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<span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synoptic_Gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synoptic_Gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Synoptic Gospels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synoptic_Gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acts_of_the_Apostles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acts_of_the_Apostles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Acts of the Apostles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acts_of_the_Apostles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johannine_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johannine_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Johannine literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johannine_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pauline_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Pauline epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Apocrypha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Apocrypha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>In the Apocrypha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Apocrypha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesus_and_the_Holy_Spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesus_and_the_Holy_Spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Jesus and the Holy Spirit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesus_and_the_Holy_Spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mainstream_doctrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainstream_doctrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mainstream doctrines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mainstream_doctrines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mainstream doctrines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mainstream_doctrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-God_the_Holy_Spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God_the_Holy_Spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>God the Holy Spirit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God_the_Holy_Spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procession_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procession_of_the_Holy_Spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Procession of the Holy Spirit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procession_of_the_Holy_Spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruit_and_Gifts_of_the_Spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit_and_Gifts_of_the_Spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fruit and Gifts of the Spirit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit_and_Gifts_of_the_Spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denominational_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denominational_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Denominational variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Denominational_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Denominational variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Denominational_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses_and_Christadelphians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses_and_Christadelphians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Jehovah's Witnesses and Christadelphians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses_and_Christadelphians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Symbolism and art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbolism_and_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbolism and art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbolism_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art,_literature_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art,_literature_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Art, literature and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art,_literature_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Spirit_cathedrals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Spirit_cathedrals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Holy Spirit cathedrals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Spirit_cathedrals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliger_Geist" title="Heiliger Geist – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Heiliger Geist" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الروح القدس في المسيحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الروح القدس في المسيحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="পবিত্র আত্মা ঈশ্বর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পবিত্র আত্মা ঈশ্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperit_Sant_en_el_cristianisme" title="Esperit Sant en el cristianisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esperit Sant en el cristianisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliger_Geist" title="Heiliger Geist – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heiliger Geist" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo_en_el_cristianismo" title="Espíritu Santo en el cristianismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espíritu Santo en el cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="روح‌القدس در مسیحیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روح‌القدس در مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%A0%B9_(%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90)" title="성령 (기독교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성령 (기독교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roh_Kudus_(Kristen)" title="Roh Kudus (Kristen) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roh Kudus (Kristen)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirito_Santo_nel_cristianesimo" title="Spirito Santo nel cristianesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spirito Santo nel cristianesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanahy_Masina_(kristianisma)" title="Fanahy Masina (kristianisma) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanahy Masina (kristianisma)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Duh_%C3%AEn_cre%C8%99tinism" title="Sfântul Duh în creștinism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sfântul Duh în creștinism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryma_e_Shenjt%C3%AB_n%C3%AB_Krisht%C3%ABrim" title="Fryma e Shenjtë në Krishtërim – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fryma e Shenjtë në Krishtërim" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Holy Spirit in Christianity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAa_Th%C3%A1nh_Linh" title="Chúa Thánh Linh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chúa Thánh Linh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q58646537#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Third person of the Trinity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Christian view of the Holy Spirit. For the Holy Spirit in other religions, see <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Holy Ghost" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Holy Ghost (disambiguation)">Holy Ghost (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Spirit_as_Dove_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Holy_Spirit_as_Dove_%28detail%29.jpg/250px-Holy_Spirit_as_Dove_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Holy_Spirit_as_Dove_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a> representation of the Holy Spirit as a dove, c. 1660</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" 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title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For the majority of <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a>, the <b>Holy Spirit</b>, or <b>Holy Ghost</b>, is believed to be the third <a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">divine person</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Emery2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emery2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Triple_deity" title="Triple deity">triune god</a> manifested as <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>, and <b>God the Holy Spirit</b>, each being <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Systematic_theology_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Systematic_theology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarian</a> Christians, who reject the doctrine of the Trinity, differ significantly from mainstream Christianity in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christian_denominational_variations)#Non-Trinitarian_views" title="Holy Spirit (Christian denominational variations)">their beliefs about the Holy Spirit</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">pneumatology</a> is the study of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. Due to Christianity's historical relationship with <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, theologians often identify the Holy Spirit with the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Judaism" title="Holy Spirit in Judaism"><i>Ruach Hakodesh</i></a> in Jewish scripture, on the theory that Jesus was expanding upon these Jewish concepts. Similar names, and ideas, include the <i>Ruach <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></i> (Spirit of God), <i>Ruach YHWH</i> (Spirit of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>), and the <i>Ruach Hakodesh</i> (Holy Spirit).<sup id="cite_ref-Cathechism_711-712_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathechism_711-712-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> the Holy Spirit is identified with the Spirit of Christ, the Spirit of Truth, and the <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a> (helper).<sup id="cite_ref-Millsxi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millsxi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_pages_248-249_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_pages_248-249-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Truth_pages_1-5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truth_pages_1-5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Testament details a close relationship between the Holy Spirit and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">earthly life and ministry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott208_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott208-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> state that Jesus was "conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson268_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson268-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holy Spirit descended on Jesus like a dove during his <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism</a>, and in his <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, Jesus promised to send the Holy Spirit to his <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> after his departure.<sup id="cite_ref-And442_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-And442-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quest_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quest-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Holy Spirit is referred to as "the Lord, the Giver of Life" in the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, which summarises several key beliefs held by many Christian denominations. The participation of the Holy Spirit in the tripartite nature of conversion is apparent in Jesus' final <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">post-resurrection</a> instruction to his disciples at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">end of the Gospel of Matthew</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-Lord_page_5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lord_page_5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the first century, Christians have also called upon God with the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">trinitarian formula</a> "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" in prayer, absolution and benediction.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PCPhan3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCPhan3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> the arrival of the Holy Spirit happens fifty days after the resurrection of the Christ, and is celebrated in Christendom with the feast of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> word <i>pneûma</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%B5%E1%BF%A6%CE%BC%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:πνεῦμα">πνεῦμα</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Pneuma" title="Pneuma">pneuma</a>) is found around 385 times in the New Testament, with some scholars differing by three to nine occurrences.<sup id="cite_ref-CompanionBible_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompanionBible-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pneuma</i> appears 105 times in the four <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospel">canonical gospels</a>, 69 times in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, 161 times in the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, and 50 times elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-CompanionBible_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompanionBible-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These usages vary: in 133 cases it refers to "spirit" and in 153 cases to "spiritual". Around 93 times, the reference is to the Holy Spirit,<sup id="cite_ref-CompanionBible_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompanionBible-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes under the name <i>pneuma</i> and sometimes explicitly as the <i>pneûma tò Hagion</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BD%CE%B5%E1%BF%A6%CE%BC%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:Πνεῦμα">Πνεῦμα</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%E1%BD%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:τὸ">τὸ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%8D%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἅγιον">Ἅγιον</a></span></span>). (In a few cases it is also simply used generically to mean <i>wind</i> or <i>life</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CompanionBible_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompanionBible-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) It was generally translated into the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spiritus" class="extiw" title="wikt:spiritus">Spiritus</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Spiritus_Sanctus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Spiritus Sanctus">Spiritus Sanctus</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> terms "Holy Ghost" and "Holy Spirit" are complete synonyms: one derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gast#Old_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:gast">gast</a></i> and the other from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spiritus" class="extiw" title="wikt:spiritus">spiritus</a></i>. Like <i>pneuma</i>, they both refer to the <a href="/wiki/Breath" class="mw-redirect" title="Breath">breath</a>, to its <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">animating power</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>. The Old English term is shared by all other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> (compare, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Geist" title="Geist">Geist</a></i>) and it is older; the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> typically uses "Holy Ghost". Beginning in the 20th century, translations overwhelmingly prefer "Holy Spirit", partly because the general English term "ghost" has increasingly come to refer only to the spirit of a dead person.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-Cathechism_711-712_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathechism_711-712-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>וְר֣וּחַ קָדְשׁ֑וֹ (<i>rûaḥ qodšô</i>) – His Holy Spirit (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 63:10)<sup id="cite_ref-biblehub.1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblehub.1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>וְר֣וּחַ קָ֝דְשְׁךָ֗ (<i>rûaḥ qodšəkā</i>) – Your Holy Spirit (<a href="/wiki/Psalm_51#King_James_Version" title="Psalm 51">Psalm 51:11</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים (<i>rûaḥ ĕlōhîm</i>) – Spirit of God (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 1:2)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>נִשְׁמַת־ר֨וּחַ חַיִּ֜ים (<i>nišmat-rûaḥ ḥayyîm</i>) – The Breath of the Spirit of Life (Genesis 7:22)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ר֣וּחַ יְהוָ֑ה (<i>rûaḥ YHWH</i>) – Spirit of YHWH (Isaiah 11:2)<sup id="cite_ref-biblehub.2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblehub.2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ר֧וּחַ חָכְמָ֣ה וּבִינָ֗ה (<i>rûaḥ ḥokmâ ûbînâ</i>) – Spirit of Wisdom and Understanding (Isaiah 11:2)<sup id="cite_ref-biblehub.2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblehub.2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ר֤וּחַ עֵצָה֙ וּגְבוּרָ֔ה (<i>rûaḥ ʿēṣâ ûgəbûra</i>) – Spirit of Counsel and Might (Isaiah 11:2)<sup id="cite_ref-biblehub.2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblehub.2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ר֥וּחַ דַּ֖עַת וְיִרְאַ֥ת יְהוָֽה (<i>rûaḥ daʿat wəyīrəʾat YHWH</i>) – Spirit of Knowledge<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fear of YHWH (Isaiah 11:2)<sup id="cite_ref-biblehub.2_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblehub.2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>πνεύματος ἁγίου (<i>Pneumatos Hagiou</i>) – Holy Spirit (Matthew 1:18)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>πνεύματι θεοῦ (<i>Pneumati Theou</i>) – Spirit of God (Matthew 12:28)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ὁ παράκλητος (<i>Ho Paraclētos</i>) – The Comforter, cf. <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a> John 14:26 (John 16:7)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας (<i>Pneuma tēs Alētheias</i>) – Spirit of Truth (John 16:13)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ (<i>Pneuma Christou</i>) – Spirit of Christ (1 Peter 1:11)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Depending on context: </p> <ul><li>πνεῦμα (<i>Pneuma</i>) – Spirit (John 3:8)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Πνεύματος (<i>Pneumatos</i>) – Spirit (John 3:8)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_portrayal">Biblical portrayal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biblical portrayal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Old Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Talk:Holy Spirit in Christianity">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Holy+Spirit+in+Christianity%22">"Holy Spirit in Christianity"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Holy+Spirit+in+Christianity%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Holy+Spirit+in+Christianity%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Holy+Spirit+in+Christianity%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Holy+Spirit+in+Christianity%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Holy+Spirit+in+Christianity%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>What the Hebrew Bible calls "Spirit of God" and "Spirit of Elohim" is called in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> "Holy Spirit" (<i>ruacḥ ha-kodesh</i>). Although the expression "Holy Spirit" occurs in Ps. 51:11 and in Isa. 63:10–11, it had not yet acquired quite the same meaning which was attached to it in rabbinical literature: in the latter it is equivalent to the expression "Spirit of the Lord". In Gen.1:2 God's spirit hovered over the form of lifeless matter, thereby making the Creation possible.