CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="th"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@CoinMarketCap"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@CoinMarketCap"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/modular-proof-verification"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta property="og:title" content="CoinMarketCap Academy"/><meta property="og:description" content="Interested in learning about blockchain, cryptocurrency, security, technology, or following along with tutorials? CoinMarketCap Academy has all that and more!"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/images/meta/alexandria-2.jpg"/><meta property="og:image:alt" content="CoinMarketCap Academy"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="CoinMarketCap Academy"/><script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-40475998-1');</script><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://api.coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/api"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com"/><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/images/ico/favicon.ico"/><link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="16x16 32x32" href="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/images/ico/favicon.ico"/><link rel="icon" sizes="32x32" href="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/images/ico/favicon-32.png"/><link rel="icon" sizes="192x192" href="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/images/ico/favicon-192.png"/><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#2e2e2e"/><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent"/><meta name="ahrefs-site-verification" content="86f2f08131d8239e3a4d73b0179d556eae74fa62209b410a64ff348f74e711ea"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="wyJEt1aEuf8X_of3aofK_Tl5WprWou38Ze4o3ZeeGts"/><meta name="naver-site-verification" content="e70af2cacdaf993fe72ef9fd208822bbebc2e028"/><meta name="yandex-verification" content="7e56260ff92b3c3f"/><script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:1060636,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script><script charSet="UTF-8">var projectName="cmc",sensors=window.sensorsDataAnalytic201505;!function(e){var t=e.sdk_url,r=e.name,s=window,n=document,a="script",c=null,o=null;if(void 0!==s.sensorsDataAnalytic201505)return!1;s.sensorsDataAnalytic201505=r,s[r]=s[r]||function(e){return function(){(s[r]._q=s[r]._q||[]).push([e,arguments])}};for(var i=["track","quick","register","registerPage","registerOnce","clearAllRegister","trackSignup","trackAbtest","setProfile","setOnceProfile","appendProfile","incrementProfile","deleteProfile","unsetProfile","identify","login","logout","trackLink"],l=0;l<i.length;l++)s[r][i[l]]=s[r].call(null,i[l]);s[r]._t||(c=n.createElement(a),o=n.getElementsByTagName(a)[0],c.async=1,c.src=t,c.setAttribute("charset","UTF-8"),s[r].para=e,o.parentNode.insertBefore(c,o))}({sdk_url:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/sa-sdk-javascript@1.23.1/sensorsdata.min.js",name:"sensors",web_url:"https://anylysis.sasdconsoles.com/?project="+projectName,server_url:"https://sensors.saasexch.com/sa?project="+projectName,is_track_single_page:!0,use_client_time:!0,send_type:"beacon",app_js_bridge:!0,show_log:!1,heatmap:{scroll_notice_map:"scroll_notice_map",collect_tags:{div:!0}}});sensors.registerPage({ df_5:function(){try{return localStorage.getItem("continuousUid")}catch(e){console.error(e)}}});</script><title>Modular Proof Verification Definition | CoinMarketCap</title><meta name="robots" content="noindex,follow"/><meta name="googlebot" content="noindex,follow"/><meta name="description" content="Modular proof verification is a process where confirming the validity and correctness of a ZK Proof is offloaded to a dedicated service."/><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><script> (function() { var _sf_async_config = window._sf_async_config = (window._sf_async_config || {}); _sf_async_config.uid = 66377; _sf_async_config.domain = "coinmarketcap.com"; _sf_async_config.path = window && window.location && (window.location.host + window.location.pathname); _sf_async_config.flickerControl = false; _sf_async_config.sections = "Glossary"; function loadChartbeat() { var e = document.createElement('script'); var n = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; e.type = 'text/javascript'; e.async = true; e.src = '//static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'; n.parentNode.insertBefore(e, n); } loadChartbeat(); })(); </script><meta name="next-head-count" content="35"/><link rel="preload" href="/academy/fonts/inter/Inter-Light.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="/academy/fonts/inter/Inter-Regular-new.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="/academy/fonts/inter/Inter-Medium-new.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="/academy/fonts/inter/Inter-SemiBold-new.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="/academy/_next/static/css/d812022ecc6dd742.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/academy/_next/static/css/d812022ecc6dd742.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/academy/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-c67a75d1b6f99dc8.js"></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/chunks/webpack-d71eb689cc8b029c.js" defer=""></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/chunks/framework-79bce4a3a540b080.js" defer=""></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/chunks/main-8bdf0f52bb8e5f2f.js" defer=""></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-d3e557ab95a9c029.js" defer=""></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/chunks/7333-208862063e788035.js" defer=""></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/chunks/1216-adf5b65e656b6355.js" defer=""></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/chunks/8852-fd471e3425bb32c2.js" defer=""></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/chunks/1869-eae5d944b2c0ca81.js" defer=""></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/chunks/8309-a3d53741d9546e4e.js" defer=""></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/chunks/6951-5d5d09944b6f4b7b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/chunks/pages/glossary/%5Bslug%5D-1d18167ff2d752de.js" defer=""></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/WAFUqrih2802VquMKd-k0/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/academy/_next/static/WAFUqrih2802VquMKd-k0/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script><style data-styled="" data-styled-version="5.2.1">.cKSfzR{color:#000;width:20px;height:20px;}/*!sc*/ .guyNMq{color:#000;width:32px;}/*!sc*/ .uqPkp{vertical-align:middle;color:#000;width:32px;height:intrinsic;}/*!sc*/ .dLcezr{font-size:18px;color:#000;font-weight:400;line-height:1.45;}/*!sc*/ .kCeqsc{vertical-align:middle;width:20px;}/*!sc*/ .kmkzFK{width:20px;height:20px;}/*!sc*/ .gmJjjk{padding:8px;max-height:none;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.gmJjjk{max-height:400px;}}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:1200px){.gmJjjk{max-height:400px;}}/*!sc*/ .jZXIMD{color:#FFFFFF;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;margin-left:24px;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;display:none;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.jZXIMD{display:none;}}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:1200px){.jZXIMD{display:block;}}/*!sc*/ .eBAqEu{width:12px;margin-left:8px;}/*!sc*/ .hGITez{padding:8px;}/*!sc*/ .bRtkcJ{font-size:16px;color:#000;font-weight:400;line-height:1.45;}/*!sc*/ .ecKBcM{vertical-align:middle;width:24px;height:24px;}/*!sc*/ .dCEoLC{max-width:752px;padding-top:24px;padding-bottom:24px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;}/*!sc*/ .byJUJo{color:#14151A;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.45;}/*!sc*/ .cnOLEs{margin-bottom:16px;color:#14151A;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.45;}/*!sc*/ .ddEydi{margin-right:16px;}/*!sc*/ .jXEjPM{background-color:#D9304E;}/*!sc*/ .jvVtgT{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;}/*!sc*/ .koUmyx{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;padding-left:32px;padding-right:32px;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;font-size:16px;}/*!sc*/ .iLpgJa{margin-bottom:32px;color:#14151A;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.45;}/*!sc*/ .kVrfYF{overflow-wrap:break-word;margin-bottom:24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.6;color:#14151A;font-weight:400;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.kVrfYF{margin-bottom:32px;font-size:18px;}}/*!sc*/ .gbfvns{color:#3861FB;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.45;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.gbfvns{font-size:18px;}}/*!sc*/ .kA-dzTb{max-width:1136px;padding-top:24px;padding-bottom:24px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;}/*!sc*/ .bwxocM{vertical-align:middle;width:24px;}/*!sc*/ .hWhllA{padding-left:4px;padding-right:4px;padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:16px;}/*!sc*/ .imqeFl{display:block;padding-bottom:24px;}/*!sc*/ .dGqbKE{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}/*!sc*/ .ipBzhV{margin-bottom:16px;}/*!sc*/ .eWLPK{color:#14151A;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.45;}/*!sc*/ .kYZXU{color:#58667E;font-size:14px;margin-bottom:32px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.45;}/*!sc*/ .hSoJRN{color:#3861FB;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.45;}/*!sc*/ .jKSHrp{max-width:1200px;padding-top:24px;padding-bottom:24px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;}/*!sc*/ .iCRjms{padding-top:56px;padding-bottom:56px;background-color:#F5F5F5;}/*!sc*/ .bFOiFL{font-size:16px;text-align:center;color:#3861FB;margin-bottom:24px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.45;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.bFOiFL{text-align:left;}}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:1200px){.bFOiFL{font-size:18px;}}/*!sc*/ .epLOPA{font-size:24px;margin-bottom:8px;text-align:center;line-height:1.2;color:#14151A;font-weight:600;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.epLOPA{text-align:left;}}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:1200px){.epLOPA{font-size:32px;}}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g1[id="sc-bdfBwQ"]{content:"cKSfzR,guyNMq,uqPkp,dLcezr,kCeqsc,kmkzFK,gmJjjk,jZXIMD,eBAqEu,hGITez,bRtkcJ,ecKBcM,dCEoLC,byJUJo,cnOLEs,ddEydi,jXEjPM,jvVtgT,koUmyx,iLpgJa,kVrfYF,gbfvns,kA-dzTb,bwxocM,hWhllA,imqeFl,dGqbKE,ipBzhV,eWLPK,kYZXU,hSoJRN,jKSHrp,iCRjms,bFOiFL,epLOPA,"}/*!sc*/ .inJjsD{position:relative;height:80px;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#ffffff;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.inJjsD{padding-left:24px;padding-right:24px;}}/*!sc*/ .fBYRBQ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.fBYRBQ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:1200px){.fBYRBQ{display:none;}}/*!sc*/ .jUEeyM{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:24px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ .kupqjK{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ .irrFZf{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:24px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ .kSSfgv{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ .leStXf{color:#000;margin-right:32px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ .cZWuHU{-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:16px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ .kAuvPc{-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-left:16px;margin-right:16px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ .cHCQYY{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ .jzoMnb{text-stroke-width:1px;margin-bottom:16px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.jzoMnb{margin-bottom:24px;}}/*!sc*/ .dXgtKz{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:32px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.dXgtKz{margin-bottom:56px;}}/*!sc*/ .uhZXX{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ .epuMYd{padding:16px;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:start;-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:start;height:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ .hFwcgf{-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g2[id="sc-gsTCUz"]{content:"inJjsD,fBYRBQ,jUEeyM,kupqjK,irrFZf,kSSfgv,leStXf,cZWuHU,kAuvPc,cHCQYY,jzoMnb,dXgtKz,uhZXX,epuMYd,hFwcgf,"}/*!sc*/ .cCzBkx{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:4px;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;font-weight:500;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;white-space:nowrap;outline:0;font-size:16px;height:48px;line-height:24px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#3861FB 0%,#3861FB 100%);color:#fff;border-width:0;}/*!sc*/ .cCzBkx:hover{cursor:pointer;}/*!sc*/ .cCzBkx:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 2px #222531;}/*!sc*/ .cCzBkx:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}/*!sc*/ .cCzBkx:hover:not(:disabled){background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#3861FB 0%,#3861FB 100%);}/*!sc*/ .cCzBkx:active:not(:disabled){background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#3861FB 0%,#3861FB 100%);}/*!sc*/ .cCzBkx:focus{background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#3861FB 0%,#3861FB 100%);}/*!sc*/ .cCzBkx:disabled{background-image:none;background-color:linear-gradient(180deg,#3861FB 0%,#3861FB 100%);color:#fff;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g3[id="Button__StyledButton-sc-1kvh4an-0"]{content:"cCzBkx,"}/*!sc*/ .khdEkh{margin:auto;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g8[id="Container-sc-4c5vqs-0"]{content:"khdEkh,"}/*!sc*/ .eYLPhT{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;grid-gap:8px;grid-template-rows:auto;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:1200px){.eYLPhT{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}/*!sc*/ .hhlnuT{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-template-rows:auto;}/*!sc*/ .hfyApF{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);grid-gap:16px;grid-template-rows:auto;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g9[id="Grid-sc-3uwl3g-0"]{content:"eYLPhT,hhlnuT,hfyApF,"}/*!sc*/ .bjHQTa{font-size:32px;line-height:40px;word-break:break-word;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.bjHQTa{font-size:48px;line-height:56px;}}/*!sc*/ .ehzvDo{font-size:32px;line-height:40px;word-break:break-word;}/*!sc*/ .gYQtxK{font-size:24px;line-height:32px;word-break:break-word;}/*!sc*/ .dAnDNe{word-break:break-word;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g13[id="Heading-juwhnu-0"]{content:"bjHQTa,ehzvDo,gYQtxK,dAnDNe,"}/*!sc*/ .bBRENP{background-color:#ffffff;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0px 0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1),0px 3px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.04),0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);position:relative;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g25[id="Dropdown__Menu-egbkvi-0"]{content:"bBRENP,"}/*!sc*/ .dpplru{display:none;position:absolute;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;z-index:1000;bottom:100%;left:auto;padding:0 0 16px 0;right:auto;top:auto;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.dpplru{bottom:auto;left:auto;padding:16px 0 0 0;right:auto;top:100%;}}/*!sc*/ .gaITVH{display:none;position:absolute;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;z-index:1000;bottom:auto;left:auto;padding:16px 0 0 0;right:auto;top:100%;}/*!sc*/ .jrosAA{display:none;position:absolute;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;z-index:1000;bottom:auto;left:auto;padding:16px 0 0 0;right:0;top:100%;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g26[id="Dropdown__DropdownWrapper-egbkvi-1"]{content:"dpplru,gaITVH,jrosAA,"}/*!sc*/ .iOZaIg{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;position:relative;}/*!sc*/ .iOZaIg:after{border-color:transparent;border-style:solid;border-width:8px;content:"";display:none;height:0;position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(rotate(-45deg));-ms-transform:translate(rotate(-45deg));transform:translate(rotate(-45deg));-webkit-transform-origin:0 0;-ms-transform-origin:0 0;transform-origin:0 0;width:0;z-index:1001;}/*!sc*/ .iOZaIg:hover::after,.iOZaIg:focus-within::after{border-color:#FFFFFF transparent transparent transparent;bottom:100%;display:block;-webkit-filter:drop-shadow(0px 2px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1));filter:drop-shadow(0px 2px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1));left:50%;margin-left:-8px;right:auto;top:auto;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (min-width:768px){.iOZaIg:hover::after,.iOZaIg:focus-within::after{bottom:auto;border-color:transparent transparent #FFFFFF transparent;display:block;-webkit-filter:drop-shadow(0px -1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1));filter:drop-shadow(0px -1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1));left:50%;margin-left:-8px;right:auto;top:100%;}}/*!sc*/ .iOZaIg:hover .Dropdown__DropdownWrapper-egbkvi-1,.iOZaIg:focus-within .Dropdown__DropdownWrapper-egbkvi-1,.iOZaIg.wrapper--open .Dropdown__DropdownWrapper-egbkvi-1{display:block;}/*!sc*/ .hjcGbS{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;position:relative;}/*!sc*/ .hjcGbS:after{border-color:transparent;border-style:solid;border-width:8px;content:"";display:none;height:0;position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(rotate(-45deg));-ms-transform:translate(rotate(-45deg));transform:translate(rotate(-45deg));-webkit-transform-origin:0 0;-ms-transform-origin:0 0;transform-origin:0 0;width:0;z-index:1001;}/*!sc*/ .hjcGbS:hover::after,.hjcGbS:focus-within::after{bottom:auto;border-color:transparent transparent #FFFFFF transparent;display:block;-webkit-filter:drop-shadow(0px -1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1));filter:drop-shadow(0px -1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1));left:50%;margin-left:-8px;right:auto;top:100%;}/*!sc*/ .hjcGbS:hover .Dropdown__DropdownWrapper-egbkvi-1,.hjcGbS:focus-within .Dropdown__DropdownWrapper-egbkvi-1,.hjcGbS.wrapper--open .Dropdown__DropdownWrapper-egbkvi-1{display:block;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g27[id="Dropdown__Wrapper-egbkvi-2"]{content:"iOZaIg,hjcGbS,"}/*!sc*/ .eIhZng{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;border-radius:8px;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;padding:0 8px;font-size:16px;height:36px;background-color:rgba(217,48,78,0.2);color:#474D57;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g28[id="Label__StyledLabel-sc-1t4rrpc-0"]{content:"eIhZng,"}/*!sc*/ .jmfAe{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:transparent;border:0;border-radius:4px;color:#000;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:40px;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;outline:0;padding:0;width:40px;}/*!sc*/ .jmfAe:hover{background-color:#ccc;}/*!sc*/ .jmfAe:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 2px #3861FB;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g31[id="NavButton-sc-1sr7lbk-0"]{content:"jmfAe,"}/*!sc*/ .gitnvH{position:fixed;top:80px;right:16px;max-height:100%;max-width:343px;width:100%;pointer-events:none;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g32[id="notification__NotificationContainer-ru7pbh-0"]{content:"gitnvH,"}/*!sc*/ .hQeyNG{width:60px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}/*!sc*/ .hQeyNG svg{height:40px;display:block;}/*!sc*/ .hQeyNG svg:first-child{padding-right:8px;}/*!sc*/ .hQeyNG svg:last-child{padding-left:8px;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g34[id="Logo__SvgContainer-hxzlkl-0"]{content:"hQeyNG,"}/*!sc*/ .iOKdEn{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;border-radius:8px;padding:16px;background:transparent;color:#000;}/*!sc*/ .iOKdEn:hover{background:#000;color:#fff;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (max-width:767px){.iOKdEn:hover{background:inherit;color:inherit;}}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g36[id="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0"]{content:"iOKdEn,"}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (max-width:1200px){.iSSjsx{color:#ffffff;background-color:#ffffff;width:50px;height:50px;}.iSSjsx:hover{background-color:#F5F5F5;}}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g38[id="LanguageSwitcher__Button-sc-1rgi4yk-0"]{content:"iSSjsx,"}/*!sc*/ .cZFSA-d{padding:16px 24px;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g39[id="MainPanel__Container-dujdt9-0"]{content:"cZFSA-d,"}/*!sc*/ .ljOoWA{background:#ffffff;padding:16px 24px 80px 24px;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g40[id="MainPanel__ListContainer-dujdt9-1"]{content:"ljOoWA,"}/*!sc*/ .cIKCMm:hover{background-color:#f8fafd;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g41[id="Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0"]{content:"cIKCMm,"}/*!sc*/ .jabPmx{position:fixed;background:#ffffff;top:0;right:-375px;width:100%;max-width:375px;height:100vh;overflow-y:auto;-webkit-transition:right 0.4s;transition:right 0.4s;z-index:11;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g44[id="Panel__Wrapper-rgznpu-0"]{content:"jabPmx,"}/*!sc*/ .jtlwNr{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:16px 24px;background:#ffffff;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g45[id="Panel__Header-rgznpu-1"]{content:"jtlwNr,"}/*!sc*/ .hbrKEE{display:none;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g47[id="Navbar__Input-midvey-1"]{content:"hbrKEE,"}/*!sc*/ .LHhmf{margin-left:8px;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g48[id="Navbar__Label-midvey-2"]{content:"LHhmf,"}/*!sc*/ .fJcvOH{background-color:#fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;max-width:375px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;-webkit-transition:width 400ms linear;transition:width 400ms linear;width:0;box-shadow:1px 1px 2px 0 rgb(88 102 126 / 42%),4px 4px 40px 0 rgb(88 102 126 / 28%);margin-top:8px;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g50[id="SearchForm-sc-1vfffbc-0"]{content:"fJcvOH,"}/*!sc*/ .hZCLgD{background-color:#fff;border:0;color:#000;font-size:20px;width:100%;height:64px;outline:0;padding-left:24px;padding-right:24px;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g51[id="SearchForm__Input-sc-1vfffbc-1"]{content:"hZCLgD,"}/*!sc*/ .eSLlrc{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#000;cursor:pointer;height:64px;outline:0;width:64px;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g52[id="SearchForm__CloseButton-sc-1vfffbc-2"]{content:"eSLlrc,"}/*!sc*/ .cMwSJN{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g53[id="SearchForm__Label-sc-1vfffbc-3"]{content:"cMwSJN,"}/*!sc*/ .cgHWSS{padding:24px;}/*!sc*/ .cgHWSS footer{background:#12141d;color:#fff;padding:48px;border-radius:16px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}/*!sc*/ .cgHWSS footer > *{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}/*!sc*/ .cgHWSS .logo svg path{fill:#fff;}/*!sc*/ .cgHWSS .social{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;}/*!sc*/ .cgHWSS .social > a svg{height:32px;margin:0 12px;}/*!sc*/ .cgHWSS .copyright{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;}/*!sc*/ @media screen and (max-width:930px){.cgHWSS footer{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.cgHWSS footer > *{padding:16px 0;}}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g55[id="Footer__FooterContainer-sc-1xgrmdq-1"]{content:"cgHWSS,"}/*!sc*/ @font-face{font-family:"Inter";font-style:normal;font-weight:300;font-display:swap;src:url("/academy/fonts/inter/Inter-Light.woff2") format("woff2"),url("/fonts/inter/Inter-Light.woff") format("woff");}/*!sc*/ @font-face{font-family:"Inter";font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url("/academy/fonts/inter/Inter-Regular-new.woff2") format("woff2"),url("/fonts/inter/Inter-Regular-new.woff") format("woff");}/*!sc*/ @font-face{font-family:"Inter";font-style:normal;font-weight:500;font-display:swap;src:url("/academy/fonts/inter/Inter-Medium-new.woff2") format("woff2"),url("/fonts/inter/Inter-Medium-new.woff") format("woff");}/*!sc*/ @font-face{font-family:"Inter";font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:swap;src:url("/academy/fonts/inter/Inter-SemiBold-new.woff2") format("woff2"),url("/fonts/inter/Inter-SemiBold-new.woff") format("woff");}/*!sc*/ :root{--tooltip-border-radius:4px;--tooltip-color:#0B0E11;--tooltip-text-color:#FFFFFF;--tooltip-font-size:12px;--tooltip-move:4px;}/*!sc*/ html,body,div,span,applet,object,iframe,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,p,blockquote,pre,a,abbr,acronym,address,big,cite,code,del,dfn,em,img,ins,kbd,q,s,samp,small,strike,strong,sub,sup,tt,var,b,u,i,center,dl,dt,dd,ol,ul,li,fieldset,form,label,legend,table,caption,tbody,tfoot,thead,tr,th,td,article,aside,canvas,details,embed,figure,figcaption,footer,header,hgroup,menu,nav,output,ruby,section,summary,time,mark,audio,video{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;vertical-align:baseline;}/*!sc*/ article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,menu,nav,section{display:block;}/*!sc*/ body{line-height:1;}/*!sc*/ ol,ul{list-style:disc;list-style-position:inside;}/*!sc*/ blockquote,q{quotes:none;}/*!sc*/ blockquote:before,blockquote:after,q:before,q:after{content:"";content:none;}/*!sc*/ table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}/*!sc*/ *,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box;}/*!sc*/ *{font-family:"Inter","Helvetica Neue",Arial,sans-serif;}/*!sc*/ [role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}/*!sc*/ body{background-color:#FFFFFF;}/*!sc*/ a{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}/*!sc*/ .no-scroll{overflow:hidden;}/*!sc*/ svg,img{max-width:100%;height:auto;}/*!sc*/ iframe{max-width:100%;}/*!sc*/ .coverImage{border-radius:16px;}/*!sc*/ amp-img img{object-fit:contain;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g56[id="sc-global-bMnJLL1"]{content:"sc-global-bMnJLL1,"}/*!sc*/ .ldGcwa{cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;width:24px;height:24px;-webkit-transition:ease-out 0.2s;transition:ease-out 0.2s;color:#76808F;}/*!sc*/ .ldGcwa:hover{color:#1DA1F2;}/*!sc*/ .ldGcwa svg{width:100%;height:100%;}/*!sc*/ .kINMVY{cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;width:24px;height:24px;-webkit-transition:ease-out 0.2s;transition:ease-out 0.2s;color:#76808F;}/*!sc*/ .kINMVY:hover{color:#4267B2;}/*!sc*/ .kINMVY svg{width:100%;height:100%;}/*!sc*/ .kWcfCj{cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;width:24px;height:24px;-webkit-transition:ease-out 0.2s;transition:ease-out 0.2s;color:#76808F;}/*!sc*/ .kWcfCj:hover{color:#0088cc;}/*!sc*/ .kWcfCj svg{width:100%;height:100%;}/*!sc*/ .sHTpX{cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;width:24px;height:24px;-webkit-transition:ease-out 0.2s;transition:ease-out 0.2s;color:#76808F;}/*!sc*/ .sHTpX:hover{color:black;}/*!sc*/ .sHTpX svg{width:100%;height:100%;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g68[id="SocialLink__IconWrapper-sc-1toayxk-0"]{content:"ldGcwa,kINMVY,kWcfCj,sHTpX,"}/*!sc*/ .gRgJsG:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g86[id="Title__StyledTitle-sc-6yi3ll-0"]{content:"gRgJsG,"}/*!sc*/ .pQehZ{padding-left:32px;padding-right:32px;}/*!sc*/ .pQehZ p,.pQehZ h3{text-align:center;}/*!sc*/ .pQehZ .form{margin:24px auto 0;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g92[id="Newsletter__NewsletterSection-tgkqos-0"]{content:"pQehZ,"}/*!sc*/ .gxJJyQ a{border-radius:16px;}/*!sc*/ .gxJJyQ a:hover{background:#F7F8F8;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g94[id="GlossaryCard__Wrapper-olpfv3-0"]{content:"gxJJyQ,"}/*!sc*/ .huqzPs{border-radius:50%;margin-right:8px;height:8px;width:8px;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g95[id="DifficultyTag__Dot-yboxuz-0"]{content:"huqzPs,"}/*!sc*/ .dfAoFs{position:relative;}/*!sc*/ .dfAoFs:not(:last-child){color:#474D57;padding-right:32px;}/*!sc*/ .dfAoFs:not(:last-child):after{color:inherit;content:">";position:absolute;right:12px;top:0;}/*!sc*/ .dfAoFs:last-child{color:#76808F;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g99[id="Breadcrumb__Crumb-sc-17hkw6p-0"]{content:"dfAoFs,"}/*!sc*/ .eTIkUK{border-left:4px solid #3ce9a8;background:#f8fafd;line-height:1.4;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g100[id="GlossaryContent__SummaryBox-k7dren-0"]{content:"eTIkUK,"}/*!sc*/ .fQroEF{cursor:pointer;background:transparent;border:0;padding:0;color:#76808F;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g101[id="Controls__Button-dqlwmp-0"]{content:"fQroEF,"}/*!sc*/ .dHSKwc{width:14px;height:14px;border-radius:50%;background:#F5F5F5;}/*!sc*/ .dHSKwc.glide__bullet--active{background:#3861FB;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g102[id="Controls__Bullet-dqlwmp-1"]{content:"dHSKwc,"}/*!sc*/ .hLEHRj{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;}/*!sc*/ .hLEHRj .Controls__Bullet-dqlwmp-1:not(:last-child){margin-right:8px;}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g103[id="Controls__Wrapper-dqlwmp-2"]{content:"hLEHRj,"}/*!sc*/ .WXGBS{box-shadow:0px 0px 1px rgba(20,21,26,0.1),0px 3px 6px rgba(71,77,87,0.04),0px 1px 2px rgba(20,21,26,0.04);}/*!sc*/ .WXGBS:hover{box-shadow:0px 0px 1px rgba(20,21,26,0.1),0px 7px 14px rgba(71,77,87,0.08),0px 3px 6px rgba(20,21,26,0.08);}/*!sc*/ data-styled.g104[id="GlossaryFooter__Card-sc-1fzncou-0"]{content:"WXGBS,"}/*!sc*/ </style></head><body data-ts="2024-11-29T07:16:44.561Z"><script async="" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-40475998-1"></script><div id="__next" data-reactroot=""><div class="notification__NotificationContainer-ru7pbh-0 gitnvH"><div></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ"><nav class="sc-gsTCUz inJjsD"><div class="Logo__SvgContainer-hxzlkl-0 hQeyNG"><a href="/th/"><svg viewBox="0 0 76.52 77.67" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" color="primary"><path d="M66.54 46.41a4.09 4.09 0 01-4.17.28C60.83 45.82 60 43.78 60 41v-8.52c0-4.09-1.62-7-4.33-7.79-4.58-1.34-8 4.27-9.32 6.38l-8.1 13.11v-16c-.09-3.69-1.29-5.9-3.56-6.56-1.5-.44-3.75-.26-5.94 3.08L10.64 53.77A32 32 0 017 38.83C7 21.31 21 7.06 38.25 7.06s31.3 14.25 31.3 31.77v.18c.17 3.39-.93 6.09-3 7.4zm10-7.57v-.17C76.4 17.32 59.28 0 38.25 0S0 17.42 0 38.83s17.16 38.84 38.25 38.84a37.81 37.81 0 0026-10.36 3.56 3.56 0 00.18-5 3.43 3.43 0 00-4.86-.23A30.93 30.93 0 0115 60l16.3-26.2v12.09c0 5.81 2.25 7.69 4.14 8.24s4.78.17 7.81-4.75l9-14.57c.28-.47.55-.87.79-1.22V41c0 5.43 2.18 9.77 6 11.91a11 11 0 0011.21-.45c4.2-2.73 6.49-7.67 6.25-13.62z" fill="#17181b"></path></svg></a></div><div class="sc-gsTCUz fBYRBQ"><button aria-label="Open search bar" class="NavButton-sc-1sr7lbk-0 jmfAe"><svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 cKSfzR"><path d="M13.5 2.57457e-06C11.9038 -0.00124001 10.3396 0.447331 8.98664 1.29429C7.6337 2.14125 6.54681 3.35231 5.85056 4.78864C5.15432 6.22496 4.87691 7.82841 5.05014 9.41517C5.22337 11.0019 5.84023 12.5077 6.82999 13.76L0.299988 20.29L1.70999 21.7L8.23999 15.17C9.30415 16.0093 10.5536 16.5818 11.8841 16.8399C13.2146 17.098 14.5875 17.0341 15.8883 16.6535C17.1891 16.273 18.3799 15.5868 19.3615 14.6523C20.3431 13.7178 21.087 12.5621 21.531 11.2816C21.975 10.0011 22.1062 8.63293 21.9138 7.29136C21.7214 5.9498 21.211 4.67371 20.425 3.5696C19.639 2.46549 18.6003 1.56539 17.3957 0.94443C16.191 0.323466 14.8553 -0.000352271 13.5 2.57457e-06ZM13.5 15C12.2144 15 10.9577 14.6188 9.88878 13.9046C8.81986 13.1903 7.98674 12.1752 7.49477 10.9874C7.0028 9.79973 6.87408 8.49279 7.12488 7.23191C7.37569 5.97104 7.99475 4.81285 8.90379 3.90381C9.81283 2.99477 10.971 2.3757 12.2319 2.1249C13.4928 1.87409 14.7997 2.00282 15.9874 2.49479C17.1751 2.98676 18.1903 3.81988 18.9045 4.8888C19.6188 5.95772 20 7.21442 20 8.5C19.9966 10.2229 19.3107 11.8742 18.0925 13.0925C16.8742 14.3108 15.2229 14.9967 13.5 15Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></button><label for="mobileMenuButton" aria-label="Open mobile menu" class="Navbar__Label-midvey-2 LHhmf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="button" aria-label="Open mobile menu" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 guyNMq"><path d="M19.5 4.5H4.5V6.5H19.5V4.5Z"></path><path d="M19.5 17.5H4.5V19.5H19.5V17.5Z"></path><path d="M19.5 11H4.5V13H19.5V11Z"></path></svg><input type="checkbox" id="mobileMenuButton" class="Navbar__Input-midvey-1 hbrKEE"/></label><div class="Panel__Wrapper-rgznpu-0 jabPmx"><div class="Panel__Header-rgznpu-1 jtlwNr"><div class="Logo__SvgContainer-hxzlkl-0 hQeyNG"><a href="/th/"><svg viewBox="0 0 76.52 77.67" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" color="primary"><path d="M66.54 46.41a4.09 4.09 0 01-4.17.28C60.83 45.82 60 43.78 60 41v-8.52c0-4.09-1.62-7-4.33-7.79-4.58-1.34-8 4.27-9.32 6.38l-8.1 13.11v-16c-.09-3.69-1.29-5.9-3.56-6.56-1.5-.44-3.75-.26-5.94 3.08L10.64 53.77A32 32 0 017 38.83C7 21.31 21 7.06 38.25 7.06s31.3 14.25 31.3 31.77v.18c.17 3.39-.93 6.09-3 7.4zm10-7.57v-.17C76.4 17.32 59.28 0 38.25 0S0 17.42 0 38.83s17.16 38.84 38.25 38.84a37.81 37.81 0 0026-10.36 3.56 3.56 0 00.18-5 3.43 3.43 0 00-4.86-.23A30.93 30.93 0 0115 60l16.3-26.2v12.09c0 5.81 2.25 7.69 4.14 8.24s4.78.17 7.81-4.75l9-14.57c.28-.47.55-.87.79-1.22V41c0 5.43 2.18 9.77 6 11.91a11 11 0 0011.21-.45c4.2-2.73 6.49-7.67 6.25-13.62z" fill="#17181b"></path></svg></a></div><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="button" aria-label="Close mobile menu" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 uqPkp"><path d="M13.4 12L20 18.6L18.6 20L12 13.4L5.4 20L4 18.6L10.6 12L4 5.4L5.4 4L12 10.6L18.6 4L20 5.4L13.4 12Z"></path></svg></div><div class="MainPanel__Container-dujdt9-0 MainPanel__ListContainer-dujdt9-1 cZFSA-d ljOoWA"><div role="button" class="sc-gsTCUz jUEeyM"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 dLcezr">เรียนรู้</div><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 kCeqsc"><path d="M8.59003 16.59L13.17 12L8.59003 7.41L10 6L16 12L10 18L8.59003 16.59Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></div><div role="button" class="sc-gsTCUz jUEeyM"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 dLcezr">หัวข้อ</div><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 kCeqsc"><path d="M8.59003 16.59L13.17 12L8.59003 7.41L10 6L16 12L10 18L8.59003 16.59Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></div><div role="button" class="sc-gsTCUz