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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_and_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 17th and 18th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Interwar period and World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nazi_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Nazi rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Allied occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Since_2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Since 2006 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_and_natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_and_natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Infrastructure and natural resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_and_natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 Medical personnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Science and philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Food and beverages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Austria</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 290 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-290" aria-hidden="true" > 290 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Аустриэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Аустриэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Аустрие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Аустрие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostenryk" title="Oostenryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oostenryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreich" title="Österreich – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Österreich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ኦስትሪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦስትሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuortt%C3%A2riijk%C3%A2" title="Nuorttâriijkâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Nuorttâriijkâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑस्ट्रिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ऑस्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92astr%C4%AB%C4%8Be" title="Ēastrīċe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēastrīċe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Австриа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Австриа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="النمسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النمسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%A1%DC%A3%DC%90" title="ܢܡܣܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܡܣܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Աւստրիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աւստրիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94triche" title="Ôtriche – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ôtriche" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="অষ্ট্ৰিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অষ্ট্ৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑस्ट्रिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ऑस्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81uteria" title="Áuteria – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Áuteria" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Авустур – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Авустур" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriya" title="Austriya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Austriya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstriya" title="Avstriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avstriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="اوتریش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوتریش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="অস্ট্রিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্ট্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92-t%C4%93-l%C4%AB" title="Ò-tē-lī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ò-tē-lī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Аўстрыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўстрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Аўстрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўстрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑस्ट्रिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ऑस्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriya" title="Austriya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Austriya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostria" title="Ostria – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Ostria" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stareich" title="Östareich – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Östareich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨོ་སི་ཐྲི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨོ་སི་ཐྲི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Austrija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aostria" title="Aostria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aostria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Австри – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Австри" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ustria" title="Àustria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àustria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Австри – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Австри" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostriya" title="Ostriya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ostriya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakousko" title="Rakousko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rakousko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostiriya" title="Ostiriya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ostiriya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstria" title="Awstria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awstria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98strig" title="Østrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="لوطريش – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لوطريش" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuortariika" title="Nuortariika – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nuortariika" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eestereich" title="Eestereich – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Eestereich" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreich" title="Österreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Österreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="އޮސްޓްރިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އޮސްޓްރިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka%C5%82_Bit%C5%82%CA%BCaaj%C4%AF%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9%CA%BC%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Akał Bitłʼaajįʼééʼí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Akał Bitłʼaajįʼééʼí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstriska" title="Awstriska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Awstriska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अस्ट्रिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अस्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1" title="ཨས་ཊི་ཡ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨས་ཊི་ཡ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αυστρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυστρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ustria" title="Àustria – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Àustria" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Австрия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Австрия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADstrio" title="Aŭstrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭstrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ustria" title="Áustria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Áustria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="اتریش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتریش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysturr%C3%ADki" title="Eysturríki – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Eysturríki" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autriche" title="Autriche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autriche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastenryk" title="Eastenryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eastenryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otiris" title="Otiris – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Otiris" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrie" title="Austrie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Austrie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ostair" title="An Ostair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ostair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Austeyr" title="Yn Austeyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Austeyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstriya" title="Avstriya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Avstriya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ostair" title="An Ostair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Ostair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Астри – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Астри" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%91%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="ઑસ્ટ્રિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઑસ્ટ્રિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑस्ट्रिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ऑस्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-thi-li" title="O-thi-li – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="O-thi-li" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BC%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Өстрмүдин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Өстрмүдин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="오스트리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriya" title="Austriya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Austriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAukekulia" title="ʻAukekulia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAukekulia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ավստրիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավստրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑस्ट्रिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑस्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstriska" title="Awstriska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Awstriska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Austrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="অস্ট্রিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="অস্ট্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Австри – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Австри" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Ostriya" title="I-Ostriya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Ostriya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austurr%C3%ADki" title="Austurríki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austurríki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="אוסטריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostenrik" title="Ostenrik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ostenrik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otirisi" title="Otirisi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Otirisi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆಸ್ಟ್ರಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಸ್ಟ್ರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ავსტრია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავსტრია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B9stri%C3%B4" title="Aùstriô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Aùstriô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аустрия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аустрия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrych" title="Estrych – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Estrych" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ositiriya" title="Ositiriya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ositiriya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autriche" title="Autriche – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Autriche" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostera" title="Ostera – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ostera" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrich" title="Otrich – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Otrich" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrich" title="Otrich – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Otrich" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awistirya" title="Awistirya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Awistirya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Австри – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Австри" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດໂອຕຣິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂອຕຣິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austreja" title="Austreja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Austreja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89istr%C3%A4ich" title="Éisträich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Éisträich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Austrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosteriek" title="Oosteriek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oosteriek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrish" title="Otrish – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Otrish" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteraic" title="Osteraic – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Osteraic" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstrii" title="Avstrii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Avstrii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ysteraic" title="ysteraic – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ysteraic" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausztria" title="Ausztria – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ausztria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अस्ट्रिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अस्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Австрија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Австрија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotrisy" title="Aotrisy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aotrisy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഓസ്ട്രിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓസ്ട്രിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstrija" title="Awstrija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Awstrija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateria" title="Ateria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ateria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑस्ट्रिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑस्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ავსტრია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ავსტრია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="النمسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="النمسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="اتریش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اتریش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93%CC%A4-d%C3%AA-l%C3%A9" title="Ó̤-dê-lé – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ó̤-dê-lé" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ustria" title="Áustria – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Áustria" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Австри – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Австри" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဩစတြီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဩစတြီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostenrijk" title="Oostenrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oostenrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostnriek" title="Oostnriek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oostnriek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अस्ट्रिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अस्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अस्त्रिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अस्त्रिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="オーストリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Австри – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Австри" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uasterrik" title="Uasterrik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uasterrik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostriya" title="Ostriya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Ostriya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98sterrike" title="Østerrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Østerrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerrike" title="Austerrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Austerrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autriche" title="Autriche – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Autriche" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ustria" title="Àustria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Àustria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Австрий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Австрий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostiriyaa" title="Oostiriyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Oostiriyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstriya" title="Avstriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avstriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਆਸਟਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਸਟਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आस्ट्रिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="आस्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreich" title="Österreich – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Österreich" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awtili" title="Awtili – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Awtili" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آسٹریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آسٹریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="اتريش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اتريش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschria" title="Aschria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aschria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F" title="អូទ្រីស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អូទ្រីស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otriche" title="Otriche – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Otriche" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ustria" title="Àustria – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Àustria" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostria" title="Ostria – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ostria" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6sterriek" title="Öösterriek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Öösterriek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αυστρία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Αυστρία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ustria" title="Áustria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Áustria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstriya" title="Avstriya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Avstriya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstriya" title="Avstriya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Avstriya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreich" title="Österreich – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Österreich" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriya" title="Austriya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Austriya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usriya" title="Usriya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Usriya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Австрія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Австрія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseteria" title="Oseteria – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Oseteria" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आस्ट्रिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आस्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آسٹریا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آسٹریا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ustria" title="Àustria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àustria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrick" title="Austrick – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Austrick" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aastriek" title="Aastriek – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aastriek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඔස්ට්‍රියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔස්ට්‍රියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="آسٽريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آسٽريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYosithiya" title="IYosithiya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IYosithiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak%C3%BAsko" title="Rakúsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rakúsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstrija" title="Avstrija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avstrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Аѵстрїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Аѵстрїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrijo" title="Austrijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Austrijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstriya" title="Awstriya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Awstriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="نەمسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەمسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostriyakondre" title="Ostriyakondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Ostriyakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Аустрија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аустрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Austrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4valta" title="Itävalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itävalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterrike" title="Österrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Österrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆஸ்திரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆஸ்திரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%9Bic" title="Uṭṛic – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Uṭṛic" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutrict" title="Tutrict – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutrict" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrie" title="Austrie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Austrie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢေႃးသထရီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢေႃးသထရီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఆస్ట్రియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆస్ట్రియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ustria" title="Áustria – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Áustria" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศออสเตรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศออสเตรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Утриш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Утриш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAositulia" title="ʻAositulia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAositulia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9F%E1%8F%AF" title="ᎠᏍᏟᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏍᏟᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avusturya" title="Avusturya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avusturya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstri%C3%BDa" title="Awstriýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Awstriýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Австрия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨕᨕᨘᨔᨈᨑᨗᨕ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨕᨘᨔᨈᨑᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Австрія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Австрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آسٹریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آسٹریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئاۋستىرىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاۋستىرىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audeihleih" title="Audeihleih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Audeihleih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ustria" title="Àustria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Àustria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstrii" title="Avstrii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Avstrii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81o" title="Áo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Áo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ster%C3%A4n" title="Lösterän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lösterän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otriche" title="Otriche – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Otriche" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奧地利 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="奧地利" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ostnryk" title="Ôostnryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ôostnryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrya" title="Austrya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Austrya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otris" title="Otris – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Otris" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥地利" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A" title="עסטרייך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עסטרייך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Austríà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Austríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奧地利 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧地利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aw%C4%B1st%C4%B1rya" title="Awıstırya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Awıstırya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesteriek" title="Oesteriek – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Oesteriek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Austrėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Austrėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥地利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostenr%C3%A8k" title="Ostenrèk – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ostenrèk" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Austria" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstrij%C9%99" title="Avstrijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Avstrijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%85" title="ⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵅ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵅ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Austria&params=47_20_N_13_20_E_type:country_region:AT">47°20′N 13°20′E / 47.333°N 13.333°E / 47.333; 13.333</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Central Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Osterreich" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Osterreich_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Osterreich (disambiguation)">Osterreich (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Austria (disambiguation)">Austria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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.ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Austria</div><div class="ib-country-names">Republik Österreich (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Austria"><img alt="Flag of Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/125px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/188px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/250px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Austria" title="Flag of Austria">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Bundesadler.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Austria"><img alt="Coat of arms of Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Austria_Bundesadler.svg/85px-Austria_Bundesadler.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Austria_Bundesadler.svg/128px-Austria_Bundesadler.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Austria_Bundesadler.svg/170px-Austria_Bundesadler.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="782" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Austria" title="Coat of arms of Austria"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "Bundeshymne der Republik Österreich" "<a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Austria" title="National anthem of Austria">National Anthem of the Republic of Austria</a>" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="90" data-mwtitle="Land_der_Berge_Land_am_Strome_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Land_der_Berge_Land_am_Strome_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Land_der_Berge_Land_am_Strome_instrumental.ogg/Land_der_Berge_Land_am_Strome_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALand_der_Berge_Land_am_Strome_instrumental.