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-je_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <i>ruach ha-kodesh</i> may be named instead of God, it was conceived of as being something distinct; and, like everything earthly that comes from heaven, the <i>ruach ha-kodesh</i> is composed of light and <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-je_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most characteristic sign of the presence of the <i>ruach ha-kodesh</i> is the gift of prophecy. The use of the word "ruach" (Hebrew: "breath", or "wind") in the phrase <i>ruach ha-kodesh</i> seems to suggest that Judaic authorities believed the Holy Spirit was a kind of communication medium like the wind. The spirit talks sometimes with a masculine and sometimes with a feminine voice; the word <i>ruacḥ</i> is both masculine and feminine.<sup id="cite_ref-je_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_2">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term Holy Spirit appears at least 90 times in the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-Millsxi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millsxi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacredness</a> of the Holy Spirit to Christians is affirmed in all three <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which proclaim that <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> against the Holy Spirit is the <a href="/wiki/Unforgivable_sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Unforgivable sin">unforgivable sin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The participation of the Holy Spirit in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> is suggested in Jesus' final <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">post-Resurrection</a> instruction to his disciples at the end of the Gospel of Matthew (28:19):<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Go ye therefore, and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-Lord_page_5_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lord_page_5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synoptic_Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Synoptic Gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_de_Champaigne_-_Annunciation_-_WGA04705.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Philippe_de_Champaigne_-_Annunciation_-_WGA04705.jpg/250px-Philippe_de_Champaigne_-_Annunciation_-_WGA04705.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Philippe_de_Champaigne_-_Annunciation_-_WGA04705.jpg/330px-Philippe_de_Champaigne_-_Annunciation_-_WGA04705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Philippe_de_Champaigne_-_Annunciation_-_WGA04705.jpg/500px-Philippe_de_Champaigne_-_Annunciation_-_WGA04705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Holy Spirit as a dove in <i>The Annunciation</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne" title="Philippe de Champaigne">Philippe de Champaigne</a>, 1644</figcaption></figure> <p>The Holy Spirit is mentioned by all three authors of the synoptic Gospels. Most of the references are by the author of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>; this emphasis is continued by the same author in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a>. </p><p>The Holy Spirit does not simply appear for the first time at <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>, but is present in Luke (in <a href="/wiki/Luke_1" title="Luke 1">chapters 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">2</a>) prior to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">birth of Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Millsxi_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millsxi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Luke 1:15, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> was said to be "filled with the Holy Spirit" prior to his birth,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Holy Spirit came upon the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> in Luke 1:35.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Millsxi_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millsxi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in Luke 3:16,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John the Baptist stated that Jesus baptized not with water but with the Holy Spirit; and the Holy Spirit descended on Jesus during his <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism</a> in the Jordan River.<sup id="cite_ref-Millsxi_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millsxi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Luke 11:13,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus provided assurances that <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> would "give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him".<sup id="cite_ref-Millsxi_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millsxi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mark 13:11 specifically refers to the power of the Holy Spirit to act and speak through the disciples of Jesus in time of need: "Be not anxious beforehand what ye shall speak: but whatsoever shall be given you in that hour, that speak ye; for it is not ye that speak, but the Holy Spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthew 10:20<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the same act of speaking through the disciples, but uses the term "Spirit of your Father".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acts_of_the_Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Acts of the Apostles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles">Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> has sometimes been called the "Book of the Holy Spirit" or the "Acts of the Holy Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson14_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson14-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Couch120_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couch120-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the seventy or so occurrences of the word <i>Pneuma</i> in Acts, fifty-five refer to the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Couch120_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couch120-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the start, in Acts 1:2,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the reader is reminded that the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry of Jesus</a>, while he was on earth, was carried out through the power of the Holy Spirit and that the "acts of the apostles" continue the acts of Jesus and are also facilitated by the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Couch120_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couch120-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acts presents the Holy Spirit as the "life principle" of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Church</a> and provides five separate and dramatic instances of its outpouring on believers in Acts 2:1–4,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4:28–31,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 8:15–17,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10:44,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 19:6.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson14_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson14-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>References to the Holy Spirit appear throughout Acts, for example Acts 1:5 and 8<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating towards the beginning, "For John indeed baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized in the Holy Spirit. ...Ye shall receive power, when the Holy Spirit is come upon you", referring to the fulfillment of the prophecy of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> in Luke 3:16,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "he shall baptize you in the Holy Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Johannine_literature">Johannine literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Johannine literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Johannine_literature" title="Holy Spirit in Johannine literature">Holy Spirit in Johannine literature</a></div> <p>Three separate terms, namely <i>Holy Spirit</i>, <i>Spirit of Truth</i> and <i>Paraclete</i> are used in the <a href="/wiki/Johannine_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannine writings">Johannine writings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Truth_pages_1-5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truth_pages_1-5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Spirit of Truth" is used in John 14:17,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 15:26,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 16:13.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Millsxi_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millsxi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a> then contrasts this with the "spirit of error" in 1 John 4:6.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Millsxi_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millsxi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 John 4:1–6 provides the separation between spirits "that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God" and those who in error refuse it – an indication of their being evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In John 14:26,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus states: "But the Comforter, [even] the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things". The identity of the "Comforter" has been the subject of debate among theologians, who have proposed multiple theories on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pauline_epistles">Pauline epistles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pauline epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Holy Spirit in the Pauline epistles">Holy Spirit in the Pauline epistles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Saints_Catholic_Church_(St._Peters,_Missouri)_-_stained_glass,_sacristy,_Holy_Spirit_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/All_Saints_Catholic_Church_%28St._Peters%2C_Missouri%29_-_stained_glass%2C_sacristy%2C_Holy_Spirit_detail.jpg/250px-All_Saints_Catholic_Church_%28St._Peters%2C_Missouri%29_-_stained_glass%2C_sacristy%2C_Holy_Spirit_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/All_Saints_Catholic_Church_%28St._Peters%2C_Missouri%29_-_stained_glass%2C_sacristy%2C_Holy_Spirit_detail.jpg/330px-All_Saints_Catholic_Church_%28St._Peters%2C_Missouri%29_-_stained_glass%2C_sacristy%2C_Holy_Spirit_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/All_Saints_Catholic_Church_%28St._Peters%2C_Missouri%29_-_stained_glass%2C_sacristy%2C_Holy_Spirit_detail.jpg/500px-All_Saints_Catholic_Church_%28St._Peters%2C_Missouri%29_-_stained_glass%2C_sacristy%2C_Holy_Spirit_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2627" data-file-height="2630" /></a><figcaption>The Holy Spirit as a dove, All Saints Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/St._Peters,_Missouri" title="St. Peters, Missouri">St. Peters, Missouri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Holy Spirit plays a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>'s pneumatology is closely connected to his theology and <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, to the point of being almost inseparable from them.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_pages_248-249_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_pages_248-249-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Epistle to the Thessalonians</a>, which was likely the first of Paul's letters, introduces a characterization of the Holy Spirit in 1 Thessalonians 1:6<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1 Thessalonians 4:8<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is found throughout his epistles.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn418_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn418-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1 Thessalonians 1:6 Paul refers to the <a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ" title="Imitation of Christ">imitation of Christ</a> (and himself) and states: "And ye became imitators of us, and of the Lord, having received the word in much affliction, with joy of the Holy Spirit", whose source is identified in 1 Thessalonians 4:8 as "God, who giveth his Holy Spirit unto you".<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn418_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn418-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phyllis_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phyllis-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These two themes of receiving the Spirit "like Christ" and God being the source of the Spirit persist in Pauline letters as the characterization of the relationship of Christians with God.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn418_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn418-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Paul the <i><a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ" title="Imitation of Christ">imitation of Christ</a></i> involves readiness to be shaped by the Holy Spirit, as in Romans 8:4 and 8:11: "But if the Spirit of him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwelleth in you, he that raised up Christ Jesus from the dead shall give life also to your mortal bodies through his Spirit that dwelleth in you."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The First Epistle to the Thessalonians also refers to the power of the Holy Spirit in 1 Thessalonians 1:5,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a theme also found in other Pauline letters.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Apocrypha">In the Apocrypha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In the Apocrypha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The view of the Holy Spirit as responsible for Mary's pregnancy, found in the Synoptic Gospels,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is different from that found in the <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a>, adopted as canonical by the <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#The_Nazarenes_(4th_century)" title="Nazarene (sect)">4th century Nazarenes</a>, in which Jesus speaks of the Holy Spirit as his mother and thus as female.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some thought femininity incompatible with the idea that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit; according to the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a>, for example, </p> <dl><dd>Some say, "Mary conceived by the Holy Spirit." They are in error. They do not know what they are saying. When did a woman ever conceive by a woman?<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jesus_and_the_Holy_Spirit">Jesus and the Holy Spirit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jesus and the Holy Spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Taking_Leave_of_the_Apostles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Christ_Taking_Leave_of_the_Apostles.jpg/250px-Christ_Taking_Leave_of_the_Apostles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Christ_Taking_Leave_of_the_Apostles.jpg/330px-Christ_Taking_Leave_of_the_Apostles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Christ_Taking_Leave_of_the_Apostles.jpg/500px-Christ_Taking_Leave_of_the_Apostles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a> Jesus promised to send the Holy Spirit to his disciples after his departure;<sup id="cite_ref-quest_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quest-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depiction from the <i><a href="/wiki/Maest%C3%A0_(Duccio)" title="Maestà (Duccio)">Maesta</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a>, 1308–1311.</figcaption></figure> <p>The New Testament details a close relationship between the Holy Spirit and Jesus during his earthly <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">life and ministry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott208_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott208-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a> echoes the statements in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew, stating that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson268_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson268-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific New Testament references to the interaction of Jesus and the Holy Spirit during his earthly life, and the enabling power of the Holy Spirit during <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">his ministry</a> include:<sup id="cite_ref-Scott208_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott208-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erickson268_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson268-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>"Spirit without measure" having been given to Jesus in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#3:34" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 3:34</a>, referring to the word spoken by Jesus (<a href="/wiki/Rhema" title="Rhema">Rhema</a>) being the words of God.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a>, with the Holy Spirit descending on him as a dove in Matthew 3:13–17,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark 1:9–11<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Luke 3:21–23.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temptation of Jesus">Temptation of Jesus</a>, in Matthew 4:1 the Holy Spirit led Jesus to the desert to be tempted.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Spirit casting out demons in <a href="/wiki/Exorcising_the_blind_and_mute_man" title="Exorcising the blind and mute man">Exorcising the blind and mute man</a> miracle.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rejoice the Spirit in Luke 10:21 where <a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">seventy disciples</a> are sent out by Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Acts 1:2 states that until his death and resurrection, Jesus "had given commandment through the Holy Spirit unto the apostles".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Referring to the sacrifice of Jesus to be crucified out of obedience to the father, Hebrews 9:14 states that Jesus "through the eternal Spirit offered himself without blemish unto God".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>In his <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a> to his disciples, Jesus promised that he would "send the Holy Spirit" to them after his departure, in John 15:26 stating: "whom I will send unto you from the Father, [even] the Spirit of truth ... shall bear witness of me".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-And442_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-And442-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quest_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quest-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mainstream_doctrines">Mainstream doctrines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mainstream doctrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pneumatology_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatology (Christianity)">Pneumatology (Christianity)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Veni.creator.spiritus.ogg" title="File:Veni.creator.spiritus.ogg">Veni Creator Spiritus</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Veni.creator.spiritus.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Veni.creator.spiritus.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Veni.creator.spiritus.ogg/Veni.creator.spiritus.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AVeni.creator.spiritus.