jUEeyM"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 dLcezr">CoinMarketCap News</div><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 kCeqsc"><path d="M8.59003 16.59L13.17 12L8.59003 7.41L10 6L16 12L10 18L8.59003 16.59Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></div><div role="button" class="sc-gsTCUz kupqjK"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 dLcezr">Language</div><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 kCeqsc"><path d="M8.59003 16.59L13.17 12L8.59003 7.41L10 6L16 12L10 18L8.59003 16.59Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></div><a href="/academy/th/glossary" class="sc-gsTCUz irrFZf"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 dLcezr">คลังคำศัพท์</div></a><a href="/academy/th/authors" class="sc-gsTCUz irrFZf"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 dLcezr">ผู้เขียน</div></a></div><div class="MainPanel__Container-dujdt9-0 cZFSA-d"><div class="sc-gsTCUz kSSfgv"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Dropdown__Wrapper-egbkvi-2 iOZaIg wrapper--top,bottom"><button aria-label="Change language" class="NavButton-sc-1sr7lbk-0 LanguageSwitcher__Button-sc-1rgi4yk-0 jmfAe iSSjsx"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 21" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 kmkzFK"><path d="M9.99 0.00440563C8.01262 0.00638301 6.0802 0.594553 4.43703 1.69457C2.79385 2.79458 1.51369 4.35706 0.758342 6.18449C0.00299907 8.01193 -0.193608 10.0223 0.193372 11.9614C0.580353 13.9006 1.53355 15.6815 2.93247 17.079C4.33139 18.4765 6.11324 19.4279 8.05278 19.813C9.99231 20.198 12.0025 19.9994 13.8291 19.2422C15.6558 18.4851 17.217 17.2033 18.3154 15.5591C19.4138 13.9148 20 11.9818 20 10.0044C20.0006 8.69016 19.7421 7.3887 19.2392 6.1745C18.7362 4.9603 17.9987 3.85721 17.069 2.92836C16.1392 1.99952 15.0354 1.26316 13.8207 0.761427C12.606 0.259696 11.3042 0.0024476 9.99 0.00440563ZM16.92 6.00441H13.97C13.657 4.76586 13.1936 3.5703 12.59 2.44441C14.4141 3.07238 15.9512 4.33611 16.92 6.00441ZM10 2.04441C10.84 3.2563 11.4845 4.59258 11.91 6.00441H8.09C8.51549 4.59258 9.16 3.2563 10 2.04441ZM2.26 12.0044C1.91334 10.6936 1.91334 9.31521 2.26 8.00441H5.64C5.55288 8.66762 5.50612 9.33552 5.5 10.0044C5.50612 10.6733 5.55288 11.3412 5.64 12.0044H2.26ZM3.08 14.0044H6.03C6.34297 15.243 6.80642 16.4385 7.41 17.5644C5.58396 16.9399 4.04582 15.6752 3.08 14.0044ZM6.03 6.00441H3.08C4.04582 4.33357 5.58396 3.06896 7.41 2.44441C6.80642 3.5703 6.34297 4.76586 6.03 6.00441ZM10 17.9644C9.16001 16.7525 8.51549 15.4162 8.09 14.0044H11.91C11.4845 15.4162 10.84 16.7525 10 17.9644ZM12.34 12.0044H7.66C7.56122 11.3422 7.50777 10.6739 7.5 10.0044C7.50736 9.33486 7.56082 8.66661 7.66 8.00441H12.34C12.4392 8.66661 12.4926 9.33486 12.5 10.0044C12.4922 10.6739 12.4388 11.3422 12.34 12.0044ZM12.59 17.5644C13.1936 16.4385 13.657 15.243 13.97 14.0044H16.92C15.9512 15.6727 14.4141 16.9364 12.59 17.5644ZM14.36 12.0044C14.4471 11.3412 14.4939 10.6733 14.5 10.0044C14.4939 9.33552 14.4471 8.66762 14.36 8.00441H17.74C18.0867 9.31521 18.0867 10.6936 17.74 12.0044H14.36Z"></path></svg></button><div class="Dropdown__DropdownWrapper-egbkvi-1 dpplru"><div class="Dropdown__Menu-egbkvi-0 bBRENP"><div style="overflow-y:auto" class="sc-bdfBwQ Grid-sc-3uwl3g-0 gmJjjk eYLPhT"><a href="/academy/th/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">ไทย</a><a href="/academy/id/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Bahasa Indonesia</a><a href="/academy/de/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Deutsch</a><a href="/academy/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">English</a><a href="/academy/es/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Español</a><a href="/academy/pt/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Português Brasil</a><a href="/academy/vi/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Tiếng Việt</a><a href="/academy/tr/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Türkçe</a><a href="/academy/ru/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Русский</a><a href="/academy/uk/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Українська</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ jZXIMD"><div class="sc-gsTCUz kSSfgv"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Dropdown__Wrapper-egbkvi-2 hjcGbS wrapper--bottom"><div role="button" class="sc-gsTCUz leStXf">Learn<svg viewBox="0 0 8 4" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 eBAqEu"><path d="M0.666672 0.666626L4 3.99996L7.33334 0.666626H0.666672Z"></path></svg></div><div class="Dropdown__DropdownWrapper-egbkvi-1 gaITVH"><div class="Dropdown__Menu-egbkvi-0 bBRENP"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Grid-sc-3uwl3g-0 hGITez hhlnuT"><a href="/academy/th/categories/cmc-research" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">CMC Research</div></a><a href="/academy/th/categories/crypto-basics" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">Crypto Basics</div></a><a href="/academy/th/categories/how-to-guides" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">How-to Guides</div></a><a href="/academy/th/categories/tech-deep-dives" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">Tech Deep Dives</div></a><a href="/academy/th/categories/trading-analysis" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">Trading Analysis</div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Dropdown__Wrapper-egbkvi-2 hjcGbS wrapper--bottom"><div role="button" class="sc-gsTCUz leStXf">Topics<svg viewBox="0 0 8 4" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 eBAqEu"><path d="M0.666672 0.666626L4 3.99996L7.33334 0.666626H0.666672Z"></path></svg></div><div class="Dropdown__DropdownWrapper-egbkvi-1 gaITVH"><div class="Dropdown__Menu-egbkvi-0 bBRENP"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Grid-sc-3uwl3g-0 hGITez hhlnuT"><a href="/academy/th/categories/altcoins" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">Altcoins</div></a><a href="/academy/th/categories/bitcoin" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">Bitcoin</div></a><a href="/academy/th/categories/blockchain" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">Blockchain</div></a><a href="/academy/th/categories/defi" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">DeFi</div></a><a href="/academy/th/categories/ethereum" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">Ethereum</div></a><a href="/academy/th/categories/nfts" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">NFTs</div></a><a href="/academy/th/categories/trading" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">Trading</div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Dropdown__Wrapper-egbkvi-2 hjcGbS wrapper--bottom"><div role="button" class="sc-gsTCUz leStXf">CoinMarketCap News<svg viewBox="0 0 8 4" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 eBAqEu"><path d="M0.666672 0.666626L4 3.99996L7.33334 0.666626H0.666672Z"></path></svg></div><div class="Dropdown__DropdownWrapper-egbkvi-1 gaITVH"><div class="Dropdown__Menu-egbkvi-0 bBRENP"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Grid-sc-3uwl3g-0 hGITez hhlnuT"><a href="/academy/th/categories/feature-explorer" class="sc-gsTCUz Navbar__MenuItem-zbdsw1-0 cZWuHU cIKCMm"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">Feature Explorer</div></a></div></div></div></div><a href="/academy/th/glossary" class="sc-gsTCUz kAuvPc"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">คลังคำศัพท์</div></a><a href="/academy/th/authors" class="sc-gsTCUz kAuvPc"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bRtkcJ">ผู้เขียน</div></a><div class="sc-gsTCUz cHCQYY"></div><button aria-label="Open search bar" class="NavButton-sc-1sr7lbk-0 jmfAe"><svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 cKSfzR"><path d="M13.5 2.57457e-06C11.9038 -0.00124001 10.3396 0.447331 8.98664 1.29429C7.6337 2.14125 6.54681 3.35231 5.85056 4.78864C5.15432 6.22496 4.87691 7.82841 5.05014 9.41517C5.22337 11.0019 5.84023 12.5077 6.82999 13.76L0.299988 20.29L1.70999 21.7L8.23999 15.17C9.30415 16.0093 10.5536 16.5818 11.8841 16.8399C13.2146 17.098 14.5875 17.0341 15.8883 16.6535C17.1891 16.273 18.3799 15.5868 19.3615 14.6523C20.3431 13.7178 21.087 12.5621 21.531 11.2816C21.975 10.0011 22.1062 8.63293 21.9138 7.29136C21.7214 5.9498 21.211 4.67371 20.425 3.5696C19.639 2.46549 18.6003 1.56539 17.3957 0.94443C16.191 0.323466 14.8553 -0.000352271 13.5 2.57457e-06ZM13.5 15C12.2144 15 10.9577 14.6188 9.88878 13.9046C8.81986 13.1903 7.98674 12.1752 7.49477 10.9874C7.0028 9.79973 6.87408 8.49279 7.12488 7.23191C7.37569 5.97104 7.99475 4.81285 8.90379 3.90381C9.81283 2.99477 10.971 2.3757 12.2319 2.1249C13.4928 1.87409 14.7997 2.00282 15.9874 2.49479C17.1751 2.98676 18.1903 3.81988 18.9045 4.8888C19.6188 5.95772 20 7.21442 20 8.5C19.9966 10.2229 19.3107 11.8742 18.0925 13.0925C16.8742 14.3108 15.2229 14.9967 13.5 15Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></button><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Dropdown__Wrapper-egbkvi-2 hjcGbS wrapper--bottom-right"><button aria-label="Change language" class="NavButton-sc-1sr7lbk-0 LanguageSwitcher__Button-sc-1rgi4yk-0 jmfAe iSSjsx"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 21" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 kmkzFK"><path d="M9.99 0.00440563C8.01262 0.00638301 6.0802 0.594553 4.43703 1.69457C2.79385 2.79458 1.51369 4.35706 0.758342 6.18449C0.00299907 8.01193 -0.193608 10.0223 0.193372 11.9614C0.580353 13.9006 1.53355 15.6815 2.93247 17.079C4.33139 18.4765 6.11324 19.4279 8.05278 19.813C9.99231 20.198 12.0025 19.9994 13.8291 19.2422C15.6558 18.4851 17.217 17.2033 18.3154 15.5591C19.4138 13.9148 20 11.9818 20 10.0044C20.0006 8.69016 19.7421 7.3887 19.2392 6.1745C18.7362 4.9603 17.9987 3.85721 17.069 2.92836C16.1392 1.99952 15.0354 1.26316 13.8207 0.761427C12.606 0.259696 11.3042 0.0024476 9.99 0.00440563ZM16.92 6.00441H13.97C13.657 4.76586 13.1936 3.5703 12.59 2.44441C14.4141 3.07238 15.9512 4.33611 16.92 6.00441ZM10 2.04441C10.84 3.2563 11.4845 4.59258 11.91 6.00441H8.09C8.51549 4.59258 9.16 3.2563 10 2.04441ZM2.26 12.0044C1.91334 10.6936 1.91334 9.31521 2.26 8.00441H5.64C5.55288 8.66762 5.50612 9.33552 5.5 10.0044C5.50612 10.6733 5.55288 11.3412 5.64 12.0044H2.26ZM3.08 14.0044H6.03C6.34297 15.243 6.80642 16.4385 7.41 17.5644C5.58396 16.9399 4.04582 15.6752 3.08 14.0044ZM6.03 6.00441H3.08C4.04582 4.33357 5.58396 3.06896 7.41 2.44441C6.80642 3.5703 6.34297 4.76586 6.03 6.00441ZM10 17.9644C9.16001 16.7525 8.51549 15.4162 8.09 14.0044H11.91C11.4845 15.4162 10.84 16.7525 10 17.9644ZM12.34 12.0044H7.66C7.56122 11.3422 7.50777 10.6739 7.5 10.0044C7.50736 9.33486 7.56082 8.66661 7.66 8.00441H12.34C12.4392 8.66661 12.4926 9.33486 12.5 10.0044C12.4922 10.6739 12.4388 11.3422 12.34 12.0044ZM12.59 17.5644C13.1936 16.4385 13.657 15.243 13.97 14.0044H16.92C15.9512 15.6727 14.4141 16.9364 12.59 17.5644ZM14.36 12.0044C14.4471 11.3412 14.4939 10.6733 14.5 10.0044C14.4939 9.33552 14.4471 8.66762 14.36 8.00441H17.74C18.0867 9.31521 18.0867 10.6936 17.74 12.0044H14.36Z"></path></svg></button><div class="Dropdown__DropdownWrapper-egbkvi-1 jrosAA"><div class="Dropdown__Menu-egbkvi-0 bBRENP"><div style="overflow-y:auto" class="sc-bdfBwQ Grid-sc-3uwl3g-0 gmJjjk eYLPhT"><a href="/academy/th/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">ไทย</a><a href="/academy/id/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Bahasa Indonesia</a><a href="/academy/de/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Deutsch</a><a href="/academy/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">English</a><a href="/academy/es/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Español</a><a href="/academy/pt/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Português Brasil</a><a href="/academy/vi/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Tiếng Việt</a><a href="/academy/tr/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Türkçe</a><a href="/academy/ru/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Русский</a><a href="/academy/uk/glossary/modular-proof-verification" style="justify-content:center" class="ListCTA__Link-rp0q6e-0 iOKdEn">Українська</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><form method="get" target="_self" action="/academy/th/search" class="SearchForm-sc-1vfffbc-0 fJcvOH"><label for="headerSearchInput" aria-label="Search articles" class="SearchForm__Label-sc-1vfffbc-3 cMwSJN"><input type="text" id="headerSearchInput" name="term" placeholder="Search..." class="SearchForm__Input-sc-1vfffbc-1 hZCLgD"/></label><button type="button" aria-label="Close search bar" class="SearchForm__CloseButton-sc-1vfffbc-2 eSLlrc"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 ecKBcM"><path d="M13.4 12L20 18.6L18.6 20L12 13.4L5.4 20L4 18.6L10.6 12L4 5.4L5.4 4L12 10.6L18.6 4L20 5.4L13.4 12Z"></path></svg></button></form></nav><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Container-sc-4c5vqs-0 dCEoLC khdEkh"><div class="sc-gsTCUz jzoMnb"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 byJUJo Breadcrumb__Crumb-sc-17hkw6p-0 dfAoFs">หน้าหลัก</div><a title="คลังคำศัพท์" href="/academy/th/glossary" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 byJUJo Breadcrumb__Crumb-sc-17hkw6p-0 dfAoFs">คลังคำศัพท์</a><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 byJUJo Breadcrumb__Crumb-sc-17hkw6p-0 dfAoFs">Modular Proof Verification</div></div><h1 class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 cnOLEs bjHQTa">Modular Proof Verification</h1><div class="sc-gsTCUz dXgtKz"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Label__StyledLabel-sc-1t4rrpc-0 ddEydi eIhZng"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ DifficultyTag__Dot-yboxuz-0 jXEjPM huqzPs"></div>Hard</div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Grid-sc-3uwl3g-0 jvVtgT hfyApF"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Grid__GridItem-sc-3uwl3g-2"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/th/glossary/modular-proof-verification&text=Modular%20Proof%20Verification" aria-label="Share this article on twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-gsTCUz SocialLink__IconWrapper-sc-1toayxk-0 SocialLink-sc-1toayxk-1 kSSfgv ldGcwa"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 14" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0"><path d="M5.90944 13.7676C7.18903 13.7764 8.45762 13.5308 9.64152 13.0452C10.8254 12.5596 11.901 11.8436 12.8058 10.9387C13.7107 10.0339 14.4267 8.95831 14.9123 7.77442C15.398 6.59052 15.6435 5.32193 15.6347 4.04234C15.6347 3.89424 15.6318 3.74692 15.6251 3.6004C16.294 3.11637 16.8714 2.51704 17.3301 1.83048C16.7065 2.10711 16.0448 2.28853 15.3673 2.36867C16.081 1.9415 16.6151 1.26951 16.8702 0.47784C16.1993 0.875917 15.4653 1.15658 14.7 1.30773C14.1847 0.759649 13.5031 0.396688 12.7607 0.275024C12.0184 0.153359 11.2566 0.279775 10.5933 0.634706C9.93003 0.989637 9.40223 1.55329 9.09159 2.23844C8.78095 2.92358 8.7048 3.69201 8.87492 4.4248C7.51583 4.35687 6.18622 4.00382 4.97245 3.38858C3.75868 2.77334 2.6879 1.90967 1.82965 0.853666C1.39239 1.60611 1.2584 2.49693 1.45497 3.3447C1.65154 4.19248 2.16388 4.93344 2.88765 5.41668C2.34485 5.40017 1.81395 5.25358 1.33958 4.98925C1.3388 5.00353 1.3388 5.01782 1.3388 5.03287C1.33896 5.82207 1.61213 6.58691 2.11194 7.19765C2.61176 7.8084 3.30746 8.22744 4.08103 8.38371C3.57776 8.52103 3.0497 8.5411 2.53745 8.4424C2.75578 9.12162 3.18095 9.7156 3.75349 10.1413C4.32603 10.5669 5.01731 10.803 5.73063 10.8164C4.51983 11.7668 3.02454 12.2822 1.48533 12.2798C1.21283 12.2799 0.940561 12.264 0.669922 12.2322C2.23287 13.2363 4.05177 13.7693 5.90944 13.7676Z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Grid__GridItem-sc-3uwl3g-2"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/th/glossary/modular-proof-verification&t=Modular%20Proof%20Verification" aria-label="Share this article on Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-gsTCUz SocialLink__IconWrapper-sc-1toayxk-0 SocialLink-sc-1toayxk-1 kSSfgv kINMVY"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0"><path d="M19.375 10.06a9.383 9.383 0 0 1-7.907 9.257V12.77h2.185l.408-2.71h-2.593V8.3a1.356 1.356 0 0 1 1.521-1.468h1.2V4.53a14.7 14.7 0 0 0-2.1-.182 3.31 3.31 0 0 0-3.547 3.643v2.068h-2.38v2.71h2.38v6.546a9.374 9.374 0 1 1 10.843-9.257z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Grid__GridItem-sc-3uwl3g-2"><a href="https://t.me/share/url?url=https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/th/glossary/modular-proof-verification&text=Modular%20Proof%20Verification" aria-label="Share this article on Telegram" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-gsTCUz SocialLink__IconWrapper-sc-1toayxk-0 SocialLink-sc-1toayxk-1 kSSfgv kWcfCj"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 16" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0"><path d="M16.5257 0.95613L0.992894 6.94483C-0.066948 7.37023 -0.061323 7.96196 0.800144 8.22551L4.78605 9.46968L14.0138 3.64787C14.4499 3.3832 14.8494 3.52537 14.5213 3.81704L7.04397 10.5643L7.12095 10.6987L7.04397 10.5649L6.76974 14.675C6.92584 14.6731 7.07947 14.6358 7.21913 14.566C7.35878 14.4963 7.48083 14.3958 7.57613 14.2721L9.51318 12.389L13.5423 15.3662C14.2841 15.7748 14.8191 15.5629 15.004 14.6773L17.6491 2.21212C17.9199 1.12644 17.2349 0.634171 16.5258 0.956163"></path></svg></a></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Grid__GridItem-sc-3uwl3g-2"><div aria-label="Copy the link to your clipboard" class="sc-gsTCUz SocialLink__IconWrapper-sc-1toayxk-0 kSSfgv sHTpX"><svg viewBox="0 0 14 17" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0"><path d="M13.8801 0V12.26H11.8801V2H4.12012V0H13.8801Z"></path><path d="M0.120117 3.97998V16.24H9.88012V3.99998L0.120117 3.97998ZM7.87012 14.26H2.12012V5.99998H7.88012L7.87012 14.26Z"></path></svg></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ GlossaryContent__SummaryBox-k7dren-0 koUmyx eTIkUK"><p>Modular proof verification is a process where confirming the validity and correctness of a ZK Proof is offloaded to a dedicated service.