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALand_der_Berge_Land_am_Strome_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALand_der_Berge_Land_am_Strome_instrumental.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track 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/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALand_der_Berge_Land_am_Strome_instrumental.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALand_der_Berge_Land_am_Strome_instrumental.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALand_der_Berge_Land_am_Strome_instrumental.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALand_der_Berge_Land_am_Strome_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Austria_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/EU-Austria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-EU-Austria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/EU-Austria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-EU-Austria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/EU-Austria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-EU-Austria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/EU-Austria.svg/250px-EU-Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/EU-Austria.svg/375px-EU-Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/EU-Austria.svg/500px-EU-Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Austria (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:EU-Austria.svg" title="File:EU-Austria.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Austria&params=48_12_N_16_21_E_type:city(2,000,000)_region:AT-9">48°12′N 16°21′E / 48.200°N 16.350°E / 48.200; 16.350</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German (Austrian)</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a><a href="#cite_note-demokratiewebstatt.at-4">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Regional_Languages_of_Austria-5">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>72.8% <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a></li><li>27.2% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Austria#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Austria">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-statistik.at-7">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>68.2% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>55.2% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Austria" title="Catholic Church in Austria">Catholicism</a></li> <li>4.9% <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Austria" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Austria">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li>3.8% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>4.3% <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">other Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">22.4% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">8.3% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.1% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Austria" title="Politics of Austria">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federal <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen" title="Alexander Van der Bellen">Alexander Van der Bellen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellor</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Nehammer" title="Karl Nehammer">Karl Nehammer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament" title="Austrian Parliament">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Austria)" title="Federal Council (Austria)">Federal Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Austria)" title="National Council (Austria)">National Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Austria" title="Name of Austria">Name</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 996</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Duchy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 September 1156</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 August 1804</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 March 1867</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 September 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1934</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 1938</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#The_Second_Republic_(since_1945)" title="History of Austria">Second Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">State Treaty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 July 1955</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Austria" title="Geography of Austria">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">83,879<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a> km2 (32,386 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">113th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.84 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Austria" title="Demographics of Austria">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• April 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 9,027,999<a href="#cite_note-statistik-population-11">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">97th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">107.6/km2 (278.7/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $667.153 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AT-12">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">43rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $73,050<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AT-12">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">14th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $535.804 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AT-12">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">33rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $58,668<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AT-12">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 28.1<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-13">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.926<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-14">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">22nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Austria" title="Telephone numbers in Austria">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Austria" title="Telephone numbers in Austria">+43</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:AT" title="ISO 3166-2:AT">AT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.at" title=".at">.at</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Austria,<a href="#cite_note-16">[d]</a> formally the Republic of Austria,<a href="#cite_note-17">[e]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, lying in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">Eastern Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-formal_name-18">[13]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> of nine <a href="/wiki/Federal_states_of_Austria" title="Federal states of Austria">states</a>, one of which is the capital, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Austria">most populous city</a> and state. Austria is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> to the northwest, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> to the west. The <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> occupies an area of 83,879 km2 (32,386 sq mi) and has <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">a population</a> of around 9 million.<a href="#cite_note-19">[14]</a> The area of today's Austria has been inhabited since at least the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic period</a>. Around 400 BC, it was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and then annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> in the late 1st century BC. <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> in the region began in the 4th and 5th centuries, during the late <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Roman period</a>, followed by the arrival of numerous <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a> Austria, as a unified state, emerged from the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Pannonia" title="March of Pannonia">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_March" title="Hungarian March">Hungarian March</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">first millennium</a>, first as a <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Austria" title="Margraviate of Austria">frontier march</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, it then developed into a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">duchy</a> in 1156, and was made an <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy</a> in 1453. Being the heartland of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> since the late 13th century, Austria was a major imperial power in Central Europe for centuries and from the 16th century, Vienna was also serving as the Holy Roman Empire's administrative capital.<a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">dissolution of the empire</a> two years later, in 1804, Austria established <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">its own empire</a>, which became a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> and one of the largest states in Europe. The empire's defeat in wars and the loss of territories in the 1860s paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">establishment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> in 1914, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph</a> declared war on <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>, which ultimately escalated into <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The empire's defeat and subsequent collapse led to the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a> in 1918 and the <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a> in 1919. During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, anti-parliamentarian sentiments culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">an Austrofascist dictatorship</a> under <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> in 1934. A year before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Austria was <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexed</a> into <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, and it became <a href="/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany" title="Austria within Nazi Germany">a sub-national division</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">its liberation</a> in 1945 and a decade of <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Allied occupation</a>, the country <a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">regained its sovereignty</a> and declared <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Neutrality" title="Declaration of Neutrality">its perpetual neutrality</a> in 1955. Austria is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">federal parliamentary republic</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> with a popularly elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">president</a> as head of state and a <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">chancellor</a> as head of government and chief executive. Austria has the 13th highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">nominal GDP per capita</a> with high standards of living. The country has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> since 1955<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> since 1995.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-26">[21]</a> It hosts the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC) and is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) and <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-27">[22]</a> It also signed the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> in 1995,<a href="#cite_note-Schengen-28">[23]</a> and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> currency in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Austria" title="Name of Austria">Name of Austria</a></div> The native name for Austria, Österreich, derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> Ostarrîchi, which meant "eastern realm" and which first appeared in the "Ostarrîchi document" of 996.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Klagenfurt-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> This word is probably a translation of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Marchia_orientalis_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchia orientalis (Austria)">Marchia orientalis</a> into a local (Bavarian) dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976. The word "Austria" is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> At the time, the Danube basin of Austria (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>) was the easternmost extent of Bavaria. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of Austria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-07-09_gasometer_28.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2011-07-09_gasometer_28.JPG/220px-2011-07-09_gasometer_28.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2011-07-09_gasometer_28.JPG/330px-2011-07-09_gasometer_28.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2011-07-09_gasometer_28.JPG/440px-2011-07-09_gasometer_28.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf" title="Venus of Willendorf">Venus of Willendorf</a>, 28,000 to 25,000 BC, at the <a href="/wiki/Naturhistorisches_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturhistorisches Museum">Museum of Natural History Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> The area that is now Austria was settled in pre-Roman times by various <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> tribes, having been the core of the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> by the <a href="/wiki/6th_century_BC" title="6th century BC">6th century BC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt" title="Hallstatt">Hallstatt</a>, in fact, has the oldest archaeological evidence of the Celts in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> The Celtic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Noricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Noricum">Kingdom of Noricum</a> that included most of modern Austria and parts of modern Slovenia was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 16 BC and made a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> called <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> which lasted until the year of 476.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> The regions of today's Austria which were not located within the province of Noricum were divided between the Roman provinces of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, which encompassed parts of eastern Austria, and <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>, which encompassed the areas of present-day <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> Present-day Petronell-<a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a> in eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a>. Carnuntum was home to 50,000 people for nearly 400 years.<a href="#cite_note-Carnuntum_Tourism-38">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Roman Empire">fall of the Roman Empire</a>, the area was first invaded by the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a> which made this region part of their "<a href="/wiki/Rugiland" title="Rugiland">Rugiland</a>".<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> In 487, most of modern Austria was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">barbarian</a> soldier and statesman from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Danube">Middle Danube</a>, which incorporated most of today's Austria in his <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476-493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476-493)">Kingdom of Italy</a>. By 493, it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> which created their own kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> Following the Kingdom's fall the area was invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_19-41">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, conquered the area in 788, encouraged colonisation, and introduced Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_19-41">[36]</a> As part of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Francia">Eastern Francia</a>, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of <a href="/wiki/Babenberg" title="Babenberg">Babenberg</a>. The area was known as the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="March of Austria">marchia Orientalis</a> and was given to <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Austria_(Babenberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold I of Austria (Babenberg)">Leopold of Babenberg</a> in 976.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_20-43">[38]</a> The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as <a href="/wiki/Ostarr%C3%AEchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostarrîchi">Ostarrîchi</a>, referring to the territory of the Babenberg March.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_20-43">[38]</a> In 1156, the <a href="/wiki/Privilegium_Minus" title="Privilegium Minus">Privilegium Minus</a> elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Styria_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Styria (duchy)">Styria</a>. With the death of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Austria">Frederick II</a> in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_21-44">[39]</a> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II of Bohemia</a> effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria, and <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (duchy)">Carinthia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_21-44">[39]</a> His reign came to an end with his defeat at <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrnkrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Dürnkrut">Dürnkrut</a> at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph I of Germany">Rudolph I of Germany</a> in 1278.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburgs</a> began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. In 1438, Duke <a href="/wiki/Albert_V_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert V of Austria">Albert V of Austria</a> was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a>. Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception. The Habsburgs began also to accumulate territory far from the hereditary lands. In 1477, Archduke <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian</a>, only son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>, married the heiress Maria of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, thus acquiring most of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> for the family.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_25-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-brook_11-47">[42]</a> In 1496, his son <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip the Fair</a> married <a href="/wiki/Joanna_the_Mad" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna the Mad">Joanna the Mad</a>, the heiress of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, thus acquiring Spain and its Italian, African, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Asian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> appendages for the Habsburgs.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_25-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-brook_11-47">[42]</a> In 1526, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and the part of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian Wars">Ottoman expansion</a> into Hungary led to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">frequent conflicts</a> between the two empires, particularly evident in the <a href="/wiki/Long_War_(Ottoman_wars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long War (Ottoman wars)">Long War</a> of 1593 to 1606. The Turks made incursions into <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> nearly 20 times,<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> of which some are cited as "burning, pillaging, and taking thousands of slaves".<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> In late September 1529, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> launched the first <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">siege of Vienna</a>, which unsuccessfully ended, according to Ottoman historians, with the snowfalls of an early beginning winter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_and_18th_centuries">17th and 18th centuries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonym_Entsatz_Wien_1683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Anonym_Entsatz_Wien_1683.jpg/220px-Anonym_Entsatz_Wien_1683.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Anonym_Entsatz_Wien_1683.jpg/330px-Anonym_Entsatz_Wien_1683.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Anonym_Entsatz_Wien_1683.jpg/440px-Anonym_Entsatz_Wien_1683.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15800" data-file-height="9413" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a> in 1683 broke the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> into Europe.</figcaption></figure> During the long reign of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> following the successful <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">defence of Vienna</a> against the Turks in 1683, under the command of the King of Poland <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> resulted in most of Hungary being controlled by Austria. This arrangement was formalized in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> in 1699. <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor</a> relinquished many of the gains the empire made in the previous years. He enjoyed the imminent extinction of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. Charles VI was willing to offer concrete advantages in territory and authority in exchange for recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1713">Pragmatic Sanction of 1713</a>. Therefore, his daughter <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> was recognized as his heir. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Prussia_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria–Prussia rivalry">Austria–Prussia rivalry</a> began in Germany. Austria participated, together with Prussia and Russia, in the first and the third of the three <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> in 1772 and 1795 respectively. From that time, Austria became the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> and played host to different composers including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congress_of_Vienna.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/220px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/330px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/440px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> met in 1814–15. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> Austria later became engaged in a war with <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">Revolutionary France</a>, which was highly unsuccessful in the beginning, with successive defeats at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, meaning the end of the old <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1806. Two years earlier,<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Empire of Austria</a> was founded. From 1792 to 1801, the Austrians had suffered 754,700 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> In 1814, Austria was part of the Allied forces that invaded France and brought to an end the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. It emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815 as one of the continent's four dominant powers and a recognised <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>. The same year, the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (Deutscher Bund) was founded under the presidency of Austria. Because of unsolved social, political, and national conflicts, the German lands were shaken by the <a href="/wiki/1848_revolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 revolutions">1848 revolutions</a> aiming to create a unified Germany.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_36-54">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/220px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/330px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/440px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> with its 39 member sovereign states</figcaption></figure> The various different possibilities for a united Germany were: a <a href="/wiki/Kleindeutschland_and_Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleindeutschland and Großdeutschland">Greater Germany</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Greater_Austria" title="United States of Greater Austria">Greater Austria</a> or just the German Confederation without Austria at all. As Austria was not willing to relinquish its German-speaking territories to what would become the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German Empire of 1848</a>, the crown of the newly formed empire was offered to the Prussian King <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm IV">Friedrich Wilhelm IV</a>. In 1864, Austria and Prussia fought together against <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and secured the independence from Denmark of the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>. As they could not agree on how the two duchies should be administered, though, they fought the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> in 1866. Defeated by Prussia in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Battle of Königgrätz">Battle of Königgrätz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-johnson_36-54">[49]</a> Austria had to leave the German Confederation and no longer took part in German politics.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_55-55">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> After the defeated <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a>, the Ausgleich, provided for a dual sovereignty, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> The Austrian-Hungarian rule of this diverse empire included various groups, including <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, Croats, Czechs, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Ukrainians, as well as large Italian and Romanian communities. As a result, ruling Austria-Hungary became increasingly difficult in an age of emerging nationalist movements, requiring considerable reliance on an expanded secret police. Yet, the government of Austria tried its best to be accommodating in some respects: for example, the Reichsgesetzblatt, publishing the laws and ordinances of <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a>, was issued in eight languages; and all national groups were entitled to schools in their own language and to the use of their mother tongue at state offices. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/220px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/330px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/440px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>An ethnic map of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, 1910</figcaption></figure> Many Austrians of all different social circles such as <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ritter_von_Sch%C3%B6nerer" title="Georg Ritter von Schönerer">Georg Ritter von Schönerer</a> promoted strong <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">pan-Germanism</a> in the hope of reinforcing an ethnic German identity and the annexation of Austria to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-DPSO-58">[53]</a> Some Austrians such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Karl Lueger</a> also used pan-Germanism as a form of populism to further their own political goals. Although Bismarck's policies excluded Austria and the German Austrians from Germany, many Austrian pan-Germans idolised him and wore blue cornflowers, known to be the favourite flower of German Emperor <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a>, in their buttonholes, along with cockades in the German national colours (black, red, and yellow), although they were both temporarily banned in Austrian schools, as a way to show discontent towards the multi-ethnic empire.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> Austria's exclusion from Germany caused many Austrians a problem with their national identity and prompted the Social Democratic Leader <a href="/wiki/Otto_Bauer" title="Otto Bauer">Otto Bauer</a> to state that it was "the conflict between our Austrian and German character".