often in RTX-treated rats compared to vehicle controls, whereas head-grooming, locomotion, rearing and biting did not differ between the two groups. Little or no vocalization, defecation or hindlimb hyperextension was observed in either RTX- or vehicle-treated rats. A second injection of either vehicle or RTX administered to RTX-treated rats 60 min later did not significantly increase abdominal licking or head-turning compared to vehicle controls; this subsequent lack of excitation was taken as a measure of desensitization. In a separate experiment, the first injection of i.ves. RTX (0.1-3.0 nmol) increased licking in a dose-dependent manner; in contrast, the first injection of i.ves. CAP (0.1-3.0 mumol) significantly increased licking only at the intermediate dose tested, 1.0 mumol. With each subsequent injection of the same drug and dose at 30-min intervals, licking increased to a lesser extent, such that it was not significantly different from control after the fourth injection. Rats treated with i.ves. CAP or RTX also did not show increased licking when administered the opposite treatment 30 min later (RTX or CAP, respectively), indicating cross-desensitization; however, i.ves. administration of a third, higher dose of RTX reinstated licking behavior in these \u0026amp;#39;desensitized\u0026amp;#39; rats. Subcutaneous administration of CAP (18-180 mg/kg) or RTX (18-180 micrograms/kg) dose-dependently attenuated the excitatory response to i.ves. CAP and RTX administered 2 days later. Whereas rats treated systemically with RTX also were desensitized to the excitatory effects of RTX instilled in the eye (evaluated in the eye-wipe assay), rats treated i.ves. with RTX and vehicle-treated rats showed a normal eye-wiping response. Finally, pretreatment with i.ves. ruthenium red, a cation channel blocker, antagonized the excitatory and desensitizing effects of i.ves. RTX. This study demonstrates that repeated application of both CAP and RTX into the bladder produces behavioral effects indicative of local sensory afferent desensitization. I.ves. CAP and RTX appear to produce their excitatory and desensitizing effects via a common mechanism, which is dependent on cation channel activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)","publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1993,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Pain"},"translated_abstract":"This study characterized the excitatory (nociceptive) and desensitizing (antinociceptive) properties of the natural pungent substances, capsaicin (CAP) and resiniferatoxin (RTX) instilled in the bladder (intravesical, i.ves.) via an indwelling cannula in awake, freely moving rats. The incidence of 9 behaviors was scored for 10 min following i.ves. vehicle or RTX (1.0 nmol). Abdominal licking and head-turning occurred significantly more often in RTX-treated rats compared to vehicle controls, whereas head-grooming, locomotion, rearing and biting did not differ between the two groups. Little or no vocalization, defecation or hindlimb hyperextension was observed in either RTX- or vehicle-treated rats. A second injection of either vehicle or RTX administered to RTX-treated rats 60 min later did not significantly increase abdominal licking or head-turning compared to vehicle controls; this subsequent lack of excitation was taken as a measure of desensitization. In a separate experiment, the first injection of i.ves. RTX (0.1-3.0 nmol) increased licking in a dose-dependent manner; in contrast, the first injection of i.ves. CAP (0.1-3.0 mumol) significantly increased licking only at the intermediate dose tested, 1.0 mumol. With each subsequent injection of the same drug and dose at 30-min intervals, licking increased to a lesser extent, such that it was not significantly different from control after the fourth injection. Rats treated with i.ves. CAP or RTX also did not show increased licking when administered the opposite treatment 30 min later (RTX or CAP, respectively), indicating cross-desensitization; however, i.ves. administration of a third, higher dose of RTX reinstated licking behavior in these \u0026amp;#39;desensitized\u0026amp;#39; rats. Subcutaneous administration of CAP (18-180 mg/kg) or RTX (18-180 micrograms/kg) dose-dependently attenuated the excitatory response to i.ves. CAP and RTX administered 2 days later. Whereas rats treated systemically with RTX also were desensitized to the excitatory effects of RTX instilled in the eye (evaluated in the eye-wipe assay), rats treated i.ves. with RTX and vehicle-treated rats showed a normal eye-wiping response. Finally, pretreatment with i.ves. ruthenium red, a cation channel blocker, antagonized the excitatory and desensitizing effects of i.ves. RTX. This study demonstrates that repeated application of both CAP and RTX into the bladder produces behavioral effects indicative of local sensory afferent desensitization. I.ves. 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Rep.</span><span>, 1981</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">CASE STUDIES IN STATE SOLAR LEGISLATION* Ralph Craft/* Steve Anthony/** JohnBailey,f and Joyce P....</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">CASE STUDIES IN STATE SOLAR LEGISLATION* Ralph Craft/* Steve Anthony/** JohnBailey,f and Joyce P. Marchand|f Solar legislation often takes a tortuous path through state legislatures, the more so because solar ... f BA, Colby College, 1969; MS, University of Maine, 1978. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432351"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432351"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432351; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432351]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432351]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432351; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432351']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432351, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432351]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432351,"title":"Case Studies in State Solar Legislation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"CASE STUDIES IN STATE SOLAR LEGISLATION* Ralph Craft/* Steve Anthony/** JohnBailey,f and Joyce P. 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It b...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">THIS CHAPTER DESCRIBES general trends in the growth and diffusion of telemedicine worldwide. It begins with a description of the diffusion in the United States, and is followed by examples from a range of other countries. A theoretical model is then presented that contains factors that affect the adoption of new technologies, particularly in a free market economy and with a high degree of professional autonomy. Attention is then focused on the analysis of important factors slowing the spread of telemedicine on several different levels.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432350"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432350"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432350; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432350]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432350]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432350; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432350']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432350, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432350]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432350,"title":"Chapter 7: The Diffusion of Telemedicine","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"THIS CHAPTER DESCRIBES general trends in the growth and diffusion of telemedicine worldwide. 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It has been proposed that PPD is precipitated by the dramatic decline in reproductive hormones that occurs just after childbirth. To examine this hypothesis, ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a hormone-simulated pregnancy (HSP) regimen; during the subsequent hormone withdrawal period, rats were tested in the forced swim test or elevated plus-maze, animal models of depression and anxiety, respectively. The HSP regimen consisted of injections with progesterone and escalating doses of estradiol benzoate for 22 days; control rats received daily vehicle injections. One, two, four or seven days after the last hormone injection, separate groups of rats were tested once on either the forced swim test or the elevated plus-maze. To examine any hormone withdrawal-induced changes in activity levels, spontaneous locomotor activity was measured at the same time points. At 2 and 4 days after the last hormone injection, HSP-treated females displayed significant increases in immobility relative to vehicle-treated females in the forced swim test. Behavior on the elevated plus-maze did not differ between the HSP and control groups at any of the withdrawal time points. There were also no differences in spontaneous locomotor activity between the HSP and control females at any of the withdrawal time points. The results of this study suggest that postpartum hormone withdrawal may contribute to depressive symptoms experienced after giving birth, and that the HSP-hormone withdrawal protocol may provide a useful animal model of PPD.