</p></div><h2 id="isPasted" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 iLpgJa ehzvDo">What Is Modular Proof Verification?</h2><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">Modular proof verification is a process whereby confirming the validity and correctness of a ZK Proof, one of the most expensive parts of running ZK rollups and ZK apps, is offloaded to a dedicated service. This helps reduce costs and time for L2 scalability solutions and applications that make use of ZK technology.</p><h2 class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 iLpgJa ehzvDo">The Rise of Modularity</h2><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">Blockchain scalability is a multi-faceted problem, and base-layer networks like Ethereum have started to solve it by shifting from a monolithic approach to a modular approach. For example, Ethereum has recently pivoted to a <a href="https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/a-rollup-centric-ethereum-roadmap/4698" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 gbfvns">“rollup-centric” roadmap</a>.</div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">This means many blockchain networks are now focusing on solving specific problems while delegating other solutions to different parts of the web3 stack. These solutions are external but remain decentralized and composable. </p><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">In the case of L1 chains, it means that they can solve the <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/blockchain-trilemma" rel="noopener noreferrer noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 gbfvns">blockchain trilemma</a> by focusing on getting the security and decentralization parts of the triangle right while leaving the third component, scalability, to L2 solutions like zero-knowledge rollup (ZK rollup) chains. </div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">However, when we move on to ZK rollups, we find a new set of challenges.</p><h2 class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 iLpgJa ehzvDo">Refreshing ZK Rollups</h2><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">Let’s revisit <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/zero-knowledge-rollups" rel="noopener noreferrer noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 gbfvns">what ZK rollups are</a> before diving into their current impasse:</div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">“Simply put, zero-knowledge rollups or zk-rollups are a layer-2 scalability solution that allows blockchains to validate transactions faster while also ensuring that gas fees remain minimal. ZK rollups manage to perform better than traditional layer-1 blockchains because they combine on-chain and off-chain processes.”</p><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">To achieve these scalability advantages, ZK rollup L2 chains use <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/zero-knowledge-proof-2" rel="noopener noreferrer noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 gbfvns">zero knowledge proofs</a> — hence the name — where transactions on the L2 chain are batched and sent to the L1 chain as a single, short transaction. The validity of the single batched transaction is verified using the zero-knowledge technique.</div><h2 class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 iLpgJa ehzvDo">The Problem with ZK Rollups</h2><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">ZK rollups are the second most popular solution to blockchain scalability via L2s as of 2024. They have long been regarded as the optimal and most secure way to scale L1 chains, but they have faced some adoption challenges when compared to the more popular solution: <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/optimistic-rollup" rel="noopener noreferrer noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 gbfvns">optimistic rollups</a>.</div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">The main problem with ZK rollups is that they rely on proof verification, which is a very computationally expensive process. This extra step, required for settling transactions on an L1 chain, consumes significant resources, adding complexity and affecting transaction costs and speed.</p><h2 class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 iLpgJa ehzvDo">Extending Modularity to ZK Rollups</h2><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">The solution lies in applying the same modular approach that has benefited L1 chains to ZK rollups. Modularity doesn’t need to stop at the base layer.</p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">Modular proof verification offloads the computational costs of proof verification to a separate service, which then settles transactions in batches on the L1 chain. The result of this modular approach is that the proof verification process no longer burdens the execution or settlement layers. Modular proof verification uses a specialized proof verification layer dedicated to only verifying the validity of transaction proofs.</p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">In other words, by using a modular proof verification provider, L2 chains can simply take care of the scalability part of the blockchain trilemma. They just focus on executing the transactions that enhance user experience, while L1s only have to worry about security and decentralization during settlement.</p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF">Modular proof verification is estimated to bring over 90% savings in the cost of transactions for L2 chains such as ZK rollups. It also allows these chains to focus on optimizing the execution of transactions without dedicating additional resources to proof verification. Moreover, modular proof verification can optimize applications that use ZK technology as well, known as ZK apps.</p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF"><em><strong>Author: Rob Viglione, co-founder and CEO of Horizen Labs</strong></em></p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF"><em>Rob Viglione is the co-founder and CEO of Horizen Labs, the development studio behind several leading Web3 projects, including zkVerify, Horizen, and ApeChain. </em></p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF"><em>Rob served in the U.S. Air Force for several years and was deployed to Afghanistan, where he supported Special Operations Task Force intelligence efforts. During this time, he developed an early interest in Bitcoin, recognizing its potential benefits for countries with unstable economies.</em></p><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Renderer___StyledText-mfgg8t-7 kVrfYF"><em>Rob is deeply interested in Web3 scalability, blockchain efficiency, and zero-knowledge proofs. His work focuses on developing innovative solutions for zk-rollups to enhance scalability, create cost savings, and drive efficiency. He holds a Ph.D. in Finance, an MBA in Finance and Marketing, and a Bachelor's degree in Physics and Applied Mathematics. Rob currently serves on the Board of Directors for the Puerto Rico Blockchain Trade Association.</em></p></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Container-sc-4c5vqs-0 kA-dzTb khdEkh"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ glide"><div class="Controls__Wrapper-dqlwmp-2 hLEHRj"><div class="sc-gsTCUz uhZXX glide__arrows" data-glide-el="controls"><button class="Controls__Button-dqlwmp-0 fQroEF glide__arrow glide__arrow--right" data-glide-dir=">" aria-label="Explore more glossaries entries" type="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bdfBwQ Svg-sc-17i2kvj-0 bwxocM"><path d="M7.09988 11.11L1.87988 5.88997L3.28988 4.47997L7.10988 0.659973L8.51988 2.06997L5.69988 4.88997H17.4799V6.88997H5.69988L8.50988 9.68997L7.09988 11.11Z"></path><path d="M12.88 8.89001L18.09 14.11L16.68 15.52L12.87 19.34L11.46 17.93L14.28 15.11H2.5V13.11H14.28L11.47 10.31L12.88 8.89001Z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="glide__bullets" data-glide-el="controls[nav]"><button class="Controls__Button-dqlwmp-0 Controls__Bullet-dqlwmp-1 fQroEF dHSKwc glide__bullet" data-glide-dir="=0" aria-label="Slide to related glossary number 0" type="button"></button><button class="Controls__Button-dqlwmp-0 Controls__Bullet-dqlwmp-1 fQroEF dHSKwc glide__bullet" data-glide-dir="=1" aria-label="Slide to related glossary number 1" type="button"></button><button class="Controls__Button-dqlwmp-0 Controls__Bullet-dqlwmp-1 fQroEF dHSKwc glide__bullet" data-glide-dir="=2" aria-label="Slide to related glossary number 2" type="button"></button><button class="Controls__Button-dqlwmp-0 Controls__Bullet-dqlwmp-1 fQroEF dHSKwc glide__bullet" data-glide-dir="=3" aria-label="Slide to related glossary number 3" type="button"></button><button class="Controls__Button-dqlwmp-0 Controls__Bullet-dqlwmp-1 fQroEF dHSKwc glide__bullet" data-glide-dir="=4" aria-label="Slide to related glossary number 4" type="button"></button><button class="Controls__Button-dqlwmp-0 Controls__Bullet-dqlwmp-1 fQroEF dHSKwc glide__bullet" data-glide-dir="=5" aria-label="Slide to related glossary number 5" type="button"></button></div></div><div class="glide__track" data-glide-el="track"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ glide__slides"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ hWhllA glide__slide"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ GlossaryCard__Wrapper-olpfv3-0 imqeFl gxJJyQ GlossaryFooter__Card-sc-1fzncou-0 WXGBS"><a href="/academy/th/glossary/trusted-execution-environments-tees" class="sc-gsTCUz epuMYd"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ dGqbKE"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ ipBzhV"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 Title__StyledTitle-sc-6yi3ll-0 eWLPK gYQtxK gRgJsG">Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs)</div></div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 kYZXU">Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) are secure areas within a main processor that provide a protected spa...</p></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 hSoJRN">คำจำกัดความแบบเต็ม ></div></a></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ hWhllA glide__slide"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ GlossaryCard__Wrapper-olpfv3-0 imqeFl gxJJyQ GlossaryFooter__Card-sc-1fzncou-0 WXGBS"><a href="/academy/th/glossary/human-keys" class="sc-gsTCUz epuMYd"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ dGqbKE"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ ipBzhV"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 Title__StyledTitle-sc-6yi3ll-0 eWLPK gYQtxK gRgJsG">Human Keys</div></div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 kYZXU">Human Keys are cryptographic keys derived from what you are, what you know, or what you have. They are used...</p></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 hSoJRN">คำจำกัดความแบบเต็ม ></div></a></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ hWhllA glide__slide"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ GlossaryCard__Wrapper-olpfv3-0 imqeFl gxJJyQ GlossaryFooter__Card-sc-1fzncou-0 WXGBS"><a href="/academy/th/glossary/open-finance-openfi" class="sc-gsTCUz epuMYd"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ dGqbKE"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ ipBzhV"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 Title__StyledTitle-sc-6yi3ll-0 eWLPK gYQtxK gRgJsG">Open Finance (OpenFi)</div></div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 kYZXU">OpenFi, short for "Open Finance," is a financial framework that integrates traditional finance (TradFi) wit...</p></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 hSoJRN">คำจำกัดความแบบเต็ม ></div></a></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ hWhllA glide__slide"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ GlossaryCard__Wrapper-olpfv3-0 imqeFl gxJJyQ GlossaryFooter__Card-sc-1fzncou-0 WXGBS"><a href="/academy/th/glossary/rollups-as-a-service-raas" class="sc-gsTCUz epuMYd"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ dGqbKE"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ ipBzhV"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 Title__StyledTitle-sc-6yi3ll-0 eWLPK gYQtxK gRgJsG">Rollups-as-a-Service (RaaS)</div></div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 kYZXU">Rollups-as-a-Service (RaaS) allows builders to build and launch their own rollups quickly. RaaS providers d...</p></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 hSoJRN">คำจำกัดความแบบเต็ม ></div></a></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ hWhllA glide__slide"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ GlossaryCard__Wrapper-olpfv3-0 imqeFl gxJJyQ GlossaryFooter__Card-sc-1fzncou-0 WXGBS"><a href="/academy/th/glossary/data-availability-sampling-das" class="sc-gsTCUz epuMYd"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ dGqbKE"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ ipBzhV"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 Title__StyledTitle-sc-6yi3ll-0 eWLPK gYQtxK gRgJsG">Data Availability Sampling (DAS)</div></div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 kYZXU">Data Availability Sampling (DAS) is a method that enables decentralized applications to verify the availabi...</p></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 hSoJRN">คำจำกัดความแบบเต็ม ></div></a></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ hWhllA glide__slide"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ GlossaryCard__Wrapper-olpfv3-0 imqeFl gxJJyQ GlossaryFooter__Card-sc-1fzncou-0 WXGBS"><a href="/academy/th/glossary/multiple-data-availability-multida" class="sc-gsTCUz epuMYd"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ dGqbKE"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ ipBzhV"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 Title__StyledTitle-sc-6yi3ll-0 eWLPK gYQtxK gRgJsG">Multiple Data Availability (MultiDA)</div></div><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 kYZXU">This blockchain architecture uses more than one data availability (DA) service to ensure data redundancy. </p></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 hSoJRN">คำจำกัดความแบบเต็ม ></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-bdfBwQ Container-sc-4c5vqs-0 jKSHrp khdEkh"><div class="sc-bdfBwQ iCRjms Newsletter__NewsletterSection-tgkqos-0 pQehZ"><p class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 bFOiFL">Join the thousands already learning crypto!</p><h3 class="sc-bdfBwQ Text-msjfkz-0 Heading-juwhnu-0 epLOPA dAnDNe">Join our free newsletter for daily crypto updates!</h3><div class="form"><div class="sc-gsTCUz hFwcgf"><a href="/newsletter" class="sc-bdfBwQ Button__StyledButton-sc-1kvh4an-0 cCzBkx">Subscribe</a></div></div></div></div><div class="Footer__FooterContainer-sc-1xgrmdq-1 cgHWSS"><footer><div class="Logo__SvgContainer-hxzlkl-0 hQeyNG"><a href="/th/" class="logo"><svg viewBox="0 0 76.52 77.67" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" color="primary"><path d="M66.54 46.41a4.09 4.09 0 01-4.17.28C60.83 45.82 60 43.78 60 41v-8.52c0-4.09-1.62-7-4.33-7.79-4.58-1.34-8 4.27-9.32 6.38l-8.1 13.11v-16c-.09-3.69-1.29-5.9-3.56-6.56-1.5-.44-3.75-.26-5.94 3.08L10.64 53.77A32 32 0 017 38.83C7 21.31 21 7.06 38.25 7.06s31.3 14.25 31.3 31.77v.18c.17 3.39-.93 6.09-3 7.4zm10-7.57v-.17C76.4 17.32 59.28 0 38.25 0S0 17.42 0 38.83s17.16 38.84 38.25 38.84a37.81 37.81 0 0026-10.36 3.56 3.56 0 00.18-5 3.43 3.43 0 00-4.86-.23A30.93 30.93 0 0115 60l16.3-26.2v12.09c0 5.81 2.25 7.69 4.14 8.24s4.78.17 7.81-4.75l9-14.57c.28-.47.55-.87.79-1.22V41c0 5.43 2.18 9.77 6 11.91a11 11 0 0011.21-.45c4.2-2.73 6.49-7.67 6.25-13.62z" fill="#17181b"></path></svg></a></div><div class="social"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/CoinMarketCap"><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M22.46 6c-.77.35-1.6.58-2.46.69.88-.53 1.56-1.37 1.88-2.38-.83.5-1.75.85-2.72 1.05C18.37 4.5 17.26 4 16 4c-2.35 0-4.27 1.92-4.27 4.29 0 .34.04.67.11.98C8.28 9.09 5.11 7.38 3 4.79c-.37.63-.58 1.37-.58 2.15 0 1.49.75 2.81 1.91 3.56-.71 0-1.37-.2-1.95-.5v.03c0 2.08 1.48 3.82 3.44 4.21a4.22 4.22 0 0 1-1.93.07 4.28 4.28 0 0 0 4 2.98 8.521 8.521 0 0 1-5.33 1.84c-.34 0-.68-.02-1.02-.06C3.44 20.29 5.7 21 8.12 21 16 21 20.33 14.46 20.33 8.79c0-.19 0-.37-.01-.56.84-.6 1.56-1.36 2.14-2.23z"></path></svg></a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://instagram.com/coinmarketcap"><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M7.8 2h8.4C19.4 2 22 4.6 22 7.8v8.4a5.8 5.8 0 0 1-5.8 5.8H7.8C4.6 22 2 19.4 2 16.2V7.8A5.8 5.8 0 0 1 7.8 2m-.2 2A3.6 3.6 0 0 0 4 7.6v8.8C4 18.39 5.61 20 7.6 20h8.8a3.6 3.6 0 0 0 3.6-3.6V7.6C20 5.61 18.39 4 16.4 4H7.6m9.65 1.5a1.25 1.25 0 0 1 1.25 1.25A1.25 1.25 0 0 1 17.25 8 1.25 1.25 0 0 1 16 6.75a1.25 1.25 0 0 1 1.25-1.25M12 7a5 5 0 0 1 5 5 5 5 0 0 1-5 5 5 5 0 0 1-5-5 5 5 0 0 1 5-5m0 2a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3z"></path></svg></a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/CoinMarketCap"><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M5 3h14a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m13 2h-2.