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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of emperors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_emperors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of emperors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frankish_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frankish_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Frankish emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frankish_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-800–888:_Carolingian_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#800–888:_Carolingian_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>800–888: Carolingian dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-800–888:_Carolingian_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-891–898:_Widonid_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#891–898:_Widonid_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>891–898: Widonid dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-891–898:_Widonid_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-896–899:_Carolingian_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#896–899:_Carolingian_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>896–899: Carolingian dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-896–899:_Carolingian_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-901–905:_Bosonid_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#901–905:_Bosonid_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>901–905: Bosonid dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-901–905:_Bosonid_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-915–924:_Unruoching_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#915–924:_Unruoching_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>915–924: Unruoching dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-915–924:_Unruoching_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Roman_Emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Holy Roman Emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Roman_Emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-962–1024:_Ottonian_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#962–1024:_Ottonian_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>962–1024: Ottonian dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-962–1024:_Ottonian_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1027–1125:_Salian_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1027–1125:_Salian_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>1027–1125: Salian dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1027–1125:_Salian_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1133–1137:_Supplinburg_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1133–1137:_Supplinburg_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>1133–1137: Supplinburg dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1133–1137:_Supplinburg_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1155–1197:_Staufen_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1155–1197:_Staufen_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>1155–1197: Staufen dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1155–1197:_Staufen_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1198–1215:_Welf_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1198–1215:_Welf_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>1198–1215: Welf dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1198–1215:_Welf_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1220–1250:_Staufen_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1220–1250:_Staufen_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>1220–1250: Staufen dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1220–1250:_Staufen_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1312–1313:_House_of_Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1312–1313:_House_of_Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>1312–1313: House of Luxembourg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1312–1313:_House_of_Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1314–1347:_House_of_Wittelsbach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1314–1347:_House_of_Wittelsbach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>1314–1347: House of Wittelsbach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1314–1347:_House_of_Wittelsbach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1346–1437:_House_of_Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1346–1437:_House_of_Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.9</span> <span>1346–1437: House of Luxembourg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1346–1437:_House_of_Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1440–1740:_House_of_Habsburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1440–1740:_House_of_Habsburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.10</span> <span>1440–1740: House of Habsburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1440–1740:_House_of_Habsburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1742–1745:_House_of_Wittelsbach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1742–1745:_House_of_Wittelsbach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.11</span> <span>1742–1745: House of Wittelsbach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1742–1745:_House_of_Wittelsbach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1745–1765:_House_of_Lorraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1745–1765:_House_of_Lorraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.12</span> <span>1745–1765: House of Lorraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1745–1765:_House_of_Lorraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1765–1806:_House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1765–1806:_House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.13</span> <span>1765–1806: House of Habsburg-Lorraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1765–1806:_House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Coronation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Holy Roman Emperor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch-deutscher_Kaiser" title="Römisch-deutscher Kaiser – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Römisch-deutscher Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="إمبراطور روماني مقدس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطور روماني مقدس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_Roma_imperatoru" title="Müqəddəs Roma imperatoru – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs Roma imperatoru" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%91%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="موقدّس روم ایمپیراتورو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موقدّس روم ایمپیراتورو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-s%C3%A8ng_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1_H%C3%B4ng-t%C3%A8" title="Sîn-sèng Lô-má Hông-tè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sîn-sèng Lô-má Hông-tè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Імпэратары Сьвятой Рымскай імпэрыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Імпэратары Сьвятой Рымскай імпэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Император на Свещената Римска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Император на Свещената Римска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacre_emperador_romanogerm%C3%A0nic" title="Sacre emperador romanogermànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sacre emperador romanogermànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e_%C5%99%C3%ADmsk%C3%A9" title="Císař říše římské – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Císař říše římské" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymerawdwr_Gl%C3%A2n_Rhufeinig" title="Ymerawdwr Glân Rhufeinig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymerawdwr Glân Rhufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk-romersk_kejser" title="Tysk-romersk kejser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tysk-romersk kejser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch-deutscher_Kaiser" title="Römisch-deutscher Kaiser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römisch-deutscher Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa-Rooma keiser" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αυτοκράτορας της Αγίας Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκράτορας της Αγίας Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_del_Sacro_Imperio_Romano_Germ%C3%A1nico" title="Emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_Romia_Imperiestro" title="Sankta Romia Imperiestro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankta Romia Imperiestro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="امپراتور مقدس روم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتور مقدس روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empereur_romain_germanique" title="Empereur romain germanique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empereur romain germanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C" title="신성 로마 황제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신성 로마 황제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Սուրբ Հռոմի կայսրերի ցանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ Հռոմի կայսրերի ցանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F" title="पवित्र रोमन सम्राट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पवित्र रोमन सम्राट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko-njema%C4%8Dki_car" title="Rimsko-njemački car – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rimsko-njemački car" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Romawi_Suci" title="Kaisar Romawi Suci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaisar Romawi Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatore_del_Sacro_Romano_Impero" title="Imperatore del Sacro Romano Impero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imperatore del Sacro Romano Impero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94" title="קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="საღვთო რომის იმპერატორთა სია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საღვთო რომის იმპერატორთა სია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperator%C3%AAn_Romay%C3%AA_y%C3%AAn_P%C3%AEroz" title="Împeratorên Romayê yên Pîroz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratorên Romayê yên Pîroz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanorum_Imperator" title="Romanorum Imperator – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Romanorum Imperator" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93t%C4%81s_Romas_imp%C4%93rijas_imperatoru_uzskait%C4%ABjums" title="Svētās Romas impērijas imperatoru uzskaitījums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētās Romas impērijas imperatoru uzskaitījums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ventosios_Romos_imperijos_imperatorius" title="Šventosios Romos imperijos imperatorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šventosios Romos imperijos imperatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_nyugati_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rok_list%C3%A1ja" title="A nyugati császárok listája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A nyugati császárok listája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Цар на Светото Римско Царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цар на Светото Римско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F" title="पवित्र रोमन सम्राट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पवित्र रोमन सम्राट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="امبراطور رومانى مقدس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطور رومانى مقدس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Suci_Rom" title="Maharaja Suci Rom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maharaja Suci Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Romawi_Suci" title="Kaisar Romawi Suci – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kaisar Romawi Suci" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizer_van_Duitsland" title="Keizer van Duitsland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keizer van Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="神聖ローマ皇帝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神聖ローマ皇帝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk-romersk_keiser" title="Tysk-romersk keiser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysk-romersk keiser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk-romerske_keisarar" title="Tysk-romerske keisarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tysk-romerske keisarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81" title="مقدس رومی شہنشاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مقدس رومی شہنشاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="د روم سپېڅلی سترواک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د روم سپېڅلی سترواک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6msch-d%C3%BC%C3%BCtschen_Kaiser" title="Röömsch-düütschen Kaiser – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Röömsch-düütschen Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarz_rzymski_(%C5%9Awi%C4%99te_Cesarstwo_Rzymskie)" title="Cesarz rzymski (Święte Cesarstwo Rzymskie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarz rzymski (Święte Cesarstwo Rzymskie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperador_Romano-Germ%C3%A2nico" title="Imperador Romano-Germânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imperador Romano-Germânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83ra%C8%9Bi_ai_Sf%C3%A2ntului_Imperiu_Roman" title="Împărați ai Sfântului Imperiu Roman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Împărați ai Sfântului Imperiu Roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Император Священной Римской Империи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Император Священной Римской