<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> The Austro-Hungarian Empire caused ethnic tension between the German Austrians and the other ethnic groups. Many Austrians, especially those involved with the pan-German movements, desired a reinforcement of an ethnic German identity and hoped that the empire would collapse, which would allow an <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexation of Austria by Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> A lot of Austrian pan-German nationalists protested passionately against minister-president <a href="/wiki/Count_Kasimir_Felix_Badeni" title="Count Kasimir Felix Badeni">Kasimir Count Badeni</a>'s language decree of 1897, which made German and Czech co-official languages in Bohemia and required new government officials to be fluent in both languages. This meant in practice that the civil service would almost exclusively hire Czechs because most middle-class Czechs spoke German but not the other way around. The support of <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">ultramontane</a> Catholic politicians and clergy for this reform triggered the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Away_from_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Away from Rome">Away from Rome</a> movement, which was initiated by supporters of Schönerer and called on "German" Christians to leave the Roman Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a></div> As the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a> began in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Austria-Hungary took the opportunity to annex <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_Austria-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina in Austria-Hungary">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">assassination</a> of Archduke <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Franz Ferdinand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> in 1914 by Bosnian Serb <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip" title="Gavrilo Princip">Gavrilo Princip</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> was used by leading Austrian politicians and generals to persuade the emperor to declare war on Serbia, thereby risking and prompting the outbreak of World War I, which eventually led to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Over one million Austro-Hungarian soldiers died in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GermanAustriaMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GermanAustriaMap.png/310px-GermanAustriaMap.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GermanAustriaMap.png/465px-GermanAustriaMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GermanAustriaMap.png/620px-GermanAustriaMap.png 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>German-speaking provinces claimed by <a href="/wiki/German-Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Austria">German-Austria</a> in 1918: The border of the subsequent Second Republic of Austria is outlined in red</figcaption></figure> On 21 October 1918, the elected German members of the Reichsrat (parliament of Imperial Austria) met in Vienna as the Provisional National Assembly for German Austria (Provisorische Nationalversammlung für Deutschösterreich). On 30 October the assembly founded the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a> by appointing a government, called Staatsrat. This new government was invited by the Emperor to take part in the decision on the planned armistice with Italy but refrained from this business.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> This left the responsibility for the end of the war, on 3 November 1918, solely to the emperor and his government. On 11 November, the emperor, advised by ministers of the old and the new governments, declared he would not take part in state business any more; on 12 November, German-Austria, by law, declared itself to be a democratic republic and part of the new German republic. The constitution, renaming the Staatsrat as Bundesregierung (federal government) and Nationalversammlung as Nationalrat (national council) was passed on 10 November 1920.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain">Treaty of Saint-Germain</a> of 1919 (for Hungary the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> of 1920) confirmed and consolidated the new order of Central Europe which to a great extent had been established in November 1918, creating new states and altering others. The German-speaking parts of Austria which had been part of Austria-Hungary were reduced to a rump state named the Republic of German-Austria (German: Republik Deutschösterreich), though excluding the predominantly German-speaking <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> The desire for the annexation of Austria to Germany was a popular opinion shared by all social circles in both Austria and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> On 12 November, German-Austria was declared a republic, and named Social Democrat <a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a> as provisional chancellor. On the same day it drafted a provisional constitution that stated that "German-Austria is a democratic republic" (Article 1) and "German-Austria is an integral part of the German reich" (Article 2).<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> The Treaty of Saint Germain and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> explicitly forbade union between Austria and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> The treaties also forced German-Austria to rename itself as "Republic of Austria" which consequently led to the first <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austrian Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> Over three million German-speaking Austrians found themselves living outside the new Austrian Republic as minorities in the newly formed or enlarged states of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> These included the provinces of <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="German Bohemia">German Bohemia</a>. The status of German Bohemia and <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> later played a role in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-a1-78">[73]</a> The border between Austria and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> was settled with the <a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthian Plebiscite">Carinthian Plebiscite</a> in October 1920 and allocated the major part of the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Crownland of <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a> to Austria. This set the border on the <a href="/wiki/Karavanke" class="mw-redirect" title="Karavanke">Karavanke</a> mountain range, with many Slovenes remaining in Austria. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period_and_World_War_II">Interwar period and World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany" title="Austria within Nazi Germany">Austria within Nazi Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria#The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">History of the Jews in Austria § The Holocaust in Austria</a></div> After the war, inflation began to devalue the Krone, which was still Austria's currency. In the autumn of 1922, Austria was granted an international loan supervised by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> The purpose of the loan was to avert bankruptcy, stabilise the currency, and improve Austria's general economic condition. The loan meant that Austria passed from an independent state to the control exercised by the League of Nations. In 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_schilling" title="Austrian schilling">Austrian schilling</a> was introduced, replacing the Krone at a rate of 10,000:1. Later, it was nicknamed the "Alpine dollar" due to its stability. From 1925 to 1929 the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing after <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Black Tuesday</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a> lasted until 1933, when Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a>, using what he called <a href="/wiki/Selbstausschaltung_des_Parlaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Selbstausschaltung des Parlaments">"self-switch-off of Parliament"</a>, established an autocratic regime tending towards <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_104-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-brook_269-81">[76]</a> The two big parties at this time, the Social Democrats and the Conservatives, had paramilitary armies;<a href="#cite_note-Brook-Shepherd_261-82">[77]</a> the Social Democrats' <a href="/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund" title="Republikanischer Schutzbund">Republikanischer Schutzbund</a> was now declared illegal, but was still operative<a href="#cite_note-Brook-Shepherd_261-82">[77]</a> as the 12–15 February 1934 <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a> broke out.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_104-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-brook_269-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson_107-83">[78]</a> In February 1934, several members of the Schutzbund were executed,<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> the Social Democratic party was outlawed, and many of its members were imprisoned or emigrated.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_107-83">[78]</a> On 1 May 1934, the <a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrofascists</a> imposed a new constitution ("Maiverfassung") which cemented Dollfuss's power, but on 25 July he was assassinated in an <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Nazi">Austrian Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">coup attempt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500,_Wien,_Heldenplatz,_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500%2C_Wien%2C_Heldenplatz%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500%2C_Wien%2C_Heldenplatz%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500%2C_Wien%2C_Heldenplatz%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500%2C_Wien%2C_Heldenplatz%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500%2C_Wien%2C_Heldenplatz%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500%2C_Wien%2C_Heldenplatz%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> speaking at <a href="/wiki/Heldenplatz" title="Heldenplatz">Heldenplatz</a>, Vienna, 1938</figcaption></figure> His successor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Kurt Schuschnigg</a> acknowledged the fact that Austria was a "German state" and he also believed that Austrians were "better Germans" but he wished that Austria would remain independent.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> He announced a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> on 9 March 1938, to be held on 13 March, concerning Austria's independence from Germany. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_rule">Nazi rule</h4></div> On 12 March 1938, Austrian Nazis took over the government, while German troops occupied the country, which prevented Schuschnigg's referendum from taking place.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_112-88">[83]</a> On 13 March 1938, the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'joining' or 'connection') of Austria was officially declared. Two days later, Austrian-born <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> announced what he called the "reunification" of his home country with the "rest of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a>" on Vienna's <a href="/wiki/Heldenplatz" title="Heldenplatz">Heldenplatz</a>. He established a referendum which confirmed the union with Germany in April 1938. Parliamentary elections were held in Germany (including recently annexed Austria) on 10 April 1938. They were the final elections to the Reichstag during Nazi rule, and they took the form of a single-question referendum asking whether voters approved of a single Nazi-party list for the 813-member Reichstag, as well as the recent annexation of Austria (the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>). Jews, Roma and Sinti were not allowed to vote.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> Turnout in the election was officially 99.5%, with 98.9% voting "yes". In the case of Austria, Adolf Hitler's native soil, 99.71% of an electorate of 4,484,475 officially went to the ballots, with a positive tally of 99.73 percent.<a href="#cite_note-test-90">[85]</a> Although most Austrians favored the Anschluss, in certain parts of Austria, the German soldiers were not always welcomed with flowers and joy, especially in Vienna, which had Austria's largest Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> Nevertheless, despite the propaganda and the manipulation and rigging which surrounded the ballot box result, there was massive genuine support for Hitler for fulfilling the Anschluss,<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> since many Germans from both Austria and Germany saw it as completing the long overdue unification of all Germans into one state.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OstmarkMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/OstmarkMap.png/280px-OstmarkMap.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/OstmarkMap.png/420px-OstmarkMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/OstmarkMap.png/560px-OstmarkMap.png 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption>Austria in 1941 when it was known as the "Ostmark"</figcaption></figure> On 13 March 1938, Austria was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> and ceased to exist as an independent country (the Anschluss). The <a href="/wiki/Aryanization_(Nazism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryanization (Nazism)">Aryanisation</a> of the wealth of Jewish Austrians started immediately in mid-March, with a so-called "wild" (i.e. extra-legal) phase, but it was soon structured legally and bureaucratically so the assets which Jewish citizens possessed could be stripped from them. At that time, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>, who grew up in Austria, was transferred to Vienna and ordered to persecute the Jews. During the November pogrom in 1938 ("Reichskristallnacht"), Jews and Jewish institutions such as synagogues were subjected to violent attacks in Vienna, Klagenfurt, Linz, Graz, Salzburg, Innsbruck and several cities in Lower Austria.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a>, a vehement opponent of the Nazis, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, an honorary citizen of hundreds of places in Austria and partly envisaged by Schuschnigg as a monarchical option, was in Belgium at the time. He spoke out against the Anschluss and was then wanted by the Nazi regime and his property would have been expropriated and he would have been shot immediately if he were caught.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> In 1938, the Nazis renamed Austria the "<a href="/wiki/Ostmark_(Austria)" title="Ostmark (Austria)">Ostmark</a>",<a href="#cite_note-johnson_112-88">[83]</a> a name which it had until 1942, when it was renamed the "Alpine and Danubian Gaue" (Alpen-und Donau-Reichsgaue).<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> Though Austrians made up only 8% of the population of the Third Reich,<a href="#cite_note-dav_art_nazi_past-102">[97]</a> some of the most prominent Nazis were native Austrians, including <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Rainer" title="Friedrich Rainer">Friedrich Rainer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> as were over 13% of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> and 40% of the staff at the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dav_art_nazi_past-102">[97]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Austria_under_National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria under National Socialism">Reichsgau</a>, besides the main camp <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">KZ-Mauthausen</a>, there were numerous sub-camps in all provinces where Jews and other prisoners were killed, tortured and exploited.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> At this time, because the territory was outside the operational radius of Allied aircraft, the armaments industry was greatly expanded through the forced labor of concentration camp prisoners, this was especially the case with regard to the manufacture of fighter planes, tanks and missiles.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">resistance groups</a> were soon crushed by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>. While the plans of the group around <a href="/wiki/Karl_Burian" title="Karl Burian">Karl Burian</a> to blow up the Gestapo's headquarters in Vienna were uncovered,<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> the important group around the later executed priest <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Maier" title="Heinrich Maier">Heinrich Maier</a> managed to contact the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. This so-called Maier-Messner group was able to send the Allies information about armaments factories where <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger tanks</a>, and aircraft (<a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163_Komet" title="Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet">Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet</a>, etc.) were manufactured, information which was important to the success of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Operation Crossbow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hydra_(1943)" title="Operation Hydra (1943)">Operation Hydra</a>, both of which were preliminary missions before the launch of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>. This resistance group, which was in contact with the American secret service (<a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a>), soon provided information about mass executions and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>. The group's aim was to cause Nazi Germany to lose the war as quickly as possible and re-establish an independent Austria.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KZ_Mauthausen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KZ_Mauthausen.jpg/220px-KZ_Mauthausen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KZ_Mauthausen.jpg/330px-KZ_Mauthausen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KZ_Mauthausen.jpg/440px-KZ_Mauthausen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The liberation of <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>, 1945</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_occupation">Allied occupation</h3></div> Vienna fell on 13 April 1945, during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a>, just before the total collapse of the Third Reich. The invading Allied powers, in particular the Americans, planned for the supposed "Alpine Fortress Operation" of a national redoubt, that was largely to have taken place on Austrian soil in the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">Eastern Alps</a>. However, it never materialised because of the rapid collapse of the Reich. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Sch%C3%A4rf" title="Adolf Schärf">Adolf Schärf</a> (Socialist Party of Austria [Social Democrats and Revolutionary Socialists]), Leopold Kunschak (Austria's People's Party [former Christian Social People's Party]), and Johann Koplenig (Communist Party of Austria) declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945 and set up a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a> in Vienna under state Chancellor Renner the same day, with the approval of the victorious <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and backed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_135-112">[107]</a> (The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic.) At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. On 1 May 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Law" title="Federal Constitutional Law">Federal Constitutional Law</a> of 1920, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. The total number of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties#endnote_Austria" title="World War II casualties">Austrian military deaths</a> from 1939 to 1945 was 260,000.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> The total number of Jewish <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austrian Holocaust</a> victims was 65,000.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> About 140,000 Jewish Austrians had fled from the country in 1938–39. Thousands of Austrians had taken part in serious Nazi crimes (hundreds of thousands of people died in the <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp</a> alone), a fact which was officially acknowledged by Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a> in 1992.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uno_City_Kaiserwasser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Uno_City_Kaiserwasser.jpg/220px-Uno_City_Kaiserwasser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Uno_City_Kaiserwasser.jpg/330px-Uno_City_Kaiserwasser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Uno_City_Kaiserwasser.jpg/440px-Uno_City_Kaiserwasser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2907" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Office in Vienna">United Nations Office in Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Allied-occupied Austria</a> was after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> divided into <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> zones. Austria was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Commission_for_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Commission for Austria">Allied Commission for Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> As stipulated in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Declaration">Moscow Declaration</a> of 1943 a subtle difference was seen in the treatment of Austria by the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_135-112">[107]</a> The Austrian government, consisting of Social Democrats, Conservatives, and Communists resided in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone. This Austrian government was recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allies of World War II</a> in October 1945 despite concerns that <a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a> could be Stalin's puppet.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> On 26 July 1946 the Austrian Parliament passed its first <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> law and approximately 70 mining and manufacturing companies were seized by the Austrian state. The Ministry of Property Protection and Economic Planning (Ministerium für Vermögenssicherung und Wirtschaftsplanung) was responsible for directing the nationalized industries under the directorship of Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Krauland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Krauland (page does not exist)">Peter Krauland</a> (party ÖVP).<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> On 15 May 1955, after talks which lasted for years and were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> Austria regained full independence by concluding the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">Austrian State Treaty</a> with the allies of World War II. On 26 October 1955, all occupation troops had left and Austria declared its permanent neutrality by an act of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_153-118">[113]</a> This day is now Austria's <a href="/wiki/National_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Day">National Day</a>, a public holiday.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> The status of <a href="/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a> was a lingering problem between Austria and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. To this day, there are 20 different squares in Austrian cities called "Südtiroler Platz" (South Tyrolean Square) in memory of the supposed loss of the Austrian territories. Terrorist acts by the <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_independence_movement" title="South Tyrolean independence movement">South Tyrolean independence movement</a> have been documented in the 1950s and 1960s. A great degree of autonomy was granted to Tyrol by the Italian national government. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_(081).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/220px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/330px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/440px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Austria joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 1995 and signed the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a> in 2007.</figcaption></figure> The political system of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Austrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Austrian Republic">Second Republic</a> is based on the constitution of 1920 and 1929, which was reintroduced in 1945. The system came to be characterised by <a href="/wiki/Proporz" title="Proporz">Proporz</a>, whereby most posts of political importance were split proportionately between members of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="Social Democratic Party of Austria">Social Democratic Party of Austria</a> (SPÖ) and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a> (ÖVP).<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> Interest group "chambers" with mandatory membership (e.g. for workers, business people, farmers) grew to considerable importance and were usually consulted in the legislative process, so hardly any legislation was passed that did not reflect widespread consensus.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> Since 1945, governing via a single-party government has occurred twice: 1966–1970 (ÖVP) and 1970-1983 (SPÖ). During all other legislative periods, either a <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">grand coalition</a> of SPÖ and ÖVP or a "small coalition" (one of these two and a smaller party) ruled the country. <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Waldheim" title="Kurt Waldheim">Kurt Waldheim</a>, the former secretary-general of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, was elected President of Austria from 1986 to 1992. He had been a Wehrmacht officer in the Second World War and was <a href="/wiki/Austria_%E2%80%94_the_Nazis%27_first_victim#Waldheim_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria — the Nazis' first victim">accused of war crimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> Following a <a href="/wiki/1994_Austrian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="1994 Austrian European Union membership referendum">referendum in 1994</a>, at which consent reached a majority of two-thirds, the country became a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> on 1 January 1995.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> The major parties SPÖ and ÖVP have contrary opinions about the future status of Austria's military nonalignment: While the SPÖ in public supports a neutral role, the ÖVP argues for stronger integration into the EU's security policy; even a future NATO membership is not ruled out by some ÖVP politicians (ex. Werner Fasslabend (ÖVP) in 1997).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In reality, Austria is taking part in the EU's <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a>, participates in <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> and peace creating tasks, and has become a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a>"; the constitution has been amended accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> in 2011, none of Austria's neighbouring countries performs border controls towards it anymore.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Austria" title="Politics of Austria">Politics of Austria</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Van_der_Bellen_(13-07-2021)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alexander Van der Bellen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen_%2813-07-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/124px-Alexander_Van_der_Bellen_%2813-07-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen_%2813-07-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/186px-Alexander_Van_der_Bellen_%2813-07-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen_%2813-07-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/248px-Alexander_Van_der_Bellen_%2813-07-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="2130" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen" title="Alexander Van der Bellen">Alexander Van der Bellen</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">President</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Karl_Nehammer_Ministerrat_am_8.1.2020_(49351366976)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Karl Nehammer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2020_Karl_Nehammer_Ministerrat_am_8.1.2020_%2849351366976%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/138px-2020_Karl_Nehammer_Ministerrat_am_8.1.2020_%2849351366976%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2020_Karl_Nehammer_Ministerrat_am_8.1.2020_%2849351366976%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/207px-2020_Karl_Nehammer_Ministerrat_am_8.1.2020_%2849351366976%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2020_Karl_Nehammer_Ministerrat_am_8.1.2020_%2849351366976%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/276px-2020_Karl_Nehammer_Ministerrat_am_8.1.2020_%2849351366976%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="797" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Nehammer" title="Karl Nehammer">Karl Nehammer</a> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellor</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WienParlament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/WienParlament.jpg/220px-WienParlament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/WienParlament.jpg/330px-WienParlament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/WienParlament.jpg/440px-WienParlament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament_Building" title="Austrian Parliament Building">Austrian Parliament Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Austria">Parliament of Austria</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, the country's capital and most populous city. Austria became a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Law" title="Federal Constitutional Law">Federal Constitutional Law</a> of 1920. The political system of the Second Republic with its <a href="/wiki/Federal_states_of_Austria" title="Federal states of Austria">nine federal states</a> is based on the constitution of 1920, amended in 1929, which was re-enacted on 1 May 1945.