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margin: .1em .5em;"><b>[<span class="plainlinks plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Carbon&action=edit&section=0"><font size="2">edit intro</font></a></span>]</b></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="align:right; z-index:3;"> <table border="0" width="178" align="right" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="wrap=no"> <tbody><tr> <td width="100%"> <table border="1" width="160" align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="background:#f2f2f2; wrap=no; border:1px solid #888;"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" width="100%" bgcolor="#f2f2f2" style="border-top:2px solid #bbb"><b>Carbon</b> <table border="0" width="154" align="center" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="1px"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">12.0107(8)</a></font> </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top" align="right" width="38"><font size="2px"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">4<br />-4<br /><br /><br /></a></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="38">  </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center" width="78"><font size="6px"><b><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_of_elements" title="Periodic table of elements">C</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><font size="4px"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number"><b>6</b></a></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="2"><font size="1px"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup></a></font> </td> <td align="right" colspan="1"><font size="2px" style="nowrap"><span title="Group" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">14,</span><span title="Period" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">2,</span><span title="Block" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">p</span></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" width="152" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-top:2px solid #bbb" align="left" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><font size="1"><span title="This is a navigable Periodic Table of the Elements. You can hover over each unit and click on it to see its current article!" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">[ ? ]</span></font> </td> <td style="border-top:2px solid #bbb" align="right" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><font size="1"><b>[[<a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Carbon/Periodic_table_of_elements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon/Periodic table of elements (page does not exist)">Carbon/Periodic table of elements</a>]]:</b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" width="100%" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"> <table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><div style="-moz-opacity:.2; opacity:.2; width:6px; height:9px; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background-color:#ff1e00"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div> </a> </td> <td colspan="16"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_of_elements" title="Periodic table of elements"><div style="width:128px; 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opacity:.2; width:6px; height:9px; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background-color:#bb75ff"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><div style="-moz-opacity:.2; opacity:.2; width:6px; height:9px; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background-color:#bb75ff"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><div style="-moz-opacity:.2; opacity:.2; width:6px; height:9px; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background-color:#bb75ff"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><div style="-moz-opacity:.2; opacity:.2; width:6px; height:9px; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background-color:#bb75ff"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><div style="-moz-opacity:.2; opacity:.2; width:6px; height:9px; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background-color:#bb75ff"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_of_elements" title="Periodic table of elements"><div style="width:8px; height:11px; background-color:#f2f2f2"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-top:2px solid #bbb" width="100%" align="right" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><font size="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Carbon/Compounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon/Compounds (page does not exist)">Compounds</a>:</b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffff"><font size="1"> organic compounds</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-top:2px solid #bbb" width="100%" align="right" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><font size="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Carbon/Uses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon/Uses (page does not exist)">Uses</a>:</b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffff"><font size="1"> diamonds</font> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><b>Carbon</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" title="Chemical elements">chemical element</a>, typically found as a <a href="/wiki/Solid_(state_of_matter)" title="Solid (state of matter)">solid</a> in its elemental form. It has the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbol</a> C, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> (number of <a href="/wiki/Protons" class="mw-redirect" title="Protons">protons</a>) <i>Z</i> = 6, and a <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass#Standard_atomic_weights_of_the_elements" title="Atomic mass">standard atomic weight</a> of 12.0107 g/mol. </p><p>Carbon has a <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Melting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melting (page does not exist)">melting</a> point of 3550 °C (diamond) and a <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation point">sublimation point</a> of 3800 °C. Carbon's density is 2.26 g/cc (graphite) or 3.51 g/cc (diamond). </p><p>The electron configuration of carbon is [He]2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup>. </p><p>One twelfth of the mass<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> of the most abundant <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, <sup>12</sup>C, is by definition the <a href="/wiki/Unified_atomic_mass_unit" title="Unified atomic mass unit">unified atomic mass unit</a>: <i>A</i>(<sup>12</sup>C) ≡ 12 u. </p><p>Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> and it is literally the building block of life<sup id="cite_ref-NASACarbCycle_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASACarbCycle-3">[3]</a></sup> as it is a constituent of all organic matter. <a href="/wiki/Diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond">Diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Fullerene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fullerene (page does not exist)">fullerenes</a> are non-<a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> compounds consisting of carbon only; these are known as <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" title="Allotrope">allotropes</a> of carbon. Most organic carbon compounds contain <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>; those that contain <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> as well include the extensive class of <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Carbohydrates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbohydrates (page does not exist)">carbohydrates</a>. </p> <div style="float:left; clear:left; margin:0 0.3em 0.5em 0; padding:0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0;"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Isotopes"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Isotopes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Forms"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Forms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Carbon_cycle"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Carbon cycle</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p>Carbon is abundant in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Carbon is also found in the form of microscopic diamonds in some meteorites.