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<li id="toc-Church_of_England_and_Caroline_Divines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_England_and_Caroline_Divines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Church of England and Caroline Divines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_England_and_Caroline_Divines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Great_Awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Great_Awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>First Great Awakening</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_Great_Awakening-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First Great Awakening subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_Great_Awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Separate_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separate_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Separate Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separate_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups_arising_in_the_era_of_the_Second_Great_Awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups_arising_in_the_era_of_the_Second_Great_Awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Groups arising in the era of the Second Great Awakening</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Groups_arising_in_the_era_of_the_Second_Great_Awakening-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Groups arising in the era of the Second Great Awakening subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Groups_arising_in_the_era_of_the_Second_Great_Awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Stone-Campbell_Restoration_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Stone-Campbell_Restoration_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>American Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Stone-Campbell_Restoration_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christadelphians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christadelphians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Christadelphians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christadelphians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedenborgians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedenborgians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Swedenborgians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedenborgians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irvingians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irvingians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Irvingians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irvingians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Day_Saint_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Latter Day Saint movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adventism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adventism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Adventism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adventism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Millerism_and_Seventh-day_Sabbatarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millerism_and_Seventh-day_Sabbatarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>Millerism and Seventh-day Sabbatarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millerism_and_Seventh-day_Sabbatarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh-day_Adventists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.2</span> <span>Seventh-day Adventists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_Church_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_Church_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.3</span> <span>Worldwide Church of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_Church_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advent_Christian_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advent_Christian_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.4</span> <span>Advent Christian Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advent_Christian_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_groups_originating_in_the_nineteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_groups_originating_in_the_nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other groups originating in the nineteenth century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_groups_originating_in_the_nineteenth_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other groups originating in the nineteenth century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_groups_originating_in_the_nineteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bible_Students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible_Students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bible Students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible_Students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Jehovah's Witnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plymouth_Brethren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plymouth_Brethren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Plymouth Brethren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plymouth_Brethren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_and_contemporary_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_and_contemporary_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>20th-century and contemporary groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th-century_and_contemporary_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th-century and contemporary groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th-century_and_contemporary_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oneness_Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oneness_Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Oneness Pentecostalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oneness_Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_New_Church_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_New_Church_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>British New Church Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_New_Church_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shepherding_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shepherding_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Shepherding movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shepherding_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_God_(Restoration)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_God_(Restoration)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Church of God (Restoration)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_God_(Restoration)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iglesia_ni_Cristo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iglesia_ni_Cristo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Iglesia ni Cristo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iglesia_ni_Cristo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Luz_del_Mundo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Luz_del_Mundo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>La Luz del Mundo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Luz_del_Mundo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostolic_Catholic_Church_(Philippines)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic_Catholic_Church_(Philippines)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic_Catholic_Church_(Philippines)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Local churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesuism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesuism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Jesuism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesuism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Mission_Society_Church_Of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Mission_Society_Church_Of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>World Mission Society Church Of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Mission_Society_Church_Of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Restorationism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="استعادية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استعادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoryanismo" title="Restoryanismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Restoryanismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Реставрационизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реставрационизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauracionisme" title="Restauracionisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Restauracionisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorationisme" title="Restorationisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Restorationisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauracionismo" title="Restauracionismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Restauracionismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resta%C5%ADrismo" title="Restaŭrismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Restaŭrismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87" title="استعادیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استعادیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurationnisme_(religion)" title="Restaurationnisme (religion) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Restaurationnisme (religion)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauracionismo" title="Restauracionismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Restauracionismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%8C%EB%B3%B5%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90" title="회복주의 기독교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="회복주의 기독교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorasionisme" title="Restorasionisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Restorasionisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurazionismo" title="Restaurazionismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Restaurazionismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resztor%C3%A1nizmus" title="Resztoránizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Resztoránizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaorasi%C3%B4nisma" title="Restaorasiônisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Restaorasiônisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രിസ്തീയസഭാപുനരുദ്ധാരണവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്തീയസഭാപുനരുദ്ധാരണവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurationisme" title="Restaurationisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Restaurationisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoracjonizm" title="Restoracjonizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Restoracjonizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauracionismo" title="Restauracionismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Restauracionismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaura%C8%9Bionism" title="Restauraționism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Restauraționism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Restorationism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorasyonismo" title="Restorasyonismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Restorasyonismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Реставраціонізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реставраціонізм" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium"><img alt="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/440px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity">Template:History of Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Theological hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">Philosophical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Persecution and tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Palamas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" 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Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Continental philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_theology" title="Reconciliation theology">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">in Thomism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopoetics" title="Theopoetics">Theopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_theology" title="Digital theology">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_theology" title="Biblical theology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a 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theology">Sino-Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Feminism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theology" title="Queer theology">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theology" title="Latin American liberation theology">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology"><i>Minjung</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_liberation_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian liberation theology">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_theology" title="Postcolonial theology">Postcolonial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_theology" title="Dominion theology">Dominion theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology#Christianity" title="Exotheology">extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Christianity" title="Moderate Christianity">Moderate Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christianity" title="Conservative Christianity">Conservative Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_church" title="Emerging church">Emerging church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotheology" title="Biotheology">Biotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophysics" title="Theophysics">Theophysics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template talk:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Restorationism</b>, also known as <b>Restitutionism</b> or <b>Christian primitivism</b>, is a religious perspective according to which the early beliefs and practices of the followers of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> were either lost or adulterated after <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">his death</a> and required a "restoration".<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_Companion_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge_Companion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a view that often "seeks to correct faults or deficiencies, in other branches of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, by appealing to the primitive church as normative model".<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635">: 635 </span></sup> </p><p>Efforts to restore an earlier, purer form of Christianity are frequently a response to <a href="/wiki/Denominationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Denominationalism">denominationalism</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Rubel_Shelly" title="Rubel Shelly">Rubel Shelly</a> put it, "the motive behind all restoration movements is to tear down the walls of separation by a return to the practice of the original, essential and universal features of the Christian religion."<sup id="cite_ref-I_Just_Want_to_Be_a_Christian_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I_Just_Want_to_Be_a_Christian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> Different groups have tried to implement the restorationist vision in a variety of ways; for instance, some have focused on the structure and practice of the church, others on the <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">ethical life of the church</a>, and others on the direct experience of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> in the life of the believer.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635–638">: 635–638 </span></sup> The relative importance given to the restoration ideal, and the extent to which the full restoration of the early church is believed to have been achieved, also varies among groups. </p><p>More narrowly, the term "Restorationism" is used as a descriptive term for unrelated Restorationist groups which were formed during the eras of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a> (Greek: 'Brothers of Christ'), <a href="/wiki/Swedenborgians" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedenborgians">Swedenborgians</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a> (the largest of which is the <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">tetragrammaton</a> for God), <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/La_Luz_del_Mundo" title="La Luz del Mundo">La Luz del Mundo</a></i></span> (Spanish: 'the Light of the World'), and <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: 'Church of Christ').<sup id="cite_ref-Carson2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LewisMittelstadt2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisMittelstadt2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bloesch2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloesch2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spinks2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinks2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, Restorationism has been regarded as one of the six taxonomic groupings of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, and Restorationism.<sup id="cite_ref-Riswold2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riswold2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GaoSawatsky2023_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaoSawatsky2023-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Restorationist groups share a belief that historic Christianity lost the true faith during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a> and that the Church needed to be restored.<sup id="cite_ref-Molloy2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molloy2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buck2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buck2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term has been used in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Stone–Campbell Movement</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_Companion_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge_Companion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225–226">: 225–226 </span></sup> and has been also used by more recent groups, describing their goal to re-establish Christianity in its original form, such as some anti-denominational <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Restorationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Restorationism">Charismatic Restorationists</a>, which arose in the 1970s in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_of_the_term">Uses of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <i>restorationism</i>, <i>restorationist</i> and <i>restoration</i> are used in several senses within <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. "Restorationism" in the sense of "Christian primitivism" refers to the attempt to correct perceived shortcomings of the current church by using the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">primitive church</a> as a model to reconstruct <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635">: 635 </span></sup> and has also been described as "practicing church the way it is perceived to have been done in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_Companion_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge_Companion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 217">: 217 </span></sup> </p><p>Restorationism is called "apostolic" as representing the form of Christianity that the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> followed. These themes arise early in church history, first appearing in the works of <a href="/wiki/Iranaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranaeus">Iranaeus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635">: 635 </span></sup> and appeared in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Restorationism" title="Medieval Restorationism">some movements during the Middle Ages</a>. It was expressed to varying degrees in the theology of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_Companion_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge_Companion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 217">: 217 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> has been described as "a form of Christian restorationism, though some of its forms – for example the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> – are more restorationist than others".