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7.07947 14.6358 7.21913 14.566C7.35878 14.4963 7.48083 14.3958 7.57613 14.2721L9.51318 12.389L13.5423 15.3662C14.2841 15.7748 14.8191 15.5629 15.004 14.6773L17.6491 2.21212C17.9199 1.12644 17.2349 0.634171 16.5258 0.956163"></path></svg></a></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Grid__GridItem-sc-3uwl3g-2"><div aria-label="Copy the link to your clipboard" class="sc-gsTCUz SocialLink__IconWrapper-sc-1toayxk-0 kSSfgv sHTpX"><svg viewBox="0 0 14 17" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0"><path d="M13.8801 0V12.26H11.8801V2H4.12012V0H13.8801Z"></path><path d="M0.120117 3.97998V16.24H9.88012V3.99998L0.120117 3.97998ZM7.87012 14.26H2.12012V5.99998H7.88012L7.87012 14.26Z"></path></svg></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ GlossaryContent__SummaryBox-k7dren-0 koUmyx eTIkUK"><p>Modular proof verification is a process where confirming the validity and correctness of a ZK Proof is offloaded to a dedicated service.</p></div><h2 id="isPasted" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 iLpgJa ehzvDo">What Is Modular Proof Verification?</h2><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">Modular proof verification is a process whereby confirming the validity and correctness of a ZK Proof, one of the most expensive parts of running ZK rollups and ZK apps, is offloaded to a dedicated service. This helps reduce costs and time for L2 scalability solutions and applications that make use of ZK technology.</p><h2 class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 iLpgJa ehzvDo">The Rise of Modularity</h2><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">Blockchain scalability is a multi-faceted problem, and base-layer networks like Ethereum have started to solve it by shifting from a monolithic approach to a modular approach. For example, Ethereum has recently pivoted to a <a href="https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/a-rollup-centric-ethereum-roadmap/4698" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 gbfvns">“rollup-centric” roadmap</a>.</div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">This means many blockchain networks are now focusing on solving specific problems while delegating other solutions to different parts of the web3 stack. These solutions are external but remain decentralized and composable. </p><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">In the case of L1 chains, it means that they can solve the <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/blockchain-trilemma" rel="noopener noreferrer noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 gbfvns">blockchain trilemma</a> by focusing on getting the security and decentralization parts of the triangle right while leaving the third component, scalability, to L2 solutions like zero-knowledge rollup (ZK rollup) chains. </div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">However, when we move on to ZK rollups, we find a new set of challenges.</p><h2 class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 iLpgJa ehzvDo">Refreshing ZK Rollups</h2><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">Let’s revisit <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/zero-knowledge-rollups" rel="noopener noreferrer noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 gbfvns">what ZK rollups are</a> before diving into their current impasse:</div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">“Simply put, zero-knowledge rollups or zk-rollups are a layer-2 scalability solution that allows blockchains to validate transactions faster while also ensuring that gas fees remain minimal. ZK rollups manage to perform better than traditional layer-1 blockchains because they combine on-chain and off-chain processes.”</p><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">To achieve these scalability advantages, ZK rollup L2 chains use <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/zero-knowledge-proof-2" rel="noopener noreferrer noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 gbfvns">zero knowledge proofs</a> — hence the name — where transactions on the L2 chain are batched and sent to the L1 chain as a single, short transaction. The validity of the single batched transaction is verified using the zero-knowledge technique.</div><h2 class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 iLpgJa ehzvDo">The Problem with ZK Rollups</h2><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">ZK rollups are the second most popular solution to blockchain scalability via L2s as of 2024. They have long been regarded as the optimal and most secure way to scale L1 chains, but they have faced some adoption challenges when compared to the more popular solution: <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/optimistic-rollup" rel="noopener noreferrer noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 gbfvns">optimistic rollups</a>.