Империи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haly_Roman_Emperor" title="Haly Roman Emperor – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Haly Roman Emperor" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Holy Roman Emperor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Цар Светог римског царства – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цар Светог римског царства" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk-romersk_kejsare" title="Tysk-romersk kejsare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tysk-romersk kejsare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรพรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsal_Roma_imparatorlar%C4%B1_listesi" title="Kutsal Roma imparatorları listesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kutsal Roma imparatorları listesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Імператор Священної Римської імперії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імператор Священної Римської імперії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81" title="مقدس رومی شہنشاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مقدس رومی شہنشاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inperatori_del_Sacro_Roman_Inpero" title="Inperatori del Sacro Roman Inpero – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inperatori del Sacro Roman Inpero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_(horse)" title="Holy Roman Emperor (horse)">Holy Roman Emperor (horse)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">Emperor of <span class="country-name">the Romans</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Imperator Romanorum</i></span><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kaiser der Römer</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="font-family: serif; font-size: 90%; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; line-height: 125%; background-color: rgb(125,7,110); color: white;">Imperial</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg/110px-Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg/165px-Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg/220px-Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="659" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">Double-headed</a> <i>Reichsadler</i> used by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._005.jpg/200px-Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._005.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._005.jpg/300px-Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._005.jpg/400px-Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1467" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><b>Longest reigning</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></b><br />19 March 1452 – 19 August 1493</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (AD 800 formation)<br /><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto the Great</a> (AD 962 formation)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 800</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abolition</th><td class="infobox-data">6 August 1806</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Holy Roman Emperor</b>, originally and officially the <b>Emperor of the Romans</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> Romanorum</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a> der Römer</i>) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the <b>Romano-German Emperor</b> since the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a><sup id="cite_ref-German-Roman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-German-Roman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Imperator Germanorum</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Römisch-deutscher Kaiser</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Roman-German emperor'), was the ruler and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The title was held in conjunction with the title of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy#Kingdom_of_Italy_(781–962)" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> (<i>Rex Italiae</i>) from the 8th to the 16th century, and, almost without interruption, with the title of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a> (<i>Rex Teutonicorum</i>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">King of the <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) throughout the 12th to 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Holy Roman Emperor title provided the highest prestige among <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">medieval Catholic monarchs</a>, because the empire was considered by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">the only successor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. Thus, in theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a></i></span>, regarded as first among equals among other Catholic monarchs across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> times (AD 800–924), the title by the 13th century evolved into an <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a>, with the emperor chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a>. Various royal houses of Europe, at different times, became <i>de facto</i> hereditary holders of the title, notably the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty">Ottonians</a> (962–1024) and the <a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salians</a> (1027–1125). Following the late medieval <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)">crisis of government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> kept possession of the title (with only <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">one interruption</a>) from 1440 to 1806. The final emperors were from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a>, from 1765 to 1806. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a>, after a devastating defeat by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a>. </p><p>The emperor was widely perceived to rule by <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a>, though he often contradicted or rivaled the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, most notably during the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture controversy">Investiture controversy</a>. The Holy Roman Empire never had an <a href="/wiki/Empress_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress regnant">empress regnant</a>, though women such as <a href="/wiki/Theophanu" title="Theophanu">Theophanu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> exerted strong influence. Throughout its history, the position was viewed as a defender of the Catholic faith. Until <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> in 1508, the Emperor-elect (<i>Imperator electus</i>) was required to be crowned by the pope before assuming the imperial title. <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> was the last to be crowned by the pope in 1530. Even after the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, the elected emperor was always a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>. There were short periods in history when the electoral college was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, and the electors usually voted in their own political interest. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title">Title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor">Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">Problem of two emperors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapen_1545_Kaiserwappen_des_Heiligen_R%C3%B6mischen_Reichs_Polychromie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wapen_1545_Kaiserwappen_des_Heiligen_R%C3%B6mischen_Reichs_Polychromie.jpg/300px-Wapen_1545_Kaiserwappen_des_Heiligen_R%C3%B6mischen_Reichs_Polychromie.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wapen_1545_Kaiserwappen_des_Heiligen_R%C3%B6mischen_Reichs_Polychromie.jpg/450px-Wapen_1545_Kaiserwappen_des_Heiligen_R%C3%B6mischen_Reichs_Polychromie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wapen_1545_Kaiserwappen_des_Heiligen_R%C3%B6mischen_Reichs_Polychromie.jpg/600px-Wapen_1545_Kaiserwappen_des_Heiligen_R%C3%B6mischen_Reichs_Polychromie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire#Prince-electors" title="Coats of arms of the Holy Roman Empire">Coats of arms</a> of prince electors surround the <a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire#Imperial_Coat_of_arms" title="Coats of arms of the Holy Roman Empire">imperial coat of arms</a>; from a 1545 armorial. Electors voted in an Imperial Diet for a new Holy Roman Emperor.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empereur_en_majest%C3%A9_(mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Oeuvre_Notre-Dame,_Strasbourg)_(36005712991).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Empereur_en_majest%C3%A9_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Oeuvre_Notre-Dame%2C_Strasbourg%29_%2836005712991%29.jpg/170px-Empereur_en_majest%C3%A9_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Oeuvre_Notre-Dame%2C_Strasbourg%29_%2836005712991%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Empereur_en_majest%C3%A9_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Oeuvre_Notre-Dame%2C_Strasbourg%29_%2836005712991%29.jpg/255px-Empereur_en_majest%C3%A9_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Oeuvre_Notre-Dame%2C_Strasbourg%29_%2836005712991%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Empereur_en_majest%C3%A9_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Oeuvre_Notre-Dame%2C_Strasbourg%29_%2836005712991%29.jpg/340px-Empereur_en_majest%C3%A9_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Oeuvre_Notre-Dame%2C_Strasbourg%29_%2836005712991%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in a 12th-century stained glass window, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a>, now at <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27%C5%92uvre_Notre-Dame" title="Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame">Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the time of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 306–337</span>), the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperors</a> had, with very few exceptions, taken on a role as promoters and defenders of <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Christianity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">reign of Constantine</a> established a precedent for the position of the Christian emperor in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>. Emperors considered themselves responsible to God for the spiritual health of their subjects, and after Constantine they had a duty to help the Church define and maintain <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>. The emperor's role was to enforce doctrine, root out <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresies</a>, and uphold ecclesiastical unity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the title and connection between Emperor and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a> continued in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> throughout the medieval period (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">in exile</a> during 1204–1261). The <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a> of the 5th to 8th centuries were convoked by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Emperor">Eastern Roman Emperors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards197916_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards197916-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Europe</a>, the title of <i>Emperor in the West</i> lapsed after the death of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a> in 480, although the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">barbarian kingdoms</a> continued to recognize the authority of the Eastern Emperor at least nominally well into the 6th century. While the reconquest of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> had re-established <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantine presence in the Italian Peninsula</a>, religious frictions existed with the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> who sought dominance over the Church of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Toward the end of the 8th century, the Papacy still recognised the ruler at Constantinople as the Roman Emperor, though Byzantine military support in Italy had increasingly waned, leading to the Papacy to look to the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Franks</a> for protection. In 800 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> owed a great debt to <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Franks">King of the Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy#Kingdom_of_Italy_(781–962)" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a>, for securing his life and position. By this time, the Eastern Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> had been deposed in 797 and replaced as monarch by his mother, <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the pretext that a woman could not rule the empire, Pope Leo III declared the throne vacant and crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Imperator Romanorum</i></span>), the successor of Constantine VI as Roman emperor, using the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">translatio imperii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his coins, the name and title used by Charlemagne is <i>Karolus Imperator Augustus</i>. In documents, he used <i>Imperator Augustus Romanum gubernans Imperium</i> ("Emperor Augustus, governing the Roman Empire") and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">serenissimus Augustus a Deo coronatus, magnus pacificus Imperator Romanorum gubernans Imperium</i></span> ("most serene Augustus crowned by God, great peaceful emperor governing the empire of the Romans"). The Eastern Empire eventually relented to recognizing Charlemagne and his successors