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81–82">: 81–82 </span></sup> </p><p>A number of historical movements within Christianity may be described as "restoration movements", including the <a href="/wiki/Glasite" title="Glasite">Glasites</a> in Scotland and England, the independent church led by <a href="/wiki/James_Haldane" title="James Haldane">James Haldane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Haldane" title="Robert Haldane">Robert Haldane</a> in Scotland, the American <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Landmarkism" title="Landmarkism">Landmark Baptists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 659pf">: 659pf </span></sup> A variety of more contemporary movements have also been described as "restorationist".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restorationism has been described as a basic component of some <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup> The terms "Restorationism movement" and "Restorationist movement" have also been applied to the <a href="/wiki/British_New_Church_Movement" title="British New Church Movement">British New Church Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82–83">: 82–83 </span></sup> </p><p>Capitalized, the term is also used as a synonym for the American <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_Companion_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge_Companion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225–226">: 225–226 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "restorationism" can also include the belief that the Jewish people must be restored to the <a href="/wiki/Promised_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Promised land">promised land</a> in fulfillment of biblical prophecy before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> <i>Christian restorationism</i> is generally used to describe the 19th century movement based on this belief, though the term <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></i> is more commonly used to describe later forms. "Restorationism" is also used to describe a form of <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">postmillennialism</a> developed during the later half of the 20th century, which was influential among a number of <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">charismatic</a> groups and the <a href="/wiki/British_new_church_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="British new church movement">British new church movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57–58">: 57–58 </span></sup> </p><p>The term <i>primitive</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast with other uses, refers to a basis in scholarship and research into the actual writings of the <a href="/wiki/Church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">church fathers</a> and other historical documents. Since written documents for the underground first-century church are sparse, the primitive church passed down its knowledge verbally. Elements of the primitive Christianity movement reject the <a href="/wiki/Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">patristic</a> tradition of the prolific extrabiblical 2nd- and 3rd-century redaction of this knowledge (the <a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene Fathers">Ante-Nicene Fathers</a>), and instead attempt to reconstruct primitive church practices as they might have existed in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a>. To do this, they <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">revive</a> practices found in the Old Testament. The term <i>apostolic</i> refers to a nonmainstream, often literal, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> or historical lineage tracing back to the Apostles and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>. These restorationist threads are sometimes regarded critically as being <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ebionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebionite">Ebionite</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_models">Historical models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The restoration ideal has been interpreted and applied in a variety of ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635">: 635 </span></sup> Four general historical models can be identified based on the aspect of early Christianity that the individuals and groups involved were attempting to restore.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635">: 635 </span></sup> These are: </p> <ul><li>Ecclesiastical Primitivism;<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635">: 635 </span></sup></li> <li>Ethical Primitivism;<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635">: 635 </span></sup></li> <li>Experiential Primitivism;<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635">: 635 </span></sup> and</li> <li>Gospel Primitivism.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635">: 635 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>Ecclesiastical primitivism focuses on restoring the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical practices</a> of the early church.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635">: 635 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a> all advocated ecclesiastical primitivism.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635, 636">: 635, 636 </span></sup> The strongest advocate of ecclesiastical primitivism in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (clergyman)">Alexander Campbell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 636">: 636 </span></sup> </p><p>Ethical primitivism focuses on restoring the ethical norms and commitment to <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">discipleship</a> of the early church.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 636">: 636 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barton_W._Stone" title="Barton W. Stone">Barton W. Stone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Movement">Holiness Movement</a> are examples of this form of restorationism.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 636, 637">: 636, 637 </span></sup> The movement often requires observance of universal commandments, such as a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">biblical Sabbath</a> as given to <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> to define years, seasons, weeks, and days. <a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">Circumcision</a>, animal sacrifices, and ceremonial requirements, as practiced in Judaism, are distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noahide_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Noahide laws">Noahide laws</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/High_Sabbaths" title="High Sabbaths">High Sabbaths</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as given to, and in effect for, all humanity. The <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> and particularly the <a href="/wiki/Expounding_of_the_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Expounding of the Law">Expounding of the Law</a> warn against <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">antinomianism</a>, the rejection of biblical teachings concerning observance of the Law.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experiential primitivism focuses on restoring the direct communication with God and the experience of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> seen in the early church.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 637">: 637 </span></sup> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 637, 638">: 637, 638 </span></sup> </p><p>Gospel primitivism may be best seen in the theology of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 638">: 638 </span></sup> Luther was not, in the strictest sense, a restorationist because he saw human effort to restore the church as <a href="/wiki/Works_righteousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Works righteousness">works righteousness</a> and was sharply critical of other <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> leaders who were attempting to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 638">: 638 </span></sup> On the other hand, he was convinced that the gospel message had been obscured by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 638">: 638 </span></sup> He also rejected church traditions he considered contrary to Scripture and insisted on <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">scripture as the sole authority</a> for the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>These models are not mutually exclusive, but overlap; for example, the Pentecostal movement sees a clear link between ethical primitivism and experiential primitivism.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 635, 637">: 635, 637 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Restorationism" title="Medieval Restorationism">Medieval Restorationism</a></div> <p>Beginning in about 1470 a succession of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> focused on the acquisition of money, their role in Italian politics as rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal states">papal states</a> and power politics within the <a href="/wiki/College_of_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="College of cardinals">college of cardinals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-folly_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folly-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restorationism<sup id="cite_ref-mirror_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mirror-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the time was centered on movements that wanted to renew the church, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life" title="Brethren of the Common Life">Brethren of the Common Life</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a>'s reforms in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While these pre-reformation movements did presage and sometimes discussed a break with Rome and papal authority, they also provoked restorationist movements within the church, such as the councils of Constance<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Basle,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were held in the first half of the 15th century. </p><p>Preachers at the time regularly harangued delegates to these conferences regarding <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venality" title="Venality">venality</a>, lack of <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a>, and the holding of multiple <a href="/wiki/Benefices" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefices">benefices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of success of the restorationist movements led, arguably, to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-folly_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folly-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protestant_Reformation">Protestant Reformation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protestant Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulrich-Zwingli-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ulrich-Zwingli-1.jpg/150px-Ulrich-Zwingli-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ulrich-Zwingli-1.jpg/225px-Ulrich-Zwingli-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ulrich-Zwingli-1.jpg/300px-Ulrich-Zwingli-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Huldrych Zwingli as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Asper" title="Hans Asper">Hans Asper</a> in an oil portrait from 1531, <a href="/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Winterthur" title="Kunstmuseum Winterthur">Kunstmuseum Winterthur</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></div> <p>The Protestant Reformation came about through an impulse to repair the Church and return it to what the reformers saw as its original biblical structure, belief, and practice,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was motivated by a sense that "the medieval church had allowed its traditions to clutter the way to God with fees and human regulations and thus to subvert the gospel of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> At the heart of the Reformation was an emphasis on the principle of "scripture alone" (<a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–23">: 22–23 </span></sup> </p><p>As a result, the authority of church tradition, which had taken practical precedence over scripture, was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> The Reformation was not a monolithic movement, but consisted of at least three identifiable sub-currents.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> One was centered in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, one was centered in <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and the third was centered in <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> While these movements shared some common concerns, each had its own particular emphasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> approach can be described as one of "reformation," seeking "to reform and purify the historic, institutional church while at the same time preserving as much of the tradition as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a> traditionally sees themselves as the "main trunk of the historical Christian Tree" founded by Christ and the Apostles, holding that during the Reformation, at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Church of Rome</a> fell away.<sup id="cite_ref-Remensnyder1893_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remensnyder1893-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frey1918_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frey1918-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>, the Lutheran confession of faith, teaches that "the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church".<sup id="cite_ref-Ludwig2016_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludwig2016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession to <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, they explained "that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils".<sup id="cite_ref-Ludwig2016_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludwig2016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed</a> approach can be described as one of "restoration," seeking "to restore the essence and form of the primitive church based on biblical precedent and example; tradition received scant respect."<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> focused on the question "How can we find forgiveness of sins?", the early Reformed theologians turned to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> for patterns that could be used to replace traditional forms and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a> in particular emphasized the restoration of biblical patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29–31">: 29–31 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> reflected an intermediate position between that of Luther and Reformed theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a>, stressing biblical precedents for church governance, but as a tool to more effectively proclaim the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> rather than as ends in themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 291, 22">: 291, 22 </span></sup> </p><p>Luther opposed efforts to restore "biblical forms and structures,"<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> because he saw human efforts to restore the church as works righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 638">: 638 </span></sup> He did seek the "marks of the true church," but was concerned that by focusing on forms and patterns could lead to the belief that by "restoring outward forms alone one has restored the essence."<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> Thus, Luther believed that restoring the gospel was the first step in renewing the church, rather than restoring biblical forms and patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup> In this sense, Luther can be described as a gospel restorationist, even though his approach was very different from that of other restorationists.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 638">: 638 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup> </p><p>Protestant groups have generally accepted history as having some "jurisdiction" in Christian faith and life; the question has been the extent of that jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_1988_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes_1988-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> A commitment to history and primitivism are not mutually exclusive; while some groups attempt to give full jurisdiction to the primitive church, for others the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">apostolic</a> "first times" are given only partial jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_1988_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes_1988-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5, 6">: 5, 6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_England_and_Caroline_Divines">Church of England and Caroline Divines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Church of England and Caroline Divines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the most primitivist minded of the Protestant Reformation era were a group of scholars within the Church of England known as the Caroline Divines, who flourished in the 1600s during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>. They regularly appealed to the Primitive Church as the basis for their reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-McIlhiney_1975_143–154_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIlhiney_1975_143–154-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many other Christian Primitivists, the Church of the England and the Caroline Divines did not subject Scriptural interpretation to individual human reason, but rather to the hermeneutical consensus of the Church Fathers, holding to the doctrine of Prima Scriptura as opposed to Sola Scriptura.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did not hold to the separatist ecclesiology of many primitivist groups, but rather saw themselves as working within the historic established church to return it to its foundation in Scripture and the patristic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-McIlhiney_1975_143–154_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIlhiney_1975_143–154-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Caroline Divines were men like Archbishop William Laud, Bishop Jeremy Taylor, Deacon Nicholas Ferrar and the Little Gidding Community and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Great_Awakening">First Great Awakening</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First Great Awakening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></div> <p><b><big>Methodism</big></b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> began in the 1700s as a Christian Primitivist movement within the Church of England. John Wesley and his brother Charles, the founders of the movement, were high church Anglican priests in the vein of the Caroline Divines, who had a deep respect for the Primitive Church, which they generally defined as the Church before the Council Of Nicea.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many other Christian Primitivists, the Wesleys and the early Methodists did not subject Scriptural interpretation to individual human reason, but rather to the hermeneutical consensus of the Ante-Nicene Fathers, holding to a view of authority more akin to Prima Scriptura rather than Sola Scriptura.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They did not hold to the separatist ecclesiology of many primitivist groups, but rather saw themselves as working within the historic established church to return it to its foundation in Scripture and the tradition of the pre-Nicene Church.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Wesley very regularly asserted Methodism's commitment to the Primitive Church, saying, "From a child I was taught to love and reverence the Scripture, the oracles of God; and, next to these, to esteem the primitive Fathers, the writers of the first three centuries. Next after the primitive church, I esteemed our own, the Church of England, as the most Scriptural national Church in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>And, "Methodism, so called, is the old religion, the religion of the Bible, the religion of the primitive Church, the religion of the Church of England."