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432349"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432349"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432349; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432349]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432349]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432349; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432349']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432349, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432349]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432349,"title":"Ovarian hormone withdrawal-induced “depression” in female rats","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Approximately 15% of child-bearing women develop postpartum depression (PPD), and many women with PPD experience anxious symptoms. It has been proposed that PPD is precipitated by the dramatic decline in reproductive hormones that occurs just after childbirth. To examine this hypothesis, ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a hormone-simulated pregnancy (HSP) regimen; during the subsequent hormone withdrawal period, rats were tested in the forced swim test or elevated plus-maze, animal models of depression and anxiety, respectively. The HSP regimen consisted of injections with progesterone and escalating doses of estradiol benzoate for 22 days; control rats received daily vehicle injections. One, two, four or seven days after the last hormone injection, separate groups of rats were tested once on either the forced swim test or the elevated plus-maze. To examine any hormone withdrawal-induced changes in activity levels, spontaneous locomotor activity was measured at the same time points. At 2 and 4 days after the last hormone injection, HSP-treated females displayed significant increases in immobility relative to vehicle-treated females in the forced swim test. Behavior on the elevated plus-maze did not differ between the HSP and control groups at any of the withdrawal time points. There were also no differences in spontaneous locomotor activity between the HSP and control females at any of the withdrawal time points. The results of this study suggest that postpartum hormone withdrawal may contribute to depressive symptoms experienced after giving birth, and that the HSP-hormone withdrawal protocol may provide a useful animal model of PPD.","publisher":"Elsevier BV","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2004,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Physiology \u0026amp; Behavior"},"translated_abstract":"Approximately 15% of child-bearing women develop postpartum depression (PPD), and many women with PPD experience anxious symptoms. It has been proposed that PPD is precipitated by the dramatic decline in reproductive hormones that occurs just after childbirth. To examine this hypothesis, ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a hormone-simulated pregnancy (HSP) regimen; during the subsequent hormone withdrawal period, rats were tested in the forced swim test or elevated plus-maze, animal models of depression and anxiety, respectively. The HSP regimen consisted of injections with progesterone and escalating doses of estradiol benzoate for 22 days; control rats received daily vehicle injections. One, two, four or seven days after the last hormone injection, separate groups of rats were tested once on either the forced swim test or the elevated plus-maze. To examine any hormone withdrawal-induced changes in activity levels, spontaneous locomotor activity was measured at the same time points. At 2 and 4 days after the last hormone injection, HSP-treated females displayed significant increases in immobility relative to vehicle-treated females in the forced swim test. Behavior on the elevated plus-maze did not differ between the HSP and control groups at any of the withdrawal time points. There were also no differences in spontaneous locomotor activity between the HSP and control females at any of the withdrawal time points. The results of this study suggest that postpartum hormone withdrawal may contribute to depressive symptoms experienced after giving birth, and that the HSP-hormone withdrawal protocol may provide a useful animal model of PPD.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102432349/Ovarian_hormone_withdrawal_induced_depression_in_female_rats","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-05-27T02:48:13.873-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":271417603,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Ovarian_hormone_withdrawal_induced_depression_in_female_rats","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":271417603,"first_name":"R","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Craft","page_name":"RCraft2","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-05-27T02:46:29.898-07:00","display_name":"R Craft","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RCraft2"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":154,"name":"Endocrinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology"},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":64559,"name":"Progesterone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Progesterone"},{"id":65390,"name":"Internal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats"},{"id":445233,"name":"Hormone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hormone"},{"id":535184,"name":"Maternal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maternal_Behavior"},{"id":1034951,"name":"Regimen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regimen"},{"id":1169505,"name":"Maze Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maze_Learning"},{"id":1295208,"name":"Estradiol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estradiol"},{"id":1523447,"name":"Oxepins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxepins"},{"id":2053987,"name":"Ovariectomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ovariectomy"},{"id":2229160,"name":"Ovariectomized Rat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ovariectomized_Rat"},{"id":2246318,"name":"Motor activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_activity"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":31785541,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0031938404003853?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="102432348"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432348/Tetracaine_attenuates_irritancy_without_attenuating_desensitization_produced_by_intravesical_resiniferatoxin_in_the_rat"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tetracaine attenuates irritancy without attenuating desensitization produced by intravesical resiniferatoxin in the rat" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432348/Tetracaine_attenuates_irritancy_without_attenuating_desensitization_produced_by_intravesical_resiniferatoxin_in_the_rat">Tetracaine attenuates irritancy without attenuating desensitization produced by intravesical resiniferatoxin in the rat</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Pain</span><span>, 1994</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The irritancy of initial application of capsaicin and related substances limits their therapeutic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The irritancy of initial application of capsaicin and related substances limits their therapeutic potential as novel analgesics. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the irritant properties of the potent, capsaicin-like compound resiniferatoxin (RTX) would be attenuated by pretreatment with a local anesthetic and to determine whether the local anesthetic had significant effects on RTX-induced desensitization of sensory afferents. A model of visceral nociception in which irritants are instilled directly into the bladder (intravesical, i.ves.) of awake, freely moving rats was used. The nociceptive response, abdominal licking (grooming) was scored for 15 min; locomotor activity was scored concurrently. Tetracaine (0.125-1.0%) attenuated the increases in abdominal licking produced by RTX (3.0 nmol) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At high doses, tetracaine also suppressed locomotor activity. Thirty minutes and 24 h later, the same dose of RTX was administered again to assess development of desensitization of bladder sensory afferents. Rats that had been pretreated with saline showed decreases in licking behavior from the first to subsequent injections of RTX, indicating the development of desensitization. Tetracaine-pretreated rats showed equivalent or significantly greater decreases in licking behavior, suggesting that local anesthetic pretreatment either did not alter or enhanced development of desensitization to RTX. In a second experiment, tetracaine (0.25 or 0.5%) produced similar effects against a high dose of RTX (3.0 nmol), but did not consistently alter excitatory or desensitizing effects of a low dose of RTX (0.1 nmol).