as emperors, but as "Frankish" and "German emperors", at no point referring to them as Roman, a label they reserved for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title of emperor in the West implied recognition by the pope. As the power of the papacy grew during the Middle Ages, popes and emperors came into conflict over church administration. The best-known and most bitter conflict was that known as the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture controversy">investiture controversy</a>, fought during the 11th century between <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a>. </p><p>After the coronation of Charlemagne, his successors maintained the title until the death of <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I of Italy</a> in 924. The comparatively brief interregnum between 924 and the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto the Great</a> in 962 is taken as marking the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Ottonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottonians">Ottonians</a>, much of the former <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Francia">Eastern Francia</a> fell within the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire. </p><p>Since 911, the various <a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes of the Holy Roman Empire">German princes</a> had elected the <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">King of the Germans</a></i> from among their peers. The King of the Germans would then be crowned as emperor following the precedent set by Charlemagne, during the period of 962–1530. <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> was the last emperor to be crowned by the pope, and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a>, merely adopted the title of "Emperor elect" in 1558. The final Holy Roman emperor-elect, <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a>, abdicated in 1806 during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic War">Napoleonic Wars</a> that saw the Empire's final dissolution. </p><p>The term <i>sacrum</i> (i.e., "holy") in connection with the German Roman Empire was first used in 1157 under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I Barbarossa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Holy Roman Emperor's standard designation was "August Emperor of the Romans" (<i>Romanorum Imperator Augustus</i>). When Charlemagne was crowned in 800, he was styled as "most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman Empire," thus constituting the elements of "Holy" and "Roman" in the imperial title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce1968530_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce1968530-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Roman</i> was a reflection of the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">translatio imperii</a></i> (or in this case <i>restauratio imperii</i>) that regarded the (Germanic) Holy Roman emperors as the inheritors of the title of emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, despite the continued existence of the Eastern Roman Empire. </p><p>In German-language historiography, the term <i>Römisch-deutscher Kaiser</i> ("Roman-German emperor") is used to distinguish the title from that of <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> on one hand, and that of <a href="/wiki/German_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="German emperor">German emperor</a> (<i>Deutscher Kaiser</i>) on the other. The English term "Holy Roman Emperor" is a modern shorthand for "emperor of the Holy Roman Empire" not corresponding to the historical style or title, i.e., the adjective "holy" is not intended as modifying "emperor"; the English term "Holy Roman Emperor" gained currency in the interbellum period (the 1920s to 1930s); formerly the title had also been rendered as "German-Roman emperor" in English.<sup id="cite_ref-German-Roman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-German-Roman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_election" title="Imperial election">Imperial election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italienzug" title="Italienzug">Italienzug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_German_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of the German monarchs">Family tree of the German monarchs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_and_imperial_elections_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of royal and imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire">List of royal and imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/300px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/450px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/600px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the election of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a> (27 November 1308) showing (left to right) the Archbishop of Cologne, Archbishop of Mainz, Archbishop of Trier, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Saxony, Margrave of Brandenburg and King of Bohemia (<i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Balduini_Trevirorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Balduini Trevirorum">Codex Balduini Trevirorum</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1340</span>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> goes back to the early 10th century, the election of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I of Germany</a> in 911 following the death without issue of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> ruler of Germany. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_election" title="Imperial election">Elections</a> meant the kingship of Germany was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, although sovereignty frequently remained in a dynasty until there were no more male successors. The process of an election meant that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on his side, which was known as <i>Wahlkapitulationen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Electoral_capitulation" title="Electoral capitulation">electoral capitulation</a>). </p><p>Conrad was elected by the <a href="/wiki/Stem_duchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem duchies">German dukes</a>, and it is not known precisely when the system of seven <a href="/wiki/Prince-electors" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-electors">prince-electors</a> was established. The papal decree <i>Venerabilem</i> by <a href="/wiki/Innocent_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent III">Innocent III</a> (1202), addressed to <a href="/wiki/Berthold_V,_Duke_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen">Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen</a>, establishes the election procedure by (unnamed) princes of the realm, reserving for the pope the right to approve of the candidates. A letter of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Pope Urban IV</a> (1263), in the context of the disputed vote of 1256 and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(HRE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregnum (HRE)">interregnum</a>, suggests that by "<a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">immemorial custom</a>", seven princes had the right to elect the king and future emperor. The seven prince-electors are named in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1356" title="Golden Bull of 1356">Golden Bull of 1356</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Mainz">archbishop of Mainz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Trier">archbishop of Trier</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne" title="Archbishop of Cologne">archbishop of Cologne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">king of Bohemia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Count_palatine_of_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count palatine of the Rhine">count palatine of the Rhine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Saxony">duke of Saxony</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Margrave_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrave of Brandenburg">margrave of Brandenburg</a>. </p><p>After 1438, the title remained in the House of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a>, with the brief exception of <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a>, who was a <a href="/wiki/Wittelsbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> (emperor 1508–1519) and his successors no longer traveled to Rome to be crowned as emperor by the pope. Maximilian, therefore, named himself elected Roman emperor (<i>Erwählter Römischer Kaiser</i>) in 1508 with papal approval. This title was in use by all his uncrowned successors. Of his successors, only <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, the immediate one, received a <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_V" title="Coronation of Charles V">papal coronation</a>. </p><p>The elector palatine's seat was conferred on the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bavaria">duke of Bavaria</a> in 1621, but in 1648, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the elector palatine was restored, as the eighth elector. The <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a> was added as a ninth elector in 1692, confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708. The whole college was reshuffled in the <a href="/wiki/German_mediatization" class="mw-redirect" title="German mediatization">German mediatization</a> of 1803 with a total of ten electors, a mere three years before the dissolution of the Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_emperors">List of emperors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">List of German monarchs</a></div> <p>This list includes all 47 German monarchs crowned from Charlemagne until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806). </p><p>Several rulers were crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">king of the Romans</a> (king of Germany) but not emperor, although they styled themselves thus, among whom were: <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a> in the 10th century, and <a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad IV">Conrad IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Adolf, King of the Romans">Adolf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a> during the <i>interregnum</i> of the late 13th century. </p><p>Traditional historiography assumes a continuity between the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> and the Holy Roman Empire, while a modern convention takes the coronation of Otto I in 962 as the starting point of the Holy Roman Empire (although the term <i>Sacrum Imperium Romanum</i> was not in use before the 13th century). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankish_emperors">Frankish emperors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frankish emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings#Carolingians" title="List of Frankish kings">List of Frankish kings § Carolingians</a></div> <p>On Christmas Day, 800, Charlemagne, King of the Franks, was crowned Emperor of the Romans (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Imperator Romanorum</i></span>) by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a>, in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Empress Irene</a>, who was then ruling the Roman Empire from Constantinople. Charlemagne's descendants from the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian Dynasty">Carolingian Dynasty</a> continued to be crowned Emperor until 899, excepting a brief period when the Imperial crown was awarded to the <a href="/wiki/Widonids" title="Widonids">Widonid</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Spoleto" title="Duke of Spoleto">Dukes of Spoleto</a>. There is some contention as to whether the Holy Roman Empire dates as far back as Charlemagne, some histories consider the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> to be a distinct polity from the later Holy Roman Empire as established under Otto I in 962. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="800–888:_Carolingian_dynasty"><span id="800.E2.80.93888:_Carolingian_dynasty"></span>800–888: Carolingian dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 800–888: Carolingian dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th colspan="2">Reign </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlemagne_denier_Mayence_812_814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Charlemagne_denier_Mayence_812_814.jpg/100px-Charlemagne_denier_Mayence_812_814.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Charlemagne_denier_Mayence_812_814.jpg/150px-Charlemagne_denier_Mayence_812_814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Charlemagne_denier_Mayence_812_814.jpg/200px-Charlemagne_denier_Mayence_812_814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="587" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (Charles I)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">748–814</span> </td> <td>25 December 800 </td> <td>28 January 814 </td> <td>None </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">King of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of the Lombards</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/100px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/150px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/200px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="924" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a>, <i>the Pious</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">778–840</span> </td> <td>11 September 813<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>20 June 840 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">King of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Aquitaine">King of Aquitaine</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lothar_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lothar_I.jpg/100px-Lothar_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lothar_I.jpg/150px-Lothar_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lothar_I.jpg/200px-Lothar_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">795–855</span> </td> <td>5 April 823 </td> <td>29 September 855 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">King of Middle Francia</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_II_of_Italy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Louis_II_of_Italy.png/100px-Louis_II_of_Italy.