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 12 8.5V11h-2v3h2v7h3v-7h3v-3h-3V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h2V5z"></path></svg></a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/coinmarketcap/"><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M19 3a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h14m-.5 15.5v-5.3a3.26 3.26 0 0 0-3.26-3.26c-.85 0-1.84.52-2.32 1.3v-1.11h-2.79v8.37h2.79v-4.93c0-.77.62-1.4 1.39-1.4a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 1.4 1.4v4.93h2.79M6.88 8.56a1.68 1.68 0 0 0 1.68-1.68c0-.93-.75-1.69-1.68-1.69a1.69 1.69 0 0 0-1.69 1.69c0 .93.76 1.68 1.69 1.68m1.39 9.94v-8.37H5.5v8.37h2.77z"></path></svg></a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@coinmarketcap"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 3225 3225" version="1.1"><path d="M 1656.667 347.667 C 1656.300 348.033, 1655.998 734.246, 1655.996 1205.917 C 1655.993 1787.154, 1655.658 2068.011, 1654.957 2077.500 C 1653.658 2095.071, 1650.672 2116.087, 1647.356 2131 C 1623.598 2237.836, 1553.486 2327.497, 1455.500 2376.352 C 1333.675 2437.092, 1188.170 2423.163, 1078.713 2340.284 C 1033.004 2305.673, 997.452 2262.144, 971.911 2209.517 C 954.173 2172.968, 943.569 2136.945, 938.346 2095.500 C 936.158 2078.137, 935.845 2033.118, 937.797 2016.500 C 945.929 1947.257, 970.660 1885.940, 1011.710 1833.241 C 1073.742 1753.608, 1164.430 1704.059, 1264.812 1694.955 C 1283.942 1693.220, 1325.494 1694.231, 1343 1696.858 C 1359.672 1699.360, 1377.304 1703.060, 1391.343 1707.002 C 1397.216 1708.651, 1402.241 1710, 1402.511 1710 C 1402.780 1710, 1403 1611.284, 1403 1490.631 L 1403 1271.262 1394.250 1270.142 C 1336.486 1262.747, 1273.186 1261.833, 1216.500 1267.575 C 1004.825 1289.018, 811.645 1394.647, 678.041 1562 C 600.765 1658.795, 547.067 1773.146, 522.137 1894 C 506.255 1970.993, 502.021 2055.078, 510.058 2133.902 C 532.485 2353.872, 645.695 2553.167, 824.084 2686.712 C 987.252 2808.862, 1189.714 2862.691, 1393 2837.970 C 1509.978 2823.745, 1623.296 2782.623, 1723.740 2717.949 C 1771.073 2687.472, 1810.621 2655.388, 1853.079 2613.022 C 1903.041 2563.168, 1939.608 2516.680, 1974.232 2459 C 2039.821 2349.734, 2076.849 2229.561, 2084.998 2099.517 C 2085.642 2089.246, 2086 1922.568, 2086 1633.145 L 2086 1182.756 2087.869 1184.128 C 2097.391 1191.117, 2143.163 1220.976, 2157 1229.226 C 2269.843 1296.502, 2391.394 1340.776, 2520 1361.444 C 2566.408 1368.903, 2625.602 1373.982, 2666.250 1373.995 L 2683 1374 2683 1159 L 2683 944 2670.250 943.996 C 2646.831 943.988, 2613.641 940.897, 2584.464 936.006 C 2478.567 918.253, 2380.928 872.803, 2297 802.193 C 2280.460 788.277, 2240.163 747.811, 2226.604 731.500 C 2153.177 643.171, 2108.102 541.999, 2092.054 429.500 C 2089.652 412.660, 2087.341 385.409, 2086.436 363.250 L 2085.772 347 1871.553 347 C 1753.732 347, 1657.033 347.300, 1656.667 347.667" stroke="none" fill="#fffcfc" fill-rule="evenodd"></path><path d="" stroke="none" fill="#fcfcfc" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a></div><div class="copyright"><div>©2024 CoinMarketCap</div></div></footer></div></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"glossary":{"id":"668415dfc23cbe7a554b87d1","title":"Modular Proof Verification","slug":"modular-proof-verification","meta":"Modular proof verification is a process where confirming the validity and correctness of a ZK Proof is offloaded to a dedicated service.","excerpt":"Modular proof verification is a process where confirming the validity and correctness of a ZK Proof, one of the most expensive parts of running ZK rollups and ZK apps, is offloaded to a dedicated service.","content":"\u003ch2 id=\"isPasted\"\u003eWhat Is Modular Proof Verification?\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eModular proof verification is a process whereby confirming the validity and correctness of a ZK Proof, one of the most expensive parts of running ZK rollups and ZK apps, is offloaded to a dedicated service. This helps reduce costs and time for L2 scalability solutions and applications that make use of ZK technology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe Rise of Modularity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlockchain scalability is a multi-faceted problem, and base-layer networks like Ethereum have started to solve it by shifting from a monolithic approach to a modular approach. For example, Ethereum has recently pivoted to a \u003ca href=\"https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/a-rollup-centric-ethereum-roadmap/4698\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;rollup-centric\u0026rdquo; roadmap\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis means many blockchain networks are now focusing on solving specific problems while delegating other solutions to different parts of the web3 stack. These solutions are external but remain decentralized and composable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the case of L1 chains, it means that they can solve the \u003ca href=\"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/blockchain-trilemma\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eblockchain trilemma\u003c/a\u003e by focusing on getting the security and decentralization parts of the triangle right while leaving the third component, scalability, to L2 solutions like zero-knowledge rollup (ZK rollup) chains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, when we move on to ZK rollups, we find a new set of challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRefreshing ZK Rollups\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLet\u0026rsquo;s revisit \u003ca href=\"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/zero-knowledge-rollups\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ewhat ZK rollups are\u003c/a\u003e before diving into their current impasse:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Simply put, zero-knowledge rollups or zk-rollups are a layer-2 scalability solution that allows blockchains to validate transactions faster while also ensuring that gas fees remain minimal. ZK rollups manage to perform better than traditional layer-1 blockchains because they combine on-chain and off-chain processes.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo achieve these scalability advantages, ZK rollup L2 chains use \u003ca href=\"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/zero-knowledge-proof-2\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ezero knowledge proofs\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; hence the name \u0026mdash; where transactions on the L2 chain are batched and sent to the L1 chain as a single, short transaction. The validity of the single batched transaction is verified using the zero-knowledge technique.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe Problem with ZK Rollups\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eZK rollups are the second most popular solution to blockchain scalability via L2s as of 2024. They have long been regarded as the optimal and most secure way to scale L1 chains, but they have faced some adoption challenges when compared to the more popular solution: \u003ca href=\"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/optimistic-rollup\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eoptimistic rollups\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe main problem with ZK rollups is that they rely on proof verification, which is a very computationally expensive process. This extra step, required for settling transactions on an L1 chain, consumes significant resources, adding complexity and affecting transaction costs and speed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExtending Modularity to ZK Rollups\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe solution lies in applying the same modular approach that has benefited L1 chains to ZK rollups. Modularity doesn\u0026rsquo;t need to stop at the base layer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eModular proof verification offloads the computational costs of proof verification to a separate service, which then settles transactions in batches on the L1 chain. The result of this modular approach is that the proof verification process no longer burdens the execution or settlement layers. Modular proof verification uses a specialized proof verification layer dedicated to only verifying the validity of transaction proofs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn other words, by using a modular proof verification provider, L2 chains can simply take care of the scalability part of the blockchain trilemma. They just focus on executing the transactions that enhance user experience, while L1s only have to worry about security and decentralization during settlement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eModular proof verification is estimated to bring over 90% savings in the cost of transactions for L2 chains such as ZK rollups. It also allows these chains to focus on optimizing the execution of transactions without dedicating additional resources to proof verification. Moreover, modular proof verification can optimize applications that use ZK technology as well, known as ZK apps.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor: Rob Viglione, co-founder and CEO of Horizen Labs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRob Viglione is the co-founder and CEO of Horizen Labs, the development studio behind several leading Web3 projects, including zkVerify, Horizen, and ApeChain.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRob served in the U.S. Air Force for several years and was deployed to Afghanistan, where he supported Special Operations Task Force intelligence efforts. During this time, he developed an early interest in Bitcoin, recognizing its potential benefits for countries with unstable economies.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRob is deeply interested in Web3 scalability, blockchain efficiency, and zero-knowledge proofs. His work focuses on developing innovative solutions for zk-rollups to enhance scalability, create cost savings, and drive efficiency. He holds a Ph.D. in Finance, an MBA in Finance and Marketing, and a Bachelor\u0026#39;s degree in Physics and Applied Mathematics. \u0026nbsp;Rob currently serves on the Board of Directors for the Puerto Rico Blockchain Trade Association.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","author":"CoinMarketCap","created_at":"2024-07-02T14:59:43.318Z","updated_at":"2024-07-03T09:20:50.336Z","related":[{"id":"673c7939df216763658fda91","title":"Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs)","slug":"trusted-execution-environments-tees","excerpt":"Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) are secure areas within a main processor that provide a protected space where sensitive code and data can operate without fear of tampering or observation from the outside world."},{"id":"673b643505515f5f6fc2083a","title":"Human Keys","slug":"human-keys","excerpt":"Human Keys are cryptographic keys derived from what you are, what you know, or what you have. They are used to secure digital assets, protect privacy, and access the decentralized web."},{"id":"673b623505515f5f6fc2082b","title":"Open Finance (OpenFi)","slug":"open-finance-openfi","excerpt":"OpenFi, short for \"Open Finance,\" is a financial framework that integrates traditional finance (TradFi) with decentralized finance (DeFi)."},{"id":"67210bc6793ac665fe01f4f2","title":"Rollups-as-a-Service (RaaS)","slug":"rollups-as-a-service-raas","excerpt":"Rollups-as-a-Service (RaaS) allows builders to build and launch their own rollups quickly. RaaS providers deliver end-to-end solutions like customizations of the underlying tech stack, no-code management, and one-click custom integrations with core infrastructure.\n"},{"id":"6721090bf97f8366f8f0df03","title":"Data Availability Sampling (DAS)","slug":"data-availability-sampling-das","excerpt":"Data Availability Sampling (DAS) is a method that enables decentralized applications to verify the availability of block data without requiring the entire dataset to be downloaded by each participant."},{"id":"670e5255650acf586937ecb5","title":"Multiple Data Availability (MultiDA)","slug":"multiple-data-availability-multida","excerpt":"This blockchain architecture uses more than one data availability (DA) service to ensure data redundancy. "}],"available_languages":["en"],"difficulty":{"level":3,"label":"Hard","slug":"advanced","language":"en"},"pages":[]},"chartbeatProps":{"sections":"Glossary"},"index":false},"locale":"th","i18n":{"Learn all of the most important blockchain and cryptocurrency terms and jargon here.":"เรียนรู้คำศัพท์และศัพท์แสงที่เกี่ยวกับบล็อกเชนและคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีที่สำคัญที่สุดทั้งหมด ที่นี่","Learn all of the most important blockchain and cryptocurrency terms and jargon here. We add new words and descriptions every week.":"เรียนรู้คำศัพท์และศัพท์แสงที่เกี่ยวกับบล็อกเชนและคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีที่สำคัญที่สุดทั้งหมด ที่นี่ เราทำการเพิ่มคำศัพท์และคำอธิบายใหม่ๆ ในทุกสัปดาห์","Crypto Glossary of Terms And Jargon":"อภิธานศัพท์ในด้านข้อกำหนดและศัพท์แสงของคริปโต ","2020 has been an eventful year, from the Bitcoin halving to the “DeFi Summer Wave” to surges in Bitcoin’s price due to the large influx of “traditional\" institutional investors. Who are the most influential people in crypto in 2020? Which are the most innovative, impactful \u0026 interesting projects in 2020?":"ปี 2020 เป็นปีที่สำคัญ การเหตุการณ์ที่สำคัญตั้งแต่ Bitcoin halving ไปจนถึง “DeFi Summer Wave” ไปจนถึงการที่ราคาของบิทคอยน์พุ่งสูงขึ้นเนื่องจากการหลั่งไหลเข้ามาของนักลงทุนสถาบันแบบ \"ดั้งเดิม\" จำนวนมาก ใครคือผู้มีอิทธิพลมากที่สุดในวงการคริปโตในปี 2020 โครงการใดที่เป็นนวัตกรรมใหม่ มีผลกระทบ และน่าสนใจที่สุดในปี 2020","Loading...":"กำลังโหลด…","Copied!\"));":"คัดลอก!\"));","Find what fascinates you as you explore crypto":"ค้นหาสิ่งที่คุณหลงใหลเมื่อทำการสำรวจเกี่ยวกับคริปโต","Learn":"เรียนรู้","Learn all there is to know about blockchain, cryptocurrency, trading, and more. Get started by exploring all the content on CoinMarketCap Alexandria.":"เรียนรู้ทุกสิ่งที่ควรรู้เกี่ยวกับบล็อคเชน คริปโตเคอร์เรนซี การซื้อขาย และอื่น ๆ เริ่มต้นด้วยการสำรวจเนื้อหาทั้งหมดบน CoinMarketCap Alexandria","Explore our content":"สำรวจเนื้อหาของเรา","Find out the meaning of cryptocurrency and blockchain's hidden language with the CoinMarketCap glossary of terms.":"ค้นหาความหมายของคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีและบล็อคเชนที่ซ่อนอยู่ด้วยอภิธานศัพท์ของ CoinMarketCap","Crypto Glossary | CoinMarketCap":"คำศัพท์เกี่ยวกับคริปโต | CoinMarketCap","Who is {{name}}?":"{{name}} คือใคร","CoinMarketCap Alexandria will house online both content about crypto written by our own researchers and employees, as well as articles by some of the best minds in the crypto space today.