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his epitaph is written, "This GREAT LIGHT arose (By the Singular providence of GOD) To enlighten THESE NATIONS, And to revive, enforce, and defend, The Pure Apostolical DOCTRINES and PRACTICES of THE PRIMITIVE CHURCH…"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separate_Baptists">Separate Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Separate Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg/100px-JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg/150px-JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg/200px-JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>James Robinson Graves</figcaption></figure> <p>During the First Great Awakening, a movement developed among the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Separate_Baptists" title="Separate Baptists">Separate Baptists</a>. Two themes of this movement were the rejection of <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a> and "freedom in the Spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> The Separate Baptists saw scripture as the "perfect rule" for the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> While they turned to the Bible for a structural pattern for the church, they did not insist on complete agreement on the details of that pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> This group originated in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, but was especially strong in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> where the emphasis on a biblical pattern for the church grew stronger.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> </p><p>In the last half of the 18th century it spread to the western frontier of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, where the Stone and Campbell movements would later take root.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> The development of the Separate Baptists in the southern frontier helped prepare the ground for the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>, as the membership of both the Stone and Campbell groups drew heavily from among the ranks of the Separate Baptists.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> </p><p>Separate Baptist restorationism also contributed to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Landmarkism" title="Landmarkism">Landmark Baptists</a> in the same area at about the same time as the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_Graves" title="James Robinson Graves">James Robinson Graves</a>, this group looked for a precise blueprint for the primitive church, believing that any deviation from that blueprint would keep one from being part of the true church.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groups_arising_in_the_era_of_the_Second_Great_Awakening">Groups arising in the era of the Second Great Awakening</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Groups arising in the era of the Second Great Awakening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1839-meth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1839-meth.jpg/350px-1839-meth.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1839-meth.jpg/525px-1839-meth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/1839-meth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A 1839 <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meeting</a>, watercolor from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ideal of restoring a "primitive" form of Christianity grew in popularity in the United States after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89–94">: 89–94 </span></sup> This desire to restore a purer form of Christianity played a role in the development of many groups during this period, known as the Second Great Awakening, including the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89">: 89 </span></sup> Several factors made the restoration sentiment particularly appealing during this time period.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90–94">: 90–94 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>To immigrants in the early 19th century, the land in America seemed pristine, edenic and undefiled - "the perfect place to recover pure, uncorrupted and original Christianity" - and the tradition-bound European churches seemed out of place in this new setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90">: 90 </span></sup></li> <li>The new American democracy seemed equally fresh and pure, a restoration of the kind of just government that God intended.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90, 91">: 90, 91 </span></sup></li> <li>Many believed that the new nation would usher in a new <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennial age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 91, 92">: 91, 92 </span></sup></li> <li>Independence from the traditional churches of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> was appealing to many Americans who were enjoying a new political independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92, 93">: 92, 93 </span></sup></li> <li>A primitive faith based on the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> alone promised a way to sidestep the competing claims of all the many <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> available and find assurance of being right without the security of an established national church.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93">: 93 </span></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meetings</a> fueled the Second Great Awakening, which served as an "organizing process" that created "a religious and educational infrastructure" across the trans-Appalachian frontier that encompassed social networks, a religious journalism that provided mass communication, and church related colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 368">: 368 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Stone-Campbell_Restoration_Movement">American Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: American Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CampbellThomas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CampbellThomas.png/100px-CampbellThomas.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CampbellThomas.png/150px-CampbellThomas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/CampbellThomas.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_(minister)" title="Thomas Campbell (minister)">Thomas Campbell</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The American Restoration Movement aimed to restore the church and sought "the unification of all Christians in a single body patterned after the church of the New Testament."<sup id="cite_ref-I_Just_Want_to_Be_a_Christian_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I_Just_Want_to_Be_a_Christian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> While the Restoration Movement developed from several independent efforts to go back to apostolic Christianity, two groups that independently developed similar approaches to the Christian faith were particularly important to its development.<sup id="cite_ref-Redigging_the_Wells_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redigging_the_Wells-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27–32">: 27–32 </span></sup> The first, led by <a href="/wiki/Barton_W._Stone" title="Barton W. Stone">Barton W. Stone</a> began at <a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cane Ridge">Cane Ridge</a>, Bourbon County, Kentucky and called themselves simply <i>Christians</i>. The second began in western Pennsylvania and Virginia, now West Virginia, and was led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Campbell (clergyman)">Thomas Campbell</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (clergyman)">Alexander Campbell</a>. They used the name <i>Disciples of Christ</i>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonebw01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Stonebw01.jpg/100px-Stonebw01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Stonebw01.jpg/150px-Stonebw01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Stonebw01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Barton W. Stone</figcaption></figure> <p>The Campbell movement was characterized by a "systematic and rational reconstruction" of the early church, in contrast to the Stone movement which was characterized by radical freedom and lack of dogma.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106–108">: 106–108 </span></sup> Despite their differences, the two movements agreed on several critical issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> Both saw restoring apostolic Christianity as a means of hastening the millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> Both also saw restoring the early church as a route to Christian freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> Both believed that unity among Christians could be achieved by using apostolic Christianity as a model.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> </p><p>They were united, among other things, in the belief that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> is the Christ, the Son of God; that Christians should celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">first day of each week</a>; and that <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">baptism of adult believers</a> by immersion in water is a necessary condition for <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>. Because the founders wanted to abandon all denominational labels, they used the biblical names for the followers of Jesus that they found in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-McAlister_&_Tucker,_1975_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAlister_&_Tucker,_1975-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> The commitment of both movements to restoring the early church and to uniting Christians was enough to motivate a union between many in the two movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_and_Roberts,_2001_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes_and_Roberts,_2001-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8, 9">: 8, 9 </span></sup> </p><p>With the merger, there was the challenge of what to call the new movement. Clearly, finding a biblical, non-sectarian name was important. Stone wanted to continue to use the name "Christians." Alexander Campbell insisted upon "Disciples of Christ". As a result, both names were used.<sup id="cite_ref-McAlister_&_Tucker,_1975_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAlister_&_Tucker,_1975-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27–28">: 27–28 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125">: 125 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg/100px-Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg/150px-Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg/200px-Alexander_Campbell_Age_65.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(minister)" title="Alexander Campbell (minister)">Alexander Campbell</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Restoration Movement began during, and was greatly influenced by, the Second Great Awakening.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 368">: 368 </span></sup> While the Campbells resisted what they saw as the spiritual manipulation of the camp meetings, the Southern phase of the Awakening "was an important matrix of Barton Stone's reform movement" and shaped the evangelistic techniques used by both Stone and the Campbells.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 368">: 368 </span></sup> </p><p>The Restoration Movement has seen several divisions, resulting in multiple separate groups. Three modern groups originating in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> claim the Stone-Campbell movement as their roots: <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>. Some see divisions in the movement as the result of the tension between the goals of restoration and ecumenism, with the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">churches of Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a> resolving the tension by stressing restoration while the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) resolved the tension by stressing ecumenism.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett_2002_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett_2002-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 383">: 383 </span></sup> Non-U.S. churches associated with this movement include the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ_in_Australia" title="Churches of Christ in Australia">Churches of Christ in Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian_Church_in_Canada" title="Evangelical Christian Church in Canada">Evangelical Christian Church in Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melton_2009_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton_2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Christadelphians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Thomas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Thomas.png/150px-John_Thomas.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/John_Thomas.png 1.5x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(Christadelphian)" title="John Thomas (Christadelphian)">John Thomas</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(Christadelphian)" title="John Thomas (Christadelphian)">John Thomas</a> (April 12, 1805 – March 5, 1871), was a devout convert to the Restoration Movement after a shipwreck at sea on his emigration to America brought to focus his inadequate understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, and what would happen to him at death. This awareness caused him to devote his life to the study of the Bible and he promoted interpretations of it which were at variance with the mainstream Christian views the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a> held. In particular he questioned the nature of man. </p><p>He held a number of debates with one of the leaders of the movement, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (clergyman)">Alexander Campbell</a>, on these topics but eventually agreed to stop because he found the practice bestowed no further practical merits to his personal beliefs and it had the potential to create division. He later determined that salvation was dependent upon having the theology he had developed for baptism to be effective for salvation and published an "Confession and Abjuration" of his previous position on March 3, 1847. He was also <a href="/wiki/Rebaptism" title="Rebaptism">rebaptised</a>. </p><p>Following his abjuration and rebaptism he went to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> on a preaching tour in June 1848 including Reformation Movement churches,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his abjuration and his disfellowship in America were reported in the British churches magazines<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> certain churches in the movement still allowed him to present his views. Thomas also gained a hearing in Unitarian and Adventist churches through his promotion of the concept of "independence of thought" with regards to interpreting the Bible. </p><p>Through a process of creed setting and division the Christadelphian movement emerged with a distinctive set of doctrines incorporating Adventism, <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">anti-trinitarianism</a>, the belief that God is a "substantial and corporeal" being, <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">objection to military service</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay-membership</a> with full participation by all members, and other doctrines consistent with the spirit of the Restorationist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-christadelphianhistory_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christadelphianhistory-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One consequence of objection to military service was the adoption of the name Christadelphians to distinguish this small community of believers and to be granted exemption from military service in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-christadelphianhistory_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christadelphianhistory-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedenborgians">Swedenborgians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Swedenborgians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bryn_Athyn_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bryn_Athyn_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Bryn_Athyn_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bryn_Athyn_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Bryn_Athyn_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bryn_Athyn_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Bryn_Athyn_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Athyn_Cathedral" title="Bryn Athyn Cathedral">Bryn Athyn Cathedral</a>, the episcopal seat of the <a href="/wiki/General_Church_of_the_New_Jerusalem" title="General Church of the New Jerusalem">General Church of the New Jerusalem</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Swedenborgian" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedenborgian">Swedenborgian</a> Christian denomination</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church</a> was founded on the basis of the theology of <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinks2017_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinks2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, it is often known as the Swedenborgian Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinks2017_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinks2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Church's view of God is that "Jesus is God incarnate, not (as certain interpretations of the traditional Christian trinity contend) an emanation of the Godhead."<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher2021_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher2021-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Church propounds the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_(theology)" title="Correspondence (theology)">Correspondence</a>, which teaches that "Every word or fact of the Bible corresponded to a spiritual truth or mystical truth."<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher2021_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher2021-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, The New Church teaches that "Objects in the physical world have spiritual correspondences."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irvingians">Irvingians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Irvingians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Edinburgh_-_Catholic_Apostolic_Church_-_20230924122415.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/City_of_Edinburgh_-_Catholic_Apostolic_Church_-_20230924122415.jpg/220px-City_of_Edinburgh_-_Catholic_Apostolic_Church_-_20230924122415.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/City_of_Edinburgh_-_Catholic_Apostolic_Church_-_20230924122415.jpg/330px-City_of_Edinburgh_-_Catholic_Apostolic_Church_-_20230924122415.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/City_of_Edinburgh_-_Catholic_Apostolic_Church_-_20230924122415.jpg/440px-City_of_Edinburgh_-_Catholic_Apostolic_Church_-_20230924122415.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Place_Church" title="Mansfield Place Church">Mansfield Place Church</a>, a former cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a> in Edinburgh, UK</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a> (Irvingian Church) was founded according to the theology of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Irving" title="Edward Irving">Edward Irving</a> (1792–1834), who taught that "God could work miracles in His Church as easily now as two thousand years ago."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belonging to the Restorationist branch of Christianity, the Irvingian Churches teach that they "exercise the charismata of the Apostolic age".<sup id="cite_ref-Carson2020_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church was organised in 1835 with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">fourfold ministry</a> of "apostles, prophets, evangelists, and pastors."<sup id="cite_ref-Cannon2009_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cannon2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carson2020_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> within the Catholic Apostolic Church, other Irvingian Christian denominations emerged, including the <a href="/wiki/Old_Apostolic_Church" title="Old Apostolic Church">Old Apostolic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Old_Apostolic_Church" title="Reformed Old Apostolic Church">Reformed Old Apostolic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Apostolic_Church" title="United Apostolic Church">United Apostolic Church</a>; of these, the New Apostolic Church is the largest Irvingian Christian denomination today, with 16 million members.