</div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">The main problem with ZK rollups is that they rely on proof verification, which is a very computationally expensive process. This extra step, required for settling transactions on an L1 chain, consumes significant resources, adding complexity and affecting transaction costs and speed.</p><h2 class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 iLpgJa ehzvDo">Extending Modularity to ZK Rollups</h2><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">The solution lies in applying the same modular approach that has benefited L1 chains to ZK rollups. Modularity doesn’t need to stop at the base layer.</p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">Modular proof verification offloads the computational costs of proof verification to a separate service, which then settles transactions in batches on the L1 chain. The result of this modular approach is that the proof verification process no longer burdens the execution or settlement layers. Modular proof verification uses a specialized proof verification layer dedicated to only verifying the validity of transaction proofs.</p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">In other words, by using a modular proof verification provider, L2 chains can simply take care of the scalability part of the blockchain trilemma. They just focus on executing the transactions that enhance user experience, while L1s only have to worry about security and decentralization during settlement.</p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">Modular proof verification is estimated to bring over 90% savings in the cost of transactions for L2 chains such as ZK rollups. It also allows these chains to focus on optimizing the execution of transactions without dedicating additional resources to proof verification. Moreover, modular proof verification can optimize applications that use ZK technology as well, known as ZK apps.</p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF"><em><strong>Author: Rob Viglione, co-founder and CEO of Horizen Labs</strong></em></p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF"><em>Rob Viglione is the co-founder and CEO of Horizen Labs, the development studio behind several leading Web3 projects, including zkVerify, Horizen, and ApeChain. </em></p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF"><em>Rob served in the U.S. Air Force for several years and was deployed to Afghanistan, where he supported Special Operations Task Force intelligence efforts. During this time, he developed an early interest in Bitcoin, recognizing its potential benefits for countries with unstable economies.</em></p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF"><em>Rob is deeply interested in Web3 scalability, blockchain efficiency, and zero-knowledge proofs. His work focuses on developing innovative solutions for zk-rollups to enhance scalability, create cost savings, and drive efficiency. He holds a Ph.D. in Finance, an MBA in Finance and Marketing, and a Bachelor's degree in Physics and Applied Mathematics. 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class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 kYZXU">Oracle Extractable Value (OEV) is a type of Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) that oracles can control.</p></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 hSoJRN">Full definition ></div></a></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ hWhllA glide__slide"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ GlossaryCard__Wrapper-olpfv3-0 imqeFl gxJJyQ GlossaryFooter__Card-sc-1fzncou-0 WXGBS"><a href="/academy/glossary/community-takeover-cto" class="sc-gsTCUz epuMYd"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ dGqbKE"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ ipBzhV"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 Title__StyledTitle-sc-6yi3ll-0 eWLPK gYQtxK gRgJsG">Community Takeover (CTO)</div></div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 kYZXU">Community Takeover (CTO) in crypto refers to a situation where the original creators or developers of a cry...