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margin: .1em .5em;"><b>[<span class="plainlinks plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Periodic_table_of_elements&action=edit&section=0"><font size="2">edit intro</font></a></span>]</b></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>periodic table of elements</b> is a tabular method of displaying the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" title="Chemical elements">chemical elements</a>. A chemical element is a fundamental classification of atomic matter where differentiation of particles is based on the number of <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> found in their <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Nucleus_(chemistry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleus (chemistry) (page does not exist)">nuclei</a>, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a>. So far, 118 elements are known to exist either by producing them artificially or finding them naturally in the environment. </p><p>The component parts of the table are known as Rows and Groups (the later referring to columns). In the table, elements are sorted in ascending order of atomic number. The physical state of matter that they exist in at a temperature of 273.15 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(unit)" title="Kelvin (unit)">K</a> (0 °C) and at a pressure of 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a> (≈ 1 atm) is usually also provided. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Typical_version"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Typical version</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Elements_by_periodic_table_group_(vertical_column)"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Elements by periodic table group (vertical column)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Elements_by_periodic_table_row"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Elements by periodic table row</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Elements_classified_alphabetically"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Elements classified alphabetically</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Typical_version">Typical version</span></h2> <p>The table shown below is only one of many versions. A number of others—often structured in a different manner—are available <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_of_elements/External_Links#Periodic_Tables_online" title="Periodic table of elements/External Links">on the Gallery subpage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_of_elements/External_Links#Periodic_Tables_online" title="Periodic table of elements/External Links">elsewhere online</a>. In the upper left hand corner of an entry, the atomic mass (formerly known as atomic weight) is given. It is an average over isotopic masses weighted by natural abundance. In the lower left hand corner, the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> <i>Z</i> is given. In the lower right hand corner, the <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> of the element is listed. </p> <table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#f2f2f2;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen/Atomic_mass" title="Hydrogen/Atomic mass">1.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">1</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.1</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="15"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><div style="background-color:#{{{backgroundColor}}}"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#1cc1c1;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Helium/Atomic_mass" title="Helium/Atomic mass">4.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">2</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">n/a</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#db0bff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Lithium/Atomic_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium/Atomic mass">6.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">3</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#dbb0ff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Beryllium/Atomic_mass" title="Beryllium/Atomic mass">9.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">4</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.6</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="10"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><div style="background-color:#{{{backgroundColor}}}"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#bdfc37;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Boron/Atomic_mass" title="Boron/Atomic mass">10.8</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">5</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#f2f2f2;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Carbon/Atomic_mass" title="Carbon/Atomic mass">12.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">6</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.6</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#fafa15;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen/Atomic_mass" title="Nitrogen/Atomic mass">14.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">7</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">3.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#fafa15;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Oxygen/Atomic_mass" title="Oxygen/Atomic mass">16.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">8</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">3.4</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#e7f38c;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Fluorine/Atomic_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorine/Atomic mass">19.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">9</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">4.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#1cc1c1;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Neon/Atomic_mass" title="Neon/Atomic mass">20.2</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">10</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">n/a</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#db0bff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Sodium/Atomic_mass" title="Sodium/Atomic mass">23.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">11</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">0.9</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#dbb0ff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Magnesium/Atomic_mass" title="Magnesium/Atomic mass">24.3</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">12</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="10"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><div style="background-color:#{{{backgroundColor}}}"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#5fff5a;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aluminium/Atomic_mass" title="Aluminium/Atomic mass">27.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">13</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.6</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#bdfc37;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Silicon/Atomic_mass" title="Silicon/Atomic mass">28.1</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">14</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.9</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#fafa15;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus/Atomic_mass" title="Phosphorus/Atomic mass">31.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">15</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#fafa15;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Sulphur/Atomic_mass" title="Sulphur/Atomic mass">32.1</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Sulphur" title="Sulphur">S</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">16</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.6</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#e7f38c;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Chlorine/Atomic_mass" title="Chlorine/Atomic mass">35.5</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">17</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">3.