<sup id="cite_ref-Nyika2008_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nyika2008-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuligin2005_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuligin2005-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irvingianism, possessing elaborate <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgies</a>, teaches three <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>: <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church#Holy_Sealing" title="New Apostolic Church">Holy Sealing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carson2020_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whalen1981_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whalen1981-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nomos1992_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nomos1992-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latter_Day_Saint_movement">Latter Day Saint movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Latter Day Saint movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Restoration (Mormonism)</a></div> <p>Adherents to the Latter Day Saint movement believe that founder <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> of God, chosen to restore the primitive, apostolic church established by Jesus. Like other restorationist groups, members believe that the church and priesthood established by Jesus were <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Apostasy (Latter Day Saints)">withdrawn from the Earth</a> after the end of the apostolic age and before the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325.<sup id="cite_ref-Bushman_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bushman-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike other reformers, who based their movements on their own interpretations of the Bible, Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery held that they were visited by John the Baptist to receive the Aaronic Priesthood. This restoration authorized members to receive <a href="/wiki/Revelation#Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Revelation">revelation</a> from God in order to restore the original apostolic organization lost after the events of the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-Bushman_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bushman-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Allen and Hughes, "[n]o group used the language of 'restoration' more consistently and more effectively than did the [Latter Day Saints] ... early Mormons seemed obsessed with restoring the ancient church of God."<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith,_Jr._portrait_owned_by_Joseph_Smith_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr._portrait_owned_by_Joseph_Smith_III.jpg/150px-Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr._portrait_owned_by_Joseph_Smith_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr._portrait_owned_by_Joseph_Smith_III.jpg/225px-Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr._portrait_owned_by_Joseph_Smith_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr._portrait_owned_by_Joseph_Smith_III.jpg/300px-Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr._portrait_owned_by_Joseph_Smith_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Smith, God <a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">appeared to him</a> in 1820, instructing him that the creeds of the churches of the day were corrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to restoring the primitive church, Smith claimed to receive new and ongoing revelations. In 1830, he published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Mormon">The Book of Mormon</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_witnesses" title="Book of Mormon witnesses">him and witnesses</a> declaring to be a translation through divine means from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Plates">Golden Plates</a> he obtained from <a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">an angel</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The largest and most well known church in the Latter Day Saint movement is <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church), followed by <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a> (formerly RLDS), and dozens of <a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">other denominations</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Members of the LDS Church believe that, in addition to Smith being the first prophet appointed by Jesus in the "latter days", every subsequent <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">apostle</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">church president</a> also serves in the capacity of <a href="/wiki/Prophet,_seer_and_revelator" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet, seer and revelator">prophet, seer and revelator</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some among the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> have attributed the restorationist character of the Latter Day Saints movement to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a>, who was associated with the Campbell movement in Ohio but left it and became a close friend of Joseph Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 95">: 95 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 544, 545">: 544, 545 </span></sup> Neither the Mormons nor the early Restoration Movement leaders invented the idea of "restoration"; it was a popular theme of the time that had developed independently of both, and Mormonism and the Restoration Movement represent different expressions of that common theme.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 95">: 95 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 544, 545">: 544, 545 </span></sup> </p><p>The two groups had very different approaches to the restoration ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 545">: 545 </span></sup> The Campbell movement combined it with Enlightenment rationalism, "precluding emotionalism, spiritualism, or any other phenomena that could not be sustained by rational appeals to the biblical text."<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 545">: 545 </span></sup> The Latter Day Saints combined it with "the spirit of nineteenth-century Romanticism" and, as a result, "never sought to recover the forms and structures of the ancient church as ends in themselves" but "sought to restore the golden age, recorded in both Old Testament and New Testament, when God broke into human history and communed directly with humankind."<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 545">: 545 </span></sup> Mormons gave priority to current revelation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Primitive observances of "appointed times" like Sabbath were secondary to <a href="/wiki/Revelation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation (Latter Day Saints)">continuing revelation</a>, similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Christianity)" title="Progressive revelation (Christianity)">progressive revelation</a> held by some non-restorationist Christian theologians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a>", or loss of the original church Jesus established, has been cited with historical evidence of changes in Christian doctrine over time, scriptures prophesying of a coming apostasy before the last days (particularly <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%202:1–3&version=nrsv">2 Thessalonians 2:1–3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%204:3–4&version=nrsv">2 Timothy 4:3–4</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Amos%208:11–12&version=nrsv">Amos 8:11–12</a>) and corruption within the early churches that led to the necessity of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, which is seen as an important step towards the development of protected freedoms and speech required for a full restoration to be possible.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adventism">Adventism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adventism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></div> <p>Adventism is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatological</a> belief that looks for the imminent <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of Jesus to inaugurate the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a>. This view involves the belief that Jesus will return to receive those who have died in Christ and those who are awaiting his return, and that they must be ready when he returns. Adventists are considered to be both restorationists and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Millerism_and_Seventh-day_Sabbatarianism">Millerism and Seventh-day Sabbatarianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Millerism and Seventh-day Sabbatarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_seventh-day_churches" title="Sabbath in seventh-day churches">Sabbath in seventh-day churches</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Miller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/William_Miller.jpg/150px-William_Miller.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/William_Miller.jpg/225px-William_Miller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/William_Miller.jpg/300px-William_Miller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="5750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Millerites were the most well-known family of the Adventist movements. They emphasized apocalyptic teachings anticipating the end of the world, and did not look for the unity of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> but busied themselves in preparation for Christ's return. Millerites sought to restore a prophetic immediacy and uncompromising biblicism that they believed had once existed but had long been rejected by mainstream Protestant and Catholic churches. From the Millerites descended the Seventh-day Adventists and the Advent Christian Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh-day_Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Adventists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></div> <p>The Seventh-day Adventist Church grew out of the Adventist movement, in particular the Millerites. The Seventh-day Adventist Church is the largest of several <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a> groups which arose from the <a href="/wiki/Millerites" class="mw-redirect" title="Millerites">Millerite</a> movement of the 1840s in upstate <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, a phase of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>. Important to the Seventh-day Adventist movement is a belief in <a href="/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive revelation (Christian)">progressive revelation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> teaching that the Christian life and testimony is intended to be typified by the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_Prophecy_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit of Prophecy (Adventist)">Spirit of Prophecy</a>, as explained in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a>. </p><p>Much of the theology of the Seventh-day Adventist Church corresponds to Protestant Christian teachings such as the Trinity and the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">infallibility of Scripture</a>. Distinctive teachings include the <a href="/wiki/Soul_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul sleep">unconscious state of the dead</a> and the doctrine of an <a href="/wiki/Investigative_judgment" title="Investigative judgment">investigative judgment</a>. The church is also known for its emphasis on diet and health, its holistic understanding of the person, its promotion of religious liberty, and its conservative principles and lifestyle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Worldwide_Church_of_God">Worldwide Church of God</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Worldwide Church of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grace_Communion_International" title="Grace Communion International">Grace Communion International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armstrongism" title="Armstrongism">Armstrongism</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Church_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide Church of God">Worldwide Church of God</a> arose from the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Day churches">Seventh Day churches</a>. The personal ministry of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Church_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Church of God">Radio Church of God</a>, which became the Worldwide Church of God. It later splintered into many other churches and groups when the Worldwide Church of God disassociated itself with the Restoration movements and made major attempts to join the Protestant branch of Christianity. The largest of these groups, the <a href="/wiki/Living_Church_of_God" title="Living Church of God">Living Church of God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_God" title="United Church of God">United Church of God</a>, continue in the tradition of the Worldwide Church of God as it was under the leadership of Herbert W. Armstrong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advent_Christian_Church">Advent Christian Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Advent Christian Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advent_Christian_Church" title="Advent Christian Church">Advent Christian Church</a></div> <p>The Advent Christian Church is unaffiliated with Seventh-day Adventism, but considers itself the second "of six Christian denominations that grew out of the ministry of William Miller".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a "first-day" body of Adventist Christians established by <i>The Advent Christian General Conference</i> in 1860, the church's beliefs include "conditional immortality" and a form of "<a href="/wiki/Soul_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul sleep">soul sleep</a>". </p><p>Advent Christians such as <a href="/wiki/George_Storrs" title="George Storrs">George Storrs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Wendell" title="Jonas Wendell">Jonas Wendell</a> influenced the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Student movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_groups_originating_in_the_nineteenth_century">Other groups originating in the nineteenth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other groups originating in the nineteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bible_Students">Bible Students</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bible Students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Student movement</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Taze_Russell_sharp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charles_Taze_Russell_sharp.jpg/150px-Charles_Taze_Russell_sharp.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charles_Taze_Russell_sharp.jpg/225px-Charles_Taze_Russell_sharp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charles_Taze_Russell_sharp.jpg/300px-Charles_Taze_Russell_sharp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Russell</a> in 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1870s, a Bible study group led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a> formed into what was eventually called the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Student movement</a>. Russell's congregations did not consider him to be the founder of a new religion,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that he helped in restoring true Christianity from the <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> that Jesus and the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a> foretold. They believed that other Churches departed in a <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a> from the original faith on major points, and that the original faith could be restored through a generally literal interpretation of the Bible and a sincere commitment to follow its teachings. They focused on several key doctrinal points that they considered a return to "primitive Christianity",<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived from their interpretation of the Bible, including active <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytization</a>; strict neutrality in political affairs;<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abstinence from warfare;<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a belief in the imminent manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> (or <a href="/wiki/World_to_Come" class="mw-redirect" title="World to Come">World to Come</a>) on Earth, and a rejection of <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">trinitarianism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortality of the soul">immortality of the soul</a>, and the definition of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> as a place of eternal torment.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span>Jehovah's Witnesses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> emerged as a distinct religious organization, maintaining control of Russell's <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporations_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses">other corporations</a>. They continued to develop doctrines that they considered to be an improved restoration of <a href="/wiki/First_century_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="First century Christianity">first century Christianity</a>, including increased emphasis on the use of <i><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a></i> as God's personal name.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plymouth_Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Plymouth Brethren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnNelsonDarby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/JohnNelsonDarby.jpg/150px-JohnNelsonDarby.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/JohnNelsonDarby.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Plymouth Brethren is a <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a>, restorationist movement whose origin can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, in 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mackay1981_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackay1981-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title, "The Brethren", is one that many of their number are comfortable with, in that the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> designates all believers as "brethren". The first English assembly was in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> in 1831,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the movement became well known and assemblies diffused throughout Europe and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was organised primarily by <a href="/wiki/George_Wigram" title="George Wigram">George Wigram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wills_Newton" title="Benjamin Wills Newton">Benjamin Wills Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement soon spread throughout the UK. By 1845, the first English assembly in Plymouth had over 1,000 souls in fellowship.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They became known as "the brethren from Plymouth", and were soon simply called "Plymouth Brethren". By 1848, divergence of practice and belief led to the development of two separate branches. The rift was caused primarily by a difference of opinions between <a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wills_Newton" title="Benjamin Wills Newton">Benjamin Wills Newton</a> in regards to <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>. Despite more divisions, assemblies are still often generalized into two main categories: "<a href="/wiki/Open_Brethren" title="Open Brethren">Open Brethren</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Brethren" title="Exclusive Brethren">Exclusive Brethren</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_(theologian)" title="John Duncan (theologian)">John Duncan</a> criticized the Brethren movement saying "To end sectarianism, the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a> began by making a new sect, and that sect, of all sects, the most sectarian".