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">president of Austria</a> is the head of state. The president is directly elected by popular majority vote, with a run-off between the top-scoring candidates if necessary. The <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">chancellor of Austria</a> is head of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Austria" title="Government of Austria">government</a>. The chancellor is selected by the president and tasked with forming a government based on the partisan composition of the lower house of parliament. The government can be removed from office by either a presidential decree or by <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> in the lower chamber of parliament, the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Austria">Nationalrat</a>. Voting for the president and for the parliament used to be compulsory in Austria. The compulsion was abolished in steps from 1982 to 2004.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> Austria's parliament consists of two chambers. The composition of the Nationalrat (183 seats) is determined every five years (or whenever the Nationalrat has been dissolved by the federal president on a motion by the federal chancellor, or by the Nationalrat itself) by a general election in which every citizen over the age of 16 has the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">right to vote</a>. The voting age was lowered from 18 in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> While there is a general threshold of 4% of the vote for all parties in federal elections (Nationalratswahlen) to participate in the proportional allocation of seats, there remains the possibility of being elected to a seat directly in one of the 43 regional electoral districts (Direktmandat). The Nationalrat is the dominant chamber in the legislative process in Austria. However, the upper house of parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Council of Austria">Bundesrat</a>, has a limited right of veto (the Nationalrat can—in almost all cases—ultimately pass the respective bill by voting a second time; this is referred to as a Beharrungsbeschluss, lit. "vote of persistence"). A constitutional convention, called the Österreich -Konvent<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> was convened on 30 June 2003 to consider reforms to the constitution, but failed to produce a proposal that would command a two-thirds majority in the Nationalrat, the margin necessary for constitutional amendments or reform. While the bicameral Parliament and the Government constitute the legislative and executive branches, respectively, the courts are the third branch of Austrian state powers. The Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) exerts considerable influence on the political system because of its power to invalidate legislation and ordinances that are not in compliance with the Constitution. Since 1995, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> may overrule Austrian decisions in all matters defined in the laws of the European Union. Austria also implements the decisions of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, since the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> is part of the Austrian constitution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_2006">Since 2006</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_-_Bundeskanzleramt1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wien_-_Bundeskanzleramt1.JPG/220px-Wien_-_Bundeskanzleramt1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wien_-_Bundeskanzleramt1.JPG/330px-Wien_-_Bundeskanzleramt1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wien_-_Bundeskanzleramt1.JPG/440px-Wien_-_Bundeskanzleramt1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>The Federal Chancellery on <a href="/wiki/Ballhausplatz" title="Ballhausplatz">Ballhausplatz</a></figcaption></figure> After general elections held in October <a href="/wiki/2006_Austrian_legislative_election" title="2006 Austrian legislative election">2006</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="Social Democratic Party of Austria">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPÖ) emerged as the strongest party, and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a> (ÖVP) came in second, having lost about 8% of its previous polling.<a href="#cite_note-Election2002-130">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Election2006-131">[126]</a> Political realities prohibited any of the two major parties from forming a coalition with smaller parties. In January 2007 the People's Party and SPÖ formed a grand coalition with the social democrat <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gusenbauer" title="Alfred Gusenbauer">Alfred Gusenbauer</a> as Chancellor. This coalition broke up in June 2008. Elections in September <a href="/wiki/2008_Austrian_legislative_election" title="2008 Austrian legislative election">2008</a> further weakened both major parties (SPÖ and ÖVP) but together they still held 70% of the votes, with the Social Democrats holding slightly more than the other party. They formed a coalition with <a href="/wiki/Werner_Faymann" title="Werner Faymann">Werner Faymann</a> from the Social Democrats as Chancellor. The <a href="/wiki/The_Greens_%E2%80%93_The_Green_Alternative" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greens – The Green Alternative">Green Party</a> came in third with 11% of the vote. The FPÖ and the deceased <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider" title="Jörg Haider">Jörg Haider</a>'s new party <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria" title="Alliance for the Future of Austria">Alliance for the Future of Austria</a>, both on the political right, were strengthened during the election but taken together received less than 20% of the vote. On 11 October 2008, Jörg Haider died in a car accident.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2013_Austrian_legislative_election" title="2013 Austrian legislative election">legislative elections of 2013</a>, the Social Democratic Party received 27% of the vote and 52 seats; the People's Party 24% and 47 seats, thus controlling together the majority of the seats. The Freedom Party received 40 seats and 21% of the votes, while the Greens received 12% and 24 seats. Two new parties, Stronach and the NEOS, received less than 10% of the vote, and 11 and nine seats respectively.<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> On 17 May 2016, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Kern" title="Christian Kern">Christian Kern</a> from Social Democrats (SPÖ) was sworn in as the new chancellor. He continued governing in a "grand coalition" with the conservative People's Party (ÖVP). He took the office after the former chancellor, also from SPÖ, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Faymann" title="Werner Faymann">Werner Faymann</a>'s resignation.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> On 26 January 2017, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen" title="Alexander Van der Bellen">Alexander Van der Bellen</a> was sworn in as the mostly ceremonial – but symbolically significant – role of Austrian president.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> After the Grand Coalition broke in Spring 2017 a snap election was proclaimed for <a href="/wiki/2017_Austrian_legislative_election" title="2017 Austrian legislative election">October 2017</a>. The Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) with its new young leader <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Sebastian Kurz</a> emerged as the largest party in the National Council, winning 31.5% of votes and 62 of the 183 seats. The Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) finished second with 52 seats and 26.9% votes, slightly ahead of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which received 51 seats and 26 percent. NEOS finished fourth with 10 seats (5.3% of votes), and PILZ (which split from the Green Party at the start of the campaign) entered parliament for the first time and came in fifth place with 8 seats and 4.4% The Green Party failed with 3.8% to cross the 4% threshold and was ejected from parliament, losing all of its 24 seats.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> The ÖVP decided to form a coalition with the FPÖ. The new government between the centre-right wing and the right-wing populist party under the new chancellor Sebastian Kurz was sworn in on 18 December 2017,<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> but the coalition government later collapsed in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Ibiza_affair" title="Ibiza affair">"Ibiza" corruption scandal</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Austrian_legislative_election" title="2019 Austrian legislative election">new elections</a> were called for 29 September 2019. The elections led to another landslide victory (37.5 percent) of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) which formed a coalition government with the reinvigorated (13.9 percent) Greens, which was sworn in with Kurz as chancellor on 7 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> On 11 October 2021, Chancellor Sebastian Kurz resigned, after pressure triggered by a corruption scandal. Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schallenberg" title="Alexander Schallenberg">Alexander Schallenberg</a> of ÖVP succeeded him as chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> Following a corruption scandal involving the ruling People's Party, Austria got its third conservative chancellor in two months after <a href="/wiki/Karl_Nehammer" title="Karl Nehammer">Karl Nehammer</a> was sworn into office on 6 December 2021. His predecessor Alexander Schallenberg had left the office after less than two months. ÖVP and the Greens continued to govern together.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> A year after <a href="/wiki/Karl_Nehammer" title="Karl Nehammer">Karl Nehammer</a> was sworn into office, Austria disagreed with <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>'s accession to the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> In the two countries, the Austrian veto caused considerable outrage. Because of the controversial vote, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> withdrew its ambassador from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> Citizens of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> were advised by the government not to travel to Austria for skiing, and a boycott against Austrian companies like <a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raiffeisen_Zentralbank" title="Raiffeisen Zentralbank">Raiffeisen</a> is still ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Austria" title="Foreign relations of Austria">Foreign relations of Austria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg/220px-Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg/330px-Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg/440px-Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>: Austria is one of the 27 EU members.</figcaption></figure> The 1955 <a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">Austrian State Treaty</a> ended the occupation of Austria following World War II and recognised Austria as an independent and sovereign state. On 26 October 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assembly of Austria">Federal Assembly</a> passed a constitutional article in which "Austria declares of her own free will her perpetual neutrality." The second section of this law stated that "in all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory." Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality, but rather different from the neutrality of Switzerland. Austria began to reassess its definition of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a> following the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, granting overflight rights for the UN-sanctioned action against <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> in 1991, and since 1995, it has developed participation in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy. Also in 1995, it joined NATO's <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> (although it was careful to do so only after Russia joined) and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia. Meanwhile, the only part of the Constitutional Law on Neutrality of 1955 still fully valid is not to allow foreign military bases in Austria.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> Austria signed the UN's <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> which was opposed by all NATO members.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> Austria attaches great importance to participation in the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> and other international economic organisations, and it has played an active role in the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> (OSCE). As an OSCE-participating state, Austria's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Helsinki_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Helsinki Commission">U.S. Helsinki Commission</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Armed_Forces" title="Austrian Armed Forces">Austrian Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopard_2A4_Austria_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Leopard_2A4_Austria_4.JPG/220px-Leopard_2A4_Austria_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Leopard_2A4_Austria_4.JPG/330px-Leopard_2A4_Austria_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Leopard_2A4_Austria_4.JPG/440px-Leopard_2A4_Austria_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Federal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Federal Army">Austrian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a> <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a></figcaption></figure> The manpower of the Austrian Armed Forces (Austrian German: Bundesheer) mainly relies on <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> All males who have reached the age of eighteen and are found fit have to serve a six months compulsory <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>, followed by an eight-year reserve obligation. Both males and females at the age of sixteen are eligible for voluntary service.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-26">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objection</a> is legally acceptable and those who claim this right are obliged to serve an institutionalised nine months <a href="/wiki/Zivildienst_in_Austria" title="Zivildienst in Austria">civilian service</a> instead. Since 1998, women volunteers have been allowed to become professional soldiers. The main sectors of the Bundesheer are Joint Forces (Streitkräfteführungskommando, SKFüKdo) which consist of Land Forces (Landstreitkräfte), Air Forces (Luftstreitkräfte), International Missions (Internationale Einsätze) and Special Forces (Spezialeinsatzkräfte), next to Joint Mission Support Command (Kommando Einsatzunterstützung; KdoEU) and Joint Command Support Centre (Führungsunterstützungszentrum; FüUZ). Austria is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> and has no navy. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurofighter_Typhoon_AUT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Eurofighter_Typhoon_AUT.jpg/220px-Eurofighter_Typhoon_AUT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Eurofighter_Typhoon_AUT.jpg/330px-Eurofighter_Typhoon_AUT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Eurofighter_Typhoon_AUT.jpg/440px-Eurofighter_Typhoon_AUT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Air_Force" title="Austrian Air Force">Austrian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a></figcaption></figure> In 2012, Austria's defence expenditures corresponded to approximately 0.8% of its GDP. The Army currently has about 26,000<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> soldiers, of whom about 12,000 are conscripts. As head of state, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">Austrian president</a> is nominally the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. Command of the Austrian Armed Forces is exercised by the minister of defence, as of May 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austria&action=edit">[update]</a>: <a href="/wiki/Klaudia_Tanner" title="Klaudia Tanner">Klaudia Tanner</a>. Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and more importantly the removal of the former heavily guarded "<a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>" separating Austria and its <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> neighbours (<a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>), the Austrian military has been assisting Austrian border guards in trying to prevent border crossings by <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrants</a>. This assistance came to an end when Hungary and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> joined the EU <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> in 2008, for all intents and purposes abolishing "internal" border controls between treaty states. Some politicians have called for a prolongation of this mission, but the legality of this is heavily disputed. In accordance with the Austrian constitution, armed forces may only be deployed in a limited number of cases, mainly to defend the country and aid in cases of national emergency, such as in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> They may only exceptionally be used as auxiliary police forces. Within its <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Neutrality" title="Declaration of Neutrality">self-declared status of permanent neutrality</a>, Austria has a tradition of engaging in UN-led peacekeeping and other humanitarian missions. The <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Forces_Disaster_Relief_Unit" title="Austrian Forces Disaster Relief Unit">Austrian Forces Disaster Relief Unit</a> (AFDRU), in particular, an all-volunteer unit with close ties to civilian specialists (e.g. rescue dog handlers) enjoys a reputation as a quick (standard deployment time is 10 hours) and efficient <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">SAR</a> unit. Currently, larger contingents of Austrian forces are deployed in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, Austria is the 3rd most peaceful country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_states_of_Austria" title="Federal states of Austria">Federal states of Austria</a></div> Austria is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Federal_states_of_Austria" title="Federal states of Austria">nine federal states</a> (Austrian German: Bundesländer).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-26">[21]</a> The federal states are sub-divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Austria" title="Districts of Austria">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bezirke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirke">Bezirke</a>) and statutory cities (<a href="/wiki/Statutarstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutarstadt">Statutarstädte</a>). Districts are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Municipality_(Austria)" title="Municipality (Austria)">municipalities</a> (Gemeinden). Statutory Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities. Vienna is unique in that it is both a city and a federal state. The European Commission's Directorate-General for Translation calls the federal states provinces. <div style="position: relative; float:left; font-size:100%; border:3px; max-width:480px; width:50%;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Austria_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Austria_location_map.svg/400px-Austria_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Austria_location_map.svg/600px-Austria_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Austria_location_map.svg/800px-Austria_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="700" /></a><div style="font-size:85%"> <div style="position:absolute; left:332px; top:110px"><a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:194px; top:177px"><a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:276px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:181px; top:72px"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:137px"><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_(federal_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salzburg (federal state)">Salzburg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:254px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:99px; top:147px"><a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(federal_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrol (federal state)">Tyrol</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:144px; top:163px"><a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(federal_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrol (federal state)">Tyrol</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:-2px; top:147px"><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:339px; top:52px"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></div> </div></div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:100%"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right"> <th><a href="/wiki/States_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Austria">Federal state</a> </th> <th>Capital </th> <th>Area (<a href="/wiki/Square_kilometre" title="Square kilometre">sq km</a>) </th> <th>Population (1 Jan 2017) </th> <th>Density per km2 </th> <th>GDP (billion euros) (2022 Eurostat) </th> <th>GDP per capita </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland"><img alt="Burgenland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Burgenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burgenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Burgenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burgenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Burgenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burgenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,965</td> <td style="text-align:right">291,942</td> <td style="text-align:right">73.6</td> <td style="text-align:right">10.454</td> <td style="text-align:right">34,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia"><img alt="Carinthia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Carinthia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Carinthia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Carinthia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Carinthia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Carinthia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Carinthia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">9,536</td> <td style="text-align:right">561,077</td> <td style="text-align:right">58.8</td> <td style="text-align:right">24.755</td> <td style="text-align:right">43,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria"><img alt="Lower Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Lower_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lower_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Lower_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lower_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Lower_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lower_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">19,178</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,665,753</td> <td style="text-align:right">86.9</td> <td style="text-align:right">71.757</td> <td style="text-align:right">41,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_(state)" title="Salzburg (state)"><img alt="Salzburg (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_(federal_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salzburg (federal state)">Salzburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">7,154</td> <td style="text-align:right">549,263</td> <td style="text-align:right">76.8</td> <td style="text-align:right">33.330</td> <td style="text-align:right">58,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria"><img alt="Styria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Styria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Styria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Styria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Styria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Styria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Styria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">16,401</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,237,298</td> <td style="text-align:right">75.4</td> <td style="text-align:right">56.152</td> <td style="text-align:right">44,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(federal_state)" title="Tyrol (federal state)"><img alt="Tyrol (federal state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(federal_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrol (federal state)">Tyrol</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">12,648</td> <td style="text-align:right;">746,153</td> <td style="text-align:right">59.0</td> <td style="text-align:right">39.328</td> <td style="text-align:right">51,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria"><img alt="Upper Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">11,982</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,465,045</td> <td style="text-align:right">122.3</td> <td style="text-align:right">76.780</td> <td style="text-align:right">50,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna"><img alt="Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">415</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,867,582</td> <td style="text-align:right">4,500</td> <td style="text-align:right">110.992</td> <td style="text-align:right">56,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg"><img alt="Vorarlberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Salzburg%2C_Vienna%2C_Vorarlberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,601</td> <td style="text-align:right;">388,752</td> <td style="text-align:right">149.5</td> <td style="text-align:right">23.588</td> <td style="text-align:right">58,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Austria" title="Geography of Austria">Geography of Austria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oesterreich_topo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Oesterreich_topo.png/280px-Oesterreich_topo.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Oesterreich_topo.png/420px-Oesterreich_topo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Oesterreich_topo.png/560px-Oesterreich_topo.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>A topographic map of Austria showing cities with over 100,000 inhabitants</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildspitze_seen_from_Hinterer_Brunnkogel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wildspitze_seen_from_Hinterer_Brunnkogel.jpg/310px-Wildspitze_seen_from_Hinterer_Brunnkogel.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wildspitze_seen_from_Hinterer_Brunnkogel.jpg/465px-Wildspitze_seen_from_Hinterer_Brunnkogel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wildspitze_seen_from_Hinterer_Brunnkogel.jpg/620px-Wildspitze_seen_from_Hinterer_Brunnkogel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4757" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a> region in winter, close to the valley <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tztal" title="Ötztal">Ötztal</a> in Tyrolia. The highest peak is the <a href="/wiki/Wildspitze" title="Wildspitze">Wildspitze</a> (3,768 metres (12,362 ft)), the second highest mountain in Austria.</figcaption></figure> Austria is a largely mountainous country because of its location in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BritannicaAlps-154">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Eastern_Alps" title="Central Eastern Alps">Central Eastern Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Limestone_Alps" title="Northern Limestone Alps">Northern Limestone Alps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Limestone_Alps" title="Southern Limestone Alps">Southern Limestone Alps</a> are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria (83,871 km2 or 32,383 sq mi), only about a quarter can be considered low-lying, and only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft). The Alps of western Austria give way somewhat into low lands and plains in the eastern part of the country. Austria lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_north" title="46th parallel north">46°</a> and <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/9th_meridian_east" title="9th meridian east">9°</a> and <a href="/wiki/18th_meridian_east" title="18th meridian east">18° E</a>. It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">Eastern Alps</a>, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the Alps and the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a> account for around 12% and the foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area (much lower than the Alps) is situated in the north. Known as the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a>, it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna basin">Vienna basin</a> makes up the remaining 4%.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> In Austria <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 47% of the total land area, equivalent to 3,899,150 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 3,775,670 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 2,227,500 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 1,671,500 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 2% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 23% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 18% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>, 82% <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a> and 0% with ownership listed as other or unknown.