‍":"CoinMarketCap Alexandria จะจัดเก็บเนื้อหาออนไลน์ทั้งเนื้อหาเกี่ยวกับ คริปโตที่เขียนโดยนักวิจัยและพนักงานของเรา และบทความจากนักวิเคราะห์ที่สุดในอุตสาหกรรทคริปโตในปัจจุบัน‍","About CoinMarketCap Alexandria":"เกี่ยวกับ CoinMarketCap Alexandria","Crypto \u0026 Blockchain Education":"การศึกษาเกี่ยวกับคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีและบล็อคเชน","Most Influential People \u0026 Projects in 2020":"บุคคลและโครงการที่ทรงอิทธิพลที่สุดในปี 2020","Read our profiles of the leading crypto influencers, entrepreneurs, technologists, movers and shakers, in 2020.":"อ่านโปรไฟล์ของผู้มีอินฟลูเอ็นเซอร์ด้านคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีชั้นนำ ผู้ประกอบการ นักเทคโนโลยี นักเคลื่อนไหว และผู้เขย่าวงการในปี 2020","The Leading Crypto Influencers In 2020 | CoinMarketCap":"อินฟลูเอ็นเซอร์ด้านคริปโตชั้นนำในปี 2020 | CoinMarketCap","Next":"ถัดไป","writer":"นักเขียน","Authors":"ผู้เขียน","Read our profiles of the leading blockchain and crypto {{name}} in 2020.":"อ่านโปรไฟล์ของบล็อคเชนและคริปโตชั้นนำ {{name}} ในปี 2020 ของเรา","The leading Crypto {{name}} in 2020 | CoinMarketCap":"คริปโตชั้นนำ {{name}} ในปี 2020 | CoinMarketCap","All Categories":"หมวดหมู่ทั้งหมด","Crypto Glossary":"คลังคำศัพท์คริปโต","Latest articles by {{author}}":"บทความล่าสุดโดย {{ผู้เขียน}}","Biography":"ชีวประวัติ","Everything you’ve ever wanted to know about crypto and more, brought to you by the number one crypto data aggregator, CoinMarketCap.":"Everything you’ve ever wanted to know about crypto and more, brought to you by the number one crypto data aggregator, CoinMarketCap.","Learn About Cryptocurrency.":"Learn About Cryptocurrency.","Alexandria’s authors range from CoinMarketCap employees and researchers to some of the best minds and projects in the crypto space.":"นักเขียนของ Alexandria มีตั้งแต่พนักงานและนักวิจัยของ CoinMarketCap เพื่อการค้นหาแนวความคิดและโครงการที่ดีที่สุดในโลกคริปโต","Meet our Authors":"พบกับนักเขียนของเรา","Subscribe":"Subscribe","Enter your email address":"Enter your email address","Join our free newsletter for daily crypto updates!":"Join our free newsletter for daily crypto updates!","Join the thousands already learning crypto!":"Join the thousands already learning crypto!","Latest Articles":"บทความล่าสุด","See All":"ดูทั้งหมด","See all articles":"See all articles","Related Articles":"Related Articles","By {{author}}":"โดย {{author}}","{{time}}m":"{{time}}ในการอ่าน","Home":"หน้าหลัก","Articles":"บทความ","Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!":"หากคุณกำลังมองหาช่องทางเทรดคริปโตเคอร์เรนซี ซื้อ Bitcoin ได้เลยที่ Binance!","Buy Bitcoin":"ซื้อ Bitcoin","Was this article useful?":"บทความนี้มีประโยชน์หรือไม่?","{{count}} out of {{count}} people found this article useful.":"{{count}} คนจาก {{count}} คนเห็นว่าบทความนี้มีประโยชน์","Yes":"ใช่","No":"ไม่","No noise. Just signal.":"เน้นเเต่เนื้อหาสาระล้วนๆ","Sign up for our weekly newsletter. We promise we don't spam!":"ลงทะเบียนเพื่อรับจดหมายข่าวรายสัปดาห์ของเรา เราสัญญาว่าเราจะไม่ส่งสแปม!","Your email":"อีเมลของคุณ","Sign up":"ลงทะเบียน","Explore all of our content":"สำรวจเนื้อหาทั้งหมดของเรา","Related topics":"หัวข้อที่เกี่ยวข้อง","Share":"แบ่งปัน","Table of Contents":"สารบัญ","Topics at Academy":"หัวข้อต่างๆ ที่ Academy","Search topics to add...":"ค้นหาหัวข้อเพื่อจะเพิ่ม...","Reading time":"ใช้เวลาอ่าน","{{count}}m":"{{count}}นาที","Layout":"เค้าโครง","Sort by Latest":"เรียงตามล่าสุด","Sort by Difficulty":"เรียงตามความยาก","Latest":"ล่าสุด","Read more":"อ่านเพิ่ม","See all results for your search":"ดูผลลัพธ์ทั้งหมดจากการค้นหาของคุณ","{{count}} results for '{{term}}'":"{{count}} ผลลัพธ์สำหรับ '{{term}}'","Topics":"หัวข้อ","Difficulty":"ความยาก","Type":"ประเภท","Glossary entries":"รายการคำในอภิธานศัพท์","Courses":"คอร์ส","Hide filters":"ซ่อนตัวกรอง","Show filters":"แสดงตัวกรอง","Refresh results":"รีเฟรชผลการค้นหา","Clear all filters":"ล้างตัวกรองทั้งหมด","Show off your crypto knowledge":"อวดความรู้เรื่องคริปโตของคุณ","Try out Academy Quizzes":"ลองทำแบบทดสอบของ Academy","Phishing quiz":"แบบทดสอบเรื่องฟิชชิ่ง","Glossary quiz":"แบบทดสอบคำศัพท์","Bitcoin history quiz":"แบบทดสอบเรื่องประวัติ Bitcoin","We're working on getting more quizzes ready.":"เรากำลังทำการเตรียมแบบทดสอบเพิ่มเติมให้พร้อมสำหรับคุณ","While you're waiting, why not check out our latest content?":"เข้าไปอ่านเนื้อหาล่าสุดของเราระหว่างที่รอสิ","Cryptocurrencies have brought lots of exciting possibilities, but they are full of risks and dangers for the inexperienced.":"ถึงเเม้คริปโตเคอร์เรนซีได้เปิดโอกาสใหม่ๆ ที่น่าตื่นเต้นมากมาย แต่ก็เต็มไปด้วยความเสี่ยงและอันตรายสำหรับผู้ที่ไม่มีประสบการณ์เช่นกัน","How well do you know the origins of Bitcoin and its journey since inception? Take the Binance Academy Bitcoin History quiz to find out how much you know!":"คุณรู้เกี่ยวกับต้นกำเนิดและพัฒนาการของ Bitcoin ดีแค่ไหน? ทำแบบทดสอบประวัติ Bitcoin ของ Binance Academy เพื่อวัดความรู้ของคุณ!","Think you know crypto? Take our crypto glossary quiz.":"คุณคิดว่ารู้จักคริปโตดีแล้วหรือ? ลองทำแบบทดสอบคำศัพท์คริปโตของเรา","Take the quiz":"ทำแบบทดสอบ","This quiz has {{count}} questions.":"แบบทดสอบนี้มี {{count}} คำถาม","I am a complete beginner and just started exploring Binance Academy. Let me test my basic knowledge":"ฉันยังเป็นมือใหม่เเละเพิ่งรู้จัก Binance Academy ไม่นาน ขอทำเเบบทดสอบความรู้พื้นฐาน","I am a frequent visitor of Binance Academy and am quite familiar with some terms, but still on my path to true knowledge.":"ฉันเข้าชม Binance Academy เป็นประจำและค่อนข้างคุ้นเคยกับคำศัพท์บางคำ แต่มีสิ่งที่ต้องยังต้องเรียนรู้อีกเยอะ","I have learned enough at Binance Academy. My knowledge base is wide and I feel ready to be challenged.":"ฉันได้เรียนรู้มากพอแล้วที่ Binance Academy ความรู้ฉันเเน่นเเละพร้อมสำหรับความท้าทายเเล้ว","Select a suitable level of difficulty.":"เลือกระดับความยากที่เหมาะสม","Q{{count}}/{{count}}":"Q{{count}}/{{count}}","Phishing":"ฟิชชิ่ง","Legitimate":"ถูกกฎหมาย","Quizzes":"แบบทดสอบ","Quiz difficulty selection":"การเลือกความยากของแบบทดสอบ","LEARN ALL ABOUT":"เรียนรู้ทั้งหมดเกี่ยวกับ","Blockchain \u0026 Crypto":"บล็อกเชนและคริปโต","Your one-stop guide to all things crypto. Whether you're a rookie trying to understand mining or a veteran looking to develop a trading strategy, we've got you covered.":"คู่มือครบวงจรสำหรับทุกเรื่องของคริปโต ไม่ว่าคุณจะเป็นมือใหม่ที่กำลังเรียนรู้เรื่องการขุดเหรียญ หรือมือเก๋าที่ต้องการพัฒนากลยุทธ์การซื้อขายเราพร้อมช่วยคุณ","Featured":"แนะนำ","Beginner":"มือใหม่","Intermediate":"ระดับกลาง","Advanced":"ขั้นสูง","{{count}} minutes":"{{count}} นาที","{{count}} minutes ago":"{{count}} นาทีที่เเล้ว","{{count}} hours ago":"{{count}} ชั่วโมงที่เเล้ว","{{count}} days ago":"{{count}} วันที่เเล้ว","Latest releases":"เนื้อหาใหม่ล่าสุด","SEE ALL LATEST RELEASES":"ดูเนื้อหาล่าสุดทั้งหมด","Full definition":"คำจำกัดความแบบเต็ม","Glossary addition":"คำศัพท์ใหม่","Explore all the latest content":"สำรวจเนื้อหาล่าสุดทั้งหมด","Lost in all the crypto slang?":"สำนวนคริปโตต่างๆ ทำให้งงหรือเปล่า?","Take a closer look at our blockchain \u0026 crypto glossary.":"เข้าไปศึกษาอภิธานศัพท์เกี่ยวกับบล็อกเชนและคริปโตของเรา","Check out Glossary":"ดูอภิธานศัพท์","Up for an adventure?":"พร้อมผจญภัยแล้วหรือไม่?","Learn while you test your knowledge with a range of quizzes.":"เรียนรู้ไปพร้อมๆ กับการวัดระดับความรู้ของคุณด้วยแบบทดสอบที่หลากหลาย","Take a crypto quiz":"ทำแบบทดสอบคริปโต","Trading":"การซื้อขาย","SEE ALL TRADING CONTENT":"ดูเนื้อหาเรื่องการซื้อขายทั้งหมด","See more content about this topic":"ดูเนื้อหาเกี่ยวกับหัวข้อนี้เพิ่มเติม","No idea what you just scrolled through?":"ไม่เข้าใจสักอย่างที่คุณเพิ่งอ่านไป?","Not to worry. Our no-nonsense beginner's guide will get you up to speed.":"ไม่ต้องกังวลไป คู่มือสำหรับมือใหม่ที่มีแต่สาระของเราจะช่วยให้คุณเข้าใจได้เร็วไว","Get started here":"เริ่มต้นที่นี่","Essentials":"ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน","SEE ALL ESSENTIALS CONTENT":"ดูข้อมูลพื้นฐานทั้งหมด","Blockchain":"บล็อกเชน","SEE ALL BLOCKCHAIN CONTENT":"ดูเนื้อหาเรื่องบล็อกเชนทั้งหมด","Keep an eye on Bitcoin":"จับตาดู Bitcoin","Every four years, the Bitcoin rewards are slashed in half. Find out why on the Halving page.":"ทุกๆ สี่ปีรางวัล Bitcoin ที่ขุดได้จะถูกเเบ่งครึ่ง สาเหตุคืออะไร หาคำตอบได้ในหน้า Halving","Bitcoin halving page":"หน้า Bitcoin Halving","Got questions?":"มีคำถามใช่ไหม?","We totally understand. That's why we've built a platform to answer them.":"เราเข้าใจดี นั่นเป็นเหตุผลที่เราสร้างแพลตฟอร์มเพื่อไขข้อกังขาต่างๆ","Go to Ask Academy":"หาคำตอบได้ที่ Academy","Guides":"คู่มือ","SEE ALL GUIDES":"ดูคู่มือทั้งหมด","Weekly pick":"คัดเลือกมาประจำสัปดาห์","{{count}}":"{{count}}","That's the number of terms in our glossary. How many do you know?":"นั่นคือจำนวนคำศัพท์ในอภิธานศัพท์ของเรา คุณรู้กี่คำ?","Search glossary":"ค้นหาในอภิธานศัพท์","Get the latest in crypto dropped to your email, every week.":"รับข้อมูลล่าสุดเรื่องคริปโตทางอีเมลของคุณทุกสัปดาห์","Glossary":"คลังคำศัพท์","The Words of Crypto":"ศัพท์คริปโต","Time to understand the language":"ถึงเวลาที่ทำความเข้าใจสำนวนเทคนิค","Search terms here...":"ค้นหาคำที่นี่...","Can't find what you're looking for?":"ไม่เจอสิ่งที่คุณกำลังมองหาหรือเปล่า?","Whoops. Our bad. Please help us make our glossary better by submitting new terms.":"อ๊ะ ขออภัย โปรดช่วยเราปรับปรุงอภิธานศัพท์ให้ดีขึ้นโดยการป้อนคำศัพท์เพิ่ม","Submit terms":"ป้อนคำศัพท์","Community submission":"คำศัพท์จากชุมชน","Author:":"ผู้เขียน:","Start here":"เริ่มต้นที่นี่","Discover":"ค้นพบ","Log In":"เข้าสู่ระบบ","Register":"ลงทะเบียน","Search":"ค้นหา","Ask Academy":"ถาม Academy","Blockchain forum and Q\u0026A":"ฟอรัมบล็อกเชนและ Q\u0026A","Crypto-terms glossary":"อภิธานศัพท์คริปโต","Test your knowledge":"ทดสอบความรู้ของคุณ","Have a product idea or feedback?":"มีแนวคิดหรือข้อเสนอแนะเกี่ยวกับผลิตภัณฑ์หรือไม่?","Contribute":"ร่วมสนับสนุน","New to Crypto?":"ยังเป็นมือใหม่คริปโตอยู่?","See our beginner content.":"ดูเนื้อหาของเราสำหรับผู้เริ่มต้น","Products":"ผลิตภัณฑ์","Exchange":"แลกเปลี่ยน","Access":"การเข้าถึง","Academy":"Academy","BCF":"BCF","Card":"บัตร","Labs":"Labs","Launchpad":"Launchpad","Research":"วิจัย","Trust Wallet":"Trust Wallet","Company":"บริษัท","Terms \u0026 Conditions":"ข้อตกลงและเงื่อนไข","Privacy Policy":"นโยบายด้านความปลอดภัย","Disclaimer":"คำสงวนสิทธิ์","Content Request":"ขอเนื้อหาเพิ่ม","Submission Guide":"คู่มือการยื่น","Feedback":"ข้อเสนอแนะ","Bitcoin Halving Countdown":"นับถอยหลัง Bitcoin Halving","Bitcoin Halving Timer":"จับเวลา Bitcoin Halving","Days":"วัน","Hours":"ชั่วโมง","Minutes":"นาที","Seconds":"วินาที","Current block height":"จำนวนบล็อกในปัจจุบัน","Blocks until halving":"จำนวนบล็อกกว่าจะถึง Halving","BTC Price":"ราคา BTC","Buy Bitcoin on Binance":"ซื้อ Bitcoin ที่ Binance","Detailed datasheet":"เอกสารข้อมูลโดยละเอียด","Total BTC in circulation":"BTC ทั้งหมดที่หมุนเวียนอยู่","Total BTC to ever be produced":"รวมจำนวน BTC ทั้งหมดที่ผลิตออกมา","Percentage of BTC mined":"เปอร์เซ็นต์ของ BTC ที่ขุดแล้ว","BTC left to mine until halving":"จำนวน BTC ที่เหลือให้ขุดจนกว่าจะถึง Halving","BTC market cap (USD)":"มูลค่าตลาดของ BTC (USD)","BTC generated each day":"จำนวน BTC ที่ผลิตใหม่ในแต่ละวัน","BTC annual inflation rate":"อัตราการเฟ้อแต่ละปีของ BTC","BTC daily inflation":"อัตราการเฟ้อรายวันของ BTC","Approximate block time":"เวลาสร้างบล็อกโดยประมาณ","Mining difficulty":"ความยากในการขุด","Hash rate":"อัตราแฮช","Community":"ชุมชน","{{count}}h ago":"{{count}}ชั่วโมงที่เเล้ว","{{count}}d ago":"{{count}}วันที่เเล้ว","{{count}}w ago":"{{count}}สัปดาห์ที่เเล้ว","Crypto \u0026 Blockchain Education | Blockchain Course":"การศึกษาเรื่องคริปโตและบล็อกเชน | คอร์สบล็อกเชน","Blockchain and crypto asset exchange":"บล็อกเชนและตลาดเเลกเปลี่ยนสินทรัพย์คริปโต","Blockchain and crypto education":"การศึกษาเกี่ยวกับบล็อกเชนและคริปโต","Blockchain charity foundation":"มูลนิธิการกุศลบล็อกเชน","Cryptocurrency Information":"ข้อมูลคริปโตเคอร์เรนซี","Incubator for top blockchain projects":"ศูนย์บ่มเพาะสำหรับโครงการบล็อกเชนชั้นนำ","Institutional-grade analysis and reports":"การวิเคราะห์และรายงานระดับสถาบัน","Binance's official crypto wallet":"กระเป๋าเงินคริปโตอย่างเป็นทางการของ Binance","Token Launch Platform":"แพลตฟอร์มเปิดตัวโทเคน","Binance Academy's Blockchain and Crypto Glossary is the authoritative source for terminology and definitions of the blockchain and cryptocurrency world":"อภิธานศัพท์บล็อกเชนและคริปโตของ Binance Academy เป็นแหล่งข้อมูลที่เชื่อถือได้สำหรับคำศัพท์และคำจำกัดความในโลกบล็อกเชนและคริปโตเคอร์เรนซี","Learn about blockchain, cryptocurrency, security, technology and more with entirely free videos, articles, and online courses all on Binance Academy.":"เรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับบล็อกเชน คริปโตเคอร์เรนซี ความปลอดภัย เทคโนโลยีและอื่นๆ ด้วยการชมวิดีโอ อ่านบทความ และเรียนหลักสูตรออนไลน์ได้ฟรีที่ Binance Academy","Interested in learning about blockchain, cryptocurrency, security, technology, or following along with tutorials? Binance Academy has all that and more!":"หากคุณสนใจเรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับบล็อกเชน คริปโทเคอร์เรนซี ความปลอดภัย เทคโนโลยี หรือลองทำจริงตามวิดีโอสาธิต Binance Academy มีให้หมดพร้อมอื่นๆ อีกมากมาย!","Binance Academy playlists provide content from beginner to advanced, you can follow along curated list of articles designed to make it easy to understand":"เพลย์ลิสต์ของ Binance Academy มีเนื้อหาตั้งแต่ระดับเริ่มต้นไปจนถึงขั้นสูง คุณสามารถติดตามบทความต่างๆ ที่คัดสรรมาเเล้วเพื่อให้เข้าใจได้ง่าย","The bitcoin block reward halving occurs once every 4 years on average, learn the significance of the bitcoin halving and when the next one will occur.":"รางวัลบล็อก Bitcoin จะถูกเเบ่งครึ่งโดยเฉลี่ยทุก 4 ปีโดย ศึกษาความสำคัญของการ Halving และดูว่าครั้งต่อไปจะเกิดขึ้นเมื่อใด","Want to test yourself? Check out Binance Academy Quizzes and test how much you have learned about Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Security, and Economics.":"หากคุณต้องการวัดความสามารถตนเอง ลองทำแบบทดสอบของ Binance Academy เพื่อประเมินระดับความรู้ของคุณเกี่ยวกับบล็อกเชน คริปโตเคอร์เรนซี ความปลอดภัย และเศรษฐศาสตร์","Looks like you don't have an internet connection.":"ดูเหมือนว่าคุณไม่ได้เชื่อมต่ออินเทอร์เน็ต","Binance Academy is currently under maintenance.":"ขณะนี้ Binance Academy อยู่ระหว่างการบำรุงรักษา","We'll be right back!":"เราจะกลับมาเร็วๆ นี้!","In the meantime, take a look at some of our videos.":"ในระหว่างนี้ ลองดูวิดีโอบางส่วนของเรา","Search results for":"ผลการค้นหาสำหรับ ","No results found.":"ไม่พบผลลัพธ์","Ask a new question":"ตั้งคำถามใหม่","asked by":"ถามโดย","Latest questions":"คำถามล่าสุด","Trending":"กำลังมาแรง","New":"ใหม่","Solved":"คลี่คลายแล้ว","All":"ทั้งหมด","Open":"เปิด","Find existing answers":"ค้นหาคำตอบที่มีอยู่แล้ว","Title must be 10 or more characters":"หัวข้อต้องมีอักษร 10 ตัวขึ้นไป","You will not be able to edit your title after posting":"คุณจะไม่สามารถแก้ไขหัวข้อของคุณได้หลังจากที่โพสต์แล้ว","Title...":"หัวข้อ...","Enter your question here":"ป้อนคำถามของคุณที่นี่","Post question":"ตั้งคำถาม","Answers":"คำตอบ","Enter your answer or comment here...":"ตอบคำถามหรือแสดงความคิดเห็นที่นี่..."},"statusCode":null,"initialTheme":0,"supportedLanguages":["en","ru","id","de","vi","tr","pt","es","uk","th"],"categories":[{"id":"63637417847d336a2db3780a","slug":"altcoins","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/fce0b02d449245cba857377f7f28c5f5.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:36.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.548Z","parent_slug":"topics","translations":[{"title":"Altcoins","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:26.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"},{"title":"Altcoins","description":"Get the low-down on the latest altcoin news, project deep dives and all other cryptocurrencies besides Bitcoin.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:36.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.547Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377ff","slug":"announcements","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/bf0e708e80084fd5877419bd1e5eea37.png","created_at":"2021-11-03T08:24:02.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:31:29.269Z","parent_slug":"coinmarketcap-news","translations":[{"title":"Announcements","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:11:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:31:29.269Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:11:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:31:29.269Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:11:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:31:29.269Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:11:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:31:29.269Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:11:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:31:29.269Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:15.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:31:29.269Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:11:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:31:29.269Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:47.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:31:29.269Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:11:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:31:29.269Z"},{"title":"Announcements","description":"Don't miss important CoinMarketCap updates here!","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-03T08:24:02.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:31:29.269Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37818","slug":"announcements-g","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:07:29.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:07:29.000Z","parent_slug":"gravity","translations":[{"title":"Announcements","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:28:33.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:48.000Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:07:29.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:48.000Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:28:22.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:48.000Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"id","created_at":"2022-02-22T08:57:33.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:48.000Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:28:24.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:48.000Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-02-22T08:54:38.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:48.000Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:48.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:48.000Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:28:27.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:48.000Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:17.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:48.000Z"},{"title":"Announcements","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:28:30.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:48.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37803","slug":"bitcoin","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/bbb3be20245542e4b0a443c327bc73c1.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:48:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:06.623Z","parent_slug":"topics","translations":[{"title":"Bitcoin","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:16.