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Louis_II_of_Italy.png/150px-Louis_II_of_Italy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Louis_II_of_Italy.png/200px-Louis_II_of_Italy.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="228" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">825–875</span> </td> <td>29 September 855 </td> <td>12 August 875 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg/100px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg/150px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg/200px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2049" data-file-height="2496" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a>, <i>the Bald</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">823–877</span> </td> <td>29 December 875 </td> <td>6 October 877 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a> younger half-brother of <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">King of West Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sceau_de_Charles_le_gros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sceau_de_Charles_le_gros.jpg/100px-Sceau_de_Charles_le_gros.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sceau_de_Charles_le_gros.jpg/150px-Sceau_de_Charles_le_gros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sceau_de_Charles_le_gros.jpg/200px-Sceau_de_Charles_le_gros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="291" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III</a>, <i>the Fat</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">839–888</span> </td> <td>12 February 881 </td> <td>13 January 888 </td> <td>Grandson of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">King of West Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">King of East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="891–898:_Widonid_dynasty"><span id="891.E2.80.93898:_Widonid_dynasty"></span>891–898: Widonid dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 891–898: Widonid dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Widonids" title="Widonids">Widonids</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th colspan="2">Reign </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wido_rex_Italiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wido_rex_Italiae.jpg/100px-Wido_rex_Italiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wido_rex_Italiae.jpg/150px-Wido_rex_Italiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wido_rex_Italiae.jpg/200px-Wido_rex_Italiae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="263" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">?–894</span> </td> <td>21 February 891 </td> <td>12 December 894 </td> <td>2nd Great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Spoleto" title="Duke of Spoleto">Duke of Spoleto</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambert_de_Spol%C3%A8te.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lambert_de_Spol%C3%A8te.jpg/100px-Lambert_de_Spol%C3%A8te.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lambert_de_Spol%C3%A8te.jpg/150px-Lambert_de_Spol%C3%A8te.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lambert_de_Spol%C3%A8te.jpg/200px-Lambert_de_Spol%C3%A8te.jpg 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="369" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Italy" title="Lambert of Italy">Lambert</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">880–898</span> </td> <td>30 April 892 </td> <td>15 October 898 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Spoleto" title="Duke of Spoleto">Duke of Spoleto</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="896–899:_Carolingian_dynasty"><span id="896.E2.80.93899:_Carolingian_dynasty"></span>896–899: Carolingian dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 896–899: Carolingian dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th colspan="2">Reign </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Arnulph_of_Carinthia_(896).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Arnulph_of_Carinthia_%28896%29.jpg/100px-Seal_of_Arnulph_of_Carinthia_%28896%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Arnulph_of_Carinthia_%28896%29.jpg/150px-Seal_of_Arnulph_of_Carinthia_%28896%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Arnulph_of_Carinthia_%28896%29.jpg/200px-Seal_of_Arnulph_of_Carinthia_%28896%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="247" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">850–899</span> </td> <td>22 February 896 </td> <td>8 December 899 </td> <td>Nephew of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III</a><br />Great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">King of East Francia</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="901–905:_Bosonid_dynasty"><span id="901.E2.80.93905:_Bosonid_dynasty"></span>901–905: Bosonid dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 901–905: Bosonid dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th colspan="2">Reign </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coins_of_Pope_Benedict_IV_and_Emperor_Louis_III.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coins_of_Pope_Benedict_IV_and_Emperor_Louis_III.PNG/100px-Coins_of_Pope_Benedict_IV_and_Emperor_Louis_III.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coins_of_Pope_Benedict_IV_and_Emperor_Louis_III.PNG/150px-Coins_of_Pope_Benedict_IV_and_Emperor_Louis_III.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coins_of_Pope_Benedict_IV_and_Emperor_Louis_III.PNG/200px-Coins_of_Pope_Benedict_IV_and_Emperor_Louis_III.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="316" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis III</a>, <i>the Blind</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">880–928</span> </td> <td>22 February 901 </td> <td>21 July 905 </td> <td>Grandson of <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II</a> <p>Nephew and adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III</a> </p> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burgundy" title="List of kings of Burgundy">King of Provence</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="915–924:_Unruoching_dynasty"><span id="915.E2.80.93924:_Unruoching_dynasty"></span>915–924: Unruoching dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 915–924: Unruoching dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unruochings" title="Unruochings">Unruochings</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th colspan="2">Reign </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berengar_I_on_a_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Berengar_I_on_a_seal.jpg/100px-Berengar_I_on_a_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Berengar_I_on_a_seal.jpg/150px-Berengar_I_on_a_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Berengar_I_on_a_seal.jpg/200px-Berengar_I_on_a_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="875" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">845–924</span> </td> <td>December 915 </td> <td>7 April 924 </td> <td>Grandson of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_and_margraves_of_Friuli" title="Dukes and margraves of Friuli">Margrave of Friuli</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Roman_Emperors">Holy Roman Emperors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Holy Roman Emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While earlier Frankish and Italian monarchs had been crowned as Roman emperors, the actual <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> is often considered to have begun with the crowning of <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a>, at the time <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a>. Because the King of Germany was an elected position, being elected King of Germany was functionally a pre-requisite to being crowned Holy Roman Emperor. By the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-electors</a> became formalized as a specific body of seven electors, consisting of three bishops and four secular princes. Through the middle 15th century, the electors chose freely from among a number of dynasties. A period of dispute during the second half of the 13th century over the kingship of Germany led to there being no emperor crowned for several decades, though this ended in 1312 with the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. The period of free election ended with the ascension of the Austrian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, as an unbroken line of Habsburgs held the imperial throne until the 18th century. Later a cadet branch known as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> passed it from father to son until the abolition of the Empire in 1806. Notably, from the 16th century, the Habsburgs dispensed with the requirement that emperors be crowned by the pope before exercising their office. Starting with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a>, all successive emperors forwent the traditional coronation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="962–1024:_Ottonian_dynasty"><span id="962.E2.80.931024:_Ottonian_dynasty"></span>962–1024: Ottonian dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 962–1024: Ottonian dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty">Ottonian dynasty</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:017_otto_siegel_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/017_otto_siegel_2.jpg/100px-017_otto_siegel_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/017_otto_siegel_2.jpg/150px-017_otto_siegel_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/017_otto_siegel_2.jpg/200px-017_otto_siegel_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="333" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a>, <i>the Great</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">912–973</span> </td> <td>7 August 936 </td> <td>2 February 962 </td> <td>7 May 973 </td> <td>None </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_II._(HRR).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Otto_II._%28HRR%29.jpg/100px-Otto_II._%28HRR%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Otto_II._%28HRR%29.jpg/150px-Otto_II._%28HRR%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Otto_II._%28HRR%29.jpg/200px-Otto_II._%28HRR%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="570" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a>, <i>the Red</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">955–983</span> </td> <td>26 May 961 </td> <td>25 December 967 </td> <td>7 December 983 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clm_4453_fol_24r_Detail_Herrscherbild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Clm_4453_fol_24r_Detail_Herrscherbild.jpg/100px-Clm_4453_fol_24r_Detail_Herrscherbild.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Clm_4453_fol_24r_Detail_Herrscherbild.jpg/150px-Clm_4453_fol_24r_Detail_Herrscherbild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Clm_4453_fol_24r_Detail_Herrscherbild.jpg/200px-Clm_4453_fol_24r_Detail_Herrscherbild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2158" data-file-height="2364" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">980–1002</span> </td> <td>25 December 983 </td> <td>21 May 996 </td> <td>23 January 1002 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg/100px-Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg/150px-Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg/200px-Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">973–1024</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1002_German_royal_election" title="1002 German royal election">7 June 1002</a> </td> <td>14 February 1014 </td> <td>13 July 1024 </td> <td>Second cousin of <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Duke of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Carinthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Carinthia">Duke of Carinthia</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1027–1125:_Salian_dynasty"><span id="1027.E2.80.931125:_Salian_dynasty"></span>1027–1125: Salian dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1027–1125: Salian dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salian dynasty</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konrad2Salsky-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Konrad2Salsky-2.jpg/100px-Konrad2Salsky-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Konrad2Salsky-2.jpg/150px-Konrad2Salsky-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Konrad2Salsky-2.jpg/200px-Konrad2Salsky-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a>, <i>the Elder</i> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">990–1039</span> </td> <td>8 September 1024 </td> <td>26 March 1027 </td> <td>4 June 1039 </td> <td>2nd Great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eadgyth" title="Eadgyth">Eadgyth of England</a> through <a href="/wiki/Liutgard_of_Saxony_(died_953)" title="Liutgard of Saxony (died 953)">Liutgarde, Duchess of Lorraine</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burgundy" title="List of kings of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_III._(HRR)_Miniatur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg/100px-Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg/150px-Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg/200px-Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a>, <i>the Black</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1017–1056</span> </td> <td>14 April 1028 </td> <td>25 December 1046 </td> <td>5 October 1056 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burgundy" title="List of kings of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bavaria">Duke of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia" title="Duke of Swabia">Duke of Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Carinthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Carinthia">Duke of Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrave_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrave of Meissen">Margrave of Meissen</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_4_g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Heinrich_4_g.jpg/100px-Heinrich_4_g.