</p></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 hSoJRN">Full definition ></div></a></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ hWhllA glide__slide"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ GlossaryCard__Wrapper-olpfv3-0 imqeFl gxJJyQ GlossaryFooter__Card-sc-1fzncou-0 WXGBS"><a href="/academy/glossary/fair-ai" class="sc-gsTCUz epuMYd"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ dGqbKE"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ ipBzhV"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 Title__StyledTitle-sc-6yi3ll-0 eWLPK gYQtxK gRgJsG">Fair AI</div></div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 kYZXU">Fair AI is a new approach to artificial intelligence (AI) that has an emphasis on decentralization and equi...</p></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 hSoJRN">Full definition ></div></a></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ hWhllA glide__slide"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ GlossaryCard__Wrapper-olpfv3-0 imqeFl gxJJyQ GlossaryFooter__Card-sc-1fzncou-0 WXGBS"><a href="/academy/glossary/modular-proof-verification" class="sc-gsTCUz epuMYd"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ dGqbKE"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ ipBzhV"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 Title__StyledTitle-sc-6yi3ll-0 eWLPK gYQtxK gRgJsG">Modular Proof Verification</div></div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 kYZXU">Modular proof verification is a process where confirming the validity and correctness of a ZK Proof, one of...</p></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 hSoJRN">Full definition ></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Container-sc-4c5vqs-0 jKSHrp khdEkh"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ iCRjms Newsletter__NewsletterSection-tgkqos-0 pQehZ"><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bFOiFL">Join the thousands already learning crypto!</p><h3 class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 epLOPA dAnDNe">Join our free newsletter for daily crypto updates!</h3><div class="form"><div class="sc-gsTCUz hFwcgf"><a href="/newsletter" class="sc-bdfBwQ Button__StyledButton-sc-1kvh4an-0 cCzBkx">Subscribe</a></div></div></div></div><div class="Footer__FooterContainer-sc-1xgrmdq-1 cgHWSS"><footer><div class="Logo__SvgContainer-hxzlkl-0 hQeyNG"><a href="/" class="logo"><svg viewBox="0 0 76.52 77.67" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" color="primary"><path d="M66.54 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id=\"isPasted\"\u003eWhat Is Modular Proof Verification?\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eModular proof verification is a process whereby confirming the validity and correctness of a ZK Proof, one of the most expensive parts of running ZK rollups and ZK apps, is offloaded to a dedicated service. This helps reduce costs and time for L2 scalability solutions and applications that make use of ZK technology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe Rise of Modularity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlockchain scalability is a multi-faceted problem, and base-layer networks like Ethereum have started to solve it by shifting from a monolithic approach to a modular approach. For example, Ethereum has recently pivoted to a \u003ca href=\"https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/a-rollup-centric-ethereum-roadmap/4698\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;rollup-centric\u0026rdquo; roadmap\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis means many blockchain networks are now focusing on solving specific problems while delegating other solutions to different parts of the web3 stack. These solutions are external but remain decentralized and composable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the case of L1 chains, it means that they can solve the \u003ca href=\"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/blockchain-trilemma\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eblockchain trilemma\u003c/a\u003e by focusing on getting the security and decentralization parts of the triangle right while leaving the third component, scalability, to L2 solutions like zero-knowledge rollup (ZK rollup) chains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, when we move on to ZK rollups, we find a new set of challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRefreshing ZK Rollups\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLet\u0026rsquo;s revisit \u003ca href=\"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/zero-knowledge-rollups\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ewhat ZK rollups are\u003c/a\u003e before diving into their current impasse:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Simply put, zero-knowledge rollups or zk-rollups are a layer-2 scalability solution that allows blockchains to validate transactions faster while also ensuring that gas fees remain minimal. ZK rollups manage to perform better than traditional layer-1 blockchains because they combine on-chain and off-chain processes.