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AVeni.creator.spiritus.ogg&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The theology of spirits is called pneumatology. The Holy Spirit is referred to as the Lord and Giver of Life in the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene creed">Nicene creed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Colin280_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colin280-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a> Spirit, present before the creation of the universe and through his power everything was made in <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, by <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Colin280_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colin280-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> such as "<a href="/wiki/Veni_Creator_Spiritus" title="Veni Creator Spiritus">Veni Creator Spiritus</a>" ("Come, Creator Spirit") reflect this belief.<sup id="cite_ref-Colin280_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colin280-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, the concept of salvation was closely related to the invocation of the "Father, Son and Holy Spirit",<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PCPhan3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCPhan3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since the first century, Christians have called upon God with the name "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" in prayer, baptism, communion, exorcism, hymn-singing, preaching, confession, absolution and benediction.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PCPhan3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCPhan3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is reflected in the saying: "Before there was a 'doctrine' of the Trinity, Christian prayer invoked the Holy Trinity".<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the majority of Christian denominations, the Holy Spirit is the third Person of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a> – Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and is Almighty <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cathhs_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathhs-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such he is personal and also fully God, co-equal and co-eternal with <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cathhs_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathhs-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is different from the Father and the Son in that he <i>proceeds</i> from the Father (and, according to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholics">Old Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">from the Father and the Son</a>) as described in the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Triune God is thus manifested as three <i>Persons</i> (<a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypostasis (religion)">hypostases</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in One Divine Being (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Systematic_theology_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Systematic_theology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Godhead</a> (<i><small>from Old English:</small> Godhood</i>), the Divine Essence of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Catechism_Trinity_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Catechism_Trinity-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the New Testament, by the power of the Holy Spirit Jesus was conceived in the womb of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">maintaining her virginity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Luke_1:35_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luke_1:35-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holy Spirit descended over Jesus in a corporeal way, as a dove, at the time of <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">his baptism</a>, and a voice from Heaven was heard: "This is my beloved Son with whom I am well pleased."<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington38_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington38-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the Sanctifier, the Helper,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comforter,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Giver of graces, he who leads persons to the Father and the Son.<sup id="cite_ref-Colin280_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colin280-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Holy Spirit is credited with inspiring believers and allowing for them to interpret all the sacred scripture, and leads prophets both in <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> receive the <a href="/wiki/Fruits_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits of the Holy Spirit">Fruits of the Holy Spirit</a> by means of his <a href="/wiki/Mercy#Christianity" title="Mercy">mercy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grace_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (Christianity)">grace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God_the_Holy_Spirit">God the Holy Spirit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: God the Holy Spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/180px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/270px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/360px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> consisting of God the Holy Spirit along with <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Christian doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> includes the concept of God the Holy Spirit, along with <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiersbe471_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiersbe471-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theologian <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky" title="Vladimir Lossky">Vladimir Lossky</a> has argued that while, in the act of the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a>, <i>God the Son</i> became manifest as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>, the same did not take place for <i>God the Holy Spirit</i> which remained unrevealed.<sup id="cite_ref-Donnell_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donnell-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Yet, as in 1 Corinthians 6:19,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God the Spirit continues to dwell in the faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiersbe471_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiersbe471-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg/220px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg/330px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg/440px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3538" data-file-height="5135" /></a><figcaption>The Holy Spirit as a dove in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Heavenly Trinity</a>, joined to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities" title="The Heavenly and Earthly Trinities">The Heavenly and Earthly Trinities</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo">Murillo</a>, c. 1677 </figcaption></figure> <p>In a similar way, the Latin treatise <i>De Trinitate</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Trinity" title="On the Trinity">On the Trinity</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> affirms: "For as the Father is God, and the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God, which no one doubts to be said in respect to substance, yet we do not say that the very Supreme Trinity itself is three Gods, but one God. ...But position, and condition, and places, and times, are not said to be in God properly, but <a href="/wiki/Metaphor#As_a_foundation_of_our_conceptual_system" title="Metaphor">metaphorically</a> and through <a href="/wiki/Analogy#Religion" title="Analogy">similitudes</a>. ...And as respects action (or making), perhaps it may be said most truly of God alone, for God alone makes and Himself is not made. Nor is He liable to passions as far as belongs to that substance whereby He is God. ...So the Father is omnipotent, the Son omnipotent, and the Holy Spirit is omnipotent; yet not three omnipotents, but one <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence#Meanings" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a>. ...Whatever, therefore, is spoken of God in respect to Himself, is both spoken singly of each <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity#Continuity_of_substance" title="Personal identity">Person</a>, that is, of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit; and together of the Trinity itself, not plurally but in the singular."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Christian theology the Holy Spirit is believed to perform specific divine functions in the life of the Christian or the church. The action of the Holy Spirit is seen as an essential part of the bringing of the person to the Christian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson265_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson265-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new believer is "born again of the Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holy Spirit enables Christian life by dwelling in the individual believers and enables them to live a righteous and faithful life.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson265_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson265-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holy Spirit also acts as comforter or <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a>, one who intercedes, or supports or acts as an advocate, particularly in times of trial. And he acts to convince the unredeemed person both of the sinfulness of their actions and of their moral standing as sinners before God.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another faculty of the Holy Spirit is the inspiration and interpretation of scripture. The Holy Spirit both <i>inspires</i> the writing of the scriptures and <i>interprets</i> them to the Christian and the church.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procession_of_the_Holy_Spirit">Procession of the Holy Spirit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Procession of the Holy Spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Filioque_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Filioque controversy">History of the Filioque controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_teachings_regarding_the_Filioque" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox teachings regarding the Filioque">Eastern Orthodox teachings regarding the Filioque</a></div> <p>In John 15:26, Jesus says of the Holy Spirit: "But when the Helper comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth, who proceeds from the Father, he will bear witness about me."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 325, the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>, being the first ecumenical council, ended its <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a> with the words "and in the Holy Spirit". In 381, the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a>, being the second ecumenical council, expanded the Creed and stated that Holy Spirit "proceeds from the Father" (ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον). This phrase was based on John 15:26 (ὃ παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐκπορεύεται). In 451, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, being the fourth ecumenical council, affirmed the <a href="/wiki/Nicene-Constantinopolitan_Creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed">Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same time, the question of procession of the Holy Spirit was addressed by various Christian theologians, expressing diverse views and using different terminology, thus initiating the debate that became focused on the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque"><i>Filioqu</i>e</a> clause. </p><p>In 589, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Toledo" title="Third Council of Toledo">Third Council of Toledo</a> in its third canon officially accepted the doctrine of the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son (<i>a Patre et Filio procedere</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-DíezRodriguez199279_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-DíezRodriguez199279-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the next few centuries, two distinctive schools of thought were gradually shaped, Eastern and Western. Eastern theologians were teaching that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father only (notion referred as <i>monoprocessionism</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhite2009285–302_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhite2009285–302-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Western theologians were teaching that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son (notion referred as <i>filioquism</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips199560_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips199560-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Mystagogy_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit">Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I of Constantinople</a> sets out the Eastern position. Debates and controversies between the two sides became a significant point of difference within Christian <a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">pneumatology</a>, including their historical role in setting the stage for the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism of 1054</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruit_and_Gifts_of_the_Spirit">Fruit and Gifts of the Spirit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fruit and Gifts of the Spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Fruit of the Holy Spirit">Fruit of the Holy Spirit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gifts of the Holy Spirit">Gifts of the Holy Spirit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seven_gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit">Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Josephat_UCC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_Josephat_UCC.jpg/250px-St_Josephat_UCC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_Josephat_UCC.jpg/330px-St_Josephat_UCC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_Josephat_UCC.jpg/500px-St_Josephat_UCC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Josaphat_Cathedral" title="St. Josaphat Cathedral">St. Josaphat Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton, Alberta</a>, Canada, is shaped as a cross with seven copper domes representing the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit">Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Fruit of the Holy Spirit">fruit of the Holy Spirit</a><sup id="cite_ref-CCC_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consists of "permanent dispositions"<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in this similar to the permanent character of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>), virtuous characteristics engendered in the Christian by the action of the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-fung262_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fung262-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> 5:22–23 names nine aspects and states:<sup id="cite_ref-fung262_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fung262-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, meekness, self-control; against such there is no law.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the Epistle to the Galatians these nine characteristics are in contrast to the "works of the flesh" and highlight the positive manifestations of the work of the Holy Spirit in believers.<sup id="cite_ref-fung262_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fung262-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gifts of the Holy Spirit">gifts of the Holy Spirit</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are distinct from the Fruit of the Spirit, and consist of specific abilities granted to the individual Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson265_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson265-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are frequently known by the Greek word for gift, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/charisma" class="extiw" title="wikt:charisma">charisma</a></i>, in English <a href="/wiki/Charism" class="mw-redirect" title="Charism">charism</a>, from which the term <a href="/wiki/Charismatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic">charismatic</a> derives. There is no generally agreed upon exhaustive list of the gifts, and various Christian denominations use different lists, often drawing upon <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> 12<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a> 4.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EricksonWorks_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EricksonWorks-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> denominations and the charismatic movement teach that the absence of the supernatural gifts was due to the neglect of the Holy Spirit and his work by the major denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-EricksonWorks_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EricksonWorks-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believers in the relevance of the supernatural gifts sometimes speak of a <i><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></i> or <i>Filling with the Holy Spirit</i> which the Christian needs to experience in order to receive those gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many Christian denominations hold that the Baptism with the Holy Spirit is identical with conversion, and that all Christians are by definition baptized in the Holy Spirit. </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Seven_gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit">seven gifts of the Holy Spirit</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are poured out on a believer at <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, and are traditionally derived from <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 11:1–2,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the New Testament does not refer to Isaiah 11:1–2 regarding these gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-EricksonWorks_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EricksonWorks-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw457_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw457-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 7 gifts are: <a href="/wiki/Religious_wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious wisdom">wisdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">understanding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">counsel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">fortitude</a> (strength), <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">piety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_God" title="Fear of God">fear of the Lord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EricksonWorks_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EricksonWorks-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw457_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw457-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the view of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-CCC_109-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw457_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw457-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many other mainstream Christian groups.