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432348"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432348"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432348; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432348]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432348]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432348; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432348']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432348, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432348]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432348,"title":"Tetracaine attenuates irritancy without attenuating desensitization produced by intravesical resiniferatoxin in the rat","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The irritancy of initial application of capsaicin and related substances limits their therapeutic potential as novel analgesics. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the irritant properties of the potent, capsaicin-like compound resiniferatoxin (RTX) would be attenuated by pretreatment with a local anesthetic and to determine whether the local anesthetic had significant effects on RTX-induced desensitization of sensory afferents. A model of visceral nociception in which irritants are instilled directly into the bladder (intravesical, i.ves.) of awake, freely moving rats was used. The nociceptive response, abdominal licking (grooming) was scored for 15 min; locomotor activity was scored concurrently. Tetracaine (0.125-1.0%) attenuated the increases in abdominal licking produced by RTX (3.0 nmol) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At high doses, tetracaine also suppressed locomotor activity. Thirty minutes and 24 h later, the same dose of RTX was administered again to assess development of desensitization of bladder sensory afferents. Rats that had been pretreated with saline showed decreases in licking behavior from the first to subsequent injections of RTX, indicating the development of desensitization. Tetracaine-pretreated rats showed equivalent or significantly greater decreases in licking behavior, suggesting that local anesthetic pretreatment either did not alter or enhanced development of desensitization to RTX. In a second experiment, tetracaine (0.25 or 0.5%) produced similar effects against a high dose of RTX (3.0 nmol), but did not consistently alter excitatory or desensitizing effects of a low dose of RTX (0.1 nmol).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1994,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Pain"},"translated_abstract":"The irritancy of initial application of capsaicin and related substances limits their therapeutic potential as novel analgesics. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the irritant properties of the potent, capsaicin-like compound resiniferatoxin (RTX) would be attenuated by pretreatment with a local anesthetic and to determine whether the local anesthetic had significant effects on RTX-induced desensitization of sensory afferents. A model of visceral nociception in which irritants are instilled directly into the bladder (intravesical, i.ves.) of awake, freely moving rats was used. The nociceptive response, abdominal licking (grooming) was scored for 15 min; locomotor activity was scored concurrently. Tetracaine (0.125-1.0%) attenuated the increases in abdominal licking produced by RTX (3.0 nmol) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At high doses, tetracaine also suppressed locomotor activity. Thirty minutes and 24 h later, the same dose of RTX was administered again to assess development of desensitization of bladder sensory afferents. Rats that had been pretreated with saline showed decreases in licking behavior from the first to subsequent injections of RTX, indicating the development of desensitization. Tetracaine-pretreated rats showed equivalent or significantly greater decreases in licking behavior, suggesting that local anesthetic pretreatment either did not alter or enhanced development of desensitization to RTX. In a second experiment, tetracaine (0.25 or 0.5%) produced similar effects against a high dose of RTX (3.0 nmol), but did not consistently alter excitatory or desensitizing effects of a low dose of RTX (0.1 nmol).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102432348/Tetracaine_attenuates_irritancy_without_attenuating_desensitization_produced_by_intravesical_resiniferatoxin_in_the_rat","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-05-27T02:48:13.685-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":271417603,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Tetracaine_attenuates_irritancy_without_attenuating_desensitization_produced_by_intravesical_resiniferatoxin_in_the_rat","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":271417603,"first_name":"R","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Craft","page_name":"RCraft2","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-05-27T02:46:29.898-07:00","display_name":"R Craft","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RCraft2"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology"},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"},{"id":2898,"name":"Pain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pain"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":129739,"name":"Anesthesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anesthesia"},{"id":204100,"name":"Capsaicin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capsaicin"},{"id":239480,"name":"Neurotoxins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurotoxins"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors"},{"id":416452,"name":"Diterpenes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diterpenes"},{"id":509430,"name":"Nociception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nociception"},{"id":1223913,"name":"Sodium Chloride","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Chloride"},{"id":1558760,"name":"Tetracaine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tetracaine"},{"id":1592853,"name":"Drug Tolerance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Tolerance"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":31785540,"url":"https://journals.lww.com/10.1016/0304-3959(94)90011-6"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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The present study determined whether hormonal modulation of opioid antinociception in adult rats extends to opioids other than the prototypic mu agonist morphine. Male and female rats were sham-gonadectomized (sham-GDX) or gonadectomized (GDX) and replaced with no hormone, estradiol (E2, females), progesterone (P4, females), E2+P4 (females), or testosterone (males). Approximately 28 days later, nociception was evaluated on the 50°C hot plate and warm water tail withdrawal tests before and after subcutaneous administration of hydromorphone, buprenorphine, U50,488, or SNC 80. In sham-GDX (gonadally intact) rats, the mu agonists and U50,488 were less effective in females than in males in at least one nociceptive test, and the delta agonist SNC 80 was less effective in males than in females. In males, gonadectomy tended to decrease, and testosterone tended to increase antinociception produced by 3 of the 4 agonists. 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class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102704943/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432343/Effect_of_gonadectomy_on_discriminative_stimulus_effects_of_morphine_in_female_versus_male_rats">Effect of gonadectomy on discriminative stimulus effects of morphine in female versus male rats</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Drug and Alcohol Dependence</span><span>, 1999</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c681c47ffdaa76ee023f58bc6863aa0e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":102704943,"asset_id":102432343,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" 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designed to determine whether sex differences in gonadal hormones contribute to sex differences in morphine's discriminative effects. Adult female and male rats were gonadectomized (GNDZ) or sham-gonadectomized (SHAM), and then trained to discriminate 3.0 mg/kg morphine from saline. The ED 50 for morphine discrimination was significantly lower in females than in males (0.66 90.12 vs. 1.25 90.16 mg/kg, respectively); ED 50 values in GNDZ rats were slightly higher than in SHAM rats. The time course of morphine discrimination was not significantly different in females and males, whether GNDZ or not. The v agonist fentanyl completely substituted for morphine in all rats, with no group differences in ED 50 value. The v agonists buprenorphine and nalbuphine substituted for morphine in nearly all females and in all SHAM males, but in only four of seven GNDZ males. The s agonist U69,593 did not substitute for morphine in rats of any group. Most opioid agonists were significantly more potent in decreasing response rate in males than females, and in GNDZ than SHAM rats; morphine and nalbuphine also increased response rate above control in some females. A pA 2 analysis of naltrexone in combination with morphine suggested that there were no significant differences among groups in receptors at which morphine produced its discriminative stimulus effects. Although hormone replacement in GNDZ female rats at the end of the study reinstated estrous cycling, it did not substantially alter the ED 50 for morphine discrimination. Thus, sex differences in potency of morphine as a discriminative stimulus may not be due to sex differences in gonadal hormone milieu. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/102432342/Fredrickson_Park_From_Toxic_Hazard_to_Community_Science_Education_Center"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fredrickson Park: From Toxic Hazard to Community Science Education Center" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432342/Fredrickson_Park_From_Toxic_Hazard_to_Community_Science_Education_Center">Fredrickson Park: From Toxic Hazard to Community Science Education Center</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>EPO and a …</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Fredrickson Park is an on-going venture, the result of collaborative planning and development in ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Fredrickson Park is an on-going venture, the result of collaborative planning and development in South Bend, Indiana. This city park lies within a low-income residential neighborhood not far from the University of Notre Dame and until recently was a casual ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432342"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432342"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432342; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432342]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432342]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432342; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432342']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432342, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432342]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432342,"title":"Fredrickson Park: From Toxic Hazard to Community Science Education Center","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Fredrickson Park is an on-going venture, the result of collaborative planning and development in South Bend, Indiana. 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Jensen, Yoav Peles, John Ting-Yung Wen Greg Michna, Saptars...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... circular microchannels Michael K. Jensen, Yoav Peles, John Ting-Yung Wen Greg Michna, Saptarshi Basu, Melanie Derby, Rose Craft, Sidy Ndao Department of MANE - RPI Objectives ... [6] Todd M. Bandhauer, Akhil Agarwal, Srinivas Garimella, Measurement and Modeling of ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432341"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432341"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432341; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432341]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432341]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432341; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432341']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432341, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432341]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432341,"title":"Boiling and condensation heat transfer and two-phase flow of R-134a in circular microchannels","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"... circular microchannels Michael K. 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The Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) will determine contributing factors to fatal and serious injury truck crashes, allowing FMCSA to implement effective crash countermeasures. This paper presents the background to the study, the study approaches, a description of the study and its implementation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432356"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432356"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432356; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432356]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432356]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432356; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432356']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432356, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432356]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432356,"title":"The U.S. Large Truck Crash Causation Study","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the US Department of Transportation (USDOT) are conducting a three-year nationwide study of truck crashes. 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The Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) will determine contributing factors in fatal and serious injury truck crashes. This will allow FMCSA and NHTSA to implement more effective crash countermeasures. The LTCCS is important in its own right. However, its greatest impact may be in beginning the shift of federal highway safety databases. Currently all major national crash databases focus on the collection of descriptive data. In the future they may focus more on the pre-crash reasons, related factors, and causes that lead to crashes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432355"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432355"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432355; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432355]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432355]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432355; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432355']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432355, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432355]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432355,"title":"Federal Crash Databases: Shifting the Paradigm the Large Truck Crash Causation Study","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper discusses how the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the United States Department of Transportation are conducting a three-year nationwide study of the reasons for truck crashes. 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These Limits are intended to give guidance to imdustrial hygienisis in the management of single, brief exposures to airborne contaminants in the workinq environment. Emergency Exposure Limits for n:trog.-n diox:de. 1.1-dimethylhydrazine, and l,l,l-trichloroethane are presented with supporting information.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1964,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":102704923},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102432354/Emergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Industrial_Hygiene_Association_Toxicology_Committee","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-05-27T02:48:14.682-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":271417603,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":102704923,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102704923/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0002889640934264620230527-1-2mvgjl.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/102704923/download_file?st=MTczMjgwNzYzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgwNzYzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Emergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Indust.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/102704923/0002889640934264620230527-1-2mvgjl-libre.pdf?1685182658=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEmergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Indust.pdf\u0026Expires=1732811233\u0026Signature=WCXIiaziM51IDRmcGa3RjOVE7Dk0ZK6DEfDGP-M0HPEVTCQjXLTbbnHoE0KEePH55sVZ2RTTbYXOnmGUtTPTK0jGISw6802ofQxchKA79-pWPrj3yuFew~Va5ATMe54krdQkSApVBdxYpXWMRlJS-HPZ5zseV1vDyTXFqjy6vZ0HGcLcOR-BC4xnEiR55t6b2Loo0HL9wlp5hKssxAO2IIde9TOtqZvT5aisFbH-DxFnfDKPhOZn9QMXfckfPnu1FdtiHpaQHFIG40vkYYsyy6szKikWPn~JDP9~uiLq5AOXWlGQxvImnyQZ-Mn4ClIGKuB~yhmtRGcm0wcRrz9ThQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Emergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Industrial_Hygiene_Association_Toxicology_Committee","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":271417603,"first_name":"R","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Craft","page_name":"RCraft2","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-05-27T02:46:29.898-07:00","display_name":"R Craft","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RCraft2"},"attachments":[{"id":102704923,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102704923/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0002889640934264620230527-1-2mvgjl.