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, Austria belongs to the Central European province of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>, the territory of Austria can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_mixed_forests" title="Central European mixed forests">Central European mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_mixed_forests" title="Pannonian mixed forests">Pannonian mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alps_conifer_and_mixed_forests" title="Alps conifer and mixed forests">Alps conifer and mixed forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_European_broadleaf_forests" title="Western European broadleaf forests">Western European broadleaf forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-158">[153]</a> Austria had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 3.55/10, ranking it 149th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-159">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Austria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Austria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Austria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Austria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Austria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Austria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map for Austria<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a></figcaption></figure> The greater part of Austria lies in the cool/temperate <a href="/wiki/Climate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate zone">climate zone</a>, where humid westerly winds predominate. With nearly three-quarters of the country dominated by the Alps, the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine climate</a> is predominant. In the east—in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube valley</a>—the climate shows continental features with less rain than the alpine areas. Although Austria is cold in the winter (−10 to 0 °C), summer temperatures can be relatively high,<a href="#cite_note-Climate-161">[156]</a> with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of 40.5 °C (105 °F) in August 2013.<a href="#cite_note-ZAMG-162">[157]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen Classification">Köppen Climate Classification</a> Austria has the following climate types: <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic (Cfb)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Cool/Warm-summer humid continental (Dfb)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subarctic/Subalpine (Dfc)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">Tundra/Alpine (ET)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">Ice-Cap (EF)</a>. It is important to note though that Austria may experience very cold, severe winters, but most of the time they are only around as cold as those in somewhat comparable climate zones, for example, Southern Scandinavia or Eastern Europe. As well, at higher altitudes, summers are usually considerably cooler than in the valleys/lower altitudes. The subarctic and tundra climates seen around the Alps are much warmer in winter than what is normal elsewhere due in part to the Oceanic influence on this part of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-ZAMG-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> Austria is ranked 8th in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> for year 2024.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> This Index combines various indicators around known issues around the world and measures how good they fit in among each countries on a scale. Austria scores good in parameters like Biodiversity, Air pollution, Water Resources etc.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Economy of Austria</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_snow_in_Kitzb%C3%BChel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Winter_snow_in_Kitzb%C3%BChel.jpg/200px-Winter_snow_in_Kitzb%C3%BChel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Winter_snow_in_Kitzb%C3%BChel.jpg/300px-Winter_snow_in_Kitzb%C3%BChel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Winter_snow_in_Kitzb%C3%BChel.jpg/400px-Winter_snow_in_Kitzb%C3%BChel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kitzb%C3%BChel" title="Kitzbühel">Kitzbühel</a>, a famous winter tourist destination in Austria</figcaption></figure> Austria consistently ranks high in terms of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP per capita</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-167">[162]</a> due to its highly industrialised economy, and well-developed <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised; in recent years, however, <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movements</a> are particularly influential, exercising a large influence on labour politics and decisions related to the expansion of the economy. Next to a highly developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">economy of Austria</a>. Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the <a href="/wiki/German_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="German economy">German economy</a>. Since Austria became a member state of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, it has gained closer ties to other EU economies. Membership of the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to the aspiring economies of the European Union. Growth in GDP reached 3.3% in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> At least 67% of Austria's imports come from other European Union member states.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueEurozone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/220px-BlueEurozone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/330px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/440px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Austria is part of a monetary union, the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> (dark blue), and of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Market_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Market (European Union)">EU single market</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">Financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> dented the economy of Austria in other ways as well. It caused, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Hypo_Alpe-Adria-Bank_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International">Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International</a> to be purchased in December 2009 by the government for 1 euro owing to credit difficulties, thus wiping out the €1.63bn of <a href="/wiki/BayernLB" class="mw-redirect" title="BayernLB">BayernLB</a>. As of February 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austria&action=edit">[update]</a>, the HGAA situation was unresolved,<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> causing Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Werner_Faymann" title="Werner Faymann">Werner Faymann</a> to warn that its failure would be comparable to the 1931 <a href="/wiki/Creditanstalt" title="Creditanstalt">Creditanstalt</a> event.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> Austria indicated on 16 November 2010 that it would withhold the December instalment of its contribution to the EU bailout of Greece, citing the material worsening of the Greek debt situation and the apparent inability of Greece to collect the level of tax receipts it had previously promised.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">fall of communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Austrian companies">Austrian companies</a> have been quite active players and consolidators in Eastern Europe. Between 1995 and 2010, 4,868 <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a> with a total known value of 163 billion EUR with the involvement of Austrian firms have been announced.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> The largest transactions with involvement of Austrian companies<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> have been: the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Bank_Austria" title="Bank Austria">Bank Austria</a> by <a href="/wiki/HypoVereinsbank" title="HypoVereinsbank">HypoVereinsbank</a> for 7.8 billion EUR in 2000, the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche Holding Salzburg</a> by <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> for 3.6 billion EUR in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> and the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Banca_Comercial%C4%83_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Banca Comercială Română">Banca Comercială Română</a> by <a href="/wiki/Erste_Group" title="Erste Group">Erste Group</a> for 3.7 billion EUR in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Austria" title="Tourism in Austria">Tourism in Austria</a> accounts for almost 9% of its gross domestic product.<a href="#cite_note-STAT-177">[172]</a> In 2007, Austria ranked 9th worldwide in international tourism receipts, with 18.9 billion US$.<a href="#cite_note-UNTWO-178">[173]</a> In <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">international tourist arrivals</a>, Austria ranked 12th with 20.8 million tourists.<a href="#cite_note-UNTWO-178">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure_and_natural_resources">Infrastructure and natural resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Austria" title="Transport in Austria">Transport in Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Austria" title="Wind power in Austria">Wind power in Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">Renewable energy in the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbund_malta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Verbund_malta.jpg/220px-Verbund_malta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Verbund_malta.jpg/330px-Verbund_malta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Verbund_malta.jpg/440px-Verbund_malta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lnbrein_Dam" title="Kölnbrein Dam">Kölnbrein Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a></figcaption></figure> In 1972 the country began construction of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a> to produce electricity at <a href="/wiki/Zwentendorf" title="Zwentendorf">Zwentendorf</a> on the River <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, following a unanimous vote in parliament. However, in 1978 a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> voted approximately 50.5% against nuclear power, 49.5% for,<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> and parliament subsequently unanimously passed a law forbidding the use of nuclear power to generate electricity although the nuclear power plant had already finished. Austria currently produces more than half of its electricity by <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RES-180">[175]</a> Together with other <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources such as <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, the electricity supply from renewable energy amounts to 62.89 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Renewables-181">[176]</a> Compared to most European countries, Austria is ecologically well endowed. It's <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> (or biological <a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">natural capital</a>) is more than double of the world average: In 2016 Austria had 3.8 global hectares<a href="#cite_note-GFN-182">[177]</a> of biocapacity per person within its territory, compared to the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. By contrast, in 2016 they used 6.0 global hectares of biocapacity which amounts to Austria's <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means that Austrians use about 60% more biocapacity than Austria contains. As a result, Austria is running a biocapacity deficit.<a href="#cite_note-GFN-182">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Austria" title="Demographics of Austria">Demographics of Austria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AuVorarlberg5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AuVorarlberg5.JPG/280px-AuVorarlberg5.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AuVorarlberg5.JPG/420px-AuVorarlberg5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AuVorarlberg5.JPG/560px-AuVorarlberg5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Children in Austria, near <a href="/wiki/Au,_Vorarlberg" title="Au, Vorarlberg">Au</a>, Vorarlberg</figcaption></figure> Austria's population was estimated to be 9,170,647 as of April 2024 by <a href="/wiki/Statistik_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistik Austria">Statistik Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-183">[178]</a> The population of the capital, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, exceeds 2 million, representing about a quarter of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-:1-183">[178]</a> It is known for its cultural offerings and high standard of living. Vienna is the country's largest city. <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a> is second in size, with 291,007 inhabitants, followed by <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a> (206,604), <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> (155,031), <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> (131,989), and <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a> (101,303). All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants. According to Statistic Austria, at the beginning of 2024, there were 1.8 million <a href="/wiki/Foreign_born" title="Foreign born">foreign-born</a> residents in Austria, corresponding to 22.3% of the total population. There are more than 620,100 descendants of foreign-born immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-:1-183">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Austria" title="Turks in Austria">Turks</a> form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 350,000.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> However, due to the recent migration trends, number of Romanian nationals surpassed the number of Turkish nationals in the country.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> Together, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> makeup about 5.1% of Austria's total population. The Council of Europe estimates that approximately 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> live in Austria.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) in 2017 was estimated at 1.52 children born per woman,<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.83 children born per woman in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> In 2015, 42.1% of births were to unmarried women.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> Austria had <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age#CIA_figures" title="List of countries by median age">the 14th oldest population in the world</a> in 2020, with the average age of 44.5 years.<a href="#cite_note-cia.age-190">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> in 2016 was estimated at 81.5 years (78.9 years male, 84.3 years female).<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> Statistics Austria estimates that the population will grow to 10.55 million people by 2080 due to immigration.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Austria" title="List of cities and towns in Austria">List of cities and towns in Austria</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Austria <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Statistik_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistik Austria">Statistik Austria Census 2021</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Austria">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Federal_states_of_Austria" title="Federal states of Austria">Federal state</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Austria">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Federal_states_of_Austria" title="Federal states of Austria">Federal state</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria-Theresien-Platz_Wien_Sept_2020_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vienna"><img alt="Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Maria-Theresien-Platz_Wien_Sept_2020_1.jpg/120px-Maria-Theresien-Platz_Wien_Sept_2020_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Maria-Theresien-Platz_Wien_Sept_2020_1.jpg/180px-Maria-Theresien-Platz_Wien_Sept_2020_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Maria-Theresien-Platz_Wien_Sept_2020_1.jpg/240px-Maria-Theresien-Platz_Wien_Sept_2020_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Graz_(35932179023).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graz"><img alt="Graz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Graz_%2835932179023%29.jpg/120px-Graz_%2835932179023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Graz_%2835932179023%29.jpg/180px-Graz_%2835932179023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Graz_%2835932179023%29.jpg/240px-Graz_%2835932179023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,926,960</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Neustadt" title="Wiener Neustadt">Wiener Neustadt</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,069 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Blick_%C3%BCber_Linz_von_der_Franz-Josefs-Warte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Linz"><img alt="Linz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Blick_%C3%BCber_Linz_von_der_Franz-Josefs-Warte.jpg/120px-Blick_%C3%BCber_Linz_von_der_Franz-Josefs-Warte.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Blick_%C3%BCber_Linz_von_der_Franz-Josefs-Warte.jpg/180px-Blick_%C3%BCber_Linz_von_der_Franz-Josefs-Warte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Blick_%C3%BCber_Linz_von_der_Franz-Josefs-Warte.jpg/240px-Blick_%C3%BCber_Linz_von_der_Franz-Josefs-Warte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6495" data-file-height="4331" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hohensalzburg-mw02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salzburg"><img alt="Salzburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hohensalzburg-mw02.jpg/120px-Hohensalzburg-mw02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hohensalzburg-mw02.jpg/180px-Hohensalzburg-mw02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hohensalzburg-mw02.jpg/240px-Hohensalzburg-mw02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1772" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">291,731</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Steyr" title="Steyr">Steyr</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,867 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">206,853</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Feldkirch,_Vorarlberg" title="Feldkirch, Vorarlberg">Feldkirch</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,842 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_(federal_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salzburg (federal state)">Salzburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">154,604</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,419 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(federal_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrol (federal state)">Tyrol</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">130,385</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Leonding" title="Leonding">Leonding</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,967 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">102,527</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Klosterneuburg" title="Klosterneuburg">Klosterneuburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,560 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Villach" title="Villach">Villach</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,935</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_bei_Wien" title="Baden bei Wien">Baden</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,759 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wels" title="Wels">Wels</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,182</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfsberg,_Carinthia" title="Wolfsberg, Carinthia">Wolfsberg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,114 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,180</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Traun" title="Traun">Traun</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,896 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dornbirn" title="Dornbirn">Dornbirn</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,340</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krems_an_der_Donau" title="Krems an der Donau">Krems</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,821 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Austria" title="Languages of Austria">Languages of Austria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oesterreichisches_Woerterbuch_43._Auflage_Deckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Oesterreichisches_Woerterbuch_43._Auflage_Deckel.jpg/220px-Oesterreichisches_Woerterbuch_43._Auflage_Deckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Oesterreichisches_Woerterbuch_43._Auflage_Deckel.jpg/330px-Oesterreichisches_Woerterbuch_43._Auflage_Deckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Oesterreichisches_Woerterbuch_43._Auflage_Deckel.jpg/440px-Oesterreichisches_Woerterbuch_43._Auflage_Deckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption>The school version of the 43rd edition of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Österreichisches Wörterbuch">Österreichisches Wörterbuch</a> for <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian language</a>, 2018</figcaption></figure> The official language of Austria has been <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> since 1920, based on article 8 of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Law" title="Federal Constitutional Law">its constitution the same year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a> or Austrian (a variety of <a href="/wiki/Standard_High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard High German">Standard High German</a>) is usually written in Austria and Italian <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, it has been standardized in Austria since the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Science_and_Research" title="Ministry of Education, Science and Research">Ministry of Education, Science and Research</a> published the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Österreichisches Wörterbuch">Österreichisches Wörterbuch</a> in 1951, though used primarily just in education, publications, announcements, and websites. However, the de facto common spoken languages of Austria are not Austrian German taught in schools but <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> dialects: Two <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> local languages or collection of dialects with varying degrees of difficulty being understood by each other as well as by speakers of non-Austrian German dialects. Taken as a collective whole, <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German languages or dialects</a> are thus spoken natively by 88.6% of the population, which includes the 2.5% German-born citizens who reside in Austria, followed by Turkish (2.28%), Serbian (2.21%), Croatian (1.63%), English (0.73%), Hungarian (0.51%), Bosnian (0.43%), Polish (0.35%), Albanian (0.35%), Slovenian (0.31%), Czech (0.22%), Arabic (0.22%), and Romanian (0.21%).<a href="#cite_note-Language-194">[189]</a> The Austrian federal state of <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a> is home to a significant indigenous <a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Slovene-speaking minority</a> while in the easternmost federal state, <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a> (formerly part of the Hungarian portion of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>), there are significant <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>-speaking minorities. <a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a>, Hungarian, and <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovene</a> are also recognized as <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> beside German in parts of Carinthia and Burgenland.<a href="#cite_note-demokratiewebstatt.at-4">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Regional_Languages_of_Austria-5">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oberwart_-_Fels%C5%91%C5%91r.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Oberwart_-_Fels%C5%91%C5%91r.JPG/220px-Oberwart_-_Fels%C5%91%C5%91r.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Oberwart_-_Fels%C5%91%C5%91r.JPG/330px-Oberwart_-_Fels%C5%91%C5%91r.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Oberwart_-_Fels%C5%91%C5%91r.JPG/440px-Oberwart_-_Fels%C5%91%C5%91r.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual sign of <a href="/wiki/Oberwart" title="Oberwart">Oberwart</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> Felsőőr) in <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a></figcaption></figure> According to census information published by <a href="/wiki/Statistik_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistik Austria">Statistik Austria</a> for 2001<a href="#cite_note-Language-194">[189]</a> there were a total of 710,926 foreign nationals living in Austria. Of these, the largest by far are 283,334 foreign nationals from the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">former Yugoslavia</a> (of whom 135,336 speak Serbian; 105,487 Croatian; 31,591 Bosnian–i.e. 272,414 Austrian resident native speakers in total, plus 6,902 Slovenian and 4,018 <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> speakers). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> Historically, before 1945, <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a> were regarded as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> and viewed themselves as such, although this national identity was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian nationalism</a> in the decades after the end of World War I and even more so after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Keyserlingk1990-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thaler2001-196">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wodak2009-197">[192]</a> Austria was part of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire_of_the_German_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation">Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation</a> from 996 to 1806 and was part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, a loose <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> of 39 predominantly German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, from 1815 until the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Prussian war">Austro-Prussian war</a> in 1866, which resulted in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> led by Prussia and excluding Austria. In 1871, Germany was <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">founded as a nation-state</a>, Austria <a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">was not a part of it</a>. After World War I and the breakup of the Austrian monarchy, politicians of the new republic declared its name to be "Deutschösterreich" (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a>) and that it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">German Republic</a>. A unification of the two countries was forbidden by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> as one of the conditions imposed by the victorious <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a> upon the vanquished nation, to prevent the creation of a territorially extensive German state. In 1938, Austria became part of Nazi Germany. After the events of World War II and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, Austria declared independence from Germany on 27 April 1945 and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> has been popular in Austria since then, and nowadays Austrians do not consider themselves as Germans but as ethnic Austrians.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> Austrians today may be described either as a <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a> or as a homogeneous <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>,<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> that is closely related to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiners" title="Liechtensteiners">Liechtensteiners</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Switzerland" title="German-speaking Switzerland">German-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Today 91.1% of the population are regarded as ethnic Austrians.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COB_data_Austria.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/COB_data_Austria.PNG/280px-COB_data_Austria.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/COB_data_Austria.PNG/420px-COB_data_Austria.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/COB_data_Austria.PNG/560px-COB_data_Austria.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>The birthplaces of foreign-born naturalised residents of Austria</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Austria" title="Turks in Austria">Turks</a> are the largest single immigrant group in Austria,<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> closely followed by the <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Austria" title="Serbs in Austria">Serbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> Serbs form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 300,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> Historically, Serbian immigrants moved to Austria during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> was under Imperial control. Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the number of Serbs expanded again, and today the community is very large. The Austrian Serbian Society was founded in 1936. Today, Serbs in Austria are mainly found in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>. Of the remaining number of Austria's people who are of non-Austrian descent, many come from surrounding countries, especially from the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">East Bloc</a> nations. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">Guest workers</a> (Gastarbeiter) and their descendants, as well as refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav wars">Yugoslav wars</a> and other conflicts, also form an important <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority group</a> in Austria. Since 1994 the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> have been an officially recognised ethnic minority in Austria. An estimated 13,000 to 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> in the Austrian federal state <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> (around 30,000)<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> in Burgenland were recognised as a minority and have had special rights following the Austrian State Treaty (Staatsvertrag) of 1955.