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo achieve these scalability advantages, ZK rollup L2 chains use \u003ca href=\"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/zero-knowledge-proof-2\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ezero knowledge proofs\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; hence the name \u0026mdash; where transactions on the L2 chain are batched and sent to the L1 chain as a single, short transaction. The validity of the single batched transaction is verified using the zero-knowledge technique.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe Problem with ZK Rollups\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eZK rollups are the second most popular solution to blockchain scalability via L2s as of 2024. They have long been regarded as the optimal and most secure way to scale L1 chains, but they have faced some adoption challenges when compared to the more popular solution: \u003ca href=\"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/optimistic-rollup\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eoptimistic rollups\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe main problem with ZK rollups is that they rely on proof verification, which is a very computationally expensive process. This extra step, required for settling transactions on an L1 chain, consumes significant resources, adding complexity and affecting transaction costs and speed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExtending Modularity to ZK Rollups\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe solution lies in applying the same modular approach that has benefited L1 chains to ZK rollups. Modularity doesn\u0026rsquo;t need to stop at the base layer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eModular proof verification offloads the computational costs of proof verification to a separate service, which then settles transactions in batches on the L1 chain. The result of this modular approach is that the proof verification process no longer burdens the execution or settlement layers. Modular proof verification uses a specialized proof verification layer dedicated to only verifying the validity of transaction proofs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn other words, by using a modular proof verification provider, L2 chains can simply take care of the scalability part of the blockchain trilemma. They just focus on executing the transactions that enhance user experience, while L1s only have to worry about security and decentralization during settlement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eModular proof verification is estimated to bring over 90% savings in the cost of transactions for L2 chains such as ZK rollups. It also allows these chains to focus on optimizing the execution of transactions without dedicating additional resources to proof verification. Moreover, modular proof verification can optimize applications that use ZK technology as well, known as ZK apps.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor: Rob Viglione, co-founder and CEO of Horizen Labs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRob Viglione is the co-founder and CEO of Horizen Labs, the development studio behind several leading Web3 projects, including zkVerify, Horizen, and ApeChain.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRob served in the U.S. Air Force for several years and was deployed to Afghanistan, where he supported Special Operations Task Force intelligence efforts. During this time, he developed an early interest in Bitcoin, recognizing its potential benefits for countries with unstable economies.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRob is deeply interested in Web3 scalability, blockchain efficiency, and zero-knowledge proofs. His work focuses on developing innovative solutions for zk-rollups to enhance scalability, create cost savings, and drive efficiency. He holds a Ph.D. in Finance, an MBA in Finance and Marketing, and a Bachelor\u0026#39;s degree in Physics and Applied Mathematics. \u0026nbsp;Rob currently serves on the Board of Directors for the Puerto Rico Blockchain Trade Association.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","author":"CoinMarketCap","created_at":"2024-07-02T14:59:43.318Z","updated_at":"2024-07-03T09:20:50.336Z","related":[{"id":"668ff80e7695b002c5880ed1","title":"Permissionless Market Creation","slug":"permissionless-market-creation","excerpt":"Permissionless market creation refers to a system in which anyone can set up a financial market that facilitates the exchange of funds or assets between two or more parties without needing approval."