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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Freiherr_in_the_feudal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freiherr_in_the_feudal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span><i><span><i>Freiherr</i></span></i> in the feudal system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freiherr_in_the_feudal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freiherr_vs._Baron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freiherr_vs._Baron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Freiherr</i> vs. <i>Baron</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freiherr_vs._Baron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prior_to_abolition_of_nobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_to_abolition_of_nobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prior to abolition of nobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_to_abolition_of_nobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_abolition_of_nobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_abolition_of_nobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Since abolition of nobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_abolition_of_nobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>In Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>In Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallel_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Parallel titles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parallel_titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parallel titles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parallel_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swedish_and_Danish–Norwegian_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_and_Danish–Norwegian_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Swedish and Danish–Norwegian title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_and_Danish–Norwegian_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Finnish title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%B1" title="فرايهر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرايهر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фрайхер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фрайхер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svobodn%C3%BD_p%C3%A1n" title="Svobodný pán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svobodný pán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabah%C3%A4rra" title="Vabahärra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabahärra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_du_Saint-Empire" title="Baron du Saint-Empire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baron du Saint-Empire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%97%A4%EC%96%B4" title="프라이헤어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프라이헤어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94%D7%A8" title="פרייהר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרייהר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiheras" title="Freiheras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Freiheras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friherre" title="Friherre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Friherre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friherre" title="Friherre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Friherre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80" title="Фрайгерр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фрайгерр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фрајхер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фрајхер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapaaherra" title="Vapaaherra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vapaaherra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friherre" title="Friherre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Friherre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ไฟรแฮร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฟรแฮร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фрайгер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрайгер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Freiherr" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E9%A0%AD%E9%8A%9C)" title="男爵 (德意志貴族頭銜) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="男爵 (德意志貴族頭銜)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1338119#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rangkronen-Fig._27.svg/220px-Rangkronen-Fig._27.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rangkronen-Fig._27.svg/330px-Rangkronen-Fig._27.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rangkronen-Fig._27.svg/440px-Rangkronen-Fig._27.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Typical <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i> <a href="/wiki/Coronet" title="Coronet">coronet</a> with seven pearls, as used on a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈfʁaɪˌhɛɐ̯]</a></span>; male, abbreviated as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Frhr.</i></span>), <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freifrau</i></span></b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈfʁaɪˌfʁaʊ]</a></span>; his wife, abbreviated as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Frfr.</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">free lord</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>  or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">free lady</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-EBrit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBrit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiin</i></span></b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈfʁaɪ.ɪn]</a></span>, his unmarried daughters and maiden aunts) are designations used as <a href="/wiki/Title_of_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of nobility">titles of nobility</a> in the German-speaking areas of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and in its various successor states, including <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, etc. Traditionally, it denotes the titled <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal and noble ranks">rank within the nobility</a> above <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a></i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a>) and <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Edler" title="Edler">Edler</a></i></span></i> (nobility without a specific title) and below <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Graf</a></i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count or earl</a>). The title superseded the earlier medieval form, <i><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Edelherr</i></span></b></i>. </p><p>It corresponds approximately to the English <b>baron</b> in rank.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a> orthography of the German language references the French nobility title of <i><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a></i>, deriving from the Latin-Germanic combination <i>liber baro</i> (which also means "free lord"), as corresponding to the German "Freiherr"; and that <i>Baron</i> is a corresponding salutation for a <i>Freiherr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DDN1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDN1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freiherr_in_the_feudal_system"><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i> in the feudal system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Freiherr in the feudal system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i> derives from the historical situation in which an owner held free (<a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">allodial</a>) title to his land, as opposed "unmittelbar" ("unintermediated"), or held without any intermediate feudal tenure; or unlike the ordinary baron, who was originally a knight (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ritter</i></span></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassalage</a> to a higher lord or sovereign, and unlike medieval <a href="/wiki/Ministerialis" title="Ministerialis">German ministerials</a>, who were bound to provide administrative services for a lord. A <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i> sometimes exercised hereditary administrative and judicial prerogatives over those resident in his barony instead of the <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">liege lord</a>, who might be the duke (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herzog</i></span></i>) or count (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Graf</i></span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freiherr_vs._Baron"><i>Freiherr</i> vs. <i>Baron</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Freiherr vs. Baron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German-language title of <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i> is rendered in English as "Baron", although the title was derived separately in the two languages.