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Heinrich_4_g.jpg/150px-Heinrich_4_g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Heinrich_4_g.jpg/200px-Heinrich_4_g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="428" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1050–1106</span> </td> <td>17 July 1054 </td> <td>1 April 1084 </td> <td>7 August 1106 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burgundy" title="List of kings of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bavaria">Duke of Bavaria</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paschalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paschalis.jpg/100px-Paschalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paschalis.jpg/150px-Paschalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paschalis.jpg/200px-Paschalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="672" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1086–1125</span> </td> <td>6 January 1099 </td> <td>13 April 1111 </td> <td>23 May 1125 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burgundy" title="List of kings of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1133–1137:_Supplinburg_dynasty"><span id="1133.E2.80.931137:_Supplinburg_dynasty"></span>1133–1137: Supplinburg dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1133–1137: Supplinburg dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lothair_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lothair_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/100px-Lothair_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lothair_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/150px-Lothair_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lothair_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/200px-Lothair_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="384" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair II</a> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1075–1137</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1125_German_royal_election" title="1125 German royal election">30 August 1125</a> </td> <td>4 June 1133 </td> <td>4 December 1137 </td> <td>6th Great-grandnephew of <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burgundy" title="List of kings of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1155–1197:_Staufen_dynasty"><span id="1155.E2.80.931197:_Staufen_dynasty"></span>1155–1197: Staufen dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1155–1197: Staufen dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_I_(HRE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frederick_I_%28HRE%29.jpg/100px-Frederick_I_%28HRE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frederick_I_%28HRE%29.jpg/150px-Frederick_I_%28HRE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frederick_I_%28HRE%29.jpg/200px-Frederick_I_%28HRE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="577" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> <i>Barbarossa</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1122–1190</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1152_imperial_election" title="1152 imperial election">4 March 1152</a> </td> <td>18 June 1155 </td> <td>10 June 1190 </td> <td>Great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> through <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Waiblingen" title="Agnes of Waiblingen">Agnes of Waiblingen</a><br />Descendant of <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> through <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Germany,_Countess_Palatine_of_Lotharingia" title="Matilda of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia">Matilda of Germany</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burgundy" title="List of kings of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Manesse_Heinrich_VI._(HRR).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Codex_Manesse_Heinrich_VI._%28HRR%29.jpg/100px-Codex_Manesse_Heinrich_VI._%28HRR%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Codex_Manesse_Heinrich_VI._%28HRR%29.jpg/150px-Codex_Manesse_Heinrich_VI._%28HRR%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Codex_Manesse_Heinrich_VI._%28HRR%29.jpg/200px-Codex_Manesse_Heinrich_VI._%28HRR%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1332" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1165–1197</span> </td> <td>15 August 1169 </td> <td>14 April 1191 </td> <td>28 September 1197 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burgundy" title="List of kings of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sicily">Co-King of Sicily</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1198–1215:_Welf_dynasty"><span id="1198.E2.80.931215:_Welf_dynasty"></span>1198–1215: Welf dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1198–1215: Welf dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">House of Welf</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms of Holy Roman Emperors">Coat of arms</a> </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg/100px-Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg/150px-Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg/200px-Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="528" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Otto_IV_of_Brunswick_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(Chronica_Maiora).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_Otto_IV_of_Brunswick_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Chronica_Maiora%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Otto_IV_of_Brunswick_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Chronica_Maiora%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_Otto_IV_of_Brunswick_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Chronica_Maiora%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Otto_IV_of_Brunswick_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Chronica_Maiora%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_Otto_IV_of_Brunswick_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Chronica_Maiora%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Otto_IV_of_Brunswick_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Chronica_Maiora%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="823" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1175–1218</span> </td> <td>9 June 1198 </td> <td>21 October 1209 </td> <td>1215 </td> <td>Great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Lothair_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair II</a> through <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_S%C3%BCpplingenburg" title="Gertrude of Süpplingenburg">Gertrude of Süpplingenburg</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burgundy" title="List of kings of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1220–1250:_Staufen_dynasty"><span id="1220.E2.80.931250:_Staufen_dynasty"></span>1220–1250: Staufen dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1220–1250: Staufen dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_II_(HRE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Frederick_II_%28HRE%29.jpg/100px-Frederick_II_%28HRE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Frederick_II_%28HRE%29.jpg/150px-Frederick_II_%28HRE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Frederick_II_%28HRE%29.jpg/200px-Frederick_II_%28HRE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="605" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>,<br /> <i>Stupor Mundi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">1194–1250</span> </td> <td>5 December 1212 </td> <td>22 November 1220 </td> <td>13 December 1250 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sicily">King of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">King of Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs#Interregnum" title="List of German monarchs">interregnum</a> of the Holy Roman Empire is taken to have lasted from the deposition of Frederick II by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> in 1245 (or alternatively from Frederick's death in 1250 or from the death of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad IV">Conrad IV</a> in 1254) to the election of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I of Germany</a> (1273). Rudolf was not crowned emperor, nor were his successors <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Adolf, King of the Romans">Adolf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert</a>. The next emperor was <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a>, crowned on 29 June 1312 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1312–1313:_House_of_Luxembourg"><span id="1312.E2.80.931313:_House_of_Luxembourg"></span>1312–1313: House of Luxembourg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1312–1313: House of Luxembourg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)">Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms of Holy Roman Emperors">Coat of arms</a> </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Lux_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Henry_Lux_head.jpg/100px-Henry_Lux_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Henry_Lux_head.jpg/150px-Henry_Lux_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Henry_Lux_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> </td> <td> <table style="background: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #8888AA; border-collapse: collapse; float: left; font-size: 95%; margin: 8px 8px 0px 0px; padding: none; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 200px;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000; font-size: 8pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Holy Roman Emperors">Holy Roman Emperor</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; padding: 0px 0px 8px 0px; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henric_van_Lusenborch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Henric_van_Lusenborch.svg/75px-Henric_van_Lusenborch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Henric_van_Lusenborch.svg/113px-Henric_van_Lusenborch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Henric_van_Lusenborch.svg/150px-Henric_van_Lusenborch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="536" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(c.1200-c.1300).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg/75px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg/113px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg/150px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="905" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Coats of arms </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1273–1313</span> </td> <td>27 November 1308 </td> <td>29 June 1312 </td> <td>24 August 1313 </td> <td>Descendant of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Luxemburg">Count of Luxemburg</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1314–1347:_House_of_Wittelsbach"><span id="1314.E2.80.931347:_House_of_Wittelsbach"></span>1314–1347: House of Wittelsbach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1314–1347: House of Wittelsbach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms of Holy Roman Emperors">Coat of arms</a> </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignoto,_re_ludovico_IV,_bull_d%27oro,_1329.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ignoto%2C_re_ludovico_IV%2C_bull_d%27oro%2C_1329.JPG/100px-Ignoto%2C_re_ludovico_IV%2C_bull_d%27oro%2C_1329.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ignoto%2C_re_ludovico_IV%2C_bull_d%27oro%2C_1329.JPG/150px-Ignoto%2C_re_ludovico_IV%2C_bull_d%27oro%2C_1329.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ignoto%2C_re_ludovico_IV%2C_bull_d%27oro%2C_1329.JPG/200px-Ignoto%2C_re_ludovico_IV%2C_bull_d%27oro%2C_1329.JPG 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="723" /></a></span> </td> <td> <table style="background: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #8888AA; border-collapse: collapse; float: left; font-size: 95%; margin: 8px 8px 0px 0px; padding: none; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 200px;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000; font-size: 8pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Holy Roman Emperors">Holy Roman Emperor</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; padding: 0px 0px 8px 0px; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bavaria_Wittelsbach_coa_medieval.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bavaria_Wittelsbach_coa_medieval.svg/75px-Bavaria_Wittelsbach_coa_medieval.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bavaria_Wittelsbach_coa_medieval.svg/113px-Bavaria_Wittelsbach_coa_medieval.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bavaria_Wittelsbach_coa_medieval.svg/150px-Bavaria_Wittelsbach_coa_medieval.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="919" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(c.1200-c.1300).