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/102704923/download_file?st=MTczMjgwNzYzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgwNzYzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Emergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Indust.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/102704923/0002889640934264620230527-1-2mvgjl-libre.pdf?1685182658=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEmergency_Exposure_LimitsAmerican_Indust.pdf\u0026Expires=1732811233\u0026Signature=WCXIiaziM51IDRmcGa3RjOVE7Dk0ZK6DEfDGP-M0HPEVTCQjXLTbbnHoE0KEePH55sVZ2RTTbYXOnmGUtTPTK0jGISw6802ofQxchKA79-pWPrj3yuFew~Va5ATMe54krdQkSApVBdxYpXWMRlJS-HPZ5zseV1vDyTXFqjy6vZ0HGcLcOR-BC4xnEiR55t6b2Loo0HL9wlp5hKssxAO2IIde9TOtqZvT5aisFbH-DxFnfDKPhOZn9QMXfckfPnu1FdtiHpaQHFIG40vkYYsyy6szKikWPn~JDP9~uiLq5AOXWlGQxvImnyQZ-Mn4ClIGKuB~yhmtRGcm0wcRrz9ThQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":7403,"name":"Environmental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Health"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":110240,"name":"Occupational Hygiene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Hygiene"},{"id":396914,"name":"Occupational Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Exposure"}],"urls":[{"id":31785544,"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00028896409342646"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="102432352"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432352/Behavioral_characterization_of_the_excitatory_and_desensitizing_effects_of_intravesical_capsaicin_and_resiniferatoxin_in_the_rat"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Behavioral characterization of the excitatory and desensitizing effects of intravesical capsaicin and resiniferatoxin in the rat" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432352/Behavioral_characterization_of_the_excitatory_and_desensitizing_effects_of_intravesical_capsaicin_and_resiniferatoxin_in_the_rat">Behavioral characterization of the excitatory and desensitizing effects of intravesical capsaicin and resiniferatoxin in the rat</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Pain</span><span>, 1993</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This study characterized the excitatory (nociceptive) and desensitizing (antinociceptive) propert...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This study characterized the excitatory (nociceptive) and desensitizing (antinociceptive) properties of the natural pungent substances, capsaicin (CAP) and resiniferatoxin (RTX) instilled in the bladder (intravesical, i.ves.) via an indwelling cannula in awake, freely moving rats. The incidence of 9 behaviors was scored for 10 min following i.ves. vehicle or RTX (1.0 nmol). Abdominal licking and head-turning occurred significantly more often in RTX-treated rats compared to vehicle controls, whereas head-grooming, locomotion, rearing and biting did not differ between the two groups. Little or no vocalization, defecation or hindlimb hyperextension was observed in either RTX- or vehicle-treated rats. A second injection of either vehicle or RTX administered to RTX-treated rats 60 min later did not significantly increase abdominal licking or head-turning compared to vehicle controls; this subsequent lack of excitation was taken as a measure of desensitization. In a separate experiment, the first injection of i.ves. RTX (0.1-3.0 nmol) increased licking in a dose-dependent manner; in contrast, the first injection of i.ves. CAP (0.1-3.0 mumol) significantly increased licking only at the intermediate dose tested, 1.0 mumol. With each subsequent injection of the same drug and dose at 30-min intervals, licking increased to a lesser extent, such that it was not significantly different from control after the fourth injection. Rats treated with i.ves. CAP or RTX also did not show increased licking when administered the opposite treatment 30 min later (RTX or CAP, respectively), indicating cross-desensitization; however, i.ves. administration of a third, higher dose of RTX reinstated licking behavior in these &amp;#39;desensitized&amp;#39; rats. Subcutaneous administration of CAP (18-180 mg/kg) or RTX (18-180 micrograms/kg) dose-dependently attenuated the excitatory response to i.ves. CAP and RTX administered 2 days later. Whereas rats treated systemically with RTX also were desensitized to the excitatory effects of RTX instilled in the eye (evaluated in the eye-wipe assay), rats treated i.ves. with RTX and vehicle-treated rats showed a normal eye-wiping response. Finally, pretreatment with i.ves. ruthenium red, a cation channel blocker, antagonized the excitatory and desensitizing effects of i.ves. RTX. This study demonstrates that repeated application of both CAP and RTX into the bladder produces behavioral effects indicative of local sensory afferent desensitization. I.ves. CAP and RTX appear to produce their excitatory and desensitizing effects via a common mechanism, which is dependent on cation channel activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432352"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432352"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432352; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432352]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432352]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432352; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432352']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432352, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432352]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432352,"title":"Behavioral characterization of the excitatory and desensitizing effects of intravesical capsaicin and resiniferatoxin in the rat","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This study characterized the excitatory (nociceptive) and desensitizing (antinociceptive) properties of the natural pungent substances, capsaicin (CAP) and resiniferatoxin (RTX) instilled in the bladder (intravesical, i.ves.) via an indwelling cannula in awake, freely moving rats. The incidence of 9 behaviors was scored for 10 min following i.ves. vehicle or RTX (1.0 nmol). Abdominal licking and head-turning occurred significantly more often in RTX-treated rats compared to vehicle controls, whereas head-grooming, locomotion, rearing and biting did not differ between the two groups. Little or no vocalization, defecation or hindlimb hyperextension was observed in either RTX- or vehicle-treated rats. A second injection of either vehicle or RTX administered to RTX-treated rats 60 min later did not significantly increase abdominal licking or head-turning compared to vehicle controls; this subsequent lack of excitation was taken as a measure of desensitization. In a separate experiment, the first injection of i.ves. RTX (0.1-3.0 nmol) increased licking in a dose-dependent manner; in contrast, the first injection of i.ves. CAP (0.1-3.0 mumol) significantly increased licking only at the intermediate dose tested, 1.0 mumol. With each subsequent injection of the same drug and dose at 30-min intervals, licking increased to a lesser extent, such that it was not significantly different from control after the fourth injection. Rats treated with i.ves. CAP or RTX also did not show increased licking when administered the opposite treatment 30 min later (RTX or CAP, respectively), indicating cross-desensitization; however, i.ves. administration of a third, higher dose of RTX reinstated licking behavior in these \u0026amp;#39;desensitized\u0026amp;#39; rats. Subcutaneous administration of CAP (18-180 mg/kg) or RTX (18-180 micrograms/kg) dose-dependently attenuated the excitatory response to i.ves. CAP and RTX administered 2 days later. Whereas rats treated systemically with RTX also were desensitized to the excitatory effects of RTX instilled in the eye (evaluated in the eye-wipe assay), rats treated i.ves. with RTX and vehicle-treated rats showed a normal eye-wiping response. Finally, pretreatment with i.ves. ruthenium red, a cation channel blocker, antagonized the excitatory and desensitizing effects of i.ves. RTX. This study demonstrates that repeated application of both CAP and RTX into the bladder produces behavioral effects indicative of local sensory afferent desensitization. I.ves. CAP and RTX appear to produce their excitatory and desensitizing effects via a common mechanism, which is dependent on cation channel activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)","publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1993,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Pain"},"translated_abstract":"This study characterized the excitatory (nociceptive) and desensitizing (antinociceptive) properties of the natural pungent substances, capsaicin (CAP) and resiniferatoxin (RTX) instilled in the bladder (intravesical, i.ves.) via an indwelling cannula in awake, freely moving rats. The incidence of 9 behaviors was scored for 10 min following i.ves. vehicle or RTX (1.0 nmol). Abdominal licking and head-turning occurred significantly more often in RTX-treated rats compared to vehicle controls, whereas head-grooming, locomotion, rearing and biting did not differ between the two groups. Little or no