<sup id="cite_ref-EBrit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBrit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in German, a <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i> is often styled as and addressed by the more elegant, Latin equivalent "Baron" in social circumstances, although not the official title.<sup id="cite_ref-Mirbach_1999_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirbach_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Separately, in the 19th century some families of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German_nobility" title="Baltic German nobility">Baltic German nobility</a> who had historically carried the title of <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i> were recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> as noble in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">ukases</a> additionally awarding the equivalent Russian title of <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Baron</i></span></i>. When in 1919 privileges to members of dynastic and noble families were abolished by the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and hence titles became part of the last name some members of the affected families chose to be officially named <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i> while others preferred <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Baron</i></span></i> to emphasize their Baltic-German heritage. This is why members of the same family can have different official last names.<sup id="cite_ref-Mirbach_1999_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirbach_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original distinction from other barons was that a <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s landed property was <a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">allodial</a> instead of a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>. </p><p>Barons who received their title from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> are sometimes known as "Barons of the Holy Roman Empire" (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsfreiherren</i></span></i>), in order to distinguish them from other barons, although the title as such was simply <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i>. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsfreiherren</i></span></i> did not belong to the noble hierarchy of any realm, but by a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815, their titles were nonetheless officially recognised. From 1806 the then independent German monarchies, such as Bavaria, Württemberg and <a href="/wiki/Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe">Lippe</a> could create their own <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>, including <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherren</i></span></i> (although the Elector of Brandenburg had, as king of the originally exclusively extraterritorial <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> even before that date, arrogated to himself the prerogative of <a href="/wiki/Ennoblement" title="Ennoblement">ennoblement</a>). Some of the older baronial families began to use <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsfreiherr</i></span></i> in formal contexts to distinguish themselves from the new classes of barons created by monarchs of lesser stature than the Holy Roman Emperors, and this usage is far from obsolete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_abolition_of_nobility">Prior to abolition of nobility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prior to abolition of nobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with most titles and designations within the <a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">nobility</a> in the German-speaking areas of Europe, the rank was normally hereditary and would generally be used together with the <a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">nobiliary particle</a> of <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Von" title="Von">von</a></i></span></i> or <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">zu</i></span></i> (sometimes both: <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">von und zu</i></span></i>) before a family name.<sup id="cite_ref-NM-KTG_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NM-KTG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NM-WKG_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NM-WKG-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inheritance of titles of nobility in most German-speaking areas was not restricted by <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> as is the baronial title in Britain. Hence, the titles applied equally to all male-line descendants of the original grantee in perpetuity: All legitimate sons of a <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i> shared his title and rank, and could be referred to as <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i>. The wife of a <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i> is titled <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freifrau</i></span></i> (literally "free lady"), and the daughter of a <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i> is called <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiin</i></span></i> (short for <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherrin</i></span></i>). Both titles are translated in English as "Baroness". </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and some other countries in northern Europe, the title of Freiherr was, as long as the monarchy existed, usually used <i>preceding</i> a person's <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> (e.g. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr Hans von Schwarz</i></span></i>). In <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, however, it would be inserted between the given name and the family name (e.g. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hans Freiherr von Schwarz</i></span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_abolition_of_nobility">Since abolition of nobility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Since abolition of nobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the monarchies were abolished in most German-speaking areas of Europe, and the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> lost recognition as a legal class in the newly created republics of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Austria">In Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republic of Austria abolished hereditary noble titles for its citizens by the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Adelsaufhebungsgesetz</i></span></i> of 3 April 1919<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the corresponding decree of the state government.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public use of such titles was and still is prohibited, and violations could be fined. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hans Freiherr von Schwarz</i></span></i>, as an Austrian citizen, therefore lost his title of <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr von</i></span></i> and would simply be named as <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hans Schwarz</i></span></i> in his Austrian passport. </p><p>In practice, however, former noble titles are still used socially in Austria; some people consider it a matter of courtesy to use them. The late <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a></i></span>, in his childhood Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, was styled <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Otto Habsburg-Lothringen</i></span></i> in his post-1919 Austrian passport, and <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Otto von Habsburg</i></span></i> in his German passport (he was a Member of the European Parliament for Germany). </p><p>In 2003, the Constitutional Court (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Verfassungsgerichtshof</i></span></i>) ruled that an Austrian woman having been adopted by a German carrying an aristocratic title as part of his name is not allowed to carry this title in her name. The Federal Administrative Court (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Verwaltungsgerichtshof</i></span></i>) in a similar case asked the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> whether this Austrian regulation would violate the right of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>; the European Court of Justice did not object to the Austrian decision not to accept the words <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fürstin von</i></span></i> as part of an Austrian woman's name.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Germany">In Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German republic, under Article 109 of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> of 1919, legally transformed all hereditary noble titles into dependent parts of the <a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">legal surname</a>. The former title thus became a part of the family name, and moved in front of the family name. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr Hans von Schwarz</i></span></i>, as a German citizen, therefore became <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hans Freiherr von Schwarz</i></span></i>. As dependent parts of the surnames (<i>"<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">nichtselbständige Namensbestandteile</i></span>"</i>) they are ignored in alphabetical sorting of names, as is a possible <a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">nobiliary particle</a>, such as <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Von" title="Von">von</a></i></span></i>, and might or might not be used by those bearing them. Female forms of titles have been legally accepted as a variation in the surname after 1919 by a still valid decision of the former German High Court (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsgericht" title="Reichsgericht">Reichsgericht</a></i></span></i>). The distinguishing main surname is the name, following the Freiherr, Freifrau or Freiin and, where applicable, the nobiliary particle – in the preceding example, the main surname is <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwarz</i></span></i> and so alphabetically is listed under <i>"S"</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parallel_titles">Parallel titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parallel titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar titles have been seen in parts of Europe that have historically been dominated by Germany (in the cultural sense): the Baltic States, Austria–Hungary, Sweden, Finland and to some extent in Denmark–Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-Friherre_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friherre-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish_and_Danish–Norwegian_title"><span id="Swedish_and_Danish.E2.80.93Norwegian_title"></span>Swedish and Danish–Norwegian title</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Swedish and Danish–Norwegian title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the Middle Ages onward, each head of a <a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">Swedish noble house</a> was entitled to vote in any provincial council when held, as in the Realm's <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Herredag" class="mw-redirect" title="Herredag">Herredag</a></i></span></i>, later <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Riddarhuset" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddarhuset">Riddarhuset</a></i></span></i>. In 1561, <a href="/wiki/King_Eric_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Eric XIV">King Eric XIV</a> began to grant some noblemen the titles of count (<i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">greve</i></span></i>) or baron (<i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">friherre</i></span></i>). The family members of a <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">friherre</i></span></i> were entitled to the same title, which in time became Baron or Baronessa colloquially: thus a person who formally is a <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">friherre</i></span> now might use the title of "Baron" before his name, and he might also be spoken of as "a baron". </p><p>However, after the change of constitution in 1809, newly created baronships in principle conferred the dignity only in primogeniture.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the now valid Swedish <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument of Government (1974)">Instrument of Government (1974)</a>, the possibility to create nobility is eliminated; and since the beginning of the twenty-first century, noble dignities have passed from the official sphere to the private. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, the title of <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Friherre</i></span></i> was of equal rank to that of Baron,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which has gradually replaced it. It was instituted on 25 May 1671 with <a href="/wiki/Christian_V_of_Denmark" title="Christian V of Denmark">Christian V</a>'s <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Friherre</i></span></i> privileges. Today only a few Danish noble families use the title of <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Friherre</i></span></i> and most of those are based in Sweden, where that version of the title is still more commonly used; a Danish <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Friherre</i></span></i> generally is addressed as "Baron".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wife of a Danish or Norwegian <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Friherre</i></span></i> is titled <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Friherreinde</i></span></i>, and the daughters are formally addressed as <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Baronesse</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Friherre_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friherre-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the first free <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Denmark" title="Constitution of Denmark">Constitution of Denmark</a> of 1849 came a complete abolition of the privileges of the nobility. Today titles are only of ceremonial interest in the circles around the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">monarchy of Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish_title">Finnish title</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Finnish title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1561, the Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric XIV">Eric XIV</a> conferred the hereditary titles of count and <i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">vapaaherra</i></span></i> ("baron") on some persons, not all of them nobles. This prerogative was confirmed in the constitutional arrangements of 1625. All family members of <i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">vapaaherra</i></span></i> (baronial) families were entitled to that same title, which in practice, came to mean that they were addressed as <i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Paroni</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Paronitar</i></span></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_nobility" title="Finnish nobility">Finnish nobility</a> shares most of its origins with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">Swedish nobility</a>. In the beginning, they were all without honorific titulature, and known just as "lords". In subsequent centuries, while Finland remained