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg/75px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg/113px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg/150px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="905" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Coats of arms </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a>, <i>the Bavarian</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1282–1347</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/20_October_1314_imperial_election" title="20 October 1314 imperial election">20 October 1314</a> </td> <td>17 January 1328 </td> <td>11 October 1347 </td> <td>Descendant of <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Germany,_Countess_Palatine_of_Lotharingia" title="Matilda of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia">Matilda of Germany</a>),<br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Waiblingen" title="Agnes of Waiblingen">Agnes of Waiblingen</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Lothair_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair II</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_S%C3%BCpplingenburg" title="Gertrude of Süpplingenburg">Gertrude of Süpplingenburg</a>) </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bavaria">Duke of Bavaria</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1346–1437:_House_of_Luxembourg"><span id="1346.E2.80.931437:_House_of_Luxembourg"></span>1346–1437: House of Luxembourg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1346–1437: House of Luxembourg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms of Holy Roman Emperors">Coat of arms</a> </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg/100px-Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg/150px-Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg/200px-Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="3043" /></a></span> </td> <td> <table style="background: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #8888AA; border-collapse: collapse; float: left; font-size: 95%; margin: 8px 8px 0px 0px; padding: none; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 200px;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000; font-size: 8pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Holy Roman Emperors">Holy Roman Emperor</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; padding: 0px 0px 8px 0px; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Cechicum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Insigne_Cechicum.svg/75px-Insigne_Cechicum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Insigne_Cechicum.svg/113px-Insigne_Cechicum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Insigne_Cechicum.svg/150px-Insigne_Cechicum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(c.1300-c.1400).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1300-c.1400%29.svg/75px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1300-c.1400%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1300-c.1400%29.svg/113px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1300-c.1400%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1300-c.1400%29.svg/150px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1300-c.1400%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="920" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Coats of arms </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1316–1378</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1346_imperial_election" title="1346 imperial election">11 July 1346</a> </td> <td>5 April 1355 </td> <td>29 November 1378 </td> <td>Grandson of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a><br />Descendant of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> through <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip of Swabia</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Luxemburg">Count of Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Lombards" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Lombards">King of the Lombards</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisanello_024b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pisanello_024b.jpg/100px-Pisanello_024b.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pisanello_024b.jpg/150px-Pisanello_024b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pisanello_024b.jpg/200px-Pisanello_024b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td> <table style="background: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #8888AA; border-collapse: collapse; float: left; font-size: 95%; margin: 8px 8px 0px 0px; padding: none; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 200px;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000; font-size: 8pt; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Holy Roman Emperors">Holy Roman Emperor</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; padding: 0px 0px 8px 0px; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigismund_Arms_Hungarian_Czech_per_pale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sigismund_Arms_Hungarian_Czech_per_pale.svg/75px-Sigismund_Arms_Hungarian_Czech_per_pale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sigismund_Arms_Hungarian_Czech_per_pale.svg/113px-Sigismund_Arms_Hungarian_Czech_per_pale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sigismund_Arms_Hungarian_Czech_per_pale.svg/150px-Sigismund_Arms_Hungarian_Czech_per_pale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1013" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(c.1433-c.1450).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1433-c.1450%29.svg/75px-Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1433-c.1450%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1433-c.1450%29.svg/113px-Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1433-c.1450%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1433-c.1450%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1433-c.1450%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="1015" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Coats of arms </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1368–1437</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1410%E2%80%931411_elections_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="1410–1411 elections (Holy Roman Empire)">10 September 1410<br />/21 July 1411</a> </td> <td>31 May 1433 </td> <td>9 December 1437 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Croatia">Croatia</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1440–1740:_House_of_Habsburg"><span id="1440.E2.80.931740:_House_of_Habsburg"></span>1440–1740: House of Habsburg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1440–1740: House of Habsburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></div> <p>In 1508, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as <i>Electus Romanorum Imperator</i> ("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Maximilian's successors each adopted the same titulature, usually on becoming the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Maximilian's predecessor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a> was the last to be crowned Emperor by the Pope in Rome, while Maximilian's successor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> was the last to be crowned by the pope, though in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, in 1530.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms of Holy Roman Emperors">Coat of arms</a> </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(Burgkmair).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Burgkmair%29.jpg/100px-Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Burgkmair%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Burgkmair%29.jpg/150px-Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Burgkmair%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Burgkmair%29.jpg/200px-Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28Burgkmair%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Frederick_III_of_Habsburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/CoA_Frederick_III_of_Habsburg.svg/100px-CoA_Frederick_III_of_Habsburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/CoA_Frederick_III_of_Habsburg.svg/150px-CoA_Frederick_III_of_Habsburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/CoA_Frederick_III_of_Habsburg.svg/200px-CoA_Frederick_III_of_Habsburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1028" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>, <i>the Peaceful</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1415–1493</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1440_imperial_election" title="1440 imperial election">2 February 1440</a> </td> <td>16 March 1452 </td> <td>19 August 1493 </td> <td>Second cousin of <a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert II of Germany</a>, Emperor designate<br />Descendant of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Burgundy" title="Otto I, Count of Burgundy">Otto I, Count of Burgundy</a>)<br />Descendant of <a href="/wiki/Lothair_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair II</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_S%C3%BCpplingenburg" title="Gertrude of Süpplingenburg">Gertrude of Süpplingenburg</a>) </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernhard_Strigel_014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bernhard_Strigel_014.jpg/100px-Bernhard_Strigel_014.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bernhard_Strigel_014.jpg/150px-Bernhard_Strigel_014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bernhard_Strigel_014.jpg/199px-Bernhard_Strigel_014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Maximilian_I_of_Habsburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CoA_Maximilian_I_of_Habsburg.svg/100px-CoA_Maximilian_I_of_Habsburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CoA_Maximilian_I_of_Habsburg.svg/150px-CoA_Maximilian_I_of_Habsburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CoA_Maximilian_I_of_Habsburg.svg/200px-CoA_Maximilian_I_of_Habsburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1459–1519</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1486_imperial_election" title="1486 imperial election">16 February 1486</a> </td> <td>4 February 1508 </td> <td>12 January 1519 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a><br />Descendant of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> through <a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred, King of Sicily</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantoja_de_la_Cruz_after_Titian_-_Charles_V_in_Armour_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pantoja_de_la_Cruz_after_Titian_-_Charles_V_in_Armour_%282%29.jpg/100px-Pantoja_de_la_Cruz_after_Titian_-_Charles_V_in_Armour_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pantoja_de_la_Cruz_after_Titian_-_Charles_V_in_Armour_%282%29.jpg/149px-Pantoja_de_la_Cruz_after_Titian_-_Charles_V_in_Armour_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pantoja_de_la_Cruz_after_Titian_-_Charles_V_in_Armour_%282%29.jpg/199px-Pantoja_de_la_Cruz_after_Titian_-_Charles_V_in_Armour_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor,_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg/100px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg/150px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg/200px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1270" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1500–1558</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1519_imperial_election" title="1519 imperial election">28 June 1519</a> </td> <td>27 August 1556 </td> <td>Grandson of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Lord of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Ferdinand_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Ferdinand_I.png/100px-R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Ferdinand_I.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Ferdinand_I.png/150px-R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Ferdinand_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Ferdinand_I.png/200px-R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Ferdinand_I.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="956" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_and_Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_and_Maximilian_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg/100px-Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_and_Maximilian_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_and_Maximilian_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg/150px-Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_and_Maximilian_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_and_Maximilian_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg/200px-Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_and_Maximilian_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1271" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1503–1564</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1531_imperial_election" title="1531 imperial election">5 January 1531</a> </td> <td>27 August 1556 </td> <td>25 July 1564 </td> <td>Brother of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a><br />Grandson of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> </td> <td rowspan="8" class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Croatia">King of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Maximilian_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Maximilian_II.png/115px-R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Maximilian_II.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Maximilian_II.png/172px-R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Maximilian_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Maximilian_II.png/230px-R%C3%B6misches_Kaiser_Maximilian_II.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1527–1576</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1562_imperial_election" title="1562 imperial election">22 November 1562</a> </td> <td>25 July 1564 </td> <td>12 October 1576 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a><br />Descendant of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a> through <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Luxembourg" title="Elizabeth of Luxembourg">Elizabeth of Luxembourg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_des_Kaiser_Rudolph_II_(20).