},{"id":"668ff4effb44401d637d7b5c","title":"Perpetual Futures","slug":"perpetual-futures","excerpt":"Perpetual futures are like futures (derivative contracts or agreements to buy or sell a commodity at a specified price) but without an expiration date. They allow traders to leverage or hedge indefinitely, popular applications of this include Ethereum or Bitcoin.\n"},{"id":"668ea4ae0c1a4853e317d3bf","title":"Oracle Extractable Value (OEV)","slug":"oracle-extractable-value-oev","excerpt":"Oracle Extractable Value (OEV) is a type of Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) that oracles can control."},{"id":"6688218664cd4c36940d0c65","title":"Community Takeover (CTO)","slug":"community-takeover-cto","excerpt":"Community Takeover (CTO) in crypto refers to a situation where the original creators or developers of a crypto project abandon or exit the project, but the community of users and token holders steps in to take control of its development and future direction."},{"id":"66841fa2c1741a393814411f","title":"Fair AI","slug":"fair-ai","excerpt":"Fair AI is a new approach to artificial intelligence (AI) that has an emphasis on decentralization and equitability through rewarding individuals for their data and compute contributions."},{"id":"668415dfc23cbe7a554b87d1","title":"Modular Proof Verification","slug":"modular-proof-verification","excerpt":"Modular proof verification is a process where confirming the validity and correctness of a ZK Proof, one of the most expensive parts of running ZK rollups and ZK apps, is offloaded to a dedicated service."}],"available_languages":["en"],"difficulty":{"level":3,"label":"Hard","slug":"advanced","language":"en"},"pages":[]},"chartbeatProps":{"sections":"Glossary"},"index":true},"locale":"en","i18n":{"2020 has been an eventful year, from the Bitcoin halving to the “DeFi Summer Wave” to surges in Bitcoin’s price due to the large influx of “traditional\" institutional investors. Who are the most influential people in crypto in 2020? Which are the most innovative, impactful \u0026 interesting projects in 2020?":"2020 has been an eventful year, from the Bitcoin halving to the “DeFi Summer Wave” to surges in Bitcoin’s price due to the large influx of “traditional\" institutional investors. Who are the most influential people in crypto in 2020? Which are the most innovative, impactful \u0026 interesting projects in 2020?","Loading...":"Loading...","Copied!\"));":"Copied!\"));","Find what fascinates you as you explore crypto":"Find what fascinates you as you explore crypto","Learn":"Learn","Learn all there is to know about blockchain, cryptocurrency, trading, and more. Get started by exploring all the content on CoinMarketCap Alexandria.":"Learn all there is to know about blockchain, cryptocurrency, trading, and more. Get started by exploring all the content on CoinMarketCap Alexandria.","Explore our content":"Explore our content","Find out the meaning of cryptocurrency and blockchain's hidden language with the CoinMarketCap glossary of terms.":"Find out the meaning of cryptocurrency and blockchain's hidden language with the CoinMarketCap glossary of terms.","Crypto Glossary | CoinMarketCap":"Crypto Glossary | CoinMarketCap","Who is {{name}}?":"Who is {{name}}?","CoinMarketCap Alexandria will house online both content about crypto written by our own researchers and employees, as well as articles by some of the best minds in the crypto space today.‍":"CoinMarketCap Alexandria will house online both content about crypto written by our own researchers and employees, as well as articles by some of the best minds in the crypto space today.‍","About CoinMarketCap Alexandria":"About CoinMarketCap Alexandria","Crypto \u0026 Blockchain Education":"Crypto \u0026 Blockchain Education","Most Influential People \u0026 Projects in 2020":"Most Influential People \u0026 Projects in 2020","Read our profiles of the leading crypto influencers, entrepreneurs, technologists, movers and shakers, in 2020.":"Read our profiles of the leading crypto influencers, entrepreneurs, technologists, movers and shakers, in 2020.","The Leading Crypto Influencers In 2020 | CoinMarketCap":"The Leading Crypto Influencers In 2020 | CoinMarketCap","Next":"Next","writer":"writer","Authors":"Authors","Read our profiles of the leading blockchain and crypto {{name}} in 2020.":"Read our profiles of the leading blockchain and crypto {{name}} in 2020.","The leading Crypto {{name}} in 2020 | CoinMarketCap":"The leading Crypto {{name}} in 2020 | CoinMarketCap","All Categories":"All Categories","Crypto Glossary":"Crypto Glossary","Latest articles by {{author}}":"Latest articles by {{author}}","Biography":"Biography","Everything you’ve ever