<a href="#cite_note-johnson_153-118">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Religion in Austria</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Beige; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 17.12924167024px; border-left-color:#C40234"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#C40234"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#C40234"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 12.632937844611px; border-left-color:#0D98BA"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#0D98BA"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#0D98BA"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 11.995089806863px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 11.358202516276px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 9.4527831179282px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:91.0105970685px 41.437558099328px 0 0; border-top-color:LightBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:LightBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:77.051324277579px 63.742398974869px 0 0; border-top-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:76.649300680935px 64.225265317658px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:59.285682016106px 80.530788571112px 0 0; border-top-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:32.094360980721px 94.709830499474px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Austria (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Religion2021-208">[203]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> (55.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (4.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (3.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholicism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Other Christians</a> (4.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Islam</a> (8.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Austria" title="Buddhism in Austria">Buddhism</a> (0.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Austria" title="Hinduism in Austria">Hinduism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Judaism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religions (0.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a> (22.4%)</div> </div> </div></div> Austria was historically a strongly Roman Catholic country as the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, which championed Roman Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-Zulehner_2004_1-209">[204]</a> Although in the 16th century many Austrians converted to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">other denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, in particular) as the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> (begun in 1517) spread across Europe, the Habsburgs enacted measures of <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> as early as 1527 and harshly repressed Austrian evangelicalism; only a minority of Austrians remained Protestant.<a href="#cite_note-Zulehner_2004_1-209">[204]</a> At least since the 1970s, a few decades after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy and the transformation of Austria into a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> republic, there has been a continuous decline of Christianity (with the exception of Orthodox churches) and a proliferation of other religions, a process which has been particularly pronounced in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, with its large foreign and immigrant populations.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic,<a href="#cite_note-Volkszählung-211">[206]</a> while about 5% considered themselves <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Volkszählung-211">[206]</a> Austrian Christians, both Roman Catholic and Protestant,<a href="#cite_note-212">[f]</a> are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income — about 1%) to their churches; this payment is called the Kirchenbeitrag ("ecclesiastical contribution"). From the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for 2023 list 4,638,000 members of the Catholic Church, or around 50% of the total Austrian population, yet Sunday <a href="/wiki/Church_attendance" title="Church attendance">church attendance</a> was only 347,000, or 3.7% of the total Austrian population.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> Additionally, the Lutheran church recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016. The 2001 census reported that about 12% of the population declared themselves <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">without a religion</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Volkszählung-211">[206]</a> according to ecclesiastical information, this share had grown to 20% by 2015<a href="#cite_note-Kista-214">[208]</a> and further increased to 22.4% (1,997,700 people) in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Religion2021-208">[203]</a> Of the remaining population, around 340,000 were registered as members of various Muslim communities in 2001, originating chiefly from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia-Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Volkszählung-211">[206]</a> the number of Muslims doubled in the fifteen years to 2016, to 700,000,<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> and reached 745,600 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Religion2021-208">[203]</a> In 2021, another 436,700 residents of Austria (mostly <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>) were members of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a>, 26,600 were <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Austria" title="Buddhism in Austria">Buddhists</a>, 10,100 were <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Austria" title="Hinduism in Austria">Hindus</a>, about 21,800 were active <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and 5,400 were <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Religion2021-208">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> 2010,<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> <ul><li>44% of Austrian citizens "believe there is a God";</li> <li>38% "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and</li> <li>12% "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Austria">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Education in Austria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melk_-_Stift_(0).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Melk_-_Stift_%280%29.JPG/220px-Melk_-_Stift_%280%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Melk_-_Stift_%280%29.JPG/330px-Melk_-_Stift_%280%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Melk_-_Stift_%280%29.JPG/440px-Melk_-_Stift_%280%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stiftsgymnasium_Melk" title="Stiftsgymnasium Melk">Stiftsgymnasium Melk</a> is the oldest Austrian school.</figcaption></figure> Education in Austria is entrusted partly to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_states_of_Austria" title="Federal states of Austria">Austrian federal states</a> and partly to the national government. School attendance is <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a> for nine years, i.e. usually to the age of fifteen. <a href="/wiki/Pre-school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-school">Pre-school</a> education (called Kindergarten in Austrian German), free in most federal states, is provided for all children between the ages of three and six years and, whilst optional, is considered a normal part of a child's education due to its high takeup rate. The maximum class size is around 30, each class normally being cared for by one qualified teacher and one assistant. Primary education, or <a href="/wiki/Volksschule" title="Volksschule">Volksschule</a>, lasts for four years, starting at age six. The maximum class size is 30, but may be as low as 15. It is generally expected that a class will be taught by one teacher for the entire four years and the stable bond between teacher and pupil is considered important for a child's well-being. The <a href="/wiki/The_three_Rs" title="The three Rs">3Rs</a> (Reading, writing and arithmetic) dominate lesson time, with less time allotted to project work than in the UK. Children work individually and all members of a class follow the same plan of work. There is no <a href="/wiki/Streaming_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming (education)">streaming</a>. Standard attendance times are 8 am to 12 pm or 1 pm, with hourly five- or ten-minute breaks. Children are given homework daily from the first year. Historically there has been no lunch hour, with children returning home to eat. However, due to a rise in the number of mothers at work, primary schools are increasingly offering pre-lesson and afternoon care. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_%283%29.JPG/220px-Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_%283%29.JPG/330px-Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_%283%29.JPG/440px-Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4331" data-file-height="2595" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_02_Campus_WU_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wien_02_Campus_WU_a.jpg/220px-Wien_02_Campus_WU_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wien_02_Campus_WU_a.jpg/330px-Wien_02_Campus_WU_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wien_02_Campus_WU_a.jpg/440px-Wien_02_Campus_WU_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption> The campus of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_University_of_Economics_and_Business" title="Vienna University of Economics and Business">Vienna University of Economics and Business</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linz_-_JKU_-_Science_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Linz_-_JKU_-_Science_Park.jpg/220px-Linz_-_JKU_-_Science_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Linz_-_JKU_-_Science_Park.jpg/330px-Linz_-_JKU_-_Science_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Linz_-_JKU_-_Science_Park.jpg/440px-Linz_-_JKU_-_Science_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5415" data-file-height="3610" /></a><figcaption>Science Park of the University of <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a> (JKU)</figcaption></figure> Secondary education consists of two main types of schools, attendance at which is based on a pupil's ability as determined by grades from the primary school. The <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> caters for the more able children, in the final year of which the <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a> examination is taken, which is a requirement for access to university. The <a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a> prepares pupils for vocational education but also for various types of further education (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6here_Technische_Lehranstalt" title="Höhere Technische Lehranstalt">Höhere Technische Lehranstalt</a> HTL = institution of higher technical education; HAK = commercial academy; HBLA = institution of higher education for economic business; etc.). Attendance at one of these further education institutes also leads to the <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a>. Some schools aim to combine the education available at the Gymnasium and the Hauptschule, and are known as Gesamtschulen. In addition, a recognition of the importance of learning English has led some Gymnasiums to offer a bilingual stream, in which pupils deemed able in languages follow a modified curriculum, a portion of the lesson time being conducted in English. As at primary school, lessons at Gymnasium begin at 8 am and continue with short intervals until lunchtime or early afternoon, with children returning home to a late lunch. Older pupils often attend further lessons after a break for lunch, generally eaten at school. At the primary level, all pupils follow the same plan of work. Great emphasis is placed on homework and frequent testing. Satisfactory marks in the end-of-the-year report ("Zeugnis") are a prerequisite for moving up ("aufsteigen") to the next class. Pupils who do not meet the required standard re-sit their tests at the end of the summer holidays; those whose marks are still not satisfactory are required to re-sit the year ("sitzenbleiben"). It is not uncommon for a pupil to re-sit more than one year of school. After completing the first two years, pupils choose between one of two strands, known as "Gymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on arts) or "Realgymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on science). Whilst many schools offer both strands, some do not, and as a result, some children move schools for a second time at age 12. At age 14, pupils may choose to remain in one of these two strands or to change to a vocational course, possibly with a further change of school. The Austrian university system had been open to any student who passed the <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a> examination until recently. A 2006 bill allowed the introduction of entrance exams for studies such as Medicine. In 2001, an obligatory tuition fee ("Studienbeitrag") of €363.36 per term was introduced for all public universities. Since 2008, for all EU students, the studies have been free of charge, as long as a certain time limit is not exceeded (the expected duration of the study plus usually two terms tolerance).<a href="#cite_note-Tuition-218">[212]</a> When the time-limit is exceeded, the fee of around €363.36 per term is charged. Some further exceptions to the fee apply, e.g. for students with a year's salary of more than about €5000. In all cases, an obligatory fee of €20.20 is charged for the student union and insurance.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Austria" title="Healthcare in Austria">Healthcare in Austria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Life Expectancy in Austria over time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Life_expectancy_in_Austria.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Life_expectancy_in_Austria.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Life_expectancy_in_Austria.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Life Expectancy in Austria over time</figcaption></figure> Even though Austria has a 0.9 health index and a <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> of 81 years,<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> the country still faces numerous problems when it comes to health, one example being that 2 in 5 Austrians have a <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">chronic condition</a>. Cancer is a big problem in the country, as about 21,500 people died of this condition in 2019, having lung cancer as the primary cause of cancer deaths, probably linked to several risk factors in the country's population, as it is estimated that 40% of deaths in the country are caused by smoking, dietary risks, alcohol, low physical activity, and air pollution. One of the most costly health services in the EU is located in Austria. In 2019, health spending per capita ranked third in the EU. Health-related <a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expense" title="Out-of-pocket expense">out-of-pocket expenditures</a> are higher than the EU average.<a href="#cite_note-:0-221">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_personnel">Medical personnel</h4></div> With 5.2 physicians per 1,000 inhabitants, Austria has among the highest physician density in <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries. Overall, the country has 271 hospitals with a total of 45,596 physicians (data from 2017), about 54% of which work (also or primarily) in hospitals. Although Austria has the second highest physician rate in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, a large share of physicians is tropical to retirement age (55 years and older), and may thus be at a higher risk of developing severe conditions in a specimen of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Austria">COVID-19</a> infection. The number of nurses in Austria has been subject to debate in recent years with regard to definitions of qualifications and their interpretation in cross-country comparisons. A new mandatory health professional registry was set up in 2018. However, due to the elapsing of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, compulsory registration has been suspended. This implies that professional activities in long-term superintendency are moreover possible without registration until the end of the pandemic by late spring 2022 (Transition without the pandemic is still to be defined).<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Culture of Austria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Music of Austria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg/170px-Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg/255px-Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg/340px-Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a></figcaption></figure> Austria's past as a European power and its cultural environment generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them music.<a href="#cite_note-b1-223">[217]</a> Austria was the birthplace of many <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">famous composers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Haydn" class="mw-redirect" title="Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jh-224">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Haydn" title="Michael Haydn">Michael Haydn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>,<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Strauss Sr.">Johann Strauss Sr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Strauss Jr.">Johann Strauss Jr.</a>, as well as members of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>,<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, then an independent Church Principality of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, which later became part of Austria, and much of Mozart's career was spent in Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-bv-232">[226]</a> Vienna was for a long time an important centre of musical innovation. 18th- and 19th-century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. During the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque period">Baroque period</a>, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music.<a href="#cite_note-bv-232">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateOperaViennaNightBackside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/StateOperaViennaNightBackside.jpg/220px-StateOperaViennaNightBackside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/StateOperaViennaNightBackside.jpg/330px-StateOperaViennaNightBackside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/StateOperaViennaNightBackside.jpg/440px-StateOperaViennaNightBackside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2154" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a></figcaption></figure> Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural centre in the early 16th century and was focused around instruments, including the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> spent the better part of his life in Vienna. Austria's current <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>, attributed to Mozart, was chosen after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/Sei_gesegnet_ohne_Ende" title="Sei gesegnet ohne Ende">traditional Austrian anthem</a> by Joseph Haydn.<a href="#cite_note-bv-232">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-jh-224">[218]</a> Austrian <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> was principal conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a> for 35 years. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, and he was a dominant figure in European classical music from the 1960s until his death.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_obit-233">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_philosophy">Science and philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Austria">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna circle">Vienna circle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_scientists" title="List of Austrian scientists">List of Austrian scientists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Kurt_G%C3%B6del_as_a_student_in_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Young_Kurt_G%C3%B6del_as_a_student_in_1925.jpg/170px-Young_Kurt_G%C3%B6del_as_a_student_in_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Young_Kurt_G%C3%B6del_as_a_student_in_1925.jpg/255px-Young_Kurt_G%C3%B6del_as_a_student_in_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Young_Kurt_G%C3%B6del_as_a_student_in_1925.jpg/340px-Young_Kurt_G%C3%B6del_as_a_student_in_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a> as a student in 1925</figcaption></figure> Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputation. Among them are <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Franz Hess">Victor Franz Hess</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Doppler" title="Christian Doppler">Christian Doppler</a>, prominent scientists in the 19th century. In the 20th century, contributions by <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> to nuclear research and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. Prominent present-day <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physics">quantum physicists</a> are <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zoller" title="Peter Zoller">Peter Zoller</a> renown for important developments in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_optics" title="Quantum optics">quantum optics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">quantum information</a>. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicists</a>, Austria was the birthplace of two of the most noteworthy philosophers of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>. In addition to them, biologists <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> as well as mathematician <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a> and engineers such as <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Marcus" title="Siegfried Marcus">Siegfried Marcus</a> were Austrians. <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a> became the first woman to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, and the first Austrian laureate. A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval times">medieval times</a> with <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>. Eminent physicians like <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Billroth" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Billroth">Theodore Billroth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Pirquet" title="Clemens von Pirquet">Clemens von Pirquet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Eiselsberg" title="Anton Eiselsberg">Anton von Eiselsberg</a> have built upon the achievements of the 19th-century Vienna School of Medicine. Austria was home to <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">Individual psychology</a>, psychologists <a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Asperger" title="Hans Asperger">Hans Asperger</a>, and psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a>. Austria was ranked 17th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> of Economics, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory, is related to Austrian economists <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>. Other noteworthy Austrian-born émigrés include the management thinker <a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a>, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Felix_Lazarsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Felix Lazarsfeld">Paul Felix Lazarsfeld</a>, and scientist <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Nossal" title="Gustav Nossal">Sir Gustav Nossal</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_beverages">Food and beverages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Austria">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_0731_Apfelstrudel_Vanilleso%C3%9Fe_Edelweissh%C3%BCtte_S%C3%B6lden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2015_0731_Apfelstrudel_Vanilleso%C3%9Fe_Edelweissh%C3%BCtte_S%C3%B6lden.jpg/220px-2015_0731_Apfelstrudel_Vanilleso%C3%9Fe_Edelweissh%C3%BCtte_S%C3%B6lden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2015_0731_Apfelstrudel_Vanilleso%C3%9Fe_Edelweissh%C3%BCtte_S%C3%B6lden.jpg/330px-2015_0731_Apfelstrudel_Vanilleso%C3%9Fe_Edelweissh%C3%BCtte_S%C3%B6lden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2015_0731_Apfelstrudel_Vanilleso%C3%9Fe_Edelweissh%C3%BCtte_S%C3%B6lden.jpg/440px-2015_0731_Apfelstrudel_Vanilleso%C3%9Fe_Edelweissh%C3%BCtte_S%C3%B6lden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Apple strudel, served with vanilla sauce, in <a href="/wiki/Tirol_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirol (state)">Tirol</a> Austria</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg/220px-Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg/330px-Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg/440px-Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Wiener Schnitzel, a traditional Austrian dish</figcaption></figure> Austria's cuisine is derived from that of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>. Austrian cuisine is mainly the tradition of Royal-Cuisine ("Hofküche") delivered over centuries. It is famous for its well-balanced variations of beef and pork and countless variations of vegetables. There is also the "Mehlspeisen" tradition of bakeries, which created particular delicacies such as Sachertorte, "Krapfen" which are doughnuts usually filled with apricot jam or custard, and "Strudel" such as "<a href="/wiki/Apfelstrudel" class="mw-redirect" title="Apfelstrudel">Apfelstrudel</a>" filled with apple, "Topfenstrudel" filled with a type of cheese curd called "topfen", and "<a href="/wiki/Millirahmstrudel" class="mw-redirect" title="Millirahmstrudel">Millirahmstrudel</a>" (milk-cream strudel). In addition to native regional traditions, the cuisine has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> cuisines, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. The Austrian cuisine is therefore one of the most multicultural and transcultural in Europe. Typical Austrian dishes include <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Schnitzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiener Schnitzel">Wiener Schnitzel</a>, Schweinsbraten, <a href="/wiki/Kaiserschmarren" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiserschmarren">Kaiserschmarren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del" title="Knödel">Knödel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sachertorte" title="Sachertorte">Sachertorte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tafelspitz" title="Tafelspitz">Tafelspitz</a>. There are also Kärntner Kasnudeln, which are pockets of dough filled with Topfen, potatoes, herbs and peppermint which are boiled and served with a butter sauce. Kasnudeln are traditionally served with a salad. <a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Eierschwammerl</a> dishes are also popular. The sugar block dispenser <a href="/wiki/Pez" title="Pez">Pez</a> was invented in Austria, as well as <a href="/wiki/Manner_(confectionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manner (confectionary)">Mannerschnitten</a>. Austria is also famous for its <a href="/wiki/Mozartkugel" title="Mozartkugel">Mozartkugeln</a> and its coffee tradition. With over 8 kg per year it has the sixth highest per capita coffee consumption worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> Beer is sold in 0.2-litre (a Pfiff), 0.3-litre (a Seidel, kleines Bier or Glas Bier) and 0.5-litre (a Krügerl or großes Bier or Halbe) measures. At festivals one litre Maß and two-litre Doppelmaß in the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> style are also dispensed. The most popular types of beer are <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lager</a> (known as Märzen in Austria), naturally cloudy Zwicklbier and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">wheat beer</a>. At holidays like Christmas and Easter <a href="/wiki/Bock" title="Bock">bock</a> beer is also available. The most important wine-producing areas are in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, and Vienna. The <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a> grape provides some of Austria's most notable white wines<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zweigelt" title="Zweigelt">Zweigelt</a> is the most widely planted red wine grape.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a>, Lower Austria, Styria, and <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, Most, a type of <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">perry</a>, is widely produced. A <a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a> of typically up to 60% alcohol or fruit <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> is drunk, which in Austria is made from a variety of fruits, for example <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rowan" title="Rowan">rowanberries</a>. The produce of small private schnapps <a href="/wiki/Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillery">distilleries</a>, of which there are around 20,000 in Austria, is known as Selbstgebrannter or Hausbrand. Local soft drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Almdudler" title="Almdudler">Almdudler</a> are very popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of <a href="/wiki/Fanta" title="Fanta">Orange Fanta</a> or the more locally renowned <a href="/wiki/Frucade" title="Frucade">Frucade</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull" title="Red Bull">Red Bull</a>, the highest-selling energy drink in the world, was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Mateschitz" title="Dietrich Mateschitz">Dietrich Mateschitz</a>, an Austrian entrepreneur. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Austria">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Austria" title="Sport in Austria">Sport in Austria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergisel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bergisel.jpg/220px-Bergisel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bergisel.jpg/330px-Bergisel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bergisel.jpg/440px-Bergisel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976 Winter Olympics</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2012 Winter Youth Olympics">2012 Winter Youth Olympics</a>, the first in history.</figcaption></figure> Due to the mountainous terrain, <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">alpine skiing</a> is a prominent sport in Austria and is extremely valuable in the promotion and economic growth of the country.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> Similar sports such as <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ski-jumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski-jumping">ski-jumping</a> are also widely popular. Austrian athletes such as <a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Moser-Pr%C3%B6ll" title="Annemarie Moser-Pröll">Annemarie Moser-Pröll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Klammer" title="Franz Klammer">Franz Klammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Maier" title="Hermann Maier">Hermann Maier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toni_Sailer" title="Toni Sailer">Toni Sailer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Raich" title="Benjamin Raich">Benjamin Raich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlies_Schild" title="Marlies Schild">Marlies Schild</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Hirscher" title="Marcel Hirscher">Marcel Hirscher</a> are widely regarded as some of the greatest alpine skiers of all time, <a href="/wiki/Armin_Kogler" title="Armin Kogler">Armin Kogler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Felder" title="Andreas Felder">Andreas Felder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Vettori" title="Ernst Vettori">Ernst Vettori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Goldberger" title="Andreas Goldberger">Andreas Goldberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Widh%C3%B6lzl" title="Andreas Widhölzl">Andreas Widhölzl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morgenstern" title="Thomas Morgenstern">Thomas Morgenstern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Schlierenzauer" title="Gregor Schlierenzauer">Gregor Schlierenzauer</a> as some of the greatest ski jumpers of all time. <a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh">Bobsleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">luge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">skeleton</a> are also popular events with a permanent track located in <a href="/wiki/Igls_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Igls bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">Igls</a>, which hosted bobsleigh and luge competitions for the <a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976 Winter Olympics</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2012 Winter Youth Olympics">first Winter Youth Olympics</a> in 2012 were held in Innsbruck as well.<a href="#cite_note-WYO2012-241">[235]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fischer_Sports_franz-klammer_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fischer_Sports_franz-klammer_1976.jpg/170px-Fischer_Sports_franz-klammer_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fischer_Sports_franz-klammer_1976.jpg/255px-Fischer_Sports_franz-klammer_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fischer_Sports_franz-klammer_1976.jpg/340px-Fischer_Sports_franz-klammer_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>Ski racer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Klammer" title="Franz Klammer">Franz Klammer</a> won a gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>.</figcaption></figure> Football in Austria is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Football_Association" title="Austrian Football Association">Austrian Football Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Football-242">[236]</a> Austria was among the most successful football playing nations on the European continent, placing 4th at the <a href="/wiki/1934_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1934 FIFA World Cup">1934 FIFA World Cup</a>, 3rd at the <a href="/wiki/1954_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1954 FIFA World Cup">1954 FIFA World Cup</a> and 7th at the <a href="/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1978 FIFA World Cup">1978 FIFA World Cup</a>. However, Austrian football has not been internationally successful since the mid 20th century. Austria co-hosted the <a href="/wiki/2008_UEFA_European_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 UEFA European Football Championship">2008 UEFA European Football Championship</a> with Switzerland. The national Austrian football league is the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Bundesliga" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Bundesliga">Austrian Bundesliga</a>, which includes teams such as record-champions <a href="/wiki/SK_Rapid_Wien" title="SK Rapid Wien">SK Rapid Wien</a>, <a href="/wiki/FK_Austria_Wien" title="FK Austria Wien">FK Austria Wien</a>, <a href="/wiki/FC_Red_Bull_Salzburg" title="FC Red Bull Salzburg">Red Bull Salzburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sturm_Graz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturm Graz">Sturm Graz</a>. Besides football, Austria also has professional national leagues for most major team sports, including the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Hockey_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Hockey League">Austrian Hockey League</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Basketball_Bundesliga" class="mw-redirect" title="Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga">Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga</a> for basketball and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Football_League" title="Austrian Football League">Austrian Football League</a> for American football. Horseback riding is also popular; the famed <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Riding_School_of_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Riding School of Vienna">Spanish Riding School of Vienna</a> is located in Vienna. <a href="/wiki/Niki_Lauda" title="Niki Lauda">Niki Lauda</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> driver who was three times F1 World Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. Other known Austrian F1 drivers include <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Berger" title="Gerhard Berger">Gerhard Berger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jochen_Rindt" title="Jochen Rindt">Jochen Rindt</a>. Austria also hosts F1 races (<a href="/wiki/Austrian_Grand_Prix" title="Austrian Grand Prix">Austrian Grand Prix</a>); now held at the <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Ring" title="Red Bull Ring">Red Bull Ring</a>, in the past also at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichring" class="mw-redirect" title="Österreichring">Österreichring</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zeltweg_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeltweg Airfield">Zeltweg Airfield</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Muster" title="Thomas Muster">Thomas Muster</a> is a former <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> player and was one of the world's leading <a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">clay court</a> players in the 1990s. He won the <a href="/wiki/1995_French_Open" title="1995 French Open">1995 French Open</a> and in 1996 was ranked <a href="/wiki/List_of_ATP_number_1_ranked_players" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ATP number 1 ranked players">number 1</a> in the <a href="/wiki/ATP_rankings" title="ATP rankings">ATP ranking</a>. <a href="/wiki/2020_US_Open_(tennis)" title="2020 US Open (tennis)">2020 US Open</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Thiem" title="Dominic Thiem">Dominic Thiem</a> is also another prominent tennis player having been as high as world number 3 and also been in the finals of the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a>. Other well known Austrian tennis players include <a href="/wiki/Horst_Skoff" title="Horst Skoff">Horst Skoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Melzer" title="Jürgen Melzer">Jürgen Melzer</a>. Sport played a significant role in developing national consciousness and boosting national self-confidence in the early years of the Second Republic after World War II, through events such as the <a href="/wiki/Tour_of_Austria" title="Tour of Austria">Tour of Austria</a> cycle race and through sporting successes such as the national football team's run to third at the 1954 World Cup and the performances of Toni Sailer and the rest of the "Kitzbühel Miracle Team" in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Austria portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tirol_Wappen.PNG/25px-Tirol_Wappen.PNG" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tirol_Wappen.PNG/37px-Tirol_Wappen.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tirol_Wappen.PNG/50px-Tirol_Wappen.PNG 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tyrol" title="Portal:Tyrol">Tyrol portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Austria-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Austria-related articles">Index of Austria-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Austria" title="Outline of Austria">Outline of Austria</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Based on article 8 of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Law" title="Federal Constitutional Law">1920 Austrian constitution</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> are officially recognised by the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> (ECRML). </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> It is standardized in Austria by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Österreichisches Wörterbuch">Österreichisches Wörterbuch</a>, a dictionary published by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Science_and_Research" title="Ministry of Education, Science and Research">Ministry of Education, Science and Research</a> in 1951. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɒstriə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/24\/En-us-Austria.ogg\/En-us-Austria.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Austria.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/En-us-Austria.ogg/En-us-Austria.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Austria.ogg" title="File:En-us-Austria.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">OST-ree-ə</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɔːstriə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AW-stree-ə</a>;<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian German language">Austrian German</a>: Österreich <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈøːstɐraɪç]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/aa\/De-%C3%96sterreich2.ogg\/De-%C3%96sterreich2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-\u00d6sterreich2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/De-%C3%96sterreich2.ogg/De-%C3%96sterreich2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-%C3%96sterreich2.ogg" title="File:De-Österreich2.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>: Östareich; <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannic German language">Alemannic German</a>: Öschtreich or Eschtrych. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Austrian German: Republik Österreich <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[repuˈbliːk ˈøːstɐraɪç]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/aa\/Republik_%C3%96sterreich.ogg\/Republik_%C3%96sterreich.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Republik \u00d6sterreich.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Republik_%C3%96sterreich.ogg/Republik_%C3%96sterreich.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Republik_%C3%96sterreich.ogg" title="File:Republik Österreich.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Tax is mandatory only for <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed church">Reformed Christians</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-demokratiewebstatt.at-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demokratiewebstatt.at_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demokratiewebstatt.at_4-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demokratiewebstatt.at/thema/sprachen/amtssprachen-in-oesterreich/die-verschiedenen-amtssprachen-in-oesterreich">"Die verschiedenen Amtssprachen in Österreich"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DemokratieWEBstatt.at&rft.atitle=Die+verschiedenen+Amtssprachen+in+%C3%96sterreich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demokratiewebstatt.at%2Fthema%2Fsprachen%2Famtssprachen-in-oesterreich%2Fdie-verschiedenen-amtssprachen-in-oesterreich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regional_Languages_of_Austria-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Regional_Languages_of_Austria_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regional_Languages_of_Austria_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Dokumentnummer=NOR40066723">"Regional Languages of Austria"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religionsbekenntnis+%E2%80%93+STATISTIK+AUSTRIA+%E2%80%93+die+Informationsmanager&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.at%2Fstatistiken%2Fbevoelkerung-und-soziales%2Fbevoelkerung%2Fweiterfuehrende-bevoelkerungsstatistiken%2Freligionsbekenntnis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/austria_en">"Austria – EU country profile | European Union"</a>. european-union.europa.eu. 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April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240113014627/https://migrants-refugees.va/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2020-CP-Austria-EN.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Migrants+Refugees&rft.atitle=Austria+EN&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmigrants-refugees.va%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F03%2F2020-CP-Austria-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021. 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Retrieved 26 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oesterreich.com&rft.atitle=Mittelalter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foesterreich.com%2Fde%2Fstaat%2Fgeschichte%2Fmittelalter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson_20-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_20_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_20_43-1">b</a> Johnson 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson_21-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_21_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_21_44-1">b</a> Johnson 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Lonnie Johnson 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson_25-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_25_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_25_46-1">b</a> Lonnie Johnson 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-brook_11-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brook_11_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brook_11_47-1">b</a> Brook-Shepherd 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Lonnie Johnson 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> " The Catholic encyclopedia". Charles George Herbermann (1913). Robert Appleton company. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-ARAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA560">Bentley's miscellany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312192545/https://books.google.com/books?id=8-ARAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA560#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 12 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Charles Dickens, William Harrison Ainsworth, Albert Smith (1853). </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Lonnie Johnson 26–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Lonnie Johnson 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Clodfelter </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson_36-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_36_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_36_54-1">b</a> Johnson 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson_55-55"><a href="#cite_ref-johnson_55_55-0">^</a> Lonnie Johnson 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Schulze 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Lonnie Johnson 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-DPSO-58"><a href="#cite_ref-DPSO_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140423112116/http://www.politischebildung.at/upload/polsystem.pdf">"Das politische System in Österreich (The Political System in Austria)"</a> (PDF) (in German). Vienna: Austrian Federal Press Service. 2000. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politischebildung.at/upload/polsystem.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+politische+System+in+%C3%96sterreich+%28The+Political+System+in+Austria%29&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Austrian+Federal+Press+Service&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politischebildung.at%2Fupload%2Fpolsystem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnowsky2005" class="citation book cs1">Unowsky, Daniel L. (2005). The Pomp and Politics of Patriotism: Imperial Celebrations in Habsburg Austria, 1848–1916. 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The Germans and the East. pp. 164, 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Germans%27+in+the+Habsburg+Empire&rft.pages=164%2C+172&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Suppan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos127.htm">"The Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 1908"</a>. Mtholyoke.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323152047/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos127.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2013. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-598-94106-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-598-94106-1"><bdi>0-598-94106-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cost+of+the+World+War+to+Germany+and+Austria-Hungary&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=0-598-94106-1&rft.aulast=Grebler&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard1996" class="citation book cs1">Shepard, Gordon (1996). The Austrians. 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Archontology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416090109/http://www.archontology.org/nations/austria/au_rep1/01_laws.php">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archontology&rft.atitle=Austria%3A+notes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Faustria%2Fau_rep1%2F01_laws.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoos2017" class="citation cs2">Moos, Carlo (2017), "Südtirol im St. Germain-Kontext", in Georg Grote and Hannes Obermair (ed.), A Land on the Threshold. 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Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's The Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's In Der Löwengrube. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-58111-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-58111-7"><bdi>978-3-631-58111-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+and+Deconstructing+National+Identity%3A+Dramatic+Discourse+in+Tom+Murphy%27s+The+Patriot+Game+and+Felix+Mitterer%27s+In+Der+L%C3%B6wengrube&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-631-58111-7&rft.aulast=Ryschka&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson_112-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_112_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_112_88-1">b</a> Lonnie Johnson 112-113 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Robert Gellately, Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany, (2001), p. 216 </li> <li id="cite_note-test-90"><a href="#cite_ref-test_90-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/1938_German_election_and_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1938 German election and referendum">1938 German election and referendum</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Evan Burr Bukey, Hitler's Austria: Popular Sentiment in the Nazi Era, 1938–1945, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Ian Kershaw (2001) Hitler 1936-1945" Nemesis, p.83 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Roderick Stackelberg, Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies, p.170 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doew.at/erkennen/ausstellung/1938/die-verfolgung-der-oesterreichischen-juden">"DÖW – Erkennen – Ausstellung – 1938 – Die Verfolgung der österreichischen Juden"</a>. www.doew.at. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706103854/https://www.doew.at/erkennen/ausstellung/1938/die-verfolgung-der-oesterreichischen-juden">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.doew.at&rft.atitle=D%C3%96W+%E2%80%93+Erkennen+%E2%80%93+Ausstellung+%E2%80%93+1938+%E2%80%93+Die+Verfolgung+der+%C3%B6sterreichischen+Juden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doew.at%2Ferkennen%2Fausstellung%2F1938%2Fdie-verfolgung-der-oesterreichischen-juden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de/index.php/gemeinden/u-z/2087-wien-oesterreich">"Jüdische Gemeinde – Wien (Österreich)"</a>. www.xn—jdische-gemeinden-22b.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610035119/https://www.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de/index.php/gemeinden/u-z/2087-wien-oesterreich">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.xn%E2%80%94jdische-gemeinden-22b.de&rft.atitle=J%C3%BCdische+Gemeinde+%E2%80%93+Wien+%28%C3%96sterreich%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de%2Findex.php%2Fgemeinden%2Fu-z%2F2087-wien-oesterreich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna">"Jewish Vienna"</a>. www.wien.gv.at. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416073430/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wien.gv.at&rft.atitle=Jewish+Vienna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wien.gv.at%2Fenglish%2Fculture%2Fjewishvienna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedl2018" class="citation news cs1">Riedl, Joachim (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/2018/11/nationalsozialismus-oesterreich-anschluss-antisemitismus-adolf-eichmann/komplettansicht">"Hitlers willige Vasallen"</a>. Die Zeit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505105703/https://www.zeit.de/2018/11/nationalsozialismus-oesterreich-anschluss-antisemitismus-adolf-eichmann/komplettansicht">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Hitlers+willige+Vasallen&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.aulast=Riedl&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2018%2F11%2Fnationalsozialismus-oesterreich-anschluss-antisemitismus-adolf-eichmann%2Fkomplettansicht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Wolfgang Häusler, Das Jahr 1938 und die österreichischen Juden. In: Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes: "Anschluß" 1938. Vienna, 1988. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer, Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945. Vienna 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9024-9483-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9024-9483-2">978-3-9024-9483-2</a>, pp. 299–305; James Longo, Hitler and the Habsburgs: The Fuhrer's Vendetta Against the Austrian Royals (2018); Stephan Baier, Eva Demmerle, Otto von Habsburg. Die Biografie. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31625-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31625-5"><bdi>978-0-521-31625-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Austria%3A+Empire+and+Republic%2C+1815%E2%80%931986&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31625-5&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz-Berning2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitz-Berning, Cornelia (2007). Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus (in German). de Gruyter. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019549-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019549-1"><bdi>978-3-11-019549-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vokabular+des+Nationalsozialismus&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019549-1&rft.aulast=Schmitz-Berning&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dav_art_nazi_past-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dav_art_nazi_past_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dav_art_nazi_past_102-1">b</a> David Art (2006) "The politics of the Nazi past in Germany and Austria" Cambridge University Press p.43 ISBN 9780521856836 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Ian Wallace (1999) "German-speaking exiles in Great Britain" Rodopi p.81 ISBN 9789042004153 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Österreichische Historikerkommission, Schlussbericht der Historikerkommission der Republik Österreich. Volume 1, 2003, pp 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Norbert Schausberger, Rüstung in Österreich 1938–1945, Vienna (1970). </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profil.at/home/hitlers-schuldendiktat-wie-hitlers-kriegswirtschaft-273933">"Hitlers Schuldendiktat: Wie Hitlers Kriegswirtschaft wirklich lief"</a>. profil.at. 26 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232658/https://www.profil.at/home/hitlers-schuldendiktat-wie-hitlers-kriegswirtschaft-273933">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitlers+Schuldendiktat%3A+Wie+Hitlers+Kriegswirtschaft+wirklich+lief&rft.pub=profil.at&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofil.at%2Fhome%2Fhitlers-schuldendiktat-wie-hitlers-kriegswirtschaft-273933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mauthausen-memorial.org/de/Wissen/Das-Konzentrationslager-Mauthausen-1938-1945/Zwangsarbeit-fuer-die-Ruestungsindustrie">"Zwangsarbeit für die Rüstungsindustrie"</a>. www.mauthausen-memorial.org. 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Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mauthausen-memorial.org&rft.atitle=Zwangsarbeit+f%C3%BCr+die+R%C3%BCstungsindustrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mauthausen-memorial.org%2Fde%2FWissen%2FDas-Konzentrationslager-Mauthausen-1938-1945%2FZwangsarbeit-fuer-die-Ruestungsindustrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Karl Glanz (2020) Die Sozialdemokratie p 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Christoph Thurner (2017) The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer, (2018) Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945 ISBN 9783902494832 p 299-305 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Hansjakob Stehle, "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spies from the rectory)". In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson_135-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_135_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_135_112-1">b</a> Lonnie Johnson 135-136 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Rüdiger Overmans (2000) Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg Oldenbourg </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44183/Austria/33382/Anschluss-and-World-War-II">Anschluss and World War II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820033236/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44183/Austria/33382/Anschluss-and-World-War-II">Archived</a> 20 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Lonnie Johnson 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Manfried Rauchensteiner, Der Sonderfall. Die Besatzungszeit in Österreich 1945 bis 1955 (The Special Case. The Time of Occupation in Austria 1945 to 1955), edited by Heeresgeschichtliches Museum / Militärwissenschaftliches Institut (Museum of Army History / Institute for Military Science), Vienna 1985 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunter_Bischof2020" class="citation book cs1">Gunter Bischof, ed. (2020). Austria in the Nineteen Fifties. 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Retrieved 24 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Austrian+National+Day&rft.pub=Austrian+Embassy%2C+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austria.org%2Fnational-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Lonnie Johnson 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Lonnie Johnson 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kurt-Waldheim">"Kurt Waldheim | president of Austria and secretary-general of the United Nations"</a>. 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Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523225144/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/median-age/country-comparison/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Median+age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fmedian-age%2Fcountry-comparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528191952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html">"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. www.cia.gov. 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Statistik Austria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130135809/https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/announcement/2022/11/20221130Bevoelkerungsprognose2022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Forecasts&rft.pub=Statistik+Austria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.at%2Ffileadmin%2Fannouncement%2F2022%2F11%2F20221130Bevoelkerungsprognose2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Dokumentnummer=NOR40066723">"Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz Art. 8 (Austrian Constitution)"</a> (in German). 