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Portrait_des_Kaiser_Rudolph_II_%2820%29.png/100px-Portrait_des_Kaiser_Rudolph_II_%2820%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Portrait_des_Kaiser_Rudolph_II_%2820%29.png/150px-Portrait_des_Kaiser_Rudolph_II_%2820%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Portrait_des_Kaiser_Rudolph_II_%2820%29.png/200px-Portrait_des_Kaiser_Rudolph_II_%2820%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="3571" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Rudolf_II,_Matthias_and_Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Rudolf_II%2C_Matthias_and_Ferdinand_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg/100px-Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Rudolf_II%2C_Matthias_and_Ferdinand_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Rudolf_II%2C_Matthias_and_Ferdinand_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg/150px-Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Rudolf_II%2C_Matthias_and_Ferdinand_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Rudolf_II%2C_Matthias_and_Ferdinand_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg/200px-Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Rudolf_II%2C_Matthias_and_Ferdinand_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="1271" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1552–1612</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1575_imperial_election" title="1575 imperial election">27 October 1575</a> </td> <td>12 October 1576 </td> <td>20 January 1612 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a><br />Grandson of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Matthias_I_im_Reichsinsignien.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kaiser_Matthias_I_im_Reichsinsignien.png/100px-Kaiser_Matthias_I_im_Reichsinsignien.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kaiser_Matthias_I_im_Reichsinsignien.png/150px-Kaiser_Matthias_I_im_Reichsinsignien.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kaiser_Matthias_I_im_Reichsinsignien.png/200px-Kaiser_Matthias_I_im_Reichsinsignien.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1557–1619</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1612_imperial_election" title="1612 imperial election">13 June 1612</a> </td> <td>20 March 1619 </td> <td>Brother of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a><br />Son of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a><br />Grandson of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Ferdinand_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kaiser_Ferdinand_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg/100px-Kaiser_Ferdinand_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kaiser_Ferdinand_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg/150px-Kaiser_Ferdinand_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kaiser_Ferdinand_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg/200px-Kaiser_Ferdinand_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1578–1637</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1619_imperial_election" title="1619 imperial election">28 August 1619</a> </td> <td>15 February 1637 </td> <td>Cousin of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a><br />Grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frans_Luycx_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Frans_Luycx_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/99px-Frans_Luycx_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Frans_Luycx_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/149px-Frans_Luycx_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Frans_Luycx_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/199px-Frans_Luycx_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="719" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1271" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1608–1657</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1636_imperial_election" title="1636 imperial election">22 December 1636</a> </td> <td>15 February 1637 </td> <td>2 April 1657 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Leopold_I_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kaiser_Leopold_I_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.png/100px-Kaiser_Leopold_I_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kaiser_Leopold_I_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.png/150px-Kaiser_Leopold_I_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kaiser_Leopold_I_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.png/200px-Kaiser_Leopold_I_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1939" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/100px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/150px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/200px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1271" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1640–1705</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1658_imperial_election" title="1658 imperial election">18 July 1658</a> </td> <td>5 May 1705 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a><br />Great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_I_Holy_Roman_Emperor_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Joseph_I_Holy_Roman_Emperor_002.jpg/100px-Joseph_I_Holy_Roman_Emperor_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Joseph_I_Holy_Roman_Emperor_002.jpg/150px-Joseph_I_Holy_Roman_Emperor_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Joseph_I_Holy_Roman_Emperor_002.jpg/200px-Joseph_I_Holy_Roman_Emperor_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1271" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1678–1711</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1690_imperial_election" title="1690 imperial election">23 January 1690</a> </td> <td>5 May 1705 </td> <td>17 April 1711 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4t_des_Kaiser_Karl_VI_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Kaiser_Karl_VI_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.png/100px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Kaiser_Karl_VI_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Kaiser_Karl_VI_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.png/150px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Kaiser_Karl_VI_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Kaiser_Karl_VI_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.png/200px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Kaiser_Karl_VI_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/100px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/150px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/200px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1271" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1685–1740</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1711_imperial_election" title="1711 imperial election">12 October 1711</a> </td> <td>20 October 1740 </td> <td>Brother of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a><br />Son of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><b>Full list</b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Croatia">King of Croatia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Naples">King of Naples</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sicily">King of Sicily</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sardinia">King of Sardinia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Luxemburg">Duke of Luxemburg</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Teschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Teschen">Duke of Teschen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Parma and Piacenza">Duke of Parma and Piacenza</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Count of Flanders</a> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1742–1745:_House_of_Wittelsbach"><span id="1742.E2.80.931745:_House_of_Wittelsbach"></span>1742–1745: House of Wittelsbach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1742–1745: House of Wittelsbach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms of Holy Roman Emperors">Coat of arms</a> </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor_in_armour_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Charles_VII%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_in_armour_2.png/100px-Charles_VII%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_in_armour_2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Charles_VII%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_in_armour_2.png/150px-Charles_VII%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_in_armour_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Charles_VII%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_in_armour_2.png/199px-Charles_VII%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_in_armour_2.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="569" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VII_Albert,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VII_Albert%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VII_Albert%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VII_Albert%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VII_Albert%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VII_Albert%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VII_Albert%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1271" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1697–1745</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1742_imperial_election" title="1742 imperial election">24 January 1742</a> </td> <td>20 January 1745 </td> <td>Great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a><br />Son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Bavaria">Elector of Bavaria</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1745–1765:_House_of_Lorraine"><span id="1745.E2.80.931765:_House_of_Lorraine"></span>1745–1765: House of Lorraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1745–1765: House of Lorraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Lorraine</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms of Holy Roman Emperors">Coat of arms</a> </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Franz_I_Stephan_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kaiser_Franz_I_Stephan_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.jpg/100px-Kaiser_Franz_I_Stephan_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kaiser_Franz_I_Stephan_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.jpg/150px-Kaiser_Franz_I_Stephan_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kaiser_Franz_I_Stephan_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.jpg/200px-Kaiser_Franz_I_Stephan_im_Kr%C3%B6nungsornat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Francis_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Francis_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Francis_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Francis_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Francis_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Francis_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1271" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1708–1765</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1745_imperial_election" title="1745 imperial election">13 September 1745</a> </td> <td>18 August 1765 </td> <td>Great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a><br />Son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Tuscany">Grand Duke of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Lorraine">Duke of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1765–1806:_House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine"><span id="1765.E2.80.931806:_House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine"></span>1765–1806: House of Habsburg-Lorraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1765–1806: House of Habsburg-Lorraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms of Holy Roman Emperors">Coat of arms</a> </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lifespan</span> </th> <th>Term as King began </th> <th>Term as Emperor began </th> <th>Term(s) ended </th> <th>Relationship with predecessor(s) </th> <th>Other title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Joseph_II._mit_den_Reichsinsignien.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kaiser_Joseph_II._mit_den_Reichsinsignien.png/100px-Kaiser_Joseph_II._mit_den_Reichsinsignien.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kaiser_Joseph_II._mit_den_Reichsinsignien.png/150px-Kaiser_Joseph_II._mit_den_Reichsinsignien.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kaiser_Joseph_II._mit_den_Reichsinsignien.png/200px-Kaiser_Joseph_II._mit_den_Reichsinsignien.