wanted to know about crypto and more, brought to you by the number one crypto data aggregator, CoinMarketCap.":"Everything you’ve ever wanted to know about crypto and more, brought to you by the number one crypto data aggregator, CoinMarketCap.","Learn About Cryptocurrency.":"Learn About Cryptocurrency.","Alexandria’s authors range from CoinMarketCap employees and researchers to some of the best minds and projects in the crypto space.":"Alexandria’s authors range from CoinMarketCap employees and researchers to some of the best minds and projects in the crypto space.","Meet our Authors":"Meet our Authors","Subscribe":"Subscribe","Enter your email address":"Enter your email address","Join our free newsletter for daily crypto updates!":"Join our free newsletter for daily crypto updates!","Join the thousands already learning crypto!":"Join the thousands already learning crypto!","Latest Articles":"Latest Articles","See All":"See All","See all articles":"See all articles","Related Articles":"Related Articles","By {{author}}":"By {{author}}","{{time}}m":"{{time}}m","Home":"Home","Articles":"Articles","Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!":"Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!","Buy Bitcoin":"Buy Bitcoin","Was this article useful?":"Was this article useful?","{{count}} out of {{count}} people found this article useful.":"{{count}} out of {{count}} people found this article useful.","Yes":"Yes","No":"No","No noise. Just signal.":"No noise. Just signal.","Sign up for our weekly newsletter. We promise we don't spam!":"Sign up for our weekly newsletter. We promise we don't spam!","Your email":"Your email","Sign up":"Sign up","Explore all of our content":"Explore all of our content","Related topics":"Related topics","Share":"Share","Table of Contents":"Table of Contents","Topics at Academy":"Topics at Academy","Search topics to add...":"Search topics to add...","Reading time":"Reading time","{{count}}m":"{{count}}m","Layout":"Layout","Sort by Latest":"Sort by Latest","Sort by Difficulty":"Sort by Difficulty","Latest":"Latest","Read more":"Read more","See all results for your search":"See all results for your search","{{count}} results for '{{term}}'":"{{count}} results for '{{term}}'","Topics":"Topics","Difficulty":"Difficulty","Type":"Type","Glossary entries":"Glossary entries","Courses":"Courses","Hide filters":"Hide filters","Show filters":"Show filters","Refresh results":"Refresh results","Clear all filters":"Clear all filters","Show off your crypto knowledge":"Show off your crypto knowledge","Try out Academy Quizzes":"Try out Academy Quizzes","Phishing quiz":"Phishing quiz","Glossary quiz":"Glossary quiz","Bitcoin history quiz":"Bitcoin history quiz","We're working on getting more quizzes ready.":"We're working on getting more quizzes ready.","While you're waiting, why not check out our latest content?":"While you're waiting, why not check out our latest content?","Cryptocurrencies have brought lots of exciting possibilities, but they are full of risks and dangers for the inexperienced.":"Cryptocurrencies have brought lots of exciting possibilities, but they are full of risks and dangers for the inexperienced.","How well do you know the origins of Bitcoin and its journey since inception? Take the Binance Academy Bitcoin History quiz to find out how much you know!":"How well do you know the origins of Bitcoin and its journey since inception? Take the Binance Academy Bitcoin History quiz to find out how much you know!","Think you know crypto? Take our crypto glossary quiz.":"Think you know crypto? Take our crypto glossary quiz.","Take the quiz":"Take the quiz","This quiz has {{count}} questions.":"This quiz has {{count}} questions.","I am a complete beginner and just started exploring Binance Academy. Let me test my basic knowledge":"I am a complete beginner and just started exploring Binance Academy. Let me test my basic knowledge","I am a frequent visitor of Binance Academy and am quite familiar with some terms, but still on my path to true knowledge.":"I am a frequent visitor of Binance Academy and am quite familiar with some terms, but still on my path to true knowledge.","I have learned enough at Binance Academy. My knowledge base is wide and I feel ready to be challenged.":"I have learned enough at Binance Academy. My knowledge base is wide and I feel ready to be challenged.","Select a suitable level of difficulty.":"Select a suitable level of difficulty.","Q{{count}}/{{count}}":"Q{{count}}/{{count}}","Phishing":"Phishing","Legitimate":"Legitimate","Quizzes":"Quizzes","Quiz difficulty selection":"Quiz difficulty selection","LEARN ALL ABOUT":"LEARN ALL ABOUT","Blockchain \u0026 Crypto":"Blockchain \u0026 Crypto","Your one-stop guide