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:06.623Z"},{"title":"Bitcoin","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:16.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:06.623Z"},{"title":"Bitcoin","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:16.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:06.623Z"},{"title":"Bitcoin","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:16.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:06.623Z"},{"title":"Bitcoin","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:16.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:06.623Z"},{"title":"Bitcoin","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:09.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:06.623Z"},{"title":"Bitcoin","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:16.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:06.623Z"},{"title":"Bitcoin","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:39.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:06.623Z"},{"title":"Bitcoin","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:16.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:06.623Z"},{"title":"Bitcoin","description":"Find the latest news on Bitcoin, a decentralized, peer-to-peer digital currency founded by the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:48:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:06.623Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37805","slug":"blockchain","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/55801fca4a9c4b609104a2eccb37aaf9.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:48:43.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:41:00.035Z","parent_slug":"topics","translations":[{"title":"Blockchain","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:23.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:41:00.035Z"},{"title":"Blockchain","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:23.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:41:00.035Z"},{"title":"Blockchain","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:23.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:41:00.035Z"},{"title":"Blockchain","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:23.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:41:00.035Z"},{"title":"Blockchain","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:23.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:41:00.035Z"},{"title":"Blockchain","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:05.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:41:00.035Z"},{"title":"Blockchain","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:23.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:41:00.035Z"},{"title":"Blockchain","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:35.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:41:00.035Z"},{"title":"Blockchain","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:23.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:41:00.035Z"},{"title":"Blockchain","description":"Blockchains are distributed, immutable ledgers of transactions across a peer-to-peer network — dive into our blockchain guides, whitepapers and more.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:48:43.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:41:00.035Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377f8","slug":"blog","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/403189d0bc3d4b22a765422a4c9f27ea.png","created_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:12.000Z","updated_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:12.000Z","parent_slug":"learn","translations":[{"title":"Blog","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:32:02.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:31.000Z"},{"title":"Blog","description":"Product updates, partnerships, and announcements from CoinMarketCap and our contributors.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:12.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:31.000Z"},{"title":"Blog","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:31:52.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:31.000Z"},{"title":"Blog","language":"id","created_at":"2021-09-23T14:40:15.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:31.000Z"},{"title":"Blog","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:31:54.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:31.000Z"},{"title":"Блог","description":"Апдейты по продуктам, партнерствам и анонсы от CoinMarketCap и наших контрибьютеров.","language":"ru","created_at":"2021-08-05T19:41:16.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:31.000Z"},{"title":"Blog","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:31.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:31.000Z"},{"title":"Blog","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:31:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:31.000Z"},{"title":"Blog","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:36:02.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:31.000Z"},{"title":"Blog","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:32:00.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:31.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db3780f","slug":"blog-g","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:04:13.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:04:13.000Z","parent_slug":"gravity","translations":[{"title":"Blog","language":"de","created_at":"2022-02-22T10:25:20.000Z","updated_at":"2022-02-22T10:25:20.000Z"},{"title":"Blog","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:04:13.000Z","updated_at":"2022-02-22T10:25:20.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37819","slug":"cmc-research","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/8c3d6407404e49c0a53bc747c1d0cc34.png","created_at":"2022-06-15T17:18:48.000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-28T06:47:13.098Z","parent_slug":"learn","translations":[{"title":"CMC Research","language":"de","created_at":"2022-06-21T15:40:07.000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-28T06:47:13.097Z"},{"title":"CMC Research","language":"es","created_at":"2022-06-21T15:40:07.000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-28T06:47:13.097Z"},{"title":"CMC Research","language":"id","created_at":"2022-06-21T15:40:07.000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-28T06:47:13.097Z"},{"title":"CMC Research","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-06-21T15:40:07.000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-28T06:47:13.097Z"},{"title":"CMC Research","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-06-21T15:40:07.000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-28T06:47:13.097Z"},{"title":"CMC Research","language":"th","created_at":"2022-06-21T15:40:07.000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-28T06:47:13.097Z"},{"title":"CMC Research","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-06-21T15:40:07.000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-28T06:47:13.097Z"},{"title":"CMC Research","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-06-21T15:40:07.000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-28T06:47:13.097Z"},{"title":"CMC Research","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-06-21T15:40:07.000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-28T06:47:13.097Z"},{"title":"CMC Research","description":"Institutional-grade research on cryptocurrency and digital assets like Bitcoin, Ethereum, DeFi, GameFi and more.","language":"en","created_at":"2022-06-15T17:18:48.000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-28T06:47:13.097Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377fe","slug":"coinmarketcap-news","created_at":"2021-11-03T08:23:36.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T07:50:01.737Z","translations":[{"title":"CoinMarketCap News","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:10:51.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T07:50:01.737Z"},{"title":"CoinMarketCap News","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:10:51.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T07:50:01.737Z"},{"title":"CoinMarketCap News","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:10:51.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T07:50:01.737Z"},{"title":"CoinMarketCap News","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:10:51.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T07:50:01.737Z"},{"title":"CoinMarketCap News","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:10:51.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T07:50:01.737Z"},{"title":"CoinMarketCap News","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:17.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T07:50:01.737Z"},{"title":"CoinMarketCap News","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:10:51.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T07:50:01.737Z"},{"title":"CoinMarketCap News","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:50.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T07:50:01.737Z"},{"title":"CoinMarketCap News","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:10:51.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T07:50:01.737Z"},{"title":"CMC Updates","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-03T08:23:36.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T07:50:01.737Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377fb","slug":"crypto-basics","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/64112bea3b9b4038b6cbc25a1cd86fb7.png","created_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:57.000Z","updated_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:57.000Z","parent_slug":"learn","translations":[{"title":"Crypto Basics","language":"de","created_at":"2022-02-22T08:58:06.000Z","updated_at":"2022-08-24T15:11:26.000Z"},{"title":"Crypto Basics","description":"All you need to know about the basics of cryptocurrency in one place. Learn how Bitcoin, blockchain and altcoins work, how to actually use them, and why it matters to you.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-08-24T15:11:26.000Z"},{"title":"Crypto Basics","language":"es","created_at":"2022-02-22T08:58:45.000Z","updated_at":"2022-08-24T15:11:26.000Z"},{"title":"Crypto Basics","language":"id","created_at":"2021-09-23T14:40:07.000Z","updated_at":"2022-08-24T15:11:26.000Z"},{"title":"Crypto Basics","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-02-22T08:58:33.000Z","updated_at":"2022-08-24T15:11:26.000Z"},{"title":"Основы крипто","description":"Все что надо вам нужно знать про основы криптоиндустрии у вас под рукой. Узнайте как работают Bitcoin, блокчейн и альткоины, как их использовать и почему это важно.","language":"ru","created_at":"2021-08-08T13:23:53.000Z","updated_at":"2022-08-24T15:11:26.000Z"},{"title":"Crypto Basics","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:24.000Z","updated_at":"2022-08-24T15:11:26.000Z"},{"title":"Crypto Basics","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-02-22T08:58:25.000Z","updated_at":"2022-08-24T15:11:26.000Z"},{"title":"Crypto Basics","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:55.000Z","updated_at":"2022-08-24T15:11:26.000Z"},{"title":"Crypto Basics","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-02-22T08:58:17.000Z","updated_at":"2022-08-24T15:11:26.000Z"},{"title":"Crypto Basics","language":"zh","created_at":"2022-08-24T15:11:26.000Z","updated_at":"2022-08-24T15:11:26.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37807","slug":"defi","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/dd0791151110497095e23ed1066a5cb4.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:03.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:56.722Z","parent_slug":"topics","translations":[{"title":"DeFi","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:52.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:56.722Z"},{"title":"DeFi","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:52.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:56.722Z"},{"title":"DeFi","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:52.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:56.722Z"},{"title":"DeFi","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:52.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:56.722Z"},{"title":"DeFi","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:52.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:56.722Z"},{"title":"DeFi","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:02.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:56.722Z"},{"title":"DeFi","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:52.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:56.722Z"},{"title":"DeFi","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:32.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:56.722Z"},{"title":"DeFi","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:52.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:56.722Z"},{"title":"DeFi","description":"Short for decentralized finance, DeFi refers to peer-to-peer financial services that operate permissionlessly — check out major DeFi news, deep dives into DeFi protocols and guides on how to DeFi.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:03.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:56.722Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37812","slug":"defi-g","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:05:37.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:05:37.000Z","parent_slug":"gravity","translations":[{"title":"DeFi","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:05:37.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37804","slug":"ethereum","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/f31fe09cd14a4146ab6d8da166210242.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:48:33.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:25:49.201Z","parent_slug":"topics","translations":[{"title":"Ethereum","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:25:49.201Z"},{"title":"Ethereum","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:25:49.201Z"},{"title":"Ethereum","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:25:49.201Z"},{"title":"Ethereum","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:25:49.201Z"},{"title":"Ethereum","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:25:49.201Z"},{"title":"Ethereum","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:08.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:25:49.201Z"},{"title":"Ethereum","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:25:49.201Z"},{"title":"Ethereum","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:37.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:25:49.201Z"},{"title":"Ethereum","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:25:49.201Z"},{"title":"Ethereum","description":"Here we cover all you need to know about Ethereum — the decentralized, open-source computing platform with smart contract functionality.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:48:33.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:25:49.201Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37800","slug":"feature-explorer","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/9e1fce722ad84962a5f7d3cda69afc03.png","created_at":"2021-11-03T08:24:10.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:32:08.943Z","parent_slug":"coinmarketcap-news","translations":[{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:09.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:32:08.943Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:09.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:32:08.943Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:09.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:32:08.943Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:09.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:32:08.943Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:09.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:32:08.943Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"th","created_at":"2022-07-26T12:21:12.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:32:08.943Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:09.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:32:08.943Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:45.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:32:08.943Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:09.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:32:08.943Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","description":"Don't get left behind — understand our features and updates better here!","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-03T08:24:10.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:32:08.943Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37817","slug":"feature-explorer-g","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:07:17.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:07:17.000Z","parent_slug":"gravity","translations":[{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:29:28.