<sup id="cite_ref-peebs_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peebs-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2013)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th-century_and_contemporary_groups">20th-century and contemporary groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 20th-century and contemporary groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oneness_Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Oneness Pentecostalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></div> <p>Pentecostalism began primarily as a restoration movement that focused on the "experiential" aspect of the early church.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early pioneers of the Pentecostal movement sought to restore the work and power of the Holy Spirit to the church, which they felt had been lost early on after the Apostolic Age. <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostals</a>, in particular, continue to have a lot of restorationist themes present in their movement. Many Oneness Pentecostals see their movement as being a restoration of the Apostolic Church, which is why many of them refer to themselves as "apostolic" or to their movement as the "Apostolic Pentecostal" movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_New_Church_Movement">British New Church Movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: British New Church Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_New_Church_Movement" title="British New Church Movement">British New Church Movement</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Restorationism" title="Special:EditPage/Restorationism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the charismatic movement of the 1960s and 1970s, which focused on the transformation of the individual, some leaders formed what has become known as the Charismatic Restorationist Movement. These leaders, of whom <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wallis_(Bible_teacher)" title="Arthur Wallis (Bible teacher)">Arthur Wallis</a>, David Lillie and Cecil Cousen were at the forefront, focused on the nature of the church and shared a distinctive view that authentic church order was being restored to the whole church. This authentic church order centred on what is referred to as the "fivefold ministries", as listed in Ephesians 4:11: Apostles, Prophets, Evangelists, Teachers and Pastors. <sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Charismatic Movement brought the Pentecostal gifts to the denominational churches, these restorationists considered denominationalism unbiblical, and shared a conviction that God would cause the church to be directly organized and empowered by the holy spirit. The movement has thousands of adherents worldwide, and notable church networks include <a href="/wiki/Newfrontiers" title="Newfrontiers">Newfrontiers</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Virgo" title="Terry Virgo">Terry Virgo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_and_Light_Ministries_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salt and Light Ministries International (page does not exist)">Salt and Light Ministries International</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Barney_Coombs" title="Barney Coombs">Barney Coombs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ichthus_Christian_Fellowship" title="Ichthus Christian Fellowship">Ichthus Christian Fellowship</a> led by Faith and <a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Forster" title="Roger T. Forster">Roger Forster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shepherding_movement">Shepherding movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Shepherding movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shepherding_movement" title="Shepherding movement">Shepherding movement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Restorationism" title="Special:EditPage/Restorationism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The British leaders of charismatic restorationism mutually recognised a parallel movement in the United States, centered on the Fort Lauderdale Five; <a href="/wiki/Derek_Prince" title="Derek Prince">Derek Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Basham" title="Don Basham">Don Basham</a>, Bob Mumford, Charles Simpson and Ern Baxter. This movement became known as the Shepherding movement and was the subject of significant controversy in the mid-1970s. The movement left a significant legacy through its influence on contemporary ministries <a href="/wiki/International_Churches_of_Christ" title="International Churches of Christ">International Churches of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranatha_Campus_Ministries" title="Maranatha Campus Ministries">Maranatha Campus Ministries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Commission International">Great Commission International</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Apostolic-Prophetic Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Restorationism" title="Special:EditPage/Restorationism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>More recently another form of charismatic restorationism with a similar recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Apostle" title="Apostle">apostolic</a> office has emerged in the form of the Apostolic-Prophetic Movement, centered on the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City Prophets">Kansas City Prophets</a>. Leading proponents of the movement include <a href="/wiki/C._Peter_Wagner" title="C. Peter Wagner">C. Peter Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Joyner" title="Rick Joyner">Rick Joyner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bickle_(minister)" title="Mike Bickle (minister)">Mike Bickle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Engle" title="Lou Engle">Lou Engle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_God_(Restoration)"><span id="Church_of_God_.28Restoration.29"></span>Church of God (Restoration)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Church of God (Restoration)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Restoration)" title="Church of God (Restoration)">Church of God (Restoration)</a></div> <p>The Church of God (Restoration) is a Christian denomination that was founded in the 1980s by Daniel (Danny) Layne.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a booklet written by Layne in the early 1980s, he claimed to be an ex-heroin addict who spent years dealing drugs and living a life of crime and sin on the streets of San Francisco. Layne was originally raised in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of God (Anderson)">Church of God (Anderson)</a>, where his father was a minister. Layne began preaching in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Guthrie,_OK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of God (Guthrie, OK)">Church of God (Guthrie, OK)</a> after his conversion. </p><p>One tenet of this group is that they are ordained by both prophecy and divine command to restore the church of God as it was in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Book of Acts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Daniel Layne's beliefs concerning the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">book of Revelation</a> originated from some ministers who had left the Church of God (Anderson) reformation movement thirty or so years earlier. This teaching is upheld by the official <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>, which is a form of church <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicism</a>. This Church of God (Restoration)<sup id="cite_ref-cog_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cog-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> teaches that the 7th Trumpet in the book of the Revelation began to sound around the year 1980 when Daniel Layne was saved, alleging that there was a general discontent among many of its current adherents that were in various Churches of God at that time. A variation of this "<a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seventh Seal</a> message"<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had been taught in other Churches of God for approximately 50 years prior to this point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iglesia_ni_Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Iglesia ni Cristo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></div> <p><i>Iglesia ni Cristo</i> began in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and was incorporated by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Y._Manalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Y. Manalo">Felix Y. Manalo</a> on July 27, 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tipon_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tipon-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church professes to be the reestablishment of the original church founded by Jesus Christ and teaches that the original church was <a href="/wiki/Apostasy#Christianity" title="Apostasy">apostatized</a>. It does not teach the doctrine of the Trinity or the divinity of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Iglesia ni Cristo</i> does not subscribe to the term <i>Restoration</i> or claim to be a part of the <i>Restoration Movement</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Luz_del_Mundo">La Luz del Mundo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: La Luz del Mundo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/La_Luz_del_Mundo" title="La Luz del Mundo">La Luz del Mundo</a></div> <p><i>La Luz del Mundo</i> (full name: <i>Iglesia del Dios Vivo, Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo</i>) was founded in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> on 6 April 1926 by Eusebio Joaquín González (14 August 1896 – 9 June 1964), who claimed that God called him to be an <a href="/wiki/Apostle" title="Apostle">apostle</a> of Jesus Christ and renamed him Aarón. Joaquín claimed that he was commissioned to restore the primitive Christian church of the first century CE. The church, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, Mexico, asserts that all other forms of Christianity are corruptions that arose after the last of the original apostles died, and rejects traditional Christian doctrines such as <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">trinitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of saints">veneration of saints</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Divinity_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divinity of Jesus">divinity of Jesus</a>. </p><p>It continues to claim that it is the restoration of primitive Christianity and that its leaders, including Aarón Joaquín, his son, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Flores" title="Samuel Joaquín Flores">Samuel Joaquín Flores</a> (1937 – 2014), and his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Naas%C3%B3n_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Naasón Joaquín García">Naasón Joaquín García</a> (born 1969), who is the church's international director, are apostles responsible for the restoration, without whom it would be impossible for people to truly believe in Jesus and be saved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostolic_Catholic_Church_(Philippines)"><span id="Apostolic_Catholic_Church_.28Philippines.29"></span>Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Catholic_Church_(Philippines)" title="Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)">Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)</a></div> <p>The Apostolic Catholic Church started as a mainstream <a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic lay organization">Catholic lay organization</a> that was founded in Hermosa Bataan in the early 1970s by Maria Virginia P. Leonzon Vda. De Teruel.<sup id="cite_ref-Our_Member_Churches_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our_Member_Churches-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, the organisation and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a>; due to varying issues, it formally separated itself from the Roman Catholic Church, when <a href="/wiki/John_Florentine_Teruel" title="John Florentine Teruel">John Florentine Teruel</a> was consecrated as a patriarch and registered the church as a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Catholic">Independent Catholic</a> denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-Our_Member_Churches_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our_Member_Churches-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church describes itself as a Conservative Church which aims to bring back Ancient Catholic Church traditions removed by previous councils and Popes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_churches">Local churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Local churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WatchmanNee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WatchmanNee.jpg/150px-WatchmanNee.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WatchmanNee.jpg/225px-WatchmanNee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/WatchmanNee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Watchman_Nee" title="Watchman Nee">Watchman Nee</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Local_churches_(affiliation)" title="Local churches (affiliation)">Local churches (affiliation)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Local_churches_(affiliation)" title="Local churches (affiliation)">local churches</a> are a Christian movement influenced by the teachings of <a href="/wiki/J.N._Darby" class="mw-redirect" title="J.N. Darby">J.N. Darby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watchman_Nee" title="Watchman Nee">Watchman Nee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witness_Lee" title="Witness Lee">Witness Lee</a> and associated with the <a href="/wiki/Living_Stream_Ministry" title="Living Stream Ministry">Living Stream Ministry</a> publishing house. Its members see themselves as separate from other Christian groups, denominations, and movements, part of what they sometimes call "<a href="/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Recovery" title="The Lord's Recovery">The Lord's Recovery</a>". One of the defining features of the local churches is their adherence to the principle that all Christians in a city or locality are automatically members of the one church in that locality. Another defining feature is the lack of an official organization or official name for the movement. Those in the local churches believe that to take a name would divide them from other believers. Thus, they often say they meet with "the church in [city name]" with the understanding that they are not the only church but belong to the same church as every believer in their city.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesuism">Jesuism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Jesuism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></div> <p>Jesuism is the personal <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> encompassing the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a> and commitment or adherence to <a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayings of Jesus">those teachings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesuism is distinct from and sometimes opposed to mainstream <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the organized religion based on the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Jesuism is distinguished from the writings attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Apostle Paul</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">modern Church doctrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesuism is not necessarily critical of the Christian Bible or Church doctrine, but rather it does not affirm their authority over the teachings of Jesus. As a philosophy, Jesuism is characterized as <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a>, rejecting the conflict between <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Mission_Society_Church_Of_God">World Mission Society Church Of God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: World Mission Society Church Of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Mission_Society_Church_of_God" title="World Mission Society Church of God">World Mission Society Church of God</a></div> <p>World Mission Society Church of God is a non-denominational Christian movement founded by <a href="/wiki/Ahn_Sahng-Hong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahn Sahng-Hong">Ahn Sahng-Hong</a> in 1964. The church claims to be a restoration of the original Church of God and has teachings differing from other Christian denominations. After Ahn Sahng-hong died in February 1985, a group of people in Church of God Jesus Witnesses including the man Kim Joo-cheol and the woman <a href="/wiki/Zahng_Gil-jah" title="Zahng Gil-jah">Zahng Gil-jah</a> wanted to re-introduce the concept of a "spiritual mother". In March 1985, they moved from Busan to Seoul. At a meeting in Seoul in June 1985, they discussed how to call Zahng Gil-jah, and established a church called Witnesses of Ahn Sahng-hong Church of God which is led by Kim Joo-cheol and Zahng Gil-jah. Two major new doctrines were codified: </p><p>Ahn Sahng-hong should be regarded as Jesus Christ who had already come, should be titled Christ Ahn Sahng-hong, and pursuant to a traditional trinitarian view of Christian hypostasis Ahn was consequently also The Holy Spirit, God the Father, and thus God. Zahng Gil-jah should be regarded as God the Mother, a female image of God, be titled Heavenly Mother, or simply Mother, and together with Ahn Sahng-hong be regarded as God.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bercot" title="David Bercot">David Bercot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Christianity in the 1st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Christian_movement" title="Hebrew Christian movement">Hebrew Christian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Roots" title="Hebrew Roots">Hebrew Roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Recovery" title="The Lord's Recovery">The Lord's Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Th%C3%A9ologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvelle Théologie">Ressourcement</a></i></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Models_of_Restoration_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, 9780802838988, entry on <i>Restoration, Historical Models of</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge_Companion-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_Companion_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_Companion_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_Companion_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_Companion_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_Companion_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard Mannion and Lewis S. Mudge, <i>The Routledge companion to the Christian church</i>, Routledge, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-37420-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-37420-0">0-415-37420-0</a>, 9780415374200, page 634</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of Religion in the South, p.665, Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson, 2005: "An Anabaptist, <a href="/wiki/Servetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Servetus">Servetus</a> believed what has always been basic to restorationism: ... the true, apostolic church .... Restorationists in the South include three churches of the STONE-CAMPBELL TRADITION."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-I_Just_Want_to_Be_a_Christian-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I_Just_Want_to_Be_a_Christian_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I_Just_Want_to_Be_a_Christian_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rubel_Shelly" title="Rubel Shelly">Rubel Shelly</a>, <i>I Just Want to Be a Christian</i>, 20th Century Christian, Nashville, Tennessee 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89098-021-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89098-021-7">0-89098-021-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson2020-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carson2020_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson2020_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson2020_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson2020_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2020" class="citation book cs1">Carson, D. A. (10 February 2020). <i>Themelios, Volume 44, Issue 3</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-6010-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-6010-8"><bdi>978-1-7252-6010-8</bdi></a>. <q>From this nexus at Albury Park would eventually emerge the openly-restorationist Catholic Apostolic Church, in which both Drummond and London Scots preacher, Edward Irving (1792-1834), would figure prominently. Significant for the purposes of this discussion is the fact that the Catholic Apostolic Church would distinguish itself not only for its bold claim to exercise the charismata of the Apostolic age, but also for its lavish liturgies borrowed from the pre-Reformation church, both East and West.