to all things crypto. Whether you're a rookie trying to understand mining or a veteran looking to develop a trading strategy, we've got you covered.":"Your one-stop guide to all things crypto. Whether you're a rookie trying to understand mining or a veteran looking to develop a trading strategy, we've got you covered.","Featured":"Featured","Beginner":"Beginner","Intermediate":"Intermediate","Advanced":"Advanced","{{count}} minutes":"{{count}} minutes","{{count}} minutes ago":"{{count}} minutes ago","{{count}} hours ago":"{{count}} hours ago","{{count}} days ago":"{{count}} days ago","Latest releases":"Latest releases","SEE ALL LATEST RELEASES":"SEE ALL LATEST RELEASES","Full definition":"Full definition","Glossary addition":"Glossary addition","Explore all the latest content":"Explore all the latest content","Lost in all the crypto slang?":"Lost in all the crypto slang?","Take a closer look at our blockchain \u0026 crypto glossary.":"Take a closer look at our blockchain \u0026 crypto glossary.","Check out Glossary":"Check out Glossary","Up for an adventure?":"Up for an adventure?","Learn while you test your knowledge with a range of quizzes.":"Learn while you test your knowledge with a range of quizzes.","Take a crypto quiz":"Take a crypto quiz","Trading":"Trading","SEE ALL TRADING CONTENT":"SEE ALL TRADING CONTENT","See more content about this topic":"See more content about this topic","No idea what you just scrolled through?":"No idea what you just scrolled through?","Not to worry. Our no-nonsense beginner's guide will get you up to speed.":"Not to worry. Our no-nonsense beginner's guide will get you up to speed.","Get started here":"Get started here","Essentials":"Essentials","SEE ALL ESSENTIALS CONTENT":"SEE ALL ESSENTIALS CONTENT","Blockchain":"Blockchain","SEE ALL BLOCKCHAIN CONTENT":"SEE ALL BLOCKCHAIN CONTENT","Keep an eye on Bitcoin":"Keep an eye on Bitcoin","Every four years, the Bitcoin rewards are slashed in half. Find out why on the Halving page.":"Every four years, the Bitcoin rewards are slashed in half. Find out why on the Halving page.","Bitcoin halving page":"Bitcoin halving page","Got questions?":"Got questions?","We totally understand. That's why we've built a platform to answer them.":"We totally understand. That's why we've built a platform to answer them.","Go to Ask Academy":"Go to Ask Academy","Guides":"Guides","SEE ALL GUIDES":"SEE ALL GUIDES","Weekly pick":"Weekly pick","{{count}}":"{{count}}","That's the number of terms in our glossary. How many do you know?":"That's the number of terms in our glossary. How many do you know?","Search glossary":"Search glossary","Get the latest in crypto dropped to your email, every week.":"Get the latest in crypto dropped to your email, every week.","Glossary":"Glossary","The Words of Crypto":"The Words of Crypto","Time to understand the language":"Time to understand the language","Search terms here...":"Search terms here...","Can't find what you're looking for?":"Can't find what you're looking for?","Whoops. Our bad. Please help us make our glossary better by submitting new terms.":"Whoops. Our bad. Please help us make our glossary better by submitting new terms.","Submit terms":"Submit terms","Community submission":"Community submission","Author:":"Author:","Start here":"Start here","Discover":"Discover","Log In":"Log In","Register":"Register","Search":"Search","Ask Academy":"Ask Academy","Blockchain forum and Q\u0026A":"Blockchain forum and Q\u0026A","Crypto-terms glossary":"Crypto-terms glossary","Test your knowledge":"Test your knowledge","Have a product idea or feedback?":"Have a product idea or feedback?","Contribute":"Contribute","New to Crypto?":"New to Crypto?","See our beginner content.":"See our beginner content.","Products":"Products","Exchange":"Exchange","Access":"Access","Academy":"Academy","BCF":"BCF","Card":"Card","Labs":"Labs","Launchpad":"Launchpad","Research":"Research","Trust Wallet":"Trust Wallet","Company":"Company","Terms \u0026 Conditions":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","Privacy Policy":"Privacy Policy","Disclaimer":"Disclaimer","Content Request":"Content Request","Submission Guide":"Submission Guide","Feedback":"Feedback","Bitcoin Halving Countdown":"Bitcoin Halving Countdown","Bitcoin Halving Timer":"Bitcoin Halving Timer","Days":"Days","Hours":"Hours","Minutes":"Minutes","Seconds":"Seconds","Current block height":"Current block height","Blocks until halving":"Blocks until halving","BTC Price":"BTC Price","Buy Bitcoin on Binance":"Buy Bitcoin on Binance","Detailed datasheet":"Detailed datasheet","Total BTC in circulation":"Total BTC in circulation","Total BTC to ever be produced":"Total BTC to ever be produced","Percentage of BTC mined":"Percentage of BTC