<sup id="cite_ref-LosAlamos_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LosAlamos-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>Plastics, drugs, animal and plant tissue, foods, textile, wood, paper, and many other common substances contain carbon. Fossil fuels (<a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, petroleum, natural gas, etc.) are compounds of carbon. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> CO<sub>2</sub> is an oxide of carbon, as is the poisonous gas <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (CO). </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Isotopes">Isotopes</span></h2> <p>Carbon has many <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> (from <i>A</i> = 8 to 22). Two are stable, and another is very long-lived: </p> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>C comprises about 98.89% of all carbon on Earth.</li> <li><sup>13</sup>C is another natural, stable isotope of carbon comprising about 1.1% of all natural carbon on Earth.</li> <li><sup>14</sup>C, an unstable isotope with a half-life of 5,715 years, is used in <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Carbon_dating&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon dating (page does not exist)">carbon dating</a> to date such materials as wood, archaeological specimens, etc.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Forms">Forms</span></h2> <p>Carbon occurs naturally in three <a href="/wiki/Allotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotropic">allotropic</a> forms: graphite, diamond, and fullerenes. </p><p>Graphite occurs in two forms: alpha<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> and beta.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> They have identical physical properties and differ only in their crystalline structure. Naturally occurring graphites are reported to contain as much as 30% of the beta form, whereas synthetic materials contain only the alpha form. The alpha type can be converted to the beta by mechanical manipulation, and the beta form will revert to the alpha when it is heated above 1000 °C. </p><p>An allotropic form of carbon was produced in 1969. Ceraphite, white carbon, was produced when pyrolytic graphite was sublimated at low pressures. Under free-vaporization conditions above approximately 2550 K, "white" carbon will form as small transparent crystals. Little information is presently available about this allotrope.<sup id="cite_ref-LosAlamos_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LosAlamos-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Fullerene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fullerene (page does not exist)">Fullerene</a> (after <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller (page does not exist)">Richard Buckminster Fuller</a>, also known as "bucky ball", a "soccer ball" of sixty carbon atoms) was discovered in 1985, and <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Graphene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graphene (page does not exist)">graphene</a>, consisting of two-dimensional sheets of carbon, was first prepared in 2004. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Carbon_cycle">Carbon cycle</span></h2> <p>Carbon is the essential element of all organic substances ranging from fossil fuels to cell components and DNA. Here on Earth, carbon circulates in various chemical components in a vast biogeochemical cycle through the lithosphere (land and Earth’s interior), hydrosphere (ocean and other bodies of water), and atmosphere. </p><p>There are two categories to this global carbon cycle: the geological cycle operating over millions of years, and the biological/physical cycle, which is much shorter and spans a few days to thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-NASACarbCycle_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASACarbCycle-3">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>The oceans of the Earth are dominant environments in the carbon cycle. The oceans collectively hold about 50 times as much carbon as the atmosphere. The carbon in the oceans is exchanged with the atmosphere over a period of hundreds of years. Nearly ½ of all oxygen we breathe is generated by photosynthesis of marine plants. Approximately 48% of all carbon produced by burning fossil fuel is sequestered (absorbed) into the oceans. This sequestered carbon accumulates<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> in the deep ocean and ocean sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Formerly called atomic weight</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the following order: hydrogen (H), helium (He), and oxygen (O) and carbon (C)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASACarbCycle-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NASACarbCycle_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NASACarbCycle_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/CarbonCycle/">The carbon cycle</a> NASA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LosAlamos-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LosAlamos_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LosAlamos_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/6.html">[1]</a> Los Alamos National Labs, Chemistry Division</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Alpha form occurs in a hexoganal crystal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The beta form occurs in rhombohedral crystal </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Accumulation of carbon is referred to as a carbon sink or carbon reservoir</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.hq.nasa.gov/oceans/system/carbon.html">The Ocean and the Carbon Cycle</a> NASA Oceanography</span> </li> </ol></div></div></span>  </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Carbon&oldid=966045">https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Carbon&oldid=966045</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live" title="Category:CZ Live">CZ Live</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_Workgroup" title="Category:Chemistry Workgroup">Chemistry Workgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_written_in_British_English" title="Category:Articles written in British English">Articles written in British English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Content" title="Category:All Content">All Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_Content" title="Category:Chemistry Content">Chemistry Content</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_tag" title="Category:Chemistry tag">Chemistry tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suggestion_Bot_Tag" title="Category:Suggestion Bot Tag">Suggestion Bot Tag</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Carbon" title="To edit pages, [[Special:RequestAccount|get a contributor account]]. 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