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Themelios%2C+Volume+44%2C+Issue+3&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-6010-8&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisMittelstadt2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LewisMittelstadt2016_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisMittelstadt2016" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Paul W.; Mittelstadt, Martin William (27 April 2016). <i>What's So Liberal about the Liberal Arts?: Integrated Approaches to Christian Formation</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3145-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3145-9"><bdi>978-1-4982-3145-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Second Great Awakening (1790-1840) spurred a renewed interest in primitive Christianity. What is known as the Restoration Movement of the nineteenth century gave birth to an array of groups: Mormons (The Latter Day Saint Movement), the Churches of Christ, Adventists, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Though these groups demonstrate a breathtaking diversity on the continuum of Christianity they share an intense restorationist impulse. Picasso and Stravinsky reflect a primitivism that came to the fore around the turn of the twentieth century that more broadly has been characterized as a "retreat from the industrialized world."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+So+Liberal+about+the+Liberal+Arts%3F%3A+Integrated+Approaches+to+Christian+Formation&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-3145-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rft.au=Mittelstadt%2C+Martin+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloesch2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloesch2005_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloesch2005" class="citation book cs1">Bloesch, Donald G. (2 December 2005). <i>The Holy Spirit: Works Gifts</i>. InterVarsity Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2755-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2755-8"><bdi>978-0-8308-2755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Spirit%3A+Works+Gifts&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2005-12-02&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2755-8&rft.aulast=Bloesch&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spinks2017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spinks2017_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinks2017_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinks2017_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinks2017" class="citation book cs1">Spinks, Bryan D. (2 March 2017). <i>Reformation and Modern Rituals and Theologies of Baptism: From Luther to Contemporary Practices</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-90583-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-90583-1"><bdi>978-1-351-90583-1</bdi></a>. <q>However, Swedenborg claimed to receive visions and revelations of heavenly things and a 'New Church', and the new church which was founded upon his writings was a Restorationist Church. The three nineteenth-century churches are all examples of Restorationist Churches, which believed they were refounding the Apostolic Church, and preparing for the Second Coming of Christ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation+and+Modern+Rituals+and+Theologies+of+Baptism%3A+From+Luther+to+Contemporary+Practices&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft.isbn=978-1-351-90583-1&rft.aulast=Spinks&rft.aufirst=Bryan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riswold2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riswold2009_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiswold2009" class="citation book cs1">Riswold, Caryn D. (1 October 2009). <i>Feminism and Christianity: Questions and Answers in the Third Wave</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-053-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-053-9"><bdi>978-1-62189-053-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminism+and+Christianity%3A+Questions+and+Answers+in+the+Third+Wave&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-053-9&rft.aulast=Riswold&rft.aufirst=Caryn+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GaoSawatsky2023-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GaoSawatsky2023_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaoSawatsky2023" class="citation web cs1">Gao, Ronnie Chuang-Rang; Sawatsky, Kevin (7 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hc.edu/center-for-christianity-in-business/2023/02/07/motivations-in-faith-based-organizations/">"Motivations in Faith-Based Organizations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Christian_University" title="Houston Christian University">Houston Christian University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>For example, Christianity comprises six major groups: Church of the East, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism and Restorationism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motivations+in+Faith-Based+Organizations&rft.pub=Houston+Christian+University&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Ronnie+Chuang-Rang&rft.au=Sawatsky%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhc.edu%2Fcenter-for-christianity-in-business%2F2023%2F02%2F07%2Fmotivations-in-faith-based-organizations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molloy2017-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Molloy2017_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolloy2017" class="citation book cs1">Molloy, Michael (6 April 2017). <i>The Christian Experience: An Introduction to Christianity</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-8284-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-8284-3"><bdi>978-1-4725-8284-3</bdi></a>. <q>Like other Restorationists, Russell held the theory of the Great Apostasy, the belief that Christianity had fallen away from its original purity. To the simple early message of Christianity, he believed, later teachers and political leaders had added unwarranted beliefs and practices.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Experience%3A+An+Introduction+to+Christianity&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-8284-3&rft.aulast=Molloy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buck2009-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buck2009_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck2009" class="citation book cs1">Buck, Christopher (2009). <i>Religious Myths and Visions of America: How Minority Faiths Redefined America's World Role</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35959-0"><bdi>978-0-313-35959-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Myths+and+Visions+of+America%3A+How+Minority+Faiths+Redefined+America%27s+World+Role&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35959-0&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Evangelicalism in modern Britain: a history from the 1730s to the 1980s</i>, David W. Bebbington, pub 1995, Routledge (UK), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10464-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10464-5">0-415-10464-5</a>, pg 230,231; 245-249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction</i>, Stephen J. Hunt, pub 2003, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3410-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3410-8">0-7546-3410-8</a>, pg 82,83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Lynn Holmes, <i>The faiths of the founding fathers</i>, Oxford University Press US, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-530092-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-530092-0">0-19-530092-0</a>, 9780195300925, 225 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, translated by Geoffrey William Bromiley, <i>The encyclopedia of Christianity</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005, 952 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2416-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2416-1">0-8028-2416-1</a>, 9780802824165, entry on <i>Restoration Movements</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Turner, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/vox/vol19/ecclesiology_turner.pdf">Ecclesiology In The Major 'Apostolic' Restorationist Churches In The United Kingdom</a>", <i>Vox Evangelica</i> 19 (1989): 83–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elaine Milley, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gladtidingsnl.org/articles/emilley1.pdf">Modern Theology of Restorationism</a>", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418155804/http://www.gladtidingsnl.org/articles/emilley1.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Master's Thesis, Theological Studies Department, Tyndale College and Seminary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, <i>Restoring the faith: the Assemblies of God, Pentecostalism, and American culture</i>, University of Illinois Press, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06281-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06281-7">0-252-06281-7</a>, 9780252062810, 281 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Hunt, <i>Alternative religions: a sociological introduction</i>, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3410-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3410-8">0-7546-3410-8</a>, 9780754634102, 268 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See for example Cassandra Yacovazzi, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2104/5343/Cassie_Yacovazzi_masters.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>The Crisis of Sectarianism: Restorationist, Catholic, and Mormon Converts in Antebellum America</i></a>, Masters Thesis, Department of History, <a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a>, May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anouar Majid, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/ajp017v1">The Political Geography of Holiness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160210084928/http://alh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/ajp017v1">Archived</a> 2016-02-10 at Wikiwix", <i>American Literary History</i>, April 17, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Hunt, <i>Christian millenarianism: from the early church to Waco</i>, Indiana University Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21491-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21491-2">0-253-21491-2</a>, 9780253214911, 258 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Alan. <i>Primitive Christianity in Crisis</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+Christianity+in+Crisis&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Roderick. <i>Restoring Apostolic Christianity</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoring+Apostolic+Christianity&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., clean and unclean animals, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%207:2&version=nrsv">Gen. 7:2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>'s cutting covenant with Abraham on <a href="/wiki/Quartodeciman" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartodeciman">Quartodeciman</a> <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> as inferred from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2012:41&version=nrsv">Ex. 12:41</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205–7&version=nrsv">Matt. 5–7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_29-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, "Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ," Abilene Christian University Press, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89112-006-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89112-006-8">0-89112-006-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-folly-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-folly_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-folly_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1984" class="citation book cs1">Tuchman, Barbara W. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marchoffollyfrom00tuch"><i>The march of folly</i></a>. New York, U.S.A.: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394527772" title="Special:BookSources/9780394527772"><bdi>9780394527772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+march+of+folly&rft.place=New+York%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780394527772&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarchoffollyfrom00tuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mirror-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mirror_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_W._Tuchman1978" class="citation book cs1">Barbara W. Tuchman (1978). <i>A Distant Mirror</i>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-40026-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-40026-7"><bdi>0-394-40026-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Distant+Mirror&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-394-40026-7&rft.au=Barbara+W.+Tuchman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2004" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Leigh (2004). <i>The Age of Knights & Friars, Popes & Reformers</i>. Milton Keynes: Authentic Media. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-279-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-279-4"><bdi>978-1-84227-279-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Knights+%26+Friars%2C+Popes+%26+Reformers&rft.place=Milton+Keynes&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Authentic+Media&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84227-279-4&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2004" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Leigh (2004). <i>The Age of Knights & Friars, Popes & Reformers</i>. Milton Keynes: Authentic Media. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-279-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-279-4"><bdi>978-1-84227-279-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Knights+%26+Friars%2C+Popes+%26+Reformers&rft.place=Milton+Keynes&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Authentic+Media&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84227-279-4&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Constance1414" class="citation web cs1">Council of Constance (1414). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080101090223/http://www.piar.hu/councils/ecum16.htm">"Council of Constance"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piar.hu/councils/ecum16.htm">the original</a> on 2008-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Constance&rft.date=1414&rft.au=Council+of+Constance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piar.hu%2Fcouncils%2Fecum16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Basle1431–1449" class="citation web cs1">Council of Basle (1431–1449). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02334b.htm">"Council of Basle"</a>. Catholic Encyclopedia 1907<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Basle&rft.pub=Catholic+Encyclopedia+1907&rft.date=1431&rft.au=Council+of+Basle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02334b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._Todd1971" class="citation book cs1">John M. Todd (1971). <i>The Reformation</i>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1971&rft.au=John+M.+Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Hooker" class="citation web cs1">Richard Hooker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323001317/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/LUTHER.HTM">"Martin Luther, The Freedom of a Christian"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/LUTHER.HTM">the original</a> on 2007-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%2C+The+Freedom+of+a+Christian&rft.au=Richard+Hooker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~dee%2FREFORM%2FLUTHER.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remensnyder1893-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Remensnyder1893_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunius_Benjamin_Remensnyder1893" class="citation book cs1">Junius Benjamin Remensnyder (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWA3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12"><i>The Lutheran Manual</i></a>. Boschen & Wefer Company. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lutheran+Manual&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Boschen+%26+Wefer+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Junius+Benjamin+Remensnyder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWA3AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frey1918-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frey1918_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey1918" class="citation book cs1">Frey, H. (1918). <i>Is One Church as Good as Another?</i>. Vol. 37. <a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lutheran Witness">The Lutheran Witness</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">82–</span>83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+One+Church+as+Good+as+Another%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=The+Lutheran+Witness&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludwig2016-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ludwig2016_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ludwig2016_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudwig2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Ludwig, Alan (12 September 2016). "Luther's Catholic Reformation". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lutheran Witness">The Lutheran Witness</a></i>. <q>When the Lutherans presented the <i>Augsburg Confession</i> before Emperor Charles V in 1530, they carefully showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils and even the canon law of the Church of Rome. They boldly claim, "This is about the Sum of our Doctrine, in which, as can be seen, there is nothing that varies from the Scriptures, or from the Church Catholic, or from the Church of Rome as known from its writers" (AC XXI Conclusion 1). The underlying thesis of the <i>Augsburg Confession</i> is that the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church. In fact, it is actually the Church of Rome that has departed from the ancient faith and practice of the catholic church (see AC XXIII 13, XXVIII 72 and other places).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lutheran+Witness&rft.atitle=Luther%27s+Catholic+Reformation&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Ludwig&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes_1988-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_1988_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_1988_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard T. Hughes (editor), <i>The American Quest for the Primitive Church</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, 1988, 292 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06029-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06029-6">0-252-06029-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McIlhiney_1975_143–154-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McIlhiney_1975_143–154_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIlhiney_1975_143–154_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIlhiney1975" class="citation journal cs1">McIlhiney, David B. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42974662">"The Protestantism of the Caroline Divines"</a>. <i>Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church</i>. <b>44</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2486">0018-2486</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42974662">42974662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Magazine+of+the+Protestant+Episcopal+Church&rft.atitle=The+Protestantism+of+the+Caroline+Divines&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42974662%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0018-2486&rft.aulast=McIlhiney&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42974662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoll1996" class="citation journal cs1">Doll, Peter (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611756">"The Idea of the Primitive Church in High Church Ecclesiology from Samuel Johnson to J.H. Hobart"</a>. <i>Anglican and Episcopal History</i>. <b>65</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0896-8039">0896-8039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611756">42611756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglican+and+Episcopal+History&rft.atitle=The+Idea+of+the+Primitive+Church+in+High+Church+Ecclesiology+from+Samuel+Johnson+to+J.H.