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#1cc1c1;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Argon/Atomic_mass" title="Argon/Atomic mass">39.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">18</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">n/a</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#db0bff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Potassium/Atomic_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium/Atomic mass">39.1</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">19</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">0.8</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#dbb0ff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Calcium/Atomic_mass" title="Calcium/Atomic mass">40.1</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">20</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Scandium/Atomic_mass" title="Scandium/Atomic mass">45.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">21</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.4</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Titanium/Atomic_mass" title="Titanium/Atomic mass">47.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">22</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.5</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Vanadium/Atomic_mass" title="Vanadium/Atomic mass">50.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">23</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.6</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Chromium/Atomic_mass" title="Chromium/Atomic mass">52.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">24</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.6</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Manganese/Atomic_mass" title="Manganese/Atomic mass">54.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">25</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.6</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#f2f2f2;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Iron/Atomic_mass" title="Iron/Atomic mass">55.8</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">26</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.8</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Cobalt/Atomic_mass" title="Cobalt/Atomic mass">58.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">27</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.9</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Nickel/Atomic_mass" title="Nickel/Atomic mass">58.7</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">28</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.9</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Copper/Atomic_mass" title="Copper/Atomic mass">63.5</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">29</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.9</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Zinc/Atomic_mass" title="Zinc/Atomic mass">65.4</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">30</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.7</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#5fff5a;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Gallium/Atomic_mass" title="Gallium/Atomic mass">69.7</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">31</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.8</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#bdfc37;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Germanium/Atomic_mass" title="Germanium/Atomic mass">72.6</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">32</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#bdfc37;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Arsenic/Atomic_mass" title="Arsenic/Atomic mass">74.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">33</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#fafa15;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Selenium/Atomic_mass" title="Selenium/Atomic mass">79.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">34</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.6</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#e7f38c;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Bromine/Atomic_mass" title="Bromine/Atomic mass">79.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">35</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">3.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#1cc1c1;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Krypton/Atomic_mass" title="Krypton/Atomic mass">83.8</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">36</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">3.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#db0bff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Rubidium/Atomic_mass" title="Rubidium/Atomic mass">85.5</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">37</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">0.8</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#dbb0ff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Strontium/Atomic_mass" title="Strontium/Atomic mass">87.6</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">38</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Yttrium/Atomic_mass" title="Yttrium/Atomic mass">88.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">39</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Zirconium/Atomic_mass" title="Zirconium/Atomic mass">91.2</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">40</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Niobium/Atomic_mass" title="Niobium/Atomic mass">92.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">41</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.6</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum/Atomic_mass" title="Molybdenum/Atomic mass">95.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">42</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Technetium/Atomic_mass" title="Technetium/Atomic mass">98.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">43</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.9</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium/Atomic_mass" title="Ruthenium/Atomic mass">101.1</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">44</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Rhodium/Atomic_mass" title="Rhodium/Atomic mass">102.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">45</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Palladium/Atomic_mass" title="Palladium/Atomic mass">106.4</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">46</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Silver/Atomic_mass" title="Silver/Atomic mass">107.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">47</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.9</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Cadmium/Atomic_mass" title="Cadmium/Atomic mass">112.4</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">48</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.7</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#5fff5a;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Indium/Atomic_mass" title="Indium/Atomic mass">114.8</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">49</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.8</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#5fff5a;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Tin/Atomic_mass" title="Tin/Atomic mass">118.7</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">50</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#bdfc37;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Antimony/Atomic_mass" title="Antimony/Atomic mass">121.8</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">51</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.1</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#bdfc37;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Tellurium/Atomic_mass" title="Tellurium/Atomic mass">127.6</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">52</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.1</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#e7f38c;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Iodine/Atomic_mass" title="Iodine/Atomic mass">126.