<sup id="cite_ref-EricksonWorks_115-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EricksonWorks-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denominational_variations">Denominational variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Denominational variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christian_denominational_variations)" title="Holy Spirit (Christian denominational variations)">Holy Spirit (Christian denominational variations)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaea_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/260px-Nicaea_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/390px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/520px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a> of the Fathers of the Council holding the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Christian denominations have doctrinal variations in their beliefs regarding the Holy Spirit. A well-known example is the <i><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></i> controversy regarding the Holy Spirit – one of the key differences between the teachings of the main <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Churches</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> denominations (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Filioque</i> debate centers around whether the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> should state that the Spirit "proceeds from the Father" and then have a stop, as the creed was initially adopted in Greek (and followed thereafter by the Eastern Church), or should say "from the Father and the Son" as was later adopted in Latin and followed by the Western Church, <i>filioque</i> being "and from the Son" in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers81_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers81-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of the 20th century, discussions took place about the removal of <i>Filioque</i> in the Nicene Creed from <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> prayer books along the lines of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox approach, but these still have not reached a state of final implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of mainstream <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> hold similar views on the theology of the Holy Spirit as the Roman Catholic Church, but there are significant differences in belief between <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> and the rest of Protestantism.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watson39_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson39-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentecostalism has a focus on "Baptism with the Spirit", relying on Acts 1:5 which refers to "now you will baptize with the Holy Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more recent Charismatic movements have a focus on the "gifts of the Spirit" (such as healing, prophecy, etc.) and rely on 1 Corinthians 12 as a scriptural basis, but often differ from Pentecostal movements.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism#Holy_Spirit" title="Nontrinitarianism">Non-trinitarian views about the Holy Spirit</a> differ significantly from mainstream Christian doctrine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Holy Spirit has been a topic in at least two papal encyclicals: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divinum_illud_munus" title="Divinum illud munus">Divinum illud munus</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominum_et_vivificantem" title="Dominum et vivificantem">Dominum et vivificantem</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1986)</li></ul> <p>The topic of the Holy Spirit is discussed extensively in the <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> as "I believe in the Holy Spirit" in paragraphs 683 through 747. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses_and_Christadelphians"><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses_and_Christadelphians"></span>Jehovah's Witnesses and Christadelphians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses and Christadelphians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a> view the Holy Spirit not as an actual person separate from God the Father, but as God's eternal "energy" or "active force", that he uses to accomplish his will in creation and redemption.<sup id="cite_ref-Awake!_Is_the_Holy_Spirit_a_Person?_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Awake!_Is_the_Holy_Spirit_a_Person?-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christadelphian_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christadelphian-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"></span>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) believe that the Holy Ghost is the third member of the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Godhead</a>, and is a personage of spirit, without a body of flesh and bones.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in many other denominations, the term "Holy Ghost" remains much more common than "Holy Spirit" in LDS contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Holy Ghost is sometimes referred to as the Spirit, the Holy Spirit, the Spirit of God, the Spirit of the Lord, or the Comforter.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latter-day Saints believe in a kind of <a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">social trinitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">subordinationism</a>, meaning that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost are understood as being unified in will and purpose, but not in substance.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holy Ghost is believed to be subordinate to the Father and the Son and operates under their direction. The Holy Ghost, like all intelligent beings, is believed to be fundamentally eternal, uncreated, and self-existent.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LDS Church teaches that the influence of the Holy Ghost can be received before baptism, but the gift, or constant companionship, of the Holy Ghost – which comes by the laying-on of hands by a properly ordained <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">priesthood</a> holder with a line of authority traced back to Christ through Peter – is obtained only after baptism when a person is <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">confirmed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, the founder of the church, taught, "You might as well baptize a bag of sand as a man," he said, "if not done in view of the remission of sins and getting of the Holy Ghost. Baptism by water is but half a baptism, and is good for nothing without the other half  – that is, the baptism of the Holy Ghost".<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism_and_art">Symbolism and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Symbolism and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Doves as symbols</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faroe_stamp_537_jolavisan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Faroe_stamp_537_jolavisan.jpg/130px-Faroe_stamp_537_jolavisan.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Faroe_stamp_537_jolavisan.jpg/195px-Faroe_stamp_537_jolavisan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Faroe_stamp_537_jolavisan.jpg/260px-Faroe_stamp_537_jolavisan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>The Holy Spirit as a dove on a stamp from <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Holy Spirit is frequently referred to by metaphor and <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">symbol</a>, both doctrinally and biblically. Theologically speaking these symbols are a key to understanding of the Holy Spirit and his actions, and are not mere artistic representations.<sup id="cite_ref-cathhs_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathhs-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-watsonsym_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watsonsym-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Water – signifies the Holy Spirit's action in Baptism, such that in the manner that "by one Spirit [believers] were all baptized", so they are "made to drink of one Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the Spirit is also personally the living water welling up from Christ crucified<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as its source and welling up in Christians to eternal life.<sup id="cite_ref-watsonsym_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watsonsym-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-catechism_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catechism-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i>, item 1137, considers the <a href="/wiki/Water_of_Life_(Christianity)" title="Water of Life (Christianity)">Water of Life</a> reference in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "one of most beautiful symbols of the Holy Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Anointing – The symbolism of blessing with oil also signifies the Holy Spirit, to the point of becoming a synonym for the Holy Spirit. The coming of the Spirit is referred to as his "anointing".<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some denominations anointing is practiced in Confirmation; ("chrismation" in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Churches</a>). Its full force can be grasped only in relation to the primary anointing accomplished by the Holy Spirit, that of Jesus. The title "<a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>" (in Hebrew, <i>messiah</i>) means the one "anointed" by God's Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-watsonsym_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watsonsym-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-catechism_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catechism-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fire – symbolizes the transforming energy of the Holy Spirit's actions. In the form of tongues "as of fire", the Holy Spirit rested on the disciples on the morning of Pentecost.<sup id="cite_ref-watsonsym_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watsonsym-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-catechism_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catechism-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cloud and light – The Spirit comes upon the Virgin Mary and "overshadows" her, so that she might conceive and give birth to Jesus. On the mountain of transfiguration, the Spirit in the "cloud came and overshadowed" Jesus, Moses and Elijah, Peter, James and John, and "a voice came out of the cloud, saying, 'This is my Son, my Chosen; listen to him!'"<sup id="cite_ref-catechism_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catechism-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The dove – When Christ comes up from the water of his baptism, the Holy Spirit, in the form of a dove, comes down upon him and remains with him.<sup id="cite_ref-watsonsym_135-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watsonsym-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-catechism_138-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catechism-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wind – The Spirit is likened to the "wind that blows where it will,"<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and described as "a sound from heaven like the rush of a mighty wind."<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-watsonsym_135-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watsonsym-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art,_literature_and_architecture"><span id="Art.2C_literature_and_architecture"></span>Art, literature and architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Art, literature and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit in Christian art</a></div><p><b>Art</b></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg/260px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg/390px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg/520px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption>The Holy Spirit as a dove in the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>, 1628</figcaption></figure> <p>The Holy Spirit has been represented in <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> both in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Church">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Churches</a> using a variety of depictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Earls70_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earls70-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gardner349_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner349-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lossky_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lossky-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depictions have ranged from nearly identical figures that represent the three persons of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>, to a dove, to a flame. </p><p>The Holy Spirit is often depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">dove</a>, based on the account of the Holy Spirit descending on <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> like a dove when he was baptized in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-Joel14_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joel14-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many paintings of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, the Holy Spirit is shown in the form of a dove, coming down towards Mary on beams of light, as the <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangel</a> Gabriel announces <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>'s coming to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Mary</a>. A dove may also be seen at the ear of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> – as recorded by his secretary – or other church father authors, dictating their works to them. The dove also parallels the one that brought the olive branch to <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> after the deluge, as a symbol of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Joel14_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joel14-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book of Acts describes the Holy Spirit descending on the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">apostles</a> at Pentecost in the form of a wind and tongues of fire resting over the apostles' heads. Based on that account, the Holy Spirit is sometimes symbolized by a flame of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Eugene121_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugene121-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christians</a> depicted the Holy Spirit as a goose called Ah Geadh-Glas, which means wild goose.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A goose was chosen rather than the traditional dove because geese were perceived as more free than their dove counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Literature</b> </p><p>The Holy Spirit has traditionally been a subject matter of strictly theological works focused on proving the central doctrines concerning the Holy Spirit, often as a response to arguments from religious groups who deny these beliefs. In recent years, however, the Holy Spirit has made an entrance into the world of (Christian) literature through books such as <a href="/wiki/The_Shack_(Young_novel)" title="The Shack (Young novel)">The Shack</a> published in 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Perugino_077.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dove representation in the Baptism of Christ by Pietro Perugino, circa 1498"><img alt="Dove representation in the Baptism of Christ by Pietro Perugino, circa 1498" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pietro_Perugino_077.jpg/88px-Pietro_Perugino_077.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pietro_Perugino_077.jpg/132px-Pietro_Perugino_077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pietro_Perugino_077.jpg/176px-Pietro_Perugino_077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dove representation in the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Christ</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>, circa 1498</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merazhofen_Pfarrkirche_Josephsaltar_Altarblatt_Pfingstwunder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Representation as both dove and flames, Ravensburg, Germany, 1867"><img alt="Representation as both dove and flames, Ravensburg, Germany, 1867" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Merazhofen_Pfarrkirche_Josephsaltar_Altarblatt_Pfingstwunder.jpg/84px-Merazhofen_Pfarrkirche_Josephsaltar_Altarblatt_Pfingstwunder.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Merazhofen_Pfarrkirche_Josephsaltar_Altarblatt_Pfingstwunder.jpg/126px-Merazhofen_Pfarrkirche_Josephsaltar_Altarblatt_Pfingstwunder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Merazhofen_Pfarrkirche_Josephsaltar_Altarblatt_Pfingstwunder.jpg/168px-Merazhofen_Pfarrkirche_Josephsaltar_Altarblatt_Pfingstwunder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Representation as both dove and flames, Ravensburg, Germany, 1867</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentecost_(Kirillo-Belozersk).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ray of light representation in Russian icon of the Pentecost, 15th century"><img alt="Ray of light representation in Russian icon of the Pentecost, 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pentecost_%28Kirillo-Belozersk%29.jpg/120px-Pentecost_%28Kirillo-Belozersk%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pentecost_%28Kirillo-Belozersk%29.jpg/250px-Pentecost_%28Kirillo-Belozersk%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1761" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ray of light representation in Russian icon of the <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LT_Kaunas,_kosc_Sakramentu_-_kopula,_2019.07.20,_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="On the keystone (inside of the dome) of the Church of St. Michael the Archangel, Kaunas"><img alt="On the keystone (inside of the dome) of the Church of St. Michael the Archangel, Kaunas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/LT_Kaunas%2C_kosc_Sakramentu_-_kopula%2C_2019.07.20%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%281%29.jpg/120px-LT_Kaunas%2C_kosc_Sakramentu_-_kopula%2C_2019.07.20%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/LT_Kaunas%2C_kosc_Sakramentu_-_kopula%2C_2019.07.20%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%281%29.jpg/250px-LT_Kaunas%2C_kosc_Sakramentu_-_kopula%2C_2019.07.20%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%281%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">On the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)" title="Keystone (architecture)">keystone</a> (inside of the dome) of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Michael_the_Archangel,_Kaunas" title="Church of St. Michael the Archangel, Kaunas">Church of St. Michael the Archangel, Kaunas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Spirit_Manila_Cathedral_2024-05-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="On the canopy (behind the altar) of the Manila Cathedral"><img alt="On the canopy (behind the altar) of the Manila Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Holy_Spirit_Manila_Cathedral_2024-05-19.jpg/120px-Holy_Spirit_Manila_Cathedral_2024-05-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Holy_Spirit_Manila_Cathedral_2024-05-19.jpg/250px-Holy_Spirit_Manila_Cathedral_2024-05-19.