an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">grand duchy</a>, many families were raised in rank as counts, <i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">vapaaherra</i></span></i>s, or as untitled nobles. Theoretically, all created <i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">vapaaherra</i></span></i> families were given a barony (with some rights of taxation and jurisprudence), but such fiefs were only granted in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thereafter the "barony" was titular, usually in chief of some already-owned property, and sometimes that property was established as a <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Fideicommiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Fideicommiss">fideicommiss</a></i></span></i>. Their property tax exemption continued into the 20th century, being, however, diminished substantially by reforms of the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Knight" title="Imperial Knight">Imperial Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">Boyar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EBrit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBrit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBrit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Freiherr – Britannica Online Encyclopedia", <i>Britannica Online Encyclopedia</i>, 2008, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/218840/Freiherr">EB-Freiherr</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A number of English-language historians specializing in Germany do not translate <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i>. Agatha Ramm in <i>Germany 1798–1919</i> (1967) states that she is preserving <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiherr</i></span></i> because <i>Baron</i> carries a different association in English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDN1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DDN1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a>; Definition of <i>Baron, der</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Baron">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mirbach_1999-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mirbach_1999_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mirbach_1999_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Baron von Mirbach: <i>Adelsnamen, Adelstitel.</i> C.A.Starke Verlag, Limburg an der Lahn, 1999, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7980-0540-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-7980-0540-0">3-7980-0540-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NM-KTG-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NM-KTG_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Karl-Theodor_zu_Guttenberg" title="Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg">Karl-Theodor Maria Nikolaus Johann Jacob Philipp Franz Joseph Sylvester Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg</a></i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NM-WKG-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NM-WKG_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_nobility#Nobiliary_particles_used_by_German_nobility" title="German nobility">Nobiliary particles used by German nobility</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=sgb&datum=19190004&seite=00000514">"Law in the original version of 1919"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+in+the+original+version+of+1919&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno-plus%3Faid%3Dsgb%26datum%3D19190004%26seite%3D00000514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreiherr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=sgb&datum=19190004&seite=00000573">"Decree of 18 April 1919 in the original version"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decree+of+18+April+1919+in+the+original+version&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno-plus%3Faid%3Dsgb%26datum%3D19190004%26seite%3D00000573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreiherr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/recherche.jsf?language=de&jur=C&td=;;PUB1,PUB3;NPUB1;;ORDALLTYP&dates=%2524type%253Dpro%2524mode%253DfromTo%2524from%253D2010.12.16%2524to%253D2010.12.23">"CURIA – Suchformular"</a>. <i>curia.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=curia.europa.eu&rft.atitle=CURIA+%E2%80%93+Suchformular&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcuria.europa.eu%2Fjuris%2Frecherche.jsf%3Flanguage%3Dde%26jur%3DC%26td%3D%3B%3BPUB1%2CPUB3%3BNPUB1%3B%3BORDALLTYP%26dates%3D%252524type%25253Dpro%252524mode%25253DfromTo%252524from%25253D2010.12.16%252524to%25253D2010.12.23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreiherr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friherre-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friherre_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friherre_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200415100602/http://www.startbasen.dk/wiki/Friherre">"Friherre"</a>. ARTbase.dk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startbasen.dk/wiki/Friherre">the original</a> on 2020-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friherre&rft.pub=ARTbase.dk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startbasen.dk%2Fwiki%2FFriherre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreiherr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The formula used is that a person <i>"<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">upphöjdes i friherrlig värdighet jämlikt 37 § 1809 års regeringsform, innebärande att endast huvudmannen innehar friherrlig värdighet</i></span>"</i>; literal translation: "was raised to the dignity of baron in accordance with §37 in the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1809)" title="Instrument of Government (1809)">Instrument of Government (1809)</a>, implying that only the head of the family possesses the dignity of baron". The formulation is found, for example, with reference to the family <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Bildt</i></span></i> in the 2013 edition of the <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Sveriges ridderskaps och adels kalender</i></span></i>: that family was ennobled much earlier than 1809, so all its (agnatic) members belong to the untitled nobility, with the exception of a single baron; the great-grandfather of <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bildt" title="Carl Bildt">Carl Bildt</a></i></span> was created a baron in 1864, but, because this was after 1809, <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Carl Bildt</i></span> is just an untitled nobleman while his cousin <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Lars Bildt</i></span> is a baron.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/friherre">"Friherre"</a>. Gyldendal. 20 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friherre&rft.pub=Gyldendal&rft.date=2011-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denstoredanske.dk%2FDanmarks_geografi_og_historie%2FDanmarks_historie%2FDanmark_1536-1849%2Ffriherre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreiherr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ekstrabladet.dk/flash/kongelige/danskekongelige/article4169895.ece">"Vor tids grever og baroner (in Danish)"</a>. 15 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vor+tids+grever+og+baroner+%28in+Danish%29&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fekstrabladet.dk%2Fflash%2Fkongelige%2Fdanskekongelige%2Farticle4169895.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreiherr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Freiherr">"Freiherr"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica_Online_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica Online Encyclopedia">Britannica Online Encyclopedia</a></i>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freiherr&rft.btitle=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FFreiherr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreiherr" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiherr&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/wiki/FAQ_sgg">Nobility FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022230349/http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/wiki/FAQ_sgg">Archived</a> 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