+Hobart&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42611756%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0896-8039&rft.aulast=Doll&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42611756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2016" class="citation web cs1">Snyder, Howard (2016-05-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seedbed.com/restoring-primitive-christianity-in-america-2/">"Restoring Primitive Christianity in America"</a>. <i>Seedbed</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seedbed&rft.atitle=Restoring+Primitive+Christianity+in+America&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseedbed.com%2Frestoring-primitive-christianity-in-america-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, Geordan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42612802">"High Church Anglican Influences on John Wesley's Conception of Primitive Christianity, 1732-1735"</a>. <i>Anglican and Episcopal History</i>. <b>78</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">174–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0896-8039">0896-8039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42612802">42612802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglican+and+Episcopal+History&rft.atitle=High+Church+Anglican+Influences+on+John+Wesley%27s+Conception+of+Primitive+Christianity%2C+1732-1735&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42612802%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0896-8039&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Geordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42612802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2014" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Geordan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701606.001.0001/acprof-9780198701606"><i>John Wesley in America: Restoring Primitive Christianity</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198701606.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701606.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870160-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870160-6"><bdi>978-0-19-870160-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wesley+in+America%3A+Restoring+Primitive+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198701606.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870160-6&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Geordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198701606.001.0001%2Facprof-9780198701606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, Geordan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42612802">"High Church Anglican Influences on John Wesley's Conception of Primitive Christianity, 1732-1735"</a>. <i>Anglican and Episcopal History</i>. <b>78</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">174–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0896-8039">0896-8039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42612802">42612802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglican+and+Episcopal+History&rft.atitle=High+Church+Anglican+Influences+on+John+Wesley%27s+Conception+of+Primitive+Christianity%2C+1732-1735&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42612802%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0896-8039&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Geordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42612802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2017" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Kenneth J. (2017-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/psup/wms/article/9/2/101/198017/The-Method-of-John-Wesley-s-Practical-Theology">"The Method of John Wesley's Practical Theology Reconsidered"</a>. <i>Wesley and Methodist Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fweslmethstud.9.2.0101">10.5325/weslmethstud.9.2.0101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-1723">2291-1723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wesley+and+Methodist+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Method+of+John+Wesley%27s+Practical+Theology+Reconsidered&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fweslmethstud.9.2.0101&rft.issn=2291-1723&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublishingcollective.org%2Fpsup%2Fwms%2Farticle%2F9%2F2%2F101%2F198017%2FThe-Method-of-John-Wesley-s-Practical-Theology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wbbm.org/john-wesley-sermons/serm-132.htm">"John Wesley, Sermon 132: ON LAYING THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW CHAPEL, NEAR THE CITY-ROAD, LONDON"</a>. <i>wbbm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wbbm.org&rft.atitle=John+Wesley%2C+Sermon+132%3A+ON+LAYING+THE+FOUNDATION+OF+THE+NEW+CHAPEL%2C+NEAR+THE+CITY-ROAD%2C+LONDON&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwbbm.org%2Fjohn-wesley-sermons%2Fserm-132.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umc.org/en/content/what-we-can-learn-from-the-words-on-john-wesleys-tomb">"What we can learn from the words on John Wesley's tomb"</a>. <i>The United Methodist Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.atitle=What+we+can+learn+from+the+words+on+John+Wesley%27s+tomb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fwhat-we-can-learn-from-the-words-on-john-wesleys-tomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Great_Awakenings_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, 9780802838988, 854 pages, entry on <i>Great Awakenings</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redigging_the_Wells-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redigging_the_Wells_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monroe E. Hawley, <i>Redigging the Wells: Seeking Undenominational Christianity</i>, Quality Publications, Abilene, Texas, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89137-512-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89137-512-0">0-89137-512-0</a> (paper), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89137-513-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89137-513-9">0-89137-513-9</a> (cloth)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAlister_&_Tucker,_1975-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McAlister_&_Tucker,_1975_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAlister_&_Tucker,_1975_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McAlister, Lester G. and Tucker, William E. (1975), Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) - St. Louis, Chalice Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-1703-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-1703-4">978-0-8272-1703-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes_and_Roberts,_2001-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_and_Roberts,_2001_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Thomas Hughes and R. L. Roberts, <i>The Churches of Christ</i>, 2nd Edition, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-23312-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-23312-8">0-313-23312-8</a>, 9780313233128, 345 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Alexander_Campbell_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, 9780802838988, 854 pages, entry on <i>Campbell, Alexander</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrett_2002-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garrett_2002_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leroy Garrett, <i>The Stone-Campbell Movement: The Story of the American Restoration Movement</i>, College Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89900-909-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89900-909-3">0-89900-909-3</a>, 9780899009094, 573 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sydney E. Ahlstrom, <i>A Religious History of the American People</i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton_2009-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melton_2009_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of new religions: new religious movements, sects and </i> Christopher Hugh Partridge - 2004 "In June 1848, he returned to England and was well received in Nottingham and had further speaking engagements in Derby"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The British Millennial Harbinger and Family Magazine</i> ed. James Wallis July 1848 cover, October 1848 in full</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christadelphianhistory-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-christadelphianhistory_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-christadelphianhistory_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509084920/http://www.widomaker.com/~cpatax/xadelfia/who01.htm">"Our History"</a>. Williamsburg Christadelphians. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.widomaker.com/~cpatax/xadelfia/who01.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History&rft.pub=Williamsburg+Christadelphians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.widomaker.com%2F~cpatax%2Fxadelfia%2Fwho01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallagher2021-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher2021_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher2021_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherWillsky-Ciollo2021" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Eugene V.; Willsky-Ciollo, Lydia (15 February 2021). <i>New Religions: Emerging Faiths and Religious Cultures in the Modern World</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-12291-3" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-12291-3"><bdi>979-8-216-12291-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Religions%3A+Emerging+Faiths+and+Religious+Cultures+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft.isbn=979-8-216-12291-3&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Eugene+V.&rft.au=Willsky-Ciollo%2C+Lydia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saintpaulhistorical.com/items/show/120">"Virginia Street Swedenborgian Church"</a>. Saint Paul Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virginia+Street+Swedenborgian+Church&rft.pub=Saint+Paul+Church&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaintpaulhistorical.com%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>What is the Catholic Apostolic Church?</i>. Wesleyan Conference Office. 1834. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Catholic+Apostolic+Church%3F&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wesleyan+Conference+Office&rft.date=1834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cannon2009-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cannon2009_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon2009" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, John (21 May 2009). <i>A Dictionary of British History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955037-1"><bdi>978-0-19-955037-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+British+History&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955037-1&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nyika2008-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nyika2008_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyika2008" class="citation book cs1">Nyika, Felix Chimera (2008). <i>Restore the Primitive Church Once More: A Survey of Post Reformation Christian Restorationism</i>. Kachere Series. p. 14. <q>In the 1990s the New Apostolic Church had almost 300 apostles with 60,000 congregations comprising 16 million members globally.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restore+the+Primitive+Church+Once+More%3A+A+Survey+of+Post+Reformation+Christian+Restorationism&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Kachere+Series&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Nyika&rft.aufirst=Felix+Chimera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuligin2005-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuligin2005_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuligin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kuligin, Victor (2005). "The New Apostolic Church". <i>Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Journal+of+Evangelical+Theology&rft.atitle=The+New+Apostolic+Church&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kuligin&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whalen1981-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whalen1981_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhalen1981" class="citation book cs1">Whalen, William Joseph (1981). <i>Minority Religions in America</i>. Alba House. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8189-0413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8189-0413-4"><bdi>978-0-8189-0413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+Religions+in+America&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Alba+House&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8189-0413-4&rft.aulast=Whalen&rft.aufirst=William+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nomos1992-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nomos1992_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Decisions of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) Federal Republic of Germany</i>. Nomos. 1992. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-2132-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-2132-3"><bdi>978-3-8329-2132-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisions+of+the+Bundesverfassungsgericht+%28Federal+Constitutional+Court%29+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Nomos&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-8329-2132-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushman-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bushman_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bushman_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushman2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bushman" title="Richard Bushman">Bushman, Richard</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6m059lR04IoC"><i>Mormonism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Very_Short_Introductions" title="Very Short Introductions">Very Short Introductions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531030-6"><bdi>978-0-19-531030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.series=Very+Short+Introductions&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531030-6&rft.aulast=Bushman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6m059lR04IoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Pearl_of_Great_Price_(1913)/History#1:19" class="extiw" title="s:The Pearl of Great Price (1913)/History">Joseph Smith - History 1:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Mormonism_72-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterDunnavantBlowersWilliams2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Foster, Douglas Allen; Dunnavant, Anthony L.; Blowers, Paul M.; Williams, D. Newell, eds. (2004). "Mormonism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3UtqrX56rgC"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802838988" title="Special:BookSources/9780802838988"><bdi>9780802838988</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mormonism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Stone-Campbell+Movement&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780802838988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3UtqrX56rgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GA2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GA2_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmage1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Talmage" title="James E. Talmage">Talmage, James E.</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatapostasycon00atalm/page/156/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>The Great Apostasy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-843-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87579-843-8"><bdi>0-87579-843-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Apostasy&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Deseret+News&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=0-87579-843-8&rft.aulast=Talmage&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatapostasycon00atalm%2Fpage%2F156%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George R. Knight, "A Search for Identity: The Development of Seventh-Day Adventist Beliefs," Review and Herald Pub Assoc., 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/appendix-b-classification-of-protestant-denominations/">"Pew Research Center, America's Changing Religious Landscape, Appendix B: Classification of Protestant Denominations"</a>. 12 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pew+Research+Center%2C+America%27s+Changing+Religious+Landscape%2C+Appendix+B%3A+Classification+of+Protestant+Denominations&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2015%2F05%2F12%2Fappendix-b-classification-of-protestant-denominations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrews.edu/~damsteeg/Prog%20rev.html">"Seventh-day Adventist Doctrines and Progressive Revelation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seventh-day+Adventist+Doctrines+and+Progressive+Revelation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrews.edu%2F~damsteeg%2FProg%2520rev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Midnight and Morning: The Millerite Movement and the Founding of the Advent Christian Church</i>, 1831-1860 by Clyde E. Hewitt (Venture Books, 1984), as cited by "The Advent Christian Church: An Introduction", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.areachurches.com/adventinfo.html">AreaChurches.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. chap. 31 p. 707 "A biography of Russell, published shortly after his death, explained: "He was not the founder of a new religion, and never made such claim. He revived the great truths taught by Jesus and the Apostles,"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Be Joyful Harvest Workers!". <i>The Watchtower</i>: 11. 15 July 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Be+Joyful+Harvest+Workers%21&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2001-07-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Militarism and Navalism - How Long?" by Charles Taze Russell, <i>Watch Tower</i>, January 1, 1916, page 5, "We see wrongs perpetrated in every direction; Divine Laws entirely set aside by these so-called Christian nations--Christendom. ...God's nation--is in the world, but not of it. Its members cannot be loyal to the prince of this world [Satan], and to the Prince of Glory, both. ...Indeed, we entreat all the Lord's dear people to remember that there are but the two great Masters; and that we have enlisted on the side of our God and His Christ, and are to prove loyal to these in the midst of a crooked and perverse people, blinded by the god of this world and filled with his spirit of pride, boastfulness, animosity, hatred and strife. It should be our desire to be neutral as between these contending factions of Satan's empire. ...Let us never forget our <i>neutrality</i>. Let us be just toward all, kind, generous. Let us <i>avoid as far as possible any discussion of these matters</i> with those who would not be able to understand and appreciate our position."[italics added]<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mostholyfaith.com/bible/reprints/Search_Result.asp#Z5:10">Retrieved 2010-12-20</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410033346/http://mostholyfaith.com/bible/reprints/Search_Result.asp#Z5:10">Archived</a> 2016-04-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bible Students and the Future", <i>Watch Tower</i>, April 1, 1915, page 101, "In all the Continental Armies our Brethren, known as Bible Students, are to be found--not willingly, but by conscription. ...Before the war we recommended to the Brethren that in the event of hostilities they should, so far as possible, if drafted, request positions in the hospital service or in the supplies department, where they could serve the Government efficiently; whereas, if they were ordered to the firing line, they would not be obliged to shoot to kill. We have reasons for believing that these suggestions are being followed... We have exhorted the brethren to strict neutrality so far as the combatants are concerned, whatever might be their natural inclination through accident of birth or association."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mostholyfaith.com/bible/reprints/Search_Result.asp#Z101:1">Retrieved 2010-12-20</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410033346/http://mostholyfaith.com/bible/reprints/Search_Result.asp#Z101:1">Archived</a> 2016-04-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Reasoning From The Scriptures</i>. Watchtower. 1988. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reasoning+From+The+Scriptures&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Watchtower&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watchtower</i>, April 15, 1983, pg 29, "Why is God's name, Jehovah, missing from most modern translations of the Bible? Superstition that developed among tradition-bound Jews caused them to avoid pronouncing God's personal name, Jehovah. This has contributed to worldwide ignorance regarding the divine name."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbigail2006" class="citation web cs1">Abigail, Shawn (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518150855/http://brethrenonline.org/faqs/Brethren.htm#3">"What is the history of the 'Brethren'?"</a>. <i>"Plymouth Brethren" FAQ</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brethrenonline.org/faqs/Brethren.htm#3">the original</a> on 18 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22Plymouth+Brethren%22+FAQ&rft.atitle=What+is+the+history+of+the+%27Brethren%27%3F&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Abigail&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrethrenonline.org%2Ffaqs%2FBrethren.htm%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mackay1981-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mackay1981_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay1981" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Harold (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assemblydistinct0000mack"><i>Assembly Distinctives</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough, Toronto">Scarborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>: Everyday Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88873-049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88873-049-7"><bdi>978-0-88873-049-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15948378">15948378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assembly+Distinctives&rft.place=Scarborough%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Everyday+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15948378&rft.isbn=978-0-88873-049-7&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fassemblydistinct0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellet" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gifford_Bellet" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gifford Bellet">Bellet, John Gifford</a>; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruederbewegung.de/pdf/reminiscences.pdf"><i>Interesting Reminiscences of the Early History of "Brethren" in and around 1827</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. bruederbewegung.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interesting+Reminiscences+of+the+Early+History+of+%22Brethren%22+in+and+around+1827&rft.pub=bruederbewegung.de&rft.aulast=Bellet&rft.aufirst=John+Gifford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bruederbewegung.de%2Fpdf%2Freminiscences.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham2004" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, Jonathan D. (2004). "The Emergence of the Plymouth Brethren". <i>A Story of Conflict: The Controversial Relationship Between Benjamin Wills Newton and John Nelson Darby</i>. <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Press" title="Paternoster Press">Paternoster Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-191-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-191-9"><bdi>978-1-84227-191-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56336926">56336926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Plymouth+Brethren&rft.btitle=A+Story+of+Conflict%3A+The+Controversial+Relationship+Between+Benjamin+Wills+Newton+and+John+Nelson+Darby&rft.place=Carlisle&rft.pub=Paternoster+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56336926&rft.isbn=978-1-84227-191-9&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeatby1902" class="citation book cs1">Neatby, William Blair (1902). <i>A History of the Plymouth Brethren</i> (2nd ed.). London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11627558">11627558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Plymouth+Brethren&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11627558&rft.aulast=Neatby&rft.aufirst=William+Blair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone2000" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2000). <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280057-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280057-2"><bdi>978-0-19-280057-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46858944">46858944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46858944&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280057-2&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoel1936" class="citation book cs1">Noel, Napoleon (1936). <i>The History of the Brethren</i>. <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>: Knapp. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2807272">2807272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Brethren&rft.place=Denver&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Knapp&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2807272&rft.aulast=Noel&rft.aufirst=Napoleon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteidlc._1988" class="citation web cs1">Steidl, Grant (c. 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207112358/http://pnavce.tripod.com/brethrenhistory/id2.html">"Schematic Diagram of Brethren History"</a>. Philip H. Van Amerongen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pnavce.tripod.com/brethrenhistory/id2.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schematic+Diagram+of+Brethren+History&rft.pub=Philip+H.+Van+Amerongen&rft.aulast=Steidl&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpnavce.tripod.com%2Fbrethrenhistory%2Fid2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peebs-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peebs_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216104645/http://peebs.net/maint.html">"Welcome"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peebs.net/maint.html">the original</a> on 2013-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeebs.net%2Fmaint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, <i>Restoring the Faith: The Assemblies of God, Pentecostalism, and American Culture</i>, University of Illinois Press, US, 1993, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan Anderson An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity (Cambridge: CUP, 2004) 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan Anderson An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity (Cambridge: CUP, 2004) 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofgod.net/media/messages">Zion's Voice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100716102721/http://www.churchofgod.net/media/messages">Archived</a> 2010-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webnet77.com/cgi-bin/bible/bible.cgi">"Advanced Bible Search"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advanced+Bible+Search&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebnet77.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbible%2Fbible.cgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cog-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cog_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofgod.net/">"The Church of God : Official WebsiteHome - The Church of God : Official Website"</a>. <i>The Church of God : Official Website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+God+%3A+Official+Website&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+God+%3A+Official+WebsiteHome+-+The+Church+of+God+%3A+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofgod.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070422141907/http://www.dswarnerlibrary.com/Worshipping%20Christ%20Original.pdf">"Worshipping Christ"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dswarnerlibrary.com/Worshipping%20Christ%20Original.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-04-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worshipping+Christ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dswarnerlibrary.com%2FWorshipping%2520Christ%2520Original.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1969" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Albert J. (1969). "An Appraisal of the Iglesia ni Cristo". In Anderson, Gerald H. (ed.). <i>Studies in Philippine Church History</i>. Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Appraisal+of+the+Iglesia+ni+Cristo&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Philippine+Church+History&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Albert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tipon-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tipon_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipon2004" class="citation news cs1">Tipon, Emmanuel (28 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013143118/http://philippinenews.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=586e5943f3ab9a2049e883c382ca1842">"Iglesia Ni Cristo celebrates 90th anniversary"</a>. <i>PhilippineNews.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippinenews.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=586e5943f3ab9a2049e883c382ca1842">the original</a> on 13 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PhilippineNews.com&rft.atitle=Iglesia+Ni+Cristo+celebrates+90th+anniversary&rft.date=2004-07-28&rft.aulast=Tipon&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilippinenews.com%2Fnews%2Fview_article.html%3Farticle_id%3D586e5943f3ab9a2049e883c382ca1842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepherd-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd1994" class="citation news cs1">Shepherd, Harvey (30 July 1994). "Millions mark Church of Christ's 80th anniversary; Founded in the Philippines by Brother Manalo". <a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(Montreal)" title="The Gazette (Montreal)">The Gazette (Montreal)</a>. pp. H.7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/432675014">432675014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Millions+mark+Church+of+Christ%27s+80th+anniversary%3B+Founded+in+the+Philippines+by+Brother+Manalo&rft.pages=H.7&rft.date=1994-07-30&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span> (as cited by <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Our_Member_Churches-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Our_Member_Churches_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Our_Member_Churches_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nccphilippines.org/about-us/our-member-churches/">"Our Member Churches"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Member+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnccphilippines.org%2Fabout-us%2Four-member-churches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214105103/http://www.localchurches.org/beliefs/faq.html">"Local Churches Beliefs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://localchurches.org/beliefs/faq.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Churches+Beliefs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flocalchurches.org%2Fbeliefs%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bouck White. <i>The Call of the Carpenter</i>. US: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1911. p.314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen J. Flanagan. <i>The Really Hard Problem: Meaning in a Material World</i>. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007. p.36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Dewitt_Jones" title="Edgar Dewitt Jones">Edgar Dewitt Jones</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/6360262/Paul-the-Stranger-by-Edgar-Jones-Baptist-priest-">Paul the Stranger.</a></i> Abilene: Voice of Jesus, 2003 (online transcription).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas J. Del Tondo. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesuswordsonly.com/JWO/freechaptersonline.html">Jesus' Words Only</a>.</i> San Diego: Infinity Publishing, 2006. p.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen J. Flanagan. <i>The Really Hard Problem: Meaning in a Material World</i>. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007. p.263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://watv.org/church-intro/">"About Us"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwatv.org%2Fchurch-intro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Birdsall Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening and the New England Social Order." <i>Church History</i> 39 (1970): 345–64.</li> <li>Cross, Whitney, R. <i>The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York, 1800–1850</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZdero2004" class="citation book cs1">Zdero, Rad (2004). <i>The Global House Church Movement</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a>: William Carey Library Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-374-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-374-9"><bdi>978-0-87808-374-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+House+Church+Movement&rft.place=Pasadena&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87808-374-9&rft.aulast=Zdero&rft.aufirst=Rad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZdero2007" class="citation book cs1">Zdero, Rad (2007). <i>NEXUS: The World House Church Movement Reader</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a>: William Carey Library Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-342-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-342-8"><bdi>978-0-87808-342-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NEXUS%3A+The+World+House+Church+Movement+Reader&rft.place=Pasadena&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87808-342-8&rft.aulast=Zdero&rft.aufirst=Rad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZdero2011" class="citation book cs1">Zdero, Rad (2011). <i>Letters to the House Church Movement: Real Letters, Real People, Real Issues</i>. Xulon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61379-022-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61379-022-9"><bdi>978-1-61379-022-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+to+the+House+Church+Movement%3A+Real+Letters%2C+Real+People%2C+Real+Issues&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61379-022-9&rft.aulast=Zdero&rft.aufirst=Rad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestorationism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610110122/https://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/">Restoration Movement Pages</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial University of Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairlds.org/pubs/conf/1999BarK.html">Restoration Movements</a> - Kevin Barney, "A Tale of Two Restorations," <i><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Apologetic_Information_%26_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research">Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research</a></i>, a comparison of the LDS restoration movement and the Alexander Campbell restoration movement from a <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon</a> perspective.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairlds.org/apol/ai018.html">Mormon Restorationism</a> - Topical Guide to topics related to "restoration" from the <i><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Apologetic_Information_%26_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research">Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsm.org/">Publications of Watchman Nee and Witness Lee</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliology" title="Bibliology">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_plenary_preservation" title="Verbal plenary preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a 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title="Theocentricism">Theocentricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_proper" title="Theology proper">Theology proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Christocentric">Christocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam#The_New_Testament" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">Occasion of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_last_things" title="Four last things">Four last things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_by_tradition" title="Template:Christian theology by tradition">By tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">Dogmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">Church covenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Protestantism" title="Salvation in Christianity">Protestant Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Center church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loci_Theologici" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed <span class="nobold">(Calvinist)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Restorationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Divine mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mysteries" title="Sacred mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christian_theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Christian theologians">Lists of Christian theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity958" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity958" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelicalism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Baptists" title="Missionary Baptists">Missionary Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Church_Network" title="Venture Church Network">Conservative Baptist Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Regular_Baptist_Churches" title="General Association of Regular Baptist Churches">General Association of Regular Baptist Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church USA">Presbyterian Church USA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_the_World" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of the World">Pentecostal Assemblies of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church_International" title="United Pentecostal Church International">United Pentecostal Church International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Restorationist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Association of Vineyard Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93modernist_controversy" title="Fundamentalist–modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_revival" title="Healing revival">Healing revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles Crusade (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">Baptism by fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">Biblical patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_womanhood" title="Biblical womanhood">Biblical womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">Decision theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_theology" title="Kingdom theology">Kingdom theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_preacher" title="Child preacher">Child preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air preaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_warrior" title="Prayer warrior">Prayer warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinner%27s_prayer" title="Sinner's prayer">Sinner's prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_church" title="Bible church">Bible church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">Megachurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">Televangelism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapticostal_movement" title="Bapticostal movement">Bapticostal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exvangelical" title="Exvangelical">Exvangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-evangelicalism" title="Post-evangelicalism">Post-evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Letter_Christians" title="Red-Letter Christians">Red-Letter Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_Christianity" title="Transformational Christianity">Transformational Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Biblical_Manhood_and_Womanhood" title="Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood">Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Climate_Initiative" title="Evangelical Climate Initiative">Evangelical Climate Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Ecumenical_Women%27s_Caucus" title="Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus">Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promise_Keepers" title="Promise Keepers">Promise Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_United_States" title="World Vision United States">World Vision United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">C. I. Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&oldid=1273666188">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restorationism&oldid=1273666188</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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