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">On the <a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(architecture)" title="Ciborium (architecture)">canopy</a> (behind the altar) of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holy_Spirit_cathedrals">Holy Spirit cathedrals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Holy Spirit cathedrals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Minsk-Cathedral_of_Holy_Spirit-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Spirit Cathedral (Minsk), Belarus"><img alt="Holy Spirit Cathedral (Minsk), Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Belarus-Minsk-Cathedral_of_Holy_Spirit-1.jpg/120px-Belarus-Minsk-Cathedral_of_Holy_Spirit-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Belarus-Minsk-Cathedral_of_Holy_Spirit-1.jpg/180px-Belarus-Minsk-Cathedral_of_Holy_Spirit-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Belarus-Minsk-Cathedral_of_Holy_Spirit-1.jpg/240px-Belarus-Minsk-Cathedral_of_Holy_Spirit-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Cathedral_(Minsk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit Cathedral (Minsk)">Holy Spirit Cathedral (Minsk)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guildford_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guildford Cathedral, UK"><img alt="Guildford Cathedral, UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Guildford_Cathedral.jpg/120px-Guildford_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Guildford_Cathedral.jpg/250px-Guildford_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1642" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guildford_Cathedral" title="Guildford Cathedral">Guildford Cathedral</a>, UK</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9_-_katedr%C3%A1la_svat%C3%A9ho_Ducha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic"><img alt="Cathedral in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9_-_katedr%C3%A1la_svat%C3%A9ho_Ducha.jpg/120px-Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9_-_katedr%C3%A1la_svat%C3%A9ho_Ducha.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9_-_katedr%C3%A1la_svat%C3%A9ho_Ducha.jpg/250px-Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9_-_katedr%C3%A1la_svat%C3%A9ho_Ducha.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1035" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Spirit,_Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Cathedral of the Holy Spirit, Hradec Králové">Cathedral in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/60px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/120px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" 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Spirit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Emery2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emery2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEmery2011" class="citation book cs1">Emery, Gilles (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjnangEACAAJ"><i>The Trinity: An Introduction to Catholic Doctrine on the Triune God</i></a>. Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813218649" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813218649"><bdi>978-0813218649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity%3A+An+Introduction+to+Catholic+Doctrine+on+the+Triune+God&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0813218649&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTjnangEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErickson1992" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Millard J. (1992). <i>Introducing Christian Doctrine</i>. Baker Book House. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Millard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammond1968" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, T. C. (1968). Wright, David F. (ed.). <i>In Understanding be Men: A Handbook of Christian Doctrine</i> (6th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Inter-Varsity_Press" title="Inter-Varsity Press">Inter-Varsity Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>56, <span class="nowrap">128–</span>131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Understanding+be+Men%3A+A+Handbook+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E56%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Inter-Varsity+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Systematic_theology-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Systematic_theology_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Systematic_theology_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrudem1994" class="citation book cs1">Grudem, Wayne A. (1994). <i>Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine</i>. Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press; Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. p. 226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Biblical+Doctrine&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Leicester%2C+England%3A+Inter-Varsity+Press%3B+Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan%3A+Zondervan&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Grudem&rft.aufirst=Wayne+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cathechism_711-712-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cathechism_711-712_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathechism_711-712_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P22.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. nos. 711–712. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412011058/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P22.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+IntraText&rft.pages=nos.+711-712&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P22.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParsons" class="citation web cs1">Parsons, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Names_of_G-d/Holy_Spirit/holy_spirit.html">"Hebrew names for God"</a>. <q>The Holy Spirit as revealed in the Brit Chadashah.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrew+names+for+God&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrew4christians.com%2FNames_of_G-d%2FHoly_Spirit%2Fholy_spirit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millsxi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Millsxi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millsxi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millsxi_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millsxi_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millsxi_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millsxi_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millsxi_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millsxi_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Acts and Pauline writings</i> by Watson E. Mills, Richard F. Wilson 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/086554512X" title="Special:BookSources/086554512X">086554512X</a>, pp. xl–xlx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_pages_248-249-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_pages_248-249_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_pages_248-249_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrabe2008" class="citation book cs1">Grabe, Petrus J. (2008). <i>The Power of God in Paul's Letters</i>. Mohr Siebeck. pp. <span class="nowrap">248–</span>249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3161497193" title="Special:BookSources/978-3161497193"><bdi>978-3161497193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+God+in+Paul%27s+Letters&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E248-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3161497193&rft.aulast=Grabe&rft.aufirst=Petrus+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truth_pages_1-5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Truth_pages_1-5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Truth_pages_1-5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreck1990" class="citation book cs1">Breck, John (1990). <i>Spirit of Truth: The origins of Johannine pneumatology</i>. p. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881410810" title="Special:BookSources/0881410810"><bdi>0881410810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+of+Truth%3A+The+origins+of+Johannine+pneumatology&rft.pages=1-5&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0881410810&rft.aulast=Breck&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott208-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott208_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott208_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott208_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus in Trinitarian Perspective: An Introductory Christology</i> by Scott Horrell, Donald Fairbairn, Garrett DeWeese and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Ware">Bruce Ware</a> (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080544422X" title="Special:BookSources/080544422X">080544422X</a> pp. 208–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson268-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson268_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson268_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson268_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErickson1992" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Millard J. (1992). <i>Introducing Christian Doctrine</i>. Baker Book House. pp. <span class="nowrap">267–</span>268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Millard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-And442-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-And442_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-And442_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>John</i> by Andreas J. Köstenberger 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080102644X" title="Special:BookSources/080102644X">080102644X</a>, p. 442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quest-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quest_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quest_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quest_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchubert2009" class="citation book cs1">Schubert, Judith (2009). <i>The Gospel of John: Question by Question'<span></span></i>. Paulist Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809145492" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809145492"><bdi>978-0809145492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+John%3A+Question+by+Question%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0809145492&rft.aulast=Schubert&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#28:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 28:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lord_page_5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lord_page_5_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lord_page_5_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoulaison2006" class="citation book cs1">Moulaison, Jane Barter (2006). <i>Lord, giver of life</i> (Lona)<i><span></span></i>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0889205019" title="Special:BookSources/0889205019"><bdi>0889205019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord%2C+giver+of+life+%28Lona%29&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0889205019&rft.aulast=Moulaison&rft.aufirst=Jane+Barter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers2_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVickers2008" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Jason E. (2008). <i>Invocation and Assent: The Making and the Remaking of Trinitarian Theology</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802862693" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802862693"><bdi>978-0802862693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invocation+and+Assent%3A+The+Making+and+the+Remaking+of+Trinitarian+Theology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0802862693&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Jason+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCPhan3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PCPhan3_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCPhan3_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCPhan3_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhan2011" class="citation book cs1">Phan, Peter C. (2011). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Trinity</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521701136" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521701136"><bdi>978-0521701136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Trinity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0521701136&rft.aulast=Phan&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pentecost-Christianity">"Pentecost"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711211938/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pentecost-Christianity">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span></span>. <q>Pentecost... major festival in the Christian church, celebrated on the Sunday that falls on the 50th day after Easter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pentecost&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPentecost-Christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CompanionBible-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CompanionBible_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompanionBible_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompanionBible_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompanionBible_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Companion Bible – KJV </i> by <a href="/wiki/E._W._Bullinger" title="E. W. Bullinger">E. W. Bullinger</a>, Kregel Publications, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0825420997" title="Special:BookSources/0825420997">0825420997</a>. p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin W. Lovin, Foreword to the English translation of Karl Barth's <i>The Holy Spirit and the Christian Life</i> (1993) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664253253" title="Special:BookSources/0664253253">0664253253</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEricksonHustad2001" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Millard J.; Hustad, L. Arnold (2001). <i>Introducing Christian Doctrine</i>. Baker Academic. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801022500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801022500"><bdi>978-0801022500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0801022500&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Millard+J.&rft.au=Hustad%2C+L.+Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/faithschools/story/0,13882,1457028,00.html">"Norfolk schools told Holy Ghost 'too spooky'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London, England. 2005-04-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513221020/http://education.guardian.co.uk/faithschools/story/0,13882,1457028,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Norfolk+schools+told+Holy+Ghost+%27too+spooky%27&rft.date=2005-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.guardian.co.uk%2Ffaithschools%2Fstory%2F0%2C13882%2C1457028%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biblehub.1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biblehub.1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/isaiah/63-10.htm">"Isaiah 63:10 Hebrew Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005220303/http://biblehub.com/text/isaiah/63-10.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Isaiah+63%3A10+Hebrew+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fisaiah%2F63-10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/psalms/51-11.htm">"Psalm 51:11 Hebrew Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170605090758/http://biblehub.com/text/psalms/51-11.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Psalm+51%3A11+Hebrew+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fpsalms%2F51-11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/genesis/1-2.htm">"Genesis 1:2 Hebrew Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105211036/http://biblehub.com/text/genesis/1-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Genesis+1%3A2+Hebrew+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fgenesis%2F1-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/genesis/7-22.htm">"Genesis 7:22 Hebrew Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017053322/http://biblehub.com/text/genesis/7-22.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Genesis+7%3A22+Hebrew+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fgenesis%2F7-22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biblehub.2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biblehub.2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biblehub.2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biblehub.2_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biblehub.2_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/isaiah/11-2.htm">"Isaiah 11:2 Hebrew Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171104085320/http://biblehub.com/text/isaiah/11-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Isaiah+11%3A2+Hebrew+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fisaiah%2F11-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/1847.htm">"Strong's Hebrew: 1847. דָּ֫עַת (daath) – knowledge"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105043725/https://biblehub.com/hebrew/1847.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew%3A+1847.+%D7%93%D6%B8%D6%BC%D6%AB%D7%A2%D6%B7%D7%AA+%28daath%29+%E2%80%93+knowledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fhebrew%2F1847.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/matthew/1-18.htm">"Matthew 1:18 Greek Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026164513/http://biblehub.com/text/matthew/1-18.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Matthew+1%3A18+Greek+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fmatthew%2F1-18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/matthew/12-28.htm">"Matthew 12:28 Greek Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027230000/http://biblehub.com/text/matthew/12-28.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Matthew+12%3A28+Greek+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fmatthew%2F12-28.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/john/16-7.htm">"John 16:7 Greek Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105202056/http://biblehub.com/text/john/16-7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=John+16%3A7+Greek+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fjohn%2F16-7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/john/16-13.htm">"John 16:13 Greek Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906043327/http://biblehub.com/text/john/16-13.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=John+16%3A13+Greek+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fjohn%2F16-13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/1_peter/1-11.htm">"1 Peter 1:11 Greek Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718192552/http://biblehub.com/text/1_peter/1-11.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=1+Peter+1%3A11+Greek+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2F1_peter%2F1-11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/interlinear/john/3-8.htm">"John 3:8 Interlinear: the Spirit where he willeth doth blow, and his voice thou dost hear, but thou hast not known whence he cometh, and whither he goeth; thus is every one who hath been born of the Spirit.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618062057/https://biblehub.com/interlinear/john/3-8.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=John+3%3A8+Interlinear%3A+the+Spirit+where+he+willeth+doth+blow%2C+and+his+voice+thou+dost+hear%2C+but+thou+hast+not+known+whence+he+cometh%2C+and+whither+he+goeth%3B+thus+is+every+one+who+hath+been+born+of+the+Spirit.