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="596" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/100px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/150px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg/200px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1271" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1741–1790</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1764_imperial_election" title="1764 imperial election">27 March 1764</a> </td> <td>18 August 1765 </td> <td>20 February 1790 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a><br />and Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa of Austria</a>, <i>de facto</i> ruler of the empire<br />Grandson of <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Leopold_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kaiser_Leopold_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg/100px-Kaiser_Leopold_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kaiser_Leopold_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg/150px-Kaiser_Leopold_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kaiser_Leopold_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg/200px-Kaiser_Leopold_II_im_Reichsinsignien_Ornat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="1747" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1271" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1747–1792</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1790_imperial_election" title="1790 imperial election">30 September 1790</a> </td> <td>1 March 1792 </td> <td>Brother of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Tuscany">Grand Duke of Tuscany</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Streitenfeld_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ludwig_Streitenfeld_001.jpg/100px-Ludwig_Streitenfeld_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ludwig_Streitenfeld_001.jpg/150px-Ludwig_Streitenfeld_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ludwig_Streitenfeld_001.jpg/200px-Ludwig_Streitenfeld_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="825" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1768–1835</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1792_imperial_election" title="1792 imperial election">5 July 1792</a> </td> <td>6 August 1806 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a> </td> <td class="small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coronation">Coronation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Coronation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor">Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papal_appointment" title="Papal appointment">Papal appointment</a></div> <p>The Emperor was crowned in a special ceremony, traditionally performed by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Without that coronation, no king, despite exercising all powers, could call himself Emperor. In 1508, Pope <a href="/wiki/Julius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius II">Julius II</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as <i>Electus Romanorum Imperator</i> ("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Maximilian's successors adopted the same titulature, usually when they became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximilian's first successor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> was the last to be crowned Emperor. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Emperor </th> <th>Coronation date </th> <th>Officiant </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles I</a> </td> <td>25 December 800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a> </td> <td>5 October 816 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Pope Stephen IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, France </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a> </td> <td>5 April 823 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Pope Paschal I</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis II</a> </td> <td>15 June 844 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Pope Leo IV</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a> </td> <td>29 December 875 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">Pope John VIII</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III</a> </td> <td>12 February 881 </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy III of Spoleto</a> </td> <td>21 February 891 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Pope Stephen V</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lambert_II_of_Spoleto" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambert II of Spoleto">Lambert II of Spoleto</a> </td> <td>30 April 892 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Pope Formosus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a> </td> <td>22 February 896 </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis III</a> </td> <td>15 or 22 February 901 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Pope Benedict IV</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar</a> </td> <td>December 915 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">Pope John X</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a> </td> <td>2 February 962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">Pope John XII</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> </td> <td>25 December 967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">Pope John XIII</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a> </td> <td>21 May 996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Pope Gregory V</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a>, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a> </td> <td>14 February 1014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Pope Benedict VIII</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a> </td> <td>26 March 1027 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">Pope John XIX</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a> </td> <td>25 December 1046 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Pope Clement II</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> </td> <td>31 March 1084 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_III" title="Antipope Clement III">Antipope Clement III</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a> </td> <td>13 April 1111 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a> </td> <td>4 June 1133 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> </td> <td>18 June 1155 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Pope Adrian IV</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> </td> <td>14 April 1191 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Pope Celestine III</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a> </td> <td>4 October 1209 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> </td> <td>22 November 1220 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Pope Honorius III</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a> </td> <td>29 June 1312 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Ghibellines</a> cardinals </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a> </td> <td>17 January 1328 </td> <td>Senator <a href="/wiki/Sciarra_Colonna" title="Sciarra Colonna">Sciarra Colonna</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a> </td> <td>5 April 1355 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Pope Innocent VI</a>'s cardinal </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a> </td> <td>31 May 1433 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugenius_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Eugenius IV">Pope Eugenius IV</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a> </td> <td>19 March 1452 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> </td> <td>24 February 1530 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, Italy </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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monarchs">List of German monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enumerated as successor of Henry I who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enumerated also Lothair III as successor of Lothair II, who was King of Lotharingia 855–869 but not Emperor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enumerated as successor of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolph I</a> who was German King 1273–1291.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-German-Roman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-German-Roman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-German-Roman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The New International Encyclopædia</i>. Vol. 10. 1927. p. 675.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+International+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.pages=675&rft.date=1927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Hayes, Carlton J. H.</a> (1932). <i>A Political and Cvltvral History of Modern Europe</i>. Vol. 1. p. 225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+and+Cvltvral+History+of+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=225&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Carlton+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Hamish Wilson, <i>The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806</i>, MacMillan Press 1999, London, p. 2. Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn: The Menace of the Herd or Procrustes at Large – p. 164. Robert Edwin Herzstein, Robert Edwin Herzstein: "The Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages: universal state or German catastrophe?"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (January 2019)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_Breverton2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Breverton" title="Terry Breverton">Terry Breverton</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bQ4yAQAAIAAJ&q=%22catholic+church%22+%22holy+roman+empire%22+%22successor+of+the+roman+empire%22&pg=PP36"><i>Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Tudors but Were Afraid to Ask</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amberley_Publishing" title="Amberley Publishing">Amberley Publishing</a>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445638454" title="Special:BookSources/9781445638454"><bdi>9781445638454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everything+You+Ever+Wanted+to+Know+About+the+Tudors+but+Were+Afraid+to+Ask&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781445638454&rft.au=Terry+Breverton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQ4yAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522catholic%2Bchurch%2522%2B%2522holy%2Broman%2Bempire%2522%2B%2522successor%2Bof%2Bthe%2Broman%2Bempire%2522%26pg%3DPP36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1979" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Jeffrey (1979). <i>The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476–752</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 14–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes+and+the+Papacy+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages%2C+476%E2%80%93752&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards197916-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards197916_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1979">Richards 1979</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">Bryce, James</a> (1968) [1864]. <i>The Holy Roman Empire</i>. Macmillan. pp. 62–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=62-64&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlewitz1943" class="citation journal cs1">Klewitz, Hans-Walter (1943). "Eduard Eichmann, die Kaiserkrönung im Abendland. Ein Beitrag zur, Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des kirchlichen Rechts, der Liturgie und der Kirchenpolitik". <i>Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung</i>. <b>32</b>: 509–525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7767%2Fzrgka.1943.32.1.509">10.7767/zrgka.1943.32.1.509</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:183386465">183386465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Savigny-Stiftung+f%C3%BCr+Rechtsgeschichte%3A+Kanonistische+Abteilung&rft.atitle=Eduard+Eichmann%2C+die+Kaiserkr%C3%B6nung+im+Abendland.+Ein+Beitrag+zur%2C+Geistesgeschichte+des+Mittelalters%2C+mit+besonderer+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+des+kirchlichen+Rechts%2C+der+Liturgie+und+der+Kirchenpolitik&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=509-525&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7767%2Fzrgka.1943.32.1.509&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A183386465%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Klewitz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoraw1977–1999" class="citation book cs1">Moraw, Peter (1977–1999). <i>Heiliges Reich</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lexikon_des_Mittelalters" title="Lexikon des Mittelalters">Lexikon des Mittelalters</a>. Vol. 4. Munich & Zurich: Artemis. Columns 2025–2028.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heiliges+Reich&rft.place=Munich+%26+Zurich&rft.series=Lexikon+des+Mittelalters&rft.pages=Columns+2025-2028&rft.pub=Artemis&rft.date=1977%2F1999&rft.aulast=Moraw&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce1968530-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce1968530_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce1968">Bryce 1968</a>, p. 530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egon Boshof: <i>Ludwig der Fromme</i>. Darmstadt 1996, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarraclough1984" class="citation book cs1">Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RY6VmGuAaCkC&q=supplinburg+dynasty&pg=PA131"><i>The Origins of Modern Germany</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30153-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30153-3"><bdi>978-0-393-30153-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Modern+Germany&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30153-3&rft.aulast=Barraclough&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRY6VmGuAaCkC%26q%3Dsupplinburg%2Bdynasty%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brinckmeier, Eduard (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4wBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA311"><i>Praktisches Handbuch der historischen Chronologie aller Zeiten und Völker, besonders des Mittelalters</i></a>. p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" Wir Franz der Zweyte, von Gottes Gnaden erwählter römischer Kaiser <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperator_Austriae1804" class="citation cs2">Imperator Austriae, Fransiscus I (1804), <i>Allerhöchste Pragmatikal-Verordnung vom 11. August 1804</i>, The HR Emperor, p. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allerh%C3%B6chste+Pragmatikal-Verordnung+vom+11.+August+1804&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=The+HR+Emperor&rft.date=1804&rft.aulast=Imperator+Austriae&rft.aufirst=Fransiscus+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Template:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Template talk:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_Roman_emperors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holy Roman emperors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Italy" title="Lambert of Italy">Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Category:Holy Roman Emperors">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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