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margin: .1em .5em;"><b>[<span class="plainlinks plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Astatine&action=edit&section=0"><font size="2">edit intro</font></a></span>]</b></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="align:{{{align}}}; z-index:3;"> <table border="0" width="178" align="right" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="wrap=no"> <tbody><tr> <td width="100%"> <table border="1" width="160" align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="background:#{{{background1}}}; wrap=no; border:1px solid #888;"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" width="100%" bgcolor="#f2f2f2" style="border-top:2px solid #bbb"><b>Astatine</b> <table border="0" width="154" align="center" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background:#{{{elementColor}}};"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><font size="1px"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">(210)</a></font> </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top" align="right" width="38"><font size="2px"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">−1<br /><br /><br /><br /></a></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="38">  </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center" width="78"><font size="6px"><b><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_of_elements" title="Periodic table of elements">At</a></b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><font size="4px"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number"><b>85</b></a></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="2"><font size="1px"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>10</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>4p<sup>6</sup> 4d<sup>10</sup>5s<sup>2</sup>5p<sup>6</sup>4f<sup>14</sup>5d<sup>10</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>6p<sup>5</sup></a></font> </td> <td align="right" colspan="1"><font size="2px" style="nowrap"></font> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" width="152" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-top:2px solid #bbb" align="left" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><font size="1"><span title="This is a navigable Periodic Table of the Elements. You can hover over each unit and click on it to see its current article!" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">[ ? ]</span></font> </td> <td style="border-top:2px solid #bbb" align="right" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><font size="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogen</a>:</b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" width="100%" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"> <table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><div style="-moz-opacity:.2; opacity:.2; width:6px; height:9px; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background-color:#ff1e00"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div> </a> </td> <td colspan="16"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_of_elements" title="Periodic table of elements"><div style="width:128px; height:11px; background-color:#{{{background1}}}"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><div style="-moz-opacity:.2; 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border-right:1px solid #888; background-color:#bb75ff"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><div style="-moz-opacity:.2; opacity:.2; width:6px; height:9px; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #888; border-right:1px solid #888; background-color:#bb75ff"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_of_elements" title="Periodic table of elements"><div style="width:8px; height:11px; background-color:#{{{background1}}}"><font style="size:0px;"></font> </div></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-top:2px solid #bbb" width="100%" align="right" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><font size="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Astatine/Hazard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astatine/Hazard (page does not exist)">Hazard</a>:</b></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffff"><font size="1"> Radioactive</font> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><br /> <b>Astatine</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek">Gr.</a>: άστατος, unstable) is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" title="Chemical elements">chemical element</a>, having the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbol</a> At. Its <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> (the number of <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>) is 85. It has a <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass#Standard_atomic_weights_of_the_elements" title="Atomic mass">standard atomic weight</a> of 210 g•mol<sup> −1</sup> and is a <a href="/wiki/Solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid">solid</a> in its elemental form. The total amount of astatine present in the earth's crust is less than 1 <a href="/wiki/U.S._customary_units" title="U.S. customary units">ounce</a> (28 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a>). </p><p>Astatine is considered a member of the "Halogen" class of elements. At a <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> of 101.325 k<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a>, it has a <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of ~340 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius_(unit)" title="Celsius (unit)">C</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of 302 °C. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Production"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Production</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Chemistry"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Chemistry</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Attribution"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Attribution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <p>Astatine was first synthesized in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie, and E. Segre at the University of California by bombarding <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> with <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>. The longest-lived isotopes, with naturally occurring uranium and thorium isotopes, and traces of <sup>217</sup>At are equilibrium with <sup>233</sup>U and <sup>239</sup>Np resulting from integration of thorium and uranium with naturally produced neutrons. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Production">Production</span></h2> <p>Astatine can be produced by bombarding bismuth with energetic alpha particles to obtain the relatively long-lived 209-211At, which can be distilled from the target by heating in air. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Chemistry">Chemistry</span></h2> <p>The "time of flight" mass spectrometer has been used to confirm that this highly radioactive <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> behaves chemically very much like other halogens, particularly <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>. Astatine is said to be more metallic than iodine, and, like iodine, it probably accumulates in the thyroid gland. Workers at the Brookhaven National Laboratory have recently used reactive scattering in crossed molecular beams to identify and measure elementary reactions involving astatine. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Attribution">Attribution</span></h2> <dl><dd><i>Some content on this page may previously have <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?title=Astatine">appeared on Wikipedia</a>.</i></dd></dl> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <p><small> </small></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>  </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Astatine&oldid=994576">https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Astatine&oldid=994576</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live" title="Category:CZ Live">CZ Live</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_Workgroup" title="Category:Chemistry Workgroup">Chemistry Workgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:Articles written in American English">Articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Content" title="Category:All Content">All Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_Content" title="Category:Chemistry Content">Chemistry Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internal_articles_including_external_material" title="Category:Internal articles including external material">Internal articles including external material</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_tag" title="Category:Chemistry tag">Chemistry tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suggestion_Bot_Tag" title="Category:Suggestion Bot Tag">Suggestion Bot Tag</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Astatine" title="To edit pages, [[Special:RequestAccount|get a contributor account]]. 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