%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Finterlinear%2Fjohn%2F3-8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Darshan, Guy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41189353/Rua%E1%B8%A5_Elohim_in_Genesis_1_2_in_Light_of_Phoenician_Cosmogonies_A_Tradition_s_History_JNSL_45_2_2019_51_78">"Ruaḥ 'Elohim in Genesis 1:2 in Light of Phoenician Cosmogonies: A Tradition's History,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206101838/https://www.academia.edu/41189353/Rua%E1%B8%A5_Elohim_in_Genesis_1_2_in_Light_of_Phoenician_Cosmogonies_A_Tradition_s_History_JNSL_45_2_2019_51_78">Archived</a> 2019-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 45:2 (2019), 51–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-je-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-je_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsBlau" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Joseph; Blau, Ludwig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7833-holy-spirit">"Holy Spirit"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803014115/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7833-holy-spirit">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Holy+Spirit&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Blau%2C+Ludwig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F7833-holy-spirit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#12:30" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 12:30–32</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#3:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 3:28–30</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#12:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 12:8–10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blomberg, Craig L., <i>Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey</i>, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805444823" title="Special:BookSources/0805444823">0805444823</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2028%3A19&version=ESV">"Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 28:19 – English Standard Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627113258/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2028%3A19&version=ESV">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Matthew+28%3A19+%E2%80%93+English+Standard+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DMatthew%252028%253A19%26version%3DESV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#1:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 1:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#1:35" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 1:35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#3:16" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 3:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#11:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 11:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#13:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 13:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#10:20" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 10:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Gospel of Luke</i> by Luke Timothy Johnson, Daniel J. Harrington 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814658059" title="Special:BookSources/0814658059">0814658059</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson14-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson14_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson14_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonHarrington1992" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Luke Timothy; Harrington, Daniel J. (1992). <i>The Acts of the Apostles</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814658075" title="Special:BookSources/0814658075"><bdi>0814658075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0814658075&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Luke+Timothy&rft.au=Harrington%2C+Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Couch120-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Couch120_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couch120_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couch120_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCouch2004" class="citation book cs1">Couch, Mal (2004). <i>A Bible Handbook to the Acts of the Apostles</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0825423910" title="Special:BookSources/0825423910"><bdi>0825423910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bible+Handbook+to+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0825423910&rft.aulast=Couch&rft.aufirst=Mal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#1:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 1:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#2:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 2:1–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#4:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 4:28–31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#8:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 8:15–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#10:44" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 10:44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#19:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 19:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#1:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 1:5 and 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalbert2005" class="citation book cs1">Talbert, Charles H. (2005). <i>Reading Acts: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573122777" title="Special:BookSources/1573122777"><bdi>1573122777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Acts%3A+A+Literary+and+Theological+Commentary+on+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1573122777&rft.aulast=Talbert&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#14:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 14:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#15:26" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 15:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#16:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 16:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_John#4:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 John">1 John 4:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>1, 2, and 3 John</i> by John Painter, Daniel J. Harrington 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814658121" title="Special:BookSources/0814658121">0814658121</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#14:26" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 14:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurge1987" class="citation book cs1">Burge, Gary M. (1987). <i>The anointed community: the Holy Spirit in the Johannine tradition</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802801935" title="Special:BookSources/0802801935"><bdi>0802801935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+anointed+community%3A+the+Holy+Spirit+in+the+Johannine+tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0802801935&rft.aulast=Burge&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Thessalonians#1:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Thessalonians">1:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Thessalonians#4:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Thessalonians">4:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn418-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn418_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn418_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn418_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (2003). <i>Theology of Paul the Apostle</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">418–</span>420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567089584" title="Special:BookSources/0567089584"><bdi>0567089584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+Paul+the+Apostle&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E418-%3C%2Fspan%3E420&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0567089584&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'CollinsFarrugia2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Collins, Gerald; Farrugia, Edward G. (2004). <i>A Concise Dictionary of Theology</i>. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567083543" title="Special:BookSources/0567083543"><bdi>0567083543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.pages=115&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0567083543&rft.aulast=O%27Collins&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Farrugia%2C+Edward+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phyllis-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phyllis_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJestice2004" class="citation book cs1">Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). <i>Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 3. pp. <span class="nowrap">393–</span>394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576073556" title="Special:BookSources/1576073556"><bdi>1576073556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+People+of+the+World%3A+A+Cross-Cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1576073556&rft.aulast=Jestice&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Romans#8:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Romans">Romans 8:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Thessalonians#1:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Thessalonians">1:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>1 & 2 Thessalonians</i> by Jon A. Weatherly 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0899006361" title="Special:BookSources/0899006361">0899006361</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#1:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 1:18</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#1:34" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 1:34 –35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch1990" class="citation cs2">Koch, Glenn Alan (1990), "Hebrews, Gospel of the", in Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.), <i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i>, Mercer University Press, p. 364, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865543737" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865543737"><bdi>978-0865543737</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hebrews%2C+Gospel+of+the&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0865543737&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Glenn+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/gop.html">"Gospel of Philip"</a>. Translated by Isenberg, Wesley W. 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050406201740/http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/gop.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2005-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel+of+Philip&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2Fgop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarth1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth, Karl</a> (1949). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dogmaticsinoutli00bart"><i>Dogmatics in Outline</i></a></span>. New York Philosophical Library. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dogmaticsinoutli00bart/page/95">95</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogmatics+in+Outline&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=New+York+Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdogmaticsinoutli00bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKruse2004" class="citation book cs1">Kruse, Colin G. (2004). <i>The Gospel According to John: An Introduction and Commentary</i>. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802827713" title="Special:BookSources/0802827713"><bdi>0802827713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+John%3A+An+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.pages=123&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0802827713&rft.aulast=Kruse&rft.aufirst=Colin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#3:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 3:13–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#1:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 1:9–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#3:21" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 3:21–23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#4:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 4:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#12:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 12:28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#10:21" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 10:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Hebrews#9:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Hebrews">Hebrews 9:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colin280-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colin280_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colin280_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colin280_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colin280_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunton1997" class="citation book cs1">Gunton, Colin E. (1997). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Christian Doctrine</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">280–</span>285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052147695X" title="Special:BookSources/052147695X"><bdi>052147695X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E280-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=052147695X&rft.aulast=Gunton&rft.aufirst=Colin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cathhs-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cathhs_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathhs_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathhs_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07409a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Holy Spirit"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123021814/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07409a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Holy+Spirit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07409a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See discussion in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Person"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Person">"Person" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Person&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Catechism_Trinity-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Catechism_Trinity_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">CCC</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P17.HTM#1FT">The Dogma of the Holy trinity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329042425/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P17.HTM#1FT">Archived</a> 2020-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke_1:35-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luke_1:35_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%201%3A35&version=ESV">"Bible Gateway passage: Luke 1:35 – English Standard Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725153714/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%201%3A35&version=ESV">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Luke+1%3A35+%E2%80%93+English+Standard+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DLuke%25201%253A35%26version%3DESV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrington38-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrington38_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington, Daniel J., SJ. "Jesus Goes Public." <i>America,</i> Jan. 7–14, 2008, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%203:17&version=nrsv">Mt 3:17</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:11&version=nrsv">Mk 1:11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:21–22&version=nrsv">Lk 3:21–22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2015%3A26&version=ESV">"Bible Gateway passage: John 15:26 – English Standard Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127214014/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2015:26&version=ESV">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+John+15%3A26+%E2%80%93+English+Standard+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DJohn%252015%253A26%26version%3DESV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2014%3A16&version=ESV">"Bible Gateway passage: John 14:16 – English Standard Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028012416/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2014%3A16&version=ESV">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+John+14%3A16+%E2%80%93+English+Standard+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DJohn%252014%253A16%26version%3DESV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Theology for the Community of God</i> by Stanley J. Grenz (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802847552" title="Special:BookSources/0802847552">0802847552</a> p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2009" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (2009). <i>Baptism in the Early Church: History, Theology, and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries</i>. p. 776. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802827487" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802827487"><bdi>978-0802827487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptism+in+the+Early+Church%3A+History%2C+Theology%2C+and+Liturgy+in+the+First+Five+Centuries&rft.pages=776&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0802827487&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChafer1993" class="citation book cs1">Chafer, Lewis Sperry (1993). <i>Systematic Theology</i>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0825423406" title="Special:BookSources/0825423406"><bdi>0825423406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0825423406&rft.aulast=Chafer&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Sperry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiersbe471-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiersbe471_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiersbe471_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiersbe2007" class="citation book cs1">Wiersbe, Warren W. (2007). <i>The Wiersbe Bible Commentary: The Complete New Testament</i>. p. 471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0781445399" title="Special:BookSources/978-0781445399"><bdi>978-0781445399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiersbe+Bible+Commentary%3A+The+Complete+New+Testament&rft.pages=471&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0781445399&rft.aulast=Wiersbe&rft.aufirst=Warren+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donnell-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donnell_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The mystery of the Triune God</i> ... Whatever, therefore, is spoken of God in respect to Himself, is both spoken singly of each person, that is, of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit; and together of the Trinity itself, not plurally but in the singular. by John Joseph O'Donnell 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0722057601" title="Special:BookSources/0722057601">0722057601</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Corinthians#6:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 6:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/130105.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'De Trinitate', Book V, chapter 8"</a>. <i>newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991013043702/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/130105.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newadvent.org&rft.atitle=%27De+Trinitate%27%2C+Book+V%2C+chapter+8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F130105.