vocalization, defecation or hindlimb hyperextension was observed in either RTX- or vehicle-treated rats. A second injection of either vehicle or RTX administered to RTX-treated rats 60 min later did not significantly increase abdominal licking or head-turning compared to vehicle controls; this subsequent lack of excitation was taken as a measure of desensitization. In a separate experiment, the first injection of i.ves. RTX (0.1-3.0 nmol) increased licking in a dose-dependent manner; in contrast, the first injection of i.ves. CAP (0.1-3.0 mumol) significantly increased licking only at the intermediate dose tested, 1.0 mumol. With each subsequent injection of the same drug and dose at 30-min intervals, licking increased to a lesser extent, such that it was not significantly different from control after the fourth injection. Rats treated with i.ves. CAP or RTX also did not show increased licking when administered the opposite treatment 30 min later (RTX or CAP, respectively), indicating cross-desensitization; however, i.ves. administration of a third, higher dose of RTX reinstated licking behavior in these \u0026amp;#39;desensitized\u0026amp;#39; rats. Subcutaneous administration of CAP (18-180 mg/kg) or RTX (18-180 micrograms/kg) dose-dependently attenuated the excitatory response to i.ves. CAP and RTX administered 2 days later. Whereas rats treated systemically with RTX also were desensitized to the excitatory effects of RTX instilled in the eye (evaluated in the eye-wipe assay), rats treated i.ves. with RTX and vehicle-treated rats showed a normal eye-wiping response. Finally, pretreatment with i.ves. ruthenium red, a cation channel blocker, antagonized the excitatory and desensitizing effects of i.ves. RTX. This study demonstrates that repeated application of both CAP and RTX into the bladder produces behavioral effects indicative of local sensory afferent desensitization. I.ves. 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Rep.</span><span>, 1981</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">CASE STUDIES IN STATE SOLAR LEGISLATION* Ralph Craft/* Steve Anthony/** JohnBailey,f and Joyce P....</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">CASE STUDIES IN STATE SOLAR LEGISLATION* Ralph Craft/* Steve Anthony/** JohnBailey,f and Joyce P. Marchand|f Solar legislation often takes a tortuous path through state legislatures, the more so because solar ... f BA, Colby College, 1969; MS, University of Maine, 1978. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432351"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432351"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432351; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432351]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432351]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432351; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432351']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432351, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432351]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432351,"title":"Case Studies in State Solar Legislation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"CASE STUDIES IN STATE SOLAR LEGISLATION* Ralph Craft/* Steve Anthony/** JohnBailey,f and Joyce P. 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It b...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">THIS CHAPTER DESCRIBES general trends in the growth and diffusion of telemedicine worldwide. It begins with a description of the diffusion in the United States, and is followed by examples from a range of other countries. A theoretical model is then presented that contains factors that affect the adoption of new technologies, particularly in a free market economy and with a high degree of professional autonomy. Attention is then focused on the analysis of important factors slowing the spread of telemedicine on several different levels.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432350"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432350"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432350; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432350]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432350]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432350; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432350']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432350, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432350]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432350,"title":"Chapter 7: The Diffusion of Telemedicine","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"THIS CHAPTER DESCRIBES general trends in the growth and diffusion of telemedicine worldwide. 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It has been proposed that PPD is precipitated by the dramatic decline in reproductive hormones that occurs just after childbirth. To examine this hypothesis, ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a hormone-simulated pregnancy (HSP) regimen; during the subsequent hormone withdrawal period, rats were tested in the forced swim test or elevated plus-maze, animal models of depression and anxiety, respectively. The HSP regimen consisted of injections with progesterone and escalating doses of estradiol benzoate for 22 days; control rats received daily vehicle injections. One, two, four or seven days after the last hormone injection, separate groups of rats were tested once on either the forced swim test or the elevated plus-maze. To examine any hormone withdrawal-induced changes in activity levels, spontaneous locomotor activity was measured at the same time points. At 2 and 4 days after the last hormone injection, HSP-treated females displayed significant increases in immobility relative to vehicle-treated females in the forced swim test. Behavior on the elevated plus-maze did not differ between the HSP and control groups at any of the withdrawal time points. There were also no differences in spontaneous locomotor activity between the HSP and control females at any of the withdrawal time points. The results of this study suggest that postpartum hormone withdrawal may contribute to depressive symptoms experienced after giving birth, and that the HSP-hormone withdrawal protocol may provide a useful animal model of PPD.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432349"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432349"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432349; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432349]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432349]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432349; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432349']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432349, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432349]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432349,"title":"Ovarian hormone withdrawal-induced “depression” in female rats","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Approximately 15% of child-bearing women develop postpartum depression (PPD), and many women with PPD experience anxious symptoms. It has been proposed that PPD is precipitated by the dramatic decline in reproductive hormones that occurs just after childbirth. To examine this hypothesis, ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a hormone-simulated pregnancy (HSP) regimen; during the subsequent hormone withdrawal period, rats were tested in the forced swim test or elevated plus-maze, animal models of depression and anxiety, respectively. The HSP regimen consisted of injections with progesterone and escalating doses of estradiol benzoate for 22 days; control rats received daily vehicle injections. One, two, four or seven days after the last hormone injection, separate groups of rats were tested once on either the forced swim test or the elevated plus-maze. To examine any hormone withdrawal-induced changes in activity levels, spontaneous locomotor activity was measured at the same time points. At 2 and 4 days after the last hormone injection, HSP-treated females displayed significant increases in immobility relative to vehicle-treated females in the forced swim test. Behavior on the elevated plus-maze did not differ between the HSP and control groups at any of the withdrawal time points. There were also no differences in spontaneous locomotor activity between the HSP and control females at any of the withdrawal time points. The results of this study suggest that postpartum hormone withdrawal may contribute to depressive symptoms experienced after giving birth, and that the HSP-hormone withdrawal protocol may provide a useful animal model of PPD.","publisher":"Elsevier BV","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2004,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Physiology \u0026amp; Behavior"},"translated_abstract":"Approximately 15% of child-bearing women develop postpartum depression (PPD), and many women with PPD experience anxious symptoms. It has been proposed that PPD is precipitated by the dramatic decline in reproductive hormones that occurs just after