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">53</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.7</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#1cc1c1;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Xenon/Atomic_mass" title="Xenon/Atomic mass">131.3</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">54</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.6</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#db0bff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Caesium/Atomic_mass" title="Caesium/Atomic mass">132.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">55</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">0.8</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#dbb0ff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Barium/Atomic_mass" title="Barium/Atomic mass">137.3</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">56</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">0.9</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanides"><div style="background-color:#{{{backgroundColor}}}"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Hafnium/Atomic_mass" title="Hafnium/Atomic mass">178.5</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">72</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Tantalum/Atomic_mass" title="Tantalum/Atomic mass">180.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">73</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.5</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Tungsten/Atomic_mass" title="Tungsten/Atomic mass">183.8</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">74</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.4</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Rhenium/Atomic_mass" title="Rhenium/Atomic mass">186.2</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">75</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.9</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Osmium/Atomic_mass" title="Osmium/Atomic mass">190.2</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">76</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Iridium/Atomic_mass" title="Iridium/Atomic mass">192.2</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">77</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Platinum/Atomic_mass" title="Platinum/Atomic mass">195.1</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">78</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Gold/Atomic_mass" title="Gold/Atomic mass">197.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">79</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.5</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)/Atomic_mass" title="Mercury (element)/Atomic mass">200.6</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">80</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#5fff5a;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Thallium/Atomic_mass" title="Thallium/Atomic mass">204.4</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">81</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.6</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#5fff5a;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Lead/Atomic_mass" title="Lead/Atomic mass">207.2</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">82</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#5fff5a;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Bismuth/Atomic_mass" title="Bismuth/Atomic mass">209.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">83</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#bdfc37;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Polonium/Atomic_mass" title="Polonium/Atomic mass">209.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">84</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.0</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#e7f38c;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Astatine/Atomic_mass" title="Astatine/Atomic mass">210.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">85</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">2.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#1cc1c1;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Radon/Atomic_mass" title="Radon/Atomic mass">222.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">86</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">n/a</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#db0bff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Francium/Atomic_mass" title="Francium/Atomic mass">223.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">87</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">0.7</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#dbb0ff;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Radium/Atomic_mass" title="Radium/Atomic mass">226.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">88</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">0.9</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide"><div style="background-color:#{{{backgroundColor}}}"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium/Atomic_mass" title="Rutherfordium/Atomic mass">265.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">104</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Dubnium/Atomic_mass" title="Dubnium/Atomic mass">268.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">105</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium/Atomic_mass" title="Seaborgium/Atomic mass">271.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">106</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Bohrium/Atomic_mass" title="Bohrium/Atomic mass">272.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">107</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Hassium/Atomic_mass" title="Hassium/Atomic mass">270.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">108</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium/Atomic_mass" title="Meitnerium/Atomic mass">276.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">109</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium/Atomic_mass" title="Darmstadtium/Atomic mass">281.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">110</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium/Atomic_mass" title="Roentgenium/Atomic mass">280.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">111</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Copernicium/Atomic_mass" title="Copernicium/Atomic mass">285.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">112</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="7"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><div style="background-color:#{{{backgroundColor}}}"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="18" rowspan="1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><div style="background-color:#{{{backgroundColor}}}"><font style="size:0px;"> </font> </div></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><div style="background-color:#{{{backgroundColor}}}"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum/Atomic_mass" title="Lanthanum/Atomic mass">138.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">57</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.1</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Cerium/Atomic_mass" title="Cerium/Atomic mass">140.1</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">58</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.1</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium/Atomic_mass" title="Praseodymium/Atomic mass">140.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">59</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.1</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Neodymium/Atomic_mass" title="Neodymium/Atomic mass">144.2</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">60</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.1</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Promethium/Atomic_mass" title="Promethium/Atomic mass">145.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">61</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Samarium/Atomic_mass" title="Samarium/Atomic mass">150.4</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">62</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Europium/Atomic_mass" title="Europium/Atomic mass">152.