23 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111174337/https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Dokumentnummer=NOR40066723">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz+Art.+8+%28Austrian+Constitution%29&rft.date=2023-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ris.bka.gv.at%2FDokument.wxe%3FAbfrage%3DBundesnormen%26Dokumentnummer%3DNOR40066723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Language-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Language_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Language_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/bevoelkerung_2001_nach_umgangssprache_staatsangehoerigkeit_und_geburtsland_022896.pdf">"Die Bevölkerung nach Umgangssprache, Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 17 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Umgangssprache%2C+Staatsangeh%C3%B6rigkeit+und+Geburtsland&rft.pub=Statistik+Austria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.at%2Fweb_de%2Fstatic%2Fbevoelkerung_2001_nach_umgangssprache_staatsangehoerigkeit_und_geburtsland_022896.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keyserlingk1990-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Keyserlingk1990_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyserlingk1990" class="citation book cs1">Keyserlingk, Robert H. (1 July 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7dhlsGPtyMC&pg=PA138">Austria in World War II: An Anglo-American Dilemma</a>. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 138ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0800-2"><bdi>978-0-7735-0800-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928052943/https://books.google.com/books?id=I7dhlsGPtyMC&pg=PA138">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015. 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Purdue University Press. pp. 72ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-201-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-201-5"><bdi>978-1-55753-201-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928131759/https://books.google.com/books?id=NcjUA1kQk54C&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015. 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Edinburgh University Press. pp. 56ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3734-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3734-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-3734-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928100457/https://books.google.com/books?id=W5ccx_uVfg0C&pg=PA56">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015. 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Retrieved 28 April 2016. <q>"Srba u Austriji ima oko 300.000, po brojnosti su drugi odmah iza Austrijanaca i više ih je od Slovenaca, Mađara i Gradištanskih Hrvata zajedno, koji po državnom ugovoru iz 1955. godine imaju status nacionalne manjine u Austriji", navodi se u saopštenju.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Srbi+u+Austriji+tra%C5%BEe+status+nacionalne+manjine&rft.pub=Blic&rft.date=2010-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blic.rs%2FVesti%2FPolitika%2F209899%2FSrbi-u-Austriji-traze-status-nacionalne-manjine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706090820/http://www.croates.at/haupt/gesch_fr.htm">"HKDC Geschichte – Frame"</a>. Croates.at. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.croates.at/haupt/gesch_fr.htm">the original</a> on 6 July 2011. 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Retrieved 17 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2001%3A+Population+2001+according+to+religious+affiliation+and+nationality&rft.pub=Statistik+Austria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.at%2Fweb_de%2Fstatic%2Fbevoelkerung_2001_nach_religionsbekenntnis_und_staatsangehoerigkeit_022894.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diepresse.com/18875991/platz-drei-fuer-die-zahl-der-kirchen-austritte">"Platz drei für die Zahl der Kirchen-Austritte"</a>. 18 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Platz+drei+f%C3%BCr+die+Zahl+der+Kirchen-Austritte&rft.date=2024-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diepresse.com%2F18875991%2Fplatz-drei-fuer-die-zahl-der-kirchen-austritte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kista-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Kista_214-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katholisch.at/site/kirche/article/102078.html">Church data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116063732/http://www.katholisch.at/site/kirche/article/102078.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 14 January 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/religion/5263601/Zahl-der-Muslime-in-Oesterreich-seit-2001-verdoppelt">Zahl der Muslime in Österreich seit 2001 verdoppelt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920155004/http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/religion/5263601/Zahl-der-Muslime-in-Oesterreich-seit-2001-verdoppelt">Archived</a> 20 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> diepresse.com, 4 August 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/worldwide/AT">"Fast Facts—Austria"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Systems+Facts&rft.atitle=Austria%3A+Health+System+Personnel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealthsystemsfacts.org%2Fnational-health-systems%2Fthe-mixed-beveridge-bismarck-model%2Faustria%2Faustria-health-system-personnel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-223"><a href="#cite_ref-b1_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Austria/The-arts">"Austria - Music, Art, Theater | Britannica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240218121104/https://www.britannica.com/place/Austria/The-arts">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austria+-+Music%2C+Art%2C+Theater+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAustria%2FThe-arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jh-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jh_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jh_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Haydn">"Joseph Haydn | Biography, Compositions, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. 23 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031140949/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Haydn">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Haydn+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Compositions%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJoseph-Haydn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Haydn">"Michael Haydn | Austrian composer, symphonies, operas | Britannica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703174909/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Haydn">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Haydn+%26%23124%3B+Austrian+composer%2C+symphonies%2C+operas+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMichael-Haydn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Liszt">"Franz Liszt | Biography, Music, Compositions, Famous Works, Children, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. 16 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127063927/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Liszt">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Music%2C+Compositions%2C+Famous+Works%2C+Children%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFranz-Liszt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Schubert">"Franz Schubert | Biography, Music, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. 27 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219191403/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Schubert">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franz+Schubert+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Music%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFranz-Schubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anton-Bruckner">"Anton Bruckner | Austrian Composer & Romantic Symphony Writer | Britannica"</a>. 19 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130053255/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anton-Bruckner">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anton+Bruckner+%26%23124%3B+Austrian+Composer+%26+Romantic+Symphony+Writer+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAnton-Bruckner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arnold-Schoenberg">"Arnold Schoenberg | Biography, Compositions, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613011146/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arnold-Schoenberg">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arnold+Schoenberg+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Compositions%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FArnold-Schoenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anton-Webern">"Anton Webern | Austrian Composer & 12-Tone Pioneer | Britannica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307221042/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anton-Webern">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anton+Webern+%26%23124%3B+Austrian+Composer+%26+12-Tone+Pioneer+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAnton-Webern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wolfgang-Amadeus-Mozart">"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Biography, Music, the Magic Flute, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. 8 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705020322/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wolfgang-Amadeus-Mozart">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wolfgang+Amadeus+Mozart+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Music%2C+the+Magic+Flute%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FWolfgang-Amadeus-Mozart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bv-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bv_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bv_232-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bv_232-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Vienna/Cultural-life">"Vienna - Culture, Music, Art | Britannica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240218121105/https://www.britannica.com/place/Vienna/Cultural-life">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vienna+-+Culture%2C+Music%2C+Art+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FVienna%2FCultural-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_obit-233"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_obit_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockwell1989" class="citation news cs1">Rockwell, John (17 July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/17/obituaries/herbert-von-karajan-is-dead-musical-perfectionist-was-81.html">"Herbert von Karajan Is Dead; Musical Perfectionist was 81"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Herbert+von+Karajan+Is+Dead%3B+Musical+Perfectionist+was+81&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1989-07-17&rft.aulast=Rockwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F07%2F17%2Fobituaries%2Fherbert-von-karajan-is-dead-musical-perfectionist-was-81.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">"Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a>. www.wipo.int. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 13 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Coffee%3A+Who+grows%2C+drinks+and+pays+the+most%3F&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-43742686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301165955/http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-209-gruner-veltliner">"Gruner Veltliner Wine"</a>. Wine-Searcher. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-209-gruner-veltliner">the original</a> on 1 March 2014. 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American Behavioral Scientist. 46 (11): 1508–1518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764203046011004">10.1177/0002764203046011004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144319167">144319167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=Sport%2C+Space+and+National+Identity%3A+Soccer+and+Skiing+as+Formative+Forces%3A+On+the+Austrian+Example&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1508-1518&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764203046011004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144319167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Horak&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft.au=Spitaler%2C+Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WYO2012-241"><a href="#cite_ref-WYO2012_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2890">"YOG Innsbruck 2012: Relive the announcement"</a>. International Olympic Committee. 12 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216073505/http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2890">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YOG+Innsbruck+2012%3A+Relive+the+announcement&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft.date=2008-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fuk%2Fnews%2Folympic_news%2Ffull_story_uk.asp%3Fid%3D2890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Football-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Football_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oefb.at">"Österreichischer Fußballbund"</a>. ÖFB (in German). 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628120811/http://www.oefb.at">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%96FB&rft.atitle=%C3%96sterreichischer+Fu%C3%9Fballbund&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oefb.at&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarschick2011" class="citation journal cs1">Marschick, Matthias (Summer 2011). "Austrian Sport and the Challenges of Its Recent Historiography". Journal of Sport History. 38 (2): 189–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjsporthistory.38.2.189">10.5406/jsporthistory.38.2.189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jsporthistory.38.2.189">10.5406/jsporthistory.38.2.189</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145300546">145300546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sport+History&rft.atitle=Austrian+Sport+and+the+Challenges+of+Its+Recent+Historiography&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-198&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145300546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjsporthistory.38.2.189%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fjsporthistory.38.2.189&rft.aulast=Marschick&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorden2001" class="citation journal cs1">Norden, Gilbert (Spring 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JSH/JSH2001/JSH2801/JSH2801h.pdf">"Austrian Sport Museums"</a> (PDF). Journal of Sport History. 28 (1): 87–107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114031850/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JSH/JSH2001/JSH2801/JSH2801h.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sport+History&rft.atitle=Austrian+Sport+Museums&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-107&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Norden&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.la84.org%2FSportsLibrary%2FJSH%2FJSH2001%2FJSH2801%2FJSH2801h.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrook-Shepherd1998" class="citation book cs1">Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1998). The Austrians: a thousand-year odyssey. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0520-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0520-7"><bdi>978-0-7867-0520-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austrians%3A+a+thousand-year+odyssey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers%2C+Inc&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-0520-7&rft.aulast=Brook-Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1987" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernaustria00barb">Modern Austria: empire and republic 1815–1986</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31625-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31625-5"><bdi>978-0-521-31625-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Austria%3A+empire+and+republic+1815%E2%80%931986&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31625-5&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernaustria00barb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1989" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Lonnie (1989). Introducing Austria: a short history. Riverside, Calif.: Ariadne Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929497-03-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929497-03-7"><bdi>978-0-929497-03-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Austria%3A+a+short+history&rft.place=Riverside%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Ariadne+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-929497-03-7&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Lonnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rathkolb, Oliver. The Paradoxical Republic: Austria, 1945–2005 (Berghahn Books; 2010, 301 pages). Translation of 2005 study of paradoxical aspects of Austria's political culture and society.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaler2001" class="citation book cs1">Thaler, Peter (2001). The Ambivalence of Identity: The Austrian Experience of Nation-Building in a Modern Society. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-201-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-201-5"><bdi>978-1-55753-201-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ambivalence+of+Identity%3A+The+Austrian+Experience+of+Nation-Building+in+a+Modern+Society&rft.place=West+Lafayette%2C+Ind.&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-201-5&rft.aulast=Thaler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Austria at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Austria" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Austria">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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/><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Austria" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Austria">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Austria" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Austria">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Austria" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Austria">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Austria" class="extiw" title="voy:Austria">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Austria" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Austria">Austria</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/austria">Austria</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44183/Austria">Austria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/au">Austria</a>. Information from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821141923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/austria.htm">Austria</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-map.at">Information on Austria</a>. Sorted by regions. Choose from 5 languages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17405422">Austria profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Austria" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Austria">Wikimedia Atlas of Austria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/16239">Austria</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AT">Key Development Forecasts for Austria</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819212311/http://www.bundeskanzleramt.at/DesktopDefault.aspx?alias=english&init&init">Federal Chancellery of Austria</a>. Official government portal.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at">AEIOU Austria Albums</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302093527/http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at">Archived</a> 2 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in German, English).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612234804/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-a/austria.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rechtsfreund.at/law-austria.htm">Austrian Law</a>. Information on Austrian Law.</li></ul> Trade <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/AUT/Year/2014/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Austria</a></li></ul> Travel <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austria.info">Austria.info</a>. Official homepage of the Austrian National Tourist Office.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511190838/http://www.postrealism.com/austria.htm">TourMyCountry.com</a>. Website on Austrian culture, cuisine and tourist attractions.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europepictures.gm/europe/austria/photos">Europe Pictures – Austria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102102118/http://europepictures.gm/europe/austria/photos">Archived</a> 2 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austria_topics" title="Template:Austria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austria_topics" title="Template talk:Austria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austria</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Austria" title="Outline of Austria">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Noricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Noricum">Kingdom of Noricum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugiland" title="Rugiland">Rugiland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Austria" title="Margraviate of Austria">Margraviate of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Duchy of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Siege of Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Constitution_(Austria)" title="March Constitution (Austria)">March Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">German Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostmark_(Austria)" title="Ostmark (Austria)">Ostmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Allied-administered Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vienna" title="History of Vienna">History of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Austria" title="Military history of Austria">Military history of Austria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Austria" title="Geography of Austria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_states_of_Austria" title="Federal states of Austria">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps_conifer_and_mixed_forests" title="Alps conifer and mixed forests">Alps conifer and mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Austria" title="List of cities and towns in Austria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Austria" title="Districts of Austria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Austria" title="List of ecoregions in Austria">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Austria" title="List of lakes of Austria">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_of_Austria" title="List of highest mountains of Austria">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_mixed_forests" title="Pannonian mixed forests">Pannonian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Austria" title="List of rivers of Austria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Austria">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_broadleaf_forests" title="Western European broadleaf forests">Western European broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Austria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Austria">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Austria" title="Politics of Austria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Austria" title="Climate change in Austria">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria" title="Constitution of Austria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Austria" title="Elections in Austria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Austria" title="Foreign relations of Austria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Austria" title="Government of Austria">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Austria" title="Human rights in Austria">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Austria" title="Law of Austria">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Austria" title="Law enforcement in Austria">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Austria">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Austria" title="Judiciary of Austria">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Armed_Forces" title="Austrian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament" title="Austrian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Austria" title="List of political parties in Austria">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Austria" title="Agriculture in Austria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Austria" title="Banking in Austria">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Austria" title="List of companies of Austria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Austria" title="Energy in Austria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Austria (page does not exist)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Austria" title="Taxation in Austria">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Austria" title="Tourism in Austria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Austria" title="Transport in Austria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Austria" title="Category:Society of Austria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Austria" title="Abortion in Austria">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Austria" title="Crime in Austria">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Austria" title="Demographics of Austria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Austria" title="Demographics of Austria">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Austria" title="Healthcare in Austria">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Austria" title="Languages of Austria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Austria" title="Pornography in Austria">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Austria" title="Prostitution in Austria">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Austria" title="Freedom of religion in Austria">freedom of religion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Austria" title="Women in Austria">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Austria">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Austria" title="Coat of arms of Austria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Austria" title="Flag of Austria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Austria">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Austria" title="List of museums in Austria">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Austria" title="National anthem of Austria">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Austria" title="Public holidays in Austria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Austria" title="Sport in Austria">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Austria" title="Outline of Austria">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Austria" title="Outline of Austria">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austria" title="Category:Austria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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selflink">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122651953">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148842731">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204901/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx8BTwr9ybyyMq4GVJFKd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4043271-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79040121">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152383744">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862316m">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152383744">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862316m">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568970">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35011052">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130612&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450936">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90162306">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810611397405606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559651305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060034383806706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/caac77d1-a5c8-3e6e-8e27-90b44dcc1446">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00906755?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/902abcbe-28ae-4ced-9cfd-d2450bc68f83">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/788822">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/22p5mYnf">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026359863">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-lir.ch/e-LIR___Lexicon.58.450.0.html">Lexicon Istoric Retic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/046995">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035760">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42407">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/avusturya">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Austria&params=47_20_N_13_20_E_type:country_region:AT">47°20′N 13°20′E / 47.333°N 13.333°E / 47.333; 13.333</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austria&oldid=1258487444">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austria&oldid=1258487444</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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