childbirth. To examine this hypothesis, ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a hormone-simulated pregnancy (HSP) regimen; during the subsequent hormone withdrawal period, rats were tested in the forced swim test or elevated plus-maze, animal models of depression and anxiety, respectively. The HSP regimen consisted of injections with progesterone and escalating doses of estradiol benzoate for 22 days; control rats received daily vehicle injections. One, two, four or seven days after the last hormone injection, separate groups of rats were tested once on either the forced swim test or the elevated plus-maze. To examine any hormone withdrawal-induced changes in activity levels, spontaneous locomotor activity was measured at the same time points. At 2 and 4 days after the last hormone injection, HSP-treated females displayed significant increases in immobility relative to vehicle-treated females in the forced swim test. Behavior on the elevated plus-maze did not differ between the HSP and control groups at any of the withdrawal time points. There were also no differences in spontaneous locomotor activity between the HSP and control females at any of the withdrawal time points. The results of this study suggest that postpartum hormone withdrawal may contribute to depressive symptoms experienced after giving birth, and that the HSP-hormone withdrawal protocol may provide a useful animal model of PPD.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102432349/Ovarian_hormone_withdrawal_induced_depression_in_female_rats","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-05-27T02:48:13.873-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":271417603,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Ovarian_hormone_withdrawal_induced_depression_in_female_rats","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":271417603,"first_name":"R","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Craft","page_name":"RCraft2","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-05-27T02:46:29.898-07:00","display_name":"R Craft","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RCraft2"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":154,"name":"Endocrinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology"},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":64559,"name":"Progesterone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Progesterone"},{"id":65390,"name":"Internal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats"},{"id":445233,"name":"Hormone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hormone"},{"id":535184,"name":"Maternal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maternal_Behavior"},{"id":1034951,"name":"Regimen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regimen"},{"id":1169505,"name":"Maze Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maze_Learning"},{"id":1295208,"name":"Estradiol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estradiol"},{"id":1523447,"name":"Oxepins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxepins"},{"id":2053987,"name":"Ovariectomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ovariectomy"},{"id":2229160,"name":"Ovariectomized Rat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ovariectomized_Rat"},{"id":2246318,"name":"Motor activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_activity"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":31785541,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0031938404003853?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="102432348"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432348/Tetracaine_attenuates_irritancy_without_attenuating_desensitization_produced_by_intravesical_resiniferatoxin_in_the_rat"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tetracaine attenuates irritancy without attenuating desensitization produced by intravesical resiniferatoxin in the rat" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432348/Tetracaine_attenuates_irritancy_without_attenuating_desensitization_produced_by_intravesical_resiniferatoxin_in_the_rat">Tetracaine attenuates irritancy without attenuating desensitization produced by intravesical resiniferatoxin in the rat</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Pain</span><span>, 1994</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The irritancy of initial application of capsaicin and related substances limits their therapeutic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The irritancy of initial application of capsaicin and related substances limits their therapeutic potential as novel analgesics. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the irritant properties of the potent, capsaicin-like compound resiniferatoxin (RTX) would be attenuated by pretreatment with a local anesthetic and to determine whether the local anesthetic had significant effects on RTX-induced desensitization of sensory afferents. A model of visceral nociception in which irritants are instilled directly into the bladder (intravesical, i.ves.) of awake, freely moving rats was used. The nociceptive response, abdominal licking (grooming) was scored for 15 min; locomotor activity was scored concurrently. Tetracaine (0.125-1.0%) attenuated the increases in abdominal licking produced by RTX (3.0 nmol) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At high doses, tetracaine also suppressed locomotor activity. Thirty minutes and 24 h later, the same dose of RTX was administered again to assess development of desensitization of bladder sensory afferents. Rats that had been pretreated with saline showed decreases in licking behavior from the first to subsequent injections of RTX, indicating the development of desensitization. Tetracaine-pretreated rats showed equivalent or significantly greater decreases in licking behavior, suggesting that local anesthetic pretreatment either did not alter or enhanced development of desensitization to RTX. In a second experiment, tetracaine (0.25 or 0.5%) produced similar effects against a high dose of RTX (3.0 nmol), but did not consistently alter excitatory or desensitizing effects of a low dose of RTX (0.1 nmol).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432348"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432348"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432348; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432348]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432348]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432348; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432348']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432348, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432348]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432348,"title":"Tetracaine attenuates irritancy without attenuating desensitization produced by intravesical resiniferatoxin in the rat","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The irritancy of initial application of capsaicin and related substances limits their therapeutic potential as novel analgesics. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the irritant properties of the potent, capsaicin-like compound resiniferatoxin (RTX) would be attenuated by pretreatment with a local anesthetic and to determine whether the local anesthetic had significant effects on RTX-induced desensitization of sensory afferents. A model of visceral nociception in which irritants are instilled directly into the bladder (intravesical, i.ves.) of awake, freely moving rats was used. The nociceptive response, abdominal licking (grooming) was scored for 15 min; locomotor activity was scored concurrently. Tetracaine (0.125-1.0%) attenuated the increases in abdominal licking produced by RTX (3.0 nmol) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At high doses, tetracaine also suppressed locomotor activity. Thirty minutes and 24 h later, the same dose of RTX was administered again to assess development of desensitization of bladder sensory afferents. Rats that had been pretreated with saline showed decreases in licking behavior from the first to subsequent injections of RTX, indicating the development of desensitization. Tetracaine-pretreated rats showed equivalent or significantly greater decreases in licking behavior, suggesting that local anesthetic pretreatment either did not alter or enhanced development of desensitization to RTX. In a second experiment, tetracaine (0.25 or 0.5%) produced similar effects against a high dose of RTX (3.0 nmol), but did not consistently alter excitatory or desensitizing effects of a low dose of RTX (0.1 nmol).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1994,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Pain"},"translated_abstract":"The irritancy of initial application of capsaicin and related substances limits their therapeutic potential as novel analgesics. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the irritant properties of the potent, capsaicin-like compound resiniferatoxin (RTX) would be attenuated by pretreatment with a local anesthetic and to determine whether the local anesthetic had significant effects on RTX-induced desensitization of sensory afferents. A model of visceral nociception in which irritants are instilled directly into the bladder (intravesical, i.ves.) of awake, freely moving rats was used. The nociceptive response, abdominal licking (grooming) was scored for 15 min; locomotor activity was scored concurrently. Tetracaine (0.125-1.0%) attenuated the increases in abdominal licking produced by RTX (3.0 nmol) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At high doses, tetracaine also suppressed locomotor activity. Thirty minutes and 24 h later, the same dose of RTX was administered again to assess development of desensitization of bladder sensory afferents. Rats that had been pretreated with saline showed decreases in licking behavior from the first to subsequent injections of RTX, indicating the development of desensitization. Tetracaine-pretreated rats showed equivalent or significantly greater decreases in licking behavior, suggesting that local anesthetic pretreatment either did not alter or enhanced development of desensitization to RTX. In a second experiment, tetracaine (0.25 or 0.5%) produced similar effects against a high dose of RTX (3.0 nmol), but did not consistently alter excitatory or desensitizing effects of a low dose of RTX (0.1 nmol).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102432348/Tetracaine_attenuates_irritancy_without_attenuating_desensitization_produced_by_intravesical_resiniferatoxin_in_the_rat","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-05-27T02:48:13.685-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":271417603,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Tetracaine_attenuates_irritancy_without_attenuating_desensitization_produced_by_intravesical_resiniferatoxin_in_the_rat","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":271417603,"first_name":"R","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Craft","page_name":"RCraft2","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-05-27T02:46:29.898-07:00","display_name":"R Craft","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RCraft2"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology"},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"},{"id":2898,"name":"Pain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pain"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":129739,"name":"Anesthesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anesthesia"},{"id":204100,"name":"Capsaicin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capsaicin"},{"id":239480,"name":"Neurotoxins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurotoxins"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors"},{"id":416452,"name":"Diterpenes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diterpenes"},{"id":509430,"name":"Nociception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nociception"},{"id":1223913,"name":"Sodium Chloride","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Chloride"},{"id":1558760,"name":"Tetracaine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tetracaine"},{"id":1592853,"name":"Drug Tolerance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Tolerance"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":31785540,"url":"https://journals.lww.com/10.1016/0304-3959(94)90011-6"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="102432347"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432347/Bungled_Biography"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Bungled Biography" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432347/Bungled_Biography">Bungled Biography</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Musical Quarterly</span><span>, 2001</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432347"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432347"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432347; 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The present study determined whether hormonal modulation of opioid antinociception in adult rats extends to opioids other than the prototypic mu agonist morphine. Male and female rats were sham-gonadectomized (sham-GDX) or gonadectomized (GDX) and replaced with no hormone, estradiol (E2, females), progesterone (P4, females), E2+P4 (females), or testosterone (males). Approximately 28 days later, nociception was evaluated on the 50°C hot plate and warm water tail withdrawal tests before and after subcutaneous administration of hydromorphone, buprenorphine, U50,488, or SNC 80. In sham-GDX (gonadally intact) rats, the mu agonists and U50,488 were less effective in females than in males in at least one nociceptive test, and the delta agonist SNC 80 was less effective in males than in females. In males, gonadectomy tended to decrease, and testosterone tended to increase antinociception produced by 3 of the 4 agonists. 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class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102704943/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432343/Effect_of_gonadectomy_on_discriminative_stimulus_effects_of_morphine_in_female_versus_male_rats">Effect of gonadectomy on discriminative stimulus effects of morphine in female versus male rats</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Drug and Alcohol Dependence</span><span>, 1999</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c681c47ffdaa76ee023f58bc6863aa0e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":102704943,"asset_id":102432343,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" 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designed to determine whether sex differences in gonadal hormones contribute to sex differences in morphine's discriminative effects. Adult female and male rats were gonadectomized (GNDZ) or sham-gonadectomized (SHAM), and then trained to discriminate 3.0 mg/kg morphine from saline. The ED 50 for morphine discrimination was significantly lower in females than in males (0.66 90.12 vs. 1.25 90.16 mg/kg, respectively); ED 50 values in GNDZ rats were slightly higher than in SHAM rats. The time course of morphine discrimination was not significantly different in females and males, whether GNDZ or not. The v agonist fentanyl completely substituted for morphine in all rats, with no group differences in ED 50 value. The v agonists buprenorphine and nalbuphine substituted for morphine in nearly all females and in all SHAM males, but in only four of seven GNDZ males. The s agonist U69,593 did not substitute for morphine in rats of any group. Most opioid agonists were significantly more potent in decreasing response rate in males than females, and in GNDZ than SHAM rats; morphine and nalbuphine also increased response rate above control in some females. A pA 2 analysis of naltrexone in combination with morphine suggested that there were no significant differences among groups in receptors at which morphine produced its discriminative stimulus effects. Although hormone replacement in GNDZ female rats at the end of the study reinstated estrous cycling, it did not substantially alter the ED 50 for morphine discrimination. Thus, sex differences in potency of morphine as a discriminative stimulus may not be due to sex differences in gonadal hormone milieu. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/102432342/Fredrickson_Park_From_Toxic_Hazard_to_Community_Science_Education_Center"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fredrickson Park: From Toxic Hazard to Community Science Education Center" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102432342/Fredrickson_Park_From_Toxic_Hazard_to_Community_Science_Education_Center">Fredrickson Park: From Toxic Hazard to Community Science Education Center</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>EPO and a …</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Fredrickson Park is an on-going venture, the result of collaborative planning and development in ...</span><a 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This city park lies within a low-income residential neighborhood not far from the University of Notre Dame and until recently was a casual ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102432342"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102432342"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432342; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432342]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102432342]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102432342; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102432342']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102432342, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102432342]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102432342,"title":"Fredrickson Park: From Toxic Hazard to Community Science Education Center","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Fredrickson Park is an on-going venture, the result of collaborative planning and development in South Bend, Indiana. 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