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">63</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium/Atomic_mass" title="Gadolinium/Atomic mass">157.3</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">64</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Terbium/Atomic_mass" title="Terbium/Atomic mass">158.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">65</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium/Atomic_mass" title="Dysprosium/Atomic mass">162.5</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">66</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Holmium/Atomic_mass" title="Holmium/Atomic mass">164.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">67</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Erbium/Atomic_mass" title="Erbium/Atomic mass">167.3</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">68</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.2</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Thulium/Atomic_mass" title="Thulium/Atomic mass">168.9</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">69</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium/Atomic_mass" title="Ytterbium/Atomic mass">173.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">70</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.1</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#00ba00;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Lutetium/Atomic_mass" title="Lutetium/Atomic mass">175.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">71</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><div style="width:8px; height:11px; background-color:#{{{backgroundColor}}}"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><div style="background-color:#{{{backgroundColor}}}"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#8cdc73;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Actinium/Atomic_mass" title="Actinium/Atomic mass">227.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">89</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.1</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#eddeed;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Thorium/Atomic_mass" title="Thorium/Atomic mass">232.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">90</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#eddeed;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Protactinium/Atomic_mass" title="Protactinium/Atomic mass">231.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">91</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.5</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#eddeed;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Uranium/Atomic_mass" title="Uranium/Atomic mass">238.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">92</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.4</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#addada;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Neptunium/Atomic_mass" title="Neptunium/Atomic mass">237.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">93</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.4</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#addada;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Plutonium/Atomic_mass" title="Plutonium/Atomic mass">244.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">94</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#addada;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Americium/Atomic_mass" title="Americium/Atomic mass">243.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">95</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#addada;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Curium/Atomic_mass" title="Curium/Atomic mass">247.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">96</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#addada;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Berkelium/Atomic_mass" title="Berkelium/Atomic mass">247.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">97</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#addada;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Californium/Atomic_mass" title="Californium/Atomic mass">251.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">98</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#addada;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium/Atomic_mass" title="Einsteinium/Atomic mass">252.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">99</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#addada;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Fermium/Atomic_mass" title="Fermium/Atomic mass">257.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">100</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#addada;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium/Atomic_mass" title="Mendelevium/Atomic mass">258.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">101</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#addada;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Nobelium/Atomic_mass" title="Nobelium/Atomic mass">259.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">102</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Pauling_Electronegativity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling Electronegativity Scale">1.3</a></sub></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 45px; height: {{{cellHeight}}}; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background:#addada;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="2px"><sup><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium/Atomic_mass" title="Lawrencium/Atomic mass">262.0</a></sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><font size="4px"><b><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><font size="2px"><sub><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">103</a></sub></font> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"><font size="2px"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><div style="background-color:#{{{backgroundColor}}}"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span id="Elements_by_periodic_table_group_.28vertical_column.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Elements_by_periodic_table_group_(vertical_column)">Elements by periodic table group (vertical column)</span></h2> <dl><dd><i>See <a href="/wiki/Atomic_electron_configuration" title="Atomic electron configuration">Atomic electron configuration</a> for the orbital occupancies of ground-state atoms.</i></dd></dl> <p>Elements in any one group behave in a similar way and show the same overall general properties. The number of electrons in the outer shells of the electron orbitals is the same within a group, only the <a href="/wiki/Principal_quantum_number" title="Principal quantum number">principal quantum number</a> <i>n</i> describing the orbitals increases. For instance, the right column is occupied by the noble gases. Because they have an outer shell of electrons that is completely filled, they are inert in behavior. (See the article <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital#Solutions_of_the_atomic_Schrödinger_equation" title="Atomic orbital">atomic orbital</a> for a more detailed explanation of the building up of the electronic shells.)  </p><p>On the extreme left, there is a group of metals called the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>. They are characterized by having a single electron in their outer valence orbital. Going down from <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> to <a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> the reactivity decreases, but these metals react easily – for example, with water, in a very exothermic way. This lowered reactivity is related to the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a>. As the mass of the nucleus increases with each neutron and proton, so also does the number of electrons (to balance the electric charge). Because these electrons are all at a greater distance from the nucleus, the energy gained from removing one electron diminishes according to the proportionality of <i>n</i><sup>−2</sup>. The one free electron in the outer valence shell is in a so-called <i>ns</i>-<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-like_atom#Quantum_numbers_of_hydrogen-like_wave_functions" title="Hydrogen-like atom">orbital</a>. In all these metals there is only one free electron, and these sphere-shaped orbitals are denoted by 1<i>s</i>, 2<i>s</i>, 3<i>s</i>, etc., all with an increasing average radius from the nucleus. </p><p>For all the subsequent groups, characterizations can be formulated based upon similarities in reactivity—the way they react, how many electrons can be shared, etc. As a result, the likelihood of reactants to be able to react together can be determined from the Periodic table of elements. </p><p>The way the element at the top of a column reacts and the way it produces new chemicals give a clue to how other elements in that same group (column) will react. For instance <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> (H<sub>2</sub>) react to form <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>. The bonds of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon (C)</a> take a tetrahedral or pyramidal shape. <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> (Si) responds in the same way and silicon chemistry is to a significant extent similar to carbon chemistry. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Elements_by_periodic_table_row">Elements by periodic table row</span></h2> <p>Elements in a row show different periodicities – such as electronegativities, increasing atomic mass, increasing number of protons and neutrons. The stability of these elements diminishes however with an increasing number of nucleons (protons and neutrons). These instabilities lead to radioactive decay as is evident from the <a href="/wiki/Actinides" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinides">actinides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lanthanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanides">lanthanides</a>, the groups of the <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Rare_earths&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rare earths (page does not exist)">rare earths</a>. They contain elements such as <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, and, notorious since the poisoning scandal in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>. </p><p>The ratio of protons to neutrons is important in determining the stability of elements. If the ratio is greater than 1, the probability increases that an element (or an isotope of an element) will be radioactive and unstable. The greater the ratio, the greater the probability that the element will be radioactive. </p><p>Other properties vary differently from the column-wise view of the periodic table of elements. Going downward, the reactivity decreases. Going along a row from left to right, the reactivity increases, and properties such as electronegativity increase as well. For the latter reason, the tendency to lose an electron to form a covalent bond decreases and turns into the tendency of needing one or more electrons to form a stable covalent bond, producing a more stable chemical substance or molecule. </p><p>The alkali metals are the most eager to lose an electron (they have the lowest electronegativity in the row) making them very reactive with water. The halogens are reactive for the opposite reason – they need to attract that electron to obtain a more stable electron configuration. <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Hydrogen_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen fluoride (page does not exist)">hydrofluoric acid</a> is among the strongest acids known to mankind, where <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=NaOH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NaOH (page does not exist)">sodium hydroxide</a> is one of the strongest bases — as an example. <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a> also is the source for the occurrence of electrical polarity in substances. In every molecule of water (H<sub>2</sub>O), the hydrogen is less inclined to keep its electron tightly bound. The oxygen, on the other hand, being more electronegative, likes to share electrons to create a more stable electron configuration. This results in the protons'(hydrogen) side of the molecule being slightly more positively charged ∆+, whereas the oxygen side is slightly more negatively charged 2∆−. Therefore water is a highly <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Polar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polar (page does not exist)">polar</a> fluid with the capability of facilitating <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Hydrogen_bonding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen bonding (page does not exist)">hydrogen bonding</a> in solutions, which is a somewhat non-standard behavior. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Elements_classified_alphabetically">Elements classified alphabetically</span></h2> <dl><dd><i>See <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" title="Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a></i></dd></dl> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <p>In the early part of the 19th century, it was known that matter was composed of a limited number of types of atoms or elementary substances ("elements")<sup id="cite_ref-nash1956_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nash1956-1">[1]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-rocke2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocke2005-2">[2]</a></sup> and it was observed that many of those elements resembled one another. So it was only natural for chemists to search for a method of classification of the elements. Mass being a property common to all matter, and the relative masses of the elements being known, it was natural to seek some relationship between mass and properties. Early attempts at classification on this basis were hampered by the fact that a number of elements had not been discovered, and by a number of gross inaccuracies in the established <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weights</a>. In spite of these handicaps, the earlier attempts at classification were so obviously based on some fundamental truth that the modern chemist can only wonder at the negligible attention they attracted, or the ridicule with which they were received. </p><p>As early as 1829<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (page does not exist)">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a> (1780–1849) pointed out that there were "triads" of similar elements in which the atomic weight of one was the <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Arithmetic_mean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arithmetic mean (page does not exist)">arithmetic mean</a> of the other two, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (Ca), <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> (Sr), and <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> (Ba); <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> (Li),<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> (Na), and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> (K); <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> (Cl), <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> (Br), and <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> (I). In 1850 <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Max_Josef_von_Pettenkofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Josef von Pettenkofer (page does not exist)">Max Josef von Pettenkofer</a> (1818–1901) developed this idea further by drawing attention to series of similar elements in which the atomic weight of any element differed from that of the next lighter or next heavier in the series by 8 or a multiple of 8, e.g., Li, Na, K; or <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (Mg), Sr, Ba; <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>,<a href="/wiki/Sulphur" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a>,<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>. Until then little notice was taken of such regularities. </p><p>In 1860 a chemical conference (the first ever) was held in <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Karlsruhe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karlsruhe (page does not exist)">Karlsruhe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>) where <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Stanislao_Cannizzaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro (page does not exist)">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> had presented a more accurate list of atomic weights than had previously been available. Not only had some values been slightly wrong through inaccurate measurements but some were half or a third of the correct value through false reasoning. The availability of these corrected weights inspired the introduction of the first "periodic table" of the now familiar type. It was drawn up by <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Alexandre-Emile_B%C3%A9guyer_de_Chancourtois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois (page does not exist)">Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois</a> in 1863, who arranged the then-known elements in sixteen columns in order of atomic weight, and found that by doing so many similar elements were in the same column (group). Independently of Chancourtois, <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=John_A.R._Newlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A.R. Newlands (page does not exist)">John A.R. Newlands</a> was thinking along similar lines. He also arranged the known elements in order of atomic weight, and then noticed that in many cases there was a repetition of chemical properties at each 8th element; he called this the "Law of Octaves". When he described his ideas in a lecture at a Chemical Society meeting<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> the lack of spaces for undiscovered elements and the placing of two elements in one box were criticized, and Professor <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=G._F._Foster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. F. Foster (page does not exist)">G. F. Foster</a> humorously inquired if he had examined the elements according to their initial letter. Apparently, the idea of a periodic table was in the air, for not only Newlands drew up a table, but simultaneously <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=William_Odling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Odling (page does not exist)">William Odling</a>, also in the UK, designed one. Both tables show already some of the now-familiar characteristics of the periodic table. </p><p>While Newlands and Odling were developing their table in England, <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Julius_Lothar_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Lothar Meyer (page does not exist)">Lothar Meyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> in Germany and Russia, respectively, were thinking on similar lines, and independently in 1868–1870 they published tables now known as the Mendeleev table. Mendeleev published his table in Russian, but an abstract appeared in German<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>. In this work, Mendeleev placed groups of similar elements in the same horizontal line and not, as later became the custom, in the same column. Meyer's table is known to have been in existence in manuscript form at least as early as 1868, but it was not published until 1870. </p><p>In publishing his table Mendeleev recognized that there must be a number of undiscovered elements, and he predicted the properties of some of these. The spectacular confirmation of these predictions by the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> (1875) and <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> (1879) had excellent publicity value, and in 1882 the <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Royal_Society_of_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Society of London (page does not exist)">Royal Society of London</a> awarded the <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Davy_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davy Medal (page does not exist)">Davy Medal</a> jointly to Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer in recognition of their work, ignoring the claims of Newlands. At a later date (1887) they made some reparation to Newlands by awarding him the Davy Medal. </p><p>The Mendeleev classification proved to be extremely useful, but it contained some anomalies, that were resolved much later (by Bohr in 1922<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>) when it was realized that the classification should be based on <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> and not on atomic weight; it turned out that some heavier <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> were intruding in the table at the wrong places. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nash1956-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nash1956_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nash LK. (1956) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/22734">The Origin of Dalton's Atomic Theory</a>. <i>Isis</i> 47:101-116. See pp. 108-116 for the author's version of how John Dalton originated the chemical atomic theory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rocke2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rocke2005_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rocke AJ. (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=16900837&site=ehost-live">In Search of El Dorado: John Dalton and the Origins of the Atomic Theory.</a> <i>Social Research</i> 72(1):125-158 (Spring Issue), 34p. | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_1_72/ai_n13807654/">Online Full-Text from BNET</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. W. Döbereiner, <i>Versuch zu einer Gruppirung der Elementaren Stoffe nach ihrer Analogie</i>, Poggendorf's Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. <b>15</b>, pp. 301–307 (1829) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=pE_kAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1&dq=%22Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie+band+XV%22+1829&hl=en&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Google books</a> (Go to p. 301)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=zvbV4M0-YdEC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=%22Law+of+Octaves%22++Newlands+%22Chemical+News%22&source=bl&ots=uRnNVngqvV&sig=OA4Ki-FV8JPwvt66YxlkaU2_U1Y&hl=nl&ei=61ciS7HHBJDA-QaZg7nJBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Law%20of%20Octaves%22%20%20Newlands%20%22Chemical%20News%22&f=false.">Scanned page of Proceedings of Newlands' lecture</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Mendelejeff, <i>Ueber die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente</i>, Zeitschrift für Chemie vol. <b>12</b>, 405-406 (1869)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Bohr, <i>Der Bau der Atome und die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Elemente</i>, Zeitschrift für Physik, vol. <b>9</b>, 1 (1922)</span> </li> </ol></div></div></span>  </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Periodic_table_of_elements&oldid=984448">https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Periodic_table_of_elements&oldid=984448</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live" title="Category:CZ Live">CZ Live</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_Workgroup" title="Category:Chemistry Workgroup">Chemistry Workgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_written_in_British_English" title="Category:Articles written in British English">Articles written in British English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Content" title="Category:All Content">All Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_Content" title="Category:Chemistry Content">Chemistry Content</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_tag" title="Category:Chemistry tag">Chemistry tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suggestion_Bot_Tag" title="Category:Suggestion Bot Tag">Suggestion Bot Tag</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Periodic+table+of+elements" title="To edit pages, [[Special:RequestAccount|get a contributor account]]. 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