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson265-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson265_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson265_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson265_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErickson1992" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Millard J. (1992). <i>Introducing Christian Doctrine</i>. Baker Book House. pp. <span class="nowrap">265–</span>270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Millard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though the term "<a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">born again</a>" is most frequently used by evangelical Christians, most denominations do consider that the new Christian is a "new creation" and "born again". See for example the Catholic Encyclopedia <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02258b.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228172517/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02258b.htm">Archived</a> 2009-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Holy Spirit and His Gifts</i>. <a href="/wiki/J._Oswald_Sanders" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Oswald Sanders">J. Oswald Sanders</a>. Inter-Varsity Press. Chapter 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammond1968" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, T. C. (1968). Wright, David F. (ed.). <i>In Understanding be Men: A Handbook of Christian Doctrine</i> (Sixth ed.). <a href="/wiki/Inter-Varsity_Press" title="Inter-Varsity Press">Inter-Varsity Press</a>. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Understanding+be+Men%3A+A+Handbook+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pages=134&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=Inter-Varsity+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2015:26&version=nrsv">John 15:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff1989">Meyendorff 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-DíezRodriguez199279-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-DíezRodriguez199279_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartínez-DíezRodriguez1992">Martínez-Díez & Rodriguez 1992</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhite2009285–302-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhite2009285–302_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilhite2009">Wilhite 2009</a>, pp. 285–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips199560-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips199560_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1995">Phillips 1995</a>, pp. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCC-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_109-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_109-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P67.HTM#$211">"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. nos. 1830–1832. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328233241/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P67.HTM#$211">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+IntraText&rft.pages=nos.+1830-1832&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P67.HTM%23%24211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fung262-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fung262_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fung262_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fung262_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFung1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Y._K._Fung" title="Ronald Y. K. Fung">Fung, Ronald Y. K.</a> (1988). <i>The Epistle to the Galatians</i>. The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">262–</span>263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802825095" title="Special:BookSources/0802825095"><bdi>0802825095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistle+to+the+Galatians&rft.series=The+New+International+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0802825095&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Y.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Galatians#5:22" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Galatians">Galatians 5:22–23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Corinthians#12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Romans#12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Romans">12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Ephesians#4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Ephesians">Ephesians 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EricksonWorks-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EricksonWorks_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EricksonWorks_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EricksonWorks_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EricksonWorks_115-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EricksonWorks_115-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErickson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Millard_Erickson" title="Millard Erickson">Erickson, Millard J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBAPAAAACAAJ"><i>Introducing Christian Doctrine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Baker Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801032158" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801032158"><bdi>978-0801032158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Christian+Doctrine&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0801032158&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Millard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBAPAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingchris02ederic">2nd ed. 2001</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingchris02ederic/page/275">Chapter Thirty – "The work of the Holy Spirit" (pp. 275ff.)</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801022500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801022500">978-0801022500</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTozer1994" class="citation book cs1">Tozer, A. W. (1994). <i>I talk back to the devil</i>. Carlisle: OM Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850781486" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850781486"><bdi>978-1850781486</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31753708">31753708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+talk+back+to+the+devil&rft.place=Carlisle&rft.pub=OM+Pub&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31753708&rft.isbn=978-1850781486&rft.aulast=Tozer&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Isaiah#chapter_11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Isaiah">11:1–2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw457-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw457_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw457_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw457_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShawStravinskas1998" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Russell; Stravinskas, Peter M. J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ78Vd4O9d4C"><i>Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_Indiana" title="Huntington, Indiana">Huntington, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Our_Sunday_Visitor" title="Our Sunday Visitor">Our Sunday Visitor Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ78Vd4O9d4C&pg=457&dq=%22Gifts+of+the+Holy+Spirit,+The+seven%22">457</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879736699" title="Special:BookSources/978-0879736699"><bdi>978-0879736699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Sunday+Visitor%27s+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Huntington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0879736699&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Stravinskas%2C+Peter+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvJ78Vd4O9d4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKasper2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Kasper, Walter</a> (2006). <i>The Petrine ministry. Catholics and Orthodox in Dialogue: Academic Symposium Neld at the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity</i>. Paulist Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809143344" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809143344"><bdi>978-0809143344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Petrine+ministry.+Catholics+and+Orthodox+in+Dialogue%3A+Academic+Symposium+Neld+at+the+Pontifical+Council+for+Promoting+Christian+Unity&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0809143344&rft.aulast=Kasper&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinnamonCope1997" class="citation book cs1">Kinnamon, Michael; Cope, Brian E. (1997). <i>The Ecumenical Movement: An Anthology of Key Texts and Voices</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802842633" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802842633"><bdi>978-0802842633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecumenical+Movement%3A+An+Anthology+of+Key+Texts+and+Voices&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0802842633&rft.aulast=Kinnamon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Cope%2C+Brian+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers81-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers81_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Holy Spirit: Classic and Contemporary Readings</i> by Eugene F. Rogers Jr. (2009) Wiley <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405136235" title="Special:BookSources/1405136235">1405136235</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Introduction to Theology</i> by Owen C. Thomas and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_K._Wondra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen K. Wondra">Ellen K. Wondra</a> (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0819218979" title="Special:BookSources/0819218979">0819218979</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson39-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watson39_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Watson_(evangelist)" title="David Watson (evangelist)">Watson, David</a> (1973). <i>One in the Spirit</i>. Hodder and Stoughton. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+in+the+Spirit&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelton2008" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2008). <i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i>. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816077465" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816077465"><bdi>978-0816077465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.pages=69&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0816077465&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelton2008" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2008). <i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i>. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816077465" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816077465"><bdi>978-0816077465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.pages=134&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0816077465&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Awake!_Is_the_Holy_Spirit_a_Person?-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Awake!_Is_the_Holy_Spirit_a_Person?_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102006245">"Is the Holy Spirit a Person?"</a>. <i>Awake!</i>: <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15. July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707145423/https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102006245">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-03</span></span>. <q>In the Bible, God's Holy Spirit is identified as God's power in action. Hence, an accurate translation of the Bible's Hebrew text refers to God's spirit as 'God's active force.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Awake%21&rft.atitle=Is+the+Holy+Spirit+a+Person%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F102006245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christadelphian-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christadelphian_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christadelphia.org/reject.php">"Doctrines to be rejected"</a>. <i>Doctrines to be Rejected</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607160959/http://www.christadelphia.org/reject.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-23</span></span>. <q>We reject the doctrine – that the Holy Spirit is a person distinct from the Father.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doctrines+to+be+Rejected&rft.atitle=Doctrines+to+be+rejected&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christadelphia.org%2Freject.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/130.22?lang=eng">"Doctrine and Covenants 130"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714181457/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/130.22?lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F130.22%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/holy-ghost?lang=eng">"Gospel Topics: Holy Ghost"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719222914/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/holy-ghost?lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel+Topics%3A+Holy+Ghost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-topics%2Fholy-ghost%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/language-materials/36863_eng.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"True to the Faith", p. 81"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180415010228/https://www.lds.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/language-materials/36863_eng.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22True+to+the+Faith%22%2C+p.+81.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fbc%2Fcontent%2Fshared%2Fcontent%2Fenglish%2Fpdf%2Flanguage-materials%2F36863_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/youth/childrenandyouth/for-youth">"For Youth"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=For+Youth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fyouth%2Fchildrenandyouth%2Ffor-youth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/93.29?lang=eng">"Doctrine and Covenants 93"</a>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306152447/https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/93.29?lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+93&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F93.29%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402051050/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Holy_Ghost">"Holy Ghost – the Encyclopedia of Mormonism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Holy_Ghost">the original</a> on 2018-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Ghost+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FHoly_Ghost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Prophet_Joseph_Smith_(book)" title="Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith (book)">TPJS</a></i>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watsonsym-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watsonsym_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watsonsym_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watsonsym_135-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watsonsym_135-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watsonsym_135-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watsonsym_135-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Watson_(evangelist)" title="David Watson (evangelist)">Watson, David</a> (1973). <i>One in the Spirit</i>. Hodder and Stoughton. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+in+the+Spirit&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2012:13&version=nrsv">1Cor 12:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:34&version=nrsv">Jn 19:34</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%205:8&version=nrsv">1 Jn 5:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catechism-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catechism_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catechism_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catechism_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catechism_138-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catechism_138-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>CCC</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c3a8.htm#II">Symbols of the Holy Spirit (nos. 694–701)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221165515/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c3a8.htm#II">Archived</a> 2020-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation#21:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation">Revelation 21:6</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation#22:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation">Revelation 22:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021020062856/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s1c2a1.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church – Celebrating the Church's liturgy"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s1c2a1.htm">the original</a> on 2002-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+Celebrating+the+Church%27s+liturgy&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp2s1c2a1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%201:21&version=nrsv">2Cor 1:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%209:34–35&version=nrsv">Lk 9:34–35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%203:16&version=nrsv">Mt 3:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:8&version=nrsv">Jn 3:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:2–4&version=nrsv">Acts 2:24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earls70-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Earls70_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEarls1987" class="citation book cs1">Earls, Irene (1987). <i>Renaissance Art: A Topical Dictionary</i>. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313246580" title="Special:BookSources/0313246580"><bdi>0313246580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Art%3A+A+Topical+Dictionary&rft.pages=70&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0313246580&rft.aulast=Earls&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardner349-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gardner349_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleiner2008" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred S. (30 December 2008). <i>Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective</i>. Cengage Learning. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495573555" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495573555"><bdi>978-0495573555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages%3A+The+Western+Perspective&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0495573555&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lossky-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lossky_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLossky1999" class="citation book cs1">Lossky, Vladimir (1999). <i>The Meaning of Icons</i>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0913836990" title="Special:BookSources/0913836990"><bdi>0913836990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Icons&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0913836990&rft.aulast=Lossky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joel14-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joel14_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joel14_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElowsky2009" class="citation book cs1">Elowsky, Joel C. (2009). <i>We Believe in the Holy Spirit (Ancient Christian Doctrine, No. 4)</i>. InterVarsity. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830825349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830825349"><bdi>978-0830825349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Believe+in+the+Holy+Spirit+%28Ancient+Christian+Doctrine%2C+No.+4%29&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=InterVarsity&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0830825349&rft.aulast=Elowsky&rft.aufirst=Joel+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eugene121-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eugene121_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogers_Jr.2009" class="citation book cs1">Rogers Jr., Eugene F. (2009). <i>The Holy Spirit: Classic and Contemporary Readings</i>. Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">121–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405136235" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405136235"><bdi>978-1405136235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Spirit%3A+Classic+and+Contemporary+Readings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1405136235&rft.aulast=Rogers+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Eugene+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922152059/https://www.circleofhope.net/benwhite/tag/ah-geadh-glas/">"Ah Geadh-Glas Archives"</a>. <i>Today, if you hear his voice</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.circleofhope.net/benwhite/tag/ah-geadh-glas/">the original</a> on 2021-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today%2C+if+you+hear+his+voice&rft.atitle=Ah+Geadh-Glas+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.circleofhope.net%2Fbenwhite%2Ftag%2Fah-geadh-glas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2013" class="citation web cs1">Carpenter, Chris (2013-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.cbn.com/biblestudy/christians-on-a-wild-goose-chase">"Christians on a Wild Goose Chase"</a>. <i>The Christian Broadcasting Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926001631/https://www1.cbn.com/biblestudy/christians-on-a-wild-goose-chase">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Broadcasting+Network&rft.atitle=Christians+on+a+Wild+Goose+Chase&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cbn.com%2Fbiblestudy%2Fchristians-on-a-wild-goose-chase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowns2018" class="citation book cs1">Downs, Annie (2018). <i>Remember God</i>. B&H Publishing Group. <q>But did you also know that Celtic Christians call the Holy Spirit Ah Geadh-Glas, which means "Wild Goose"? Don't you love that? Because if you've ever tried to follow the leading of the Holy Spirit, for sure it can feel like a wild goose chase.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remember+God&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsBlau1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacobs, Joseph; Blau, Ludwig (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7833-holy-spirit">"Holy Spirit"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holy+Spirit&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Blau%2C+Ludwig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F7833-holy-spirit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartínez-DíezRodriguez1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez-Díez, Gonzalo; Rodriguez, Felix (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbxENUiC5g8C"><i>Colección canónica hispana</i></a> (in Spanish). Vol. 5. Madrid, Spain: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8400072629" title="Special:BookSources/978-8400072629"><bdi>978-8400072629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colecci%C3%B3n+can%C3%B3nica+hispana&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pub=Consejo+Superior+de+Investigaciones+Cient%C3%ADficas&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-8400072629&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez-D%C3%ADez&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbxENUiC5g8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.</i></a> The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881410563" title="Special:BookSources/978-0881410563"><bdi>978-0881410563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450%E2%80%93680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+New+York&rft.series=The+Church+in+history&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0881410563&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilhite2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wilhite, David E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+baptists+%22and+the+son%22%3a+the+Filioque+clause+in+noncreedal...-a0205746293">"The Baptists 'And the Son': The Filioque Clause in Noncreedal Theology"</a>. <i>Journal of Ecumenical Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">285–</span>302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecumenical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Baptists+%27And+the+Son%27%3A+The+Filioque+Clause+in+Noncreedal+Theology&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wilhite&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FThe%2Bbaptists%2B%2522and%2Bthe%2Bson%2522%253a%2Bthe%2BFilioque%2Bclause%2Bin%2Bnoncreedal...-a0205746293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1995" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Andrew (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tcoRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Orthodox Christianity and the English Tradition</i></a>. Frithgarth, UK: Anglo-Saxon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898281009" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898281009"><bdi>978-1898281009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Christianity+and+the+English+Tradition&rft.place=Frithgarth%2C+UK&rft.pub=Anglo-Saxon+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1898281009&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtcoRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeeleyWeedman2018" class="citation book cs1">Beeley, Christopher; Weedman, Mark, eds. (2018). <i>The Bible and Early Trinitarian Theology</i>. Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813229966" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813229966"><bdi>978-0813229966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+Early+Trinitarian+Theology&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0813229966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurgess1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_M._Burgess" title="Stanley M. Burgess">Burgess, Stanley M.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8bYAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Holy Spirit: Eastern Christian Traditions</i></a>. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913573815" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913573815"><bdi>978-0913573815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Spirit%3A+Eastern+Christian+Traditions&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0913573815&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Stanley+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8bYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Charles Williams, <i>The descent of the Dove: a short history of the Holy Spirit in the church</i> (1950) Faber, London, England.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKärkkäinen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Veli-Matti_K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen" title="Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen">Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XI6iB7Cry6AC"><i>Pneumatology: The Holy Spirit in Ecumenical, International, and Contextual Perspective</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801024481" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801024481"><bdi>978-0801024481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pneumatology%3A+The+Holy+Spirit+in+Ecumenical%2C+International%2C+and+Contextual+Perspective&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0801024481&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Veli-Matti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXI6iB7Cry6AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKärkkäinen2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Veli-Matti_K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen" title="Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen">Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti</a>, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buA7YKLWe6YC"><i>Holy Spirit and Salvation: The Sources of Christian Theology</i></a>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664231361" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664231361"><bdi>978-0664231361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Spirit+and+Salvation%3A+The+Sources+of+Christian+Theology&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0664231361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbuA7YKLWe6YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Spirit+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Swete, Henry Barclay (1912). <i>The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church: a Study of Christian Teaching in the Age of the Fathers</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0342946455" title="Special:BookSources/0342946455">0342946455</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020906002752/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c3.htm">Chapter Three. I Believe in the Holy Spirit (nos. 683–686)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020906003039/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c3a8.htm">Article 8. "I Believe in the Holy Spirit" (nos. 687–747)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliology" title="Bibliology">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_plenary_preservation" title="Verbal plenary preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in 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title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Christocentric">Christocentric</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a 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salus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam#The_New_Testament" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">Occasion of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_last_things" title="Four last things">Four last things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_by_tradition" title="Template:Christian theology by tradition">By tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">Dogmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">Church covenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Protestantism" title="Salvation in Christianity">Protestant Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Center church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loci_Theologici" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed <span class="nobold">(Calvinist)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Divine mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mysteries" title="Sacred mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christian_theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Christian theologians">Lists of Christian theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity692" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity692" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">List of martyrs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Centuries9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God" title="Peace and Truce of God">Peace and Truce of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve_Apostles_of_Jesus82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apostles" title="Template:Apostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apostles" title="Template talk:Apostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve_Apostles_of_Jesus82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Twelve Apostles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apostles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">the Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Beloved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning of the Twelve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_the_disciples" title="Calling of the disciples">calling of the disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">Mission Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_Persecutions" title="Coming Persecutions">coming persecutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament#Relics_and_burial_sites" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Relics and burial sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acts_of_the_Apostles158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Template:Acts of the Apostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Template talk:Acts of the Apostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acts of the Apostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acts_of_the_Apostles158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_1" title="Acts 1">Acts 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_2" title="Acts 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_3" title="Acts 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_4" title="Acts 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_5" title="Acts 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_6" title="Acts 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_7" title="Acts 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_8" title="Acts 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_9" title="Acts 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_10" title="Acts 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_11" title="Acts 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_12" title="Acts 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_13" title="Acts 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_14" title="Acts 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_16" title="Acts 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_17" title="Acts 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_18" title="Acts 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_19" title="Acts 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_20" title="Acts 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_21" title="Acts 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_22" title="Acts 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_23" title="Acts 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_24" title="Acts 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_25" title="Acts 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_26" title="Acts 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_27" title="Acts 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_28" title="Acts 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Conversion of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals" title="Peter's vision of a sheet with animals">Peter's vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Peter" title="Liberation of Peter">Peter's liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus_sermon" title="Areopagus sermon">Areopagus sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning_at_Ephesus" title="Book burning at Ephesus">Book burning at Ephesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias (High Priest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Bar-jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary mother of John Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon the Sorcerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullus" title="Tertullus">Tertullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_the_Libertines" title="Synagogue of the Libertines">Synagogue of the Libertines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts of the Apostles (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles">Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel%27s_principle" title="Gamaliel's principle">Gamaliel's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_8" title="Papyrus 8">Papyrus 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_29" title="Papyrus 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_33" title="Papyrus 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_38" title="Papyrus 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_48" title="Papyrus 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_50" title="Papyrus 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_56" title="Papyrus 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_57" title="Papyrus 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_74" title="Papyrus 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_91" title="Papyrus 91">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_112" title="Papyrus 112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_127" title="Papyrus 127">127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Laudianus" title="Codex Laudianus">Codex Laudianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Mutinensis" title="Codex Mutinensis">Codex Mutinensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_095" title="Uncial 095">Uncial 095</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_096" title="Uncial 096">096</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_097" title="Uncial 097">097</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0120" title="Uncial 0120">0120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0140" title="Uncial 0140">0140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0165" title="Uncial 0165">0165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0175" title="Uncial 0175">0175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0189" title="Uncial 0189">0189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0236" title="Uncial 0236">0236</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0244" title="Uncial 0244">0244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0294" title="Uncial 0294">0294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0304" title="Uncial 0304">0304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C5%A1kovi%C4%87%27s_fragment_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Gršković's fragment of the Acts of the Apostles">Gršković's fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihanovi%C4%87%27s_fragment_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Mihanović's fragment of the Acts of the Apostles">Mihanović's fragment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A.D._(miniseries)" title="A.D. (miniseries)">A.D.</a></i> (1985 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Acts" title="The Visual Bible: Acts">The Visual Bible: Acts</a></i> (1994 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church1469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church1469" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General125" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_cardinals" title="List of current cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> 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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/20px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/40px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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Abrahamic religions">In Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">In Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi#Names" title="Hayyi Rabbi">In Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">Adonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuda" title="Khuda">Khuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvardigar" title="Parvardigar">Parvardigar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><a 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title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Tad Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devla" title="Devla">Devla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">El Elyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">God the Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakan_Tanka" title="Wakan Tanka">Wakan Tanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haneunim" title="Haneunim">Haneunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwa" title="Huwa">Huwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a> 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