mined","BTC left to mine until halving":"BTC left to mine until halving","BTC market cap (USD)":"BTC market cap (USD)","BTC generated each day":"BTC generated each day","BTC annual inflation rate":"BTC annual inflation rate","BTC daily inflation":"BTC daily inflation","Approximate block time":"Approximate block time","Mining difficulty":"Mining difficulty","Hash rate":"Hash rate","Community":"Community","{{count}}h ago":"{{count}}h ago","{{count}}d ago":"{{count}}d ago","{{count}}w ago":"{{count}}w ago","Crypto \u0026 Blockchain Education | Blockchain Course":"Crypto \u0026 Blockchain Education | Blockchain Course","Blockchain and crypto asset exchange":"Blockchain and crypto asset exchange","Blockchain and crypto education":"Blockchain and crypto education","Blockchain charity foundation":"Blockchain charity foundation","Cryptocurrency Information":"Cryptocurrency Information","Incubator for top blockchain projects":"Incubator for top blockchain projects","Institutional-grade analysis and reports":"Institutional-grade analysis and reports","Binance's official crypto wallet":"Binance's official crypto wallet","Token Launch Platform":"Token Launch Platform","Binance Academy's Blockchain and Crypto Glossary is the authoritative source for terminology and definitions of the blockchain and cryptocurrency world":"Binance Academy's Blockchain and Crypto Glossary is the authoritative source for terminology and definitions of the blockchain and cryptocurrency world","Learn about blockchain, cryptocurrency, security, technology and more with entirely free videos, articles, and online courses all on Binance Academy.":"Learn about blockchain, cryptocurrency, security, technology and more with entirely free videos, articles, and online courses all on Binance Academy.","Interested in learning about blockchain, cryptocurrency, security, technology, or following along with tutorials? Binance Academy has all that and more!":"Interested in learning about blockchain, cryptocurrency, security, technology, or following along with tutorials? Binance Academy has all that and more!","Binance Academy playlists provide content from beginner to advanced, you can follow along curated list of articles designed to make it easy to understand":"Binance Academy playlists provide content from beginner to advanced, you can follow along curated list of articles designed to make it easy to understand","The bitcoin block reward halving occurs once every 4 years on average, learn the significance of the bitcoin halving and when the next one will occur.":"The bitcoin block reward halving occurs once every 4 years on average, learn the significance of the bitcoin halving and when the next one will occur.","Want to test yourself? Check out Binance Academy Quizzes and test how much you have learned about Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Security, and Economics.":"Want to test yourself? Check out Binance Academy Quizzes and test how much you have learned about Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Security, and Economics.","Looks like you don't have an internet connection.":"Looks like you don't have an internet connection.","Binance Academy is currently under maintenance.":"Binance Academy is currently under maintenance.","We'll be right back!":"We'll be right back!","In the meantime, take a look at some of our videos.":"In the meantime, take a look at some of our videos.","Search results for":"Search results for","No results found.":"No results found.","Ask a new question":"Ask a new question","asked by":"asked by","Latest questions":"Latest questions","Trending":"Trending","New":"New","Solved":"Solved","All":"All","Open":"Open","Find existing answers":"Find existing answers","Title must be 10 or more characters":"Title must be 10 or more characters","You will not be able to edit your title after posting":"You will not be able to edit your title after posting","Title...":"Title...","Enter your question here":"Enter your question here","Post question":"Post question","Answers":"Answers","Enter your answer or comment here...":"Enter your answer or comment here..."},"statusCode":null,"initialTheme":0,"supportedLanguages":["en","ru","id","de","vi","tr","pt","es","uk","th"],"categories":[{"id":"63637417847d336a2db3780a","slug":"altcoins","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/fce0b02d449245cba857377f7f28c5f5.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:36.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.548Z","parent_slug":"topics","translations":[{"title":"Altcoins","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:26.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","description":"Get 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