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:50.000Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:07:17.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:50.000Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:29:18.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:50.000Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:29:30.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:50.000Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:29:20.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:50.000Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:29:33.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:50.000Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:50.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:50.000Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:29:23.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:50.000Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:50.000Z"},{"title":"Feature Explorer","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:29:25.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:50.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37809","slug":"gamefi","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/61bb7bebf2e14b8a82874c8947af06bf.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:26.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:29:33.029Z","parent_slug":"topics","translations":[{"title":"GameFi","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:29:33.029Z"},{"title":"GameFi","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:29:33.029Z"},{"title":"GameFi","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:29:33.029Z"},{"title":"GameFi","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:29:33.029Z"},{"title":"GameFi","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:29:33.029Z"},{"title":"GameFi","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:29:33.029Z"},{"title":"GameFi","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:29:33.029Z"},{"title":"GameFi","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:27.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:29:33.029Z"},{"title":"GameFi","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:56.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:29:33.029Z"},{"title":"GameFi","description":"Discover GameFi projects and industry reports that will only make you an expert on Web3 and blockchain gaming.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:26.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:29:33.029Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37813","slug":"gamefi-g","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:05:56.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:05:56.000Z","parent_slug":"gravity","translations":[{"title":"GameFi","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:05:56.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db3780c","slug":"gravity","created_at":"2021-12-22T06:38:33.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T06:38:33.000Z","translations":[{"title":"Gravity","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T06:38:33.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db3780d","slug":"how-to-guide","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:03:38.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:03:38.000Z","parent_slug":"gravity","translations":[{"title":"How-to Guides","language":"de","created_at":"2022-02-22T10:24:50.000Z","updated_at":"2022-02-22T10:24:50.000Z"},{"title":"How-to Guides","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:03:38.000Z","updated_at":"2022-02-22T10:24:50.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377f7","slug":"how-to-guides","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/b2645949dd5e444f91bdda7fb2f513fd.png","created_at":"2021-08-03T14:18:47.000Z","updated_at":"2021-08-03T14:18:47.000Z","parent_slug":"learn","translations":[{"title":"How-to Guides","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:31:26.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:34.000Z"},{"title":"How-to Guides","description":"Dealing with cryptocurrency isn’t always easy. CMC provides in-depth guides into everything from how to create a crypto address to the best way to keep your crypto safe.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-08-03T14:18:47.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:34.000Z"},{"title":"How-to Guides","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:31:16.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:34.000Z"},{"title":"How-to Guides","language":"id","created_at":"2021-09-23T14:40:23.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:34.000Z"},{"title":"How-to Guides","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:31:18.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:34.000Z"},{"title":"Практические руководства","description":"Не всегда легко разобраться с криптовалютами. CoinMarketCap предоставляет детальные руководства обо всех нюансах от создания крипто адреса до лучших способов безопасно хранить ваши криптовалюты.","language":"ru","created_at":"2021-08-20T13:49:10.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:34.000Z"},{"title":"How-to Guides","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:34.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:34.000Z"},{"title":"How-to Guides","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:31:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:34.000Z"},{"title":"How-to Guides","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:36:05.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:34.000Z"},{"title":"How-to Guides","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:31:24.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:34.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377fc","slug":"learn","created_at":"2021-10-23T11:45:27.000Z","updated_at":"2021-10-23T11:45:27.000Z","translations":[{"title":"Learn","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:34:38.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:22.000Z"},{"title":"Learn","language":"en","created_at":"2021-10-23T11:45:27.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:22.000Z"},{"title":"Learn","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:34:28.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:22.000Z"},{"title":"Learn","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:34:40.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:22.000Z"},{"title":"Learn","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:34:30.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:22.000Z"},{"title":"Learn","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:34:43.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:22.000Z"},{"title":"Learn","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:22.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:22.000Z"},{"title":"Learn","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:34:33.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:22.000Z"},{"title":"Learn","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:53.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:22.000Z"},{"title":"Learn","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:34:35.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:22.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377f9","slug":"market-musing","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/33d76d0d4aab45b9b02ebab17820373f.png","created_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:25.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T08:12:22.321Z","parent_slug":"learn","translations":[{"title":"Market Musings","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:33:01.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T08:12:22.321Z"},{"title":"Market Musings","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:32:53.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T08:12:22.321Z"},{"title":"Crypto Basics","language":"id","created_at":"2021-09-23T14:40:11.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T08:12:22.321Z"},{"title":"Market Musings","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:32:51.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T08:12:22.321Z"},{"title":"Поразмышляем о рынках","description":"Узнайте важные инсайты от лидеров в сфере блокчейна и крипто, чтобы лучше ориентироваться в криптоиндустрии.","language":"ru","created_at":"2021-08-09T15:04:16.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T08:12:22.321Z"},{"title":"Market Musings","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:29.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T08:12:22.321Z"},{"title":"Market Musings","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:32:55.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T08:12:22.321Z"},{"title":"Market Musings","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:36:00.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T08:12:22.321Z"},{"title":"Market Musings","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:32:58.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T08:12:22.321Z"},{"title":"Crypto News","description":"Read crypto news and discover knowledgeable insights from leaders in the blockchain and cryptocurrency sectors.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:25.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T08:12:22.321Z"}]},{"id":"669e17805ae2e073dad9e1f3","slug":"market-musing-g","created_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:36.481Z","updated_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:44.755Z","translations":[{"title":"Market Musing-g","language":"en","created_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:36.481Z","updated_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:44.754Z"},{"title":"Market Musing-g","language":"vi","created_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:44.755Z"},{"title":"Market Musing-g","language":"ru","created_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:44.755Z"},{"title":"Market Musing-g","language":"id","created_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:44.755Z"},{"title":"Market Musing-g","language":"pt","created_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:44.755Z"},{"title":"Market Musing-g","language":"es","created_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:44.755Z"},{"title":"Market Musing-g","language":"de","created_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:44.755Z"},{"title":"Market Musing-g","language":"th","created_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:44.755Z"},{"title":"Market Musing-g","language":"zh","created_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:44.755Z"},{"title":"Market Musing-g","language":"tr","created_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:44.755Z"},{"title":"Market Musing-g","language":"uk","created_at":"2024-07-22T08:25:44.755Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37801","slug":"marketing","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/44b2da07a2fa456583ce192cb07ea631.png","created_at":"2021-11-03T08:24:22.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:43.318Z","parent_slug":"coinmarketcap-news","translations":[{"title":"Marketing","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:11.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:43.318Z"},{"title":"Marketing","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:11.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:43.318Z"},{"title":"Marketing","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:11.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:43.318Z"},{"title":"Marketing","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:11.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:43.318Z"},{"title":"Marketing","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:11.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:43.318Z"},{"title":"Marketing","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:13.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:43.318Z"},{"title":"Marketing","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:11.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:43.318Z"},{"title":"Marketing","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:43.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:43.318Z"},{"title":"Marketing","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:11.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:43.318Z"},{"title":"Marketing","description":"Get the latest updates on our Airdrop campaigns, Diamonds reward program and more!","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-03T08:24:22.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:43.318Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37816","slug":"marketing-g","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:06:36.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:06:36.000Z","parent_slug":"gravity","translations":[{"title":"Marketing","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:06:36.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db3780b","slug":"metaverse","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/3494386ba97d4985bde6c79f778375d2.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:59.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:26:47.166Z","parent_slug":"topics","translations":[{"title":"Metaverse","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:59.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:26:47.166Z"},{"title":"Metaverse","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:59.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:26:47.166Z"},{"title":"Metaverse","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:59.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:26:47.166Z"},{"title":"Metaverse","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:59.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:26:47.166Z"},{"title":"Metaverse","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:59.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:26:47.166Z"},{"title":"Metaverse","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:53.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:26:47.166Z"},{"title":"Metaverse","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:59.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:26:47.166Z"},{"title":"Metaverse","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:25.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:26:47.166Z"},{"title":"Metaverse","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:59.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:26:47.166Z"},{"title":"Metaverse","description":"Follow the latest developments on the metaverse space and get lost in all types of immersive virtual worlds.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:59.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:26:47.166Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37811","slug":"metaverse-g","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:05:19.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:05:19.000Z","parent_slug":"gravity","translations":[{"title":"Metaverse","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:05:19.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37814","slug":"nft","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:06:08.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:06:08.000Z","parent_slug":"gravity","translations":[{"title":"NFTs","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:06:08.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37808","slug":"nfts","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/b2e38aa2f89c493a9eb877563d9a6125.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:17.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:02.742Z","parent_slug":"topics","translations":[{"title":"NFTs","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:54.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:02.742Z"},{"title":"NFTs","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:54.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:02.742Z"},{"title":"NFTs","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:54.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:02.742Z"},{"title":"NFTs","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:54.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:02.742Z"},{"title":"NFTs","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:54.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:02.742Z"},{"title":"NFTs","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:49:59.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:02.742Z"},{"title":"NFTs","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:54.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:02.742Z"},{"title":"NFTs","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:30.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:02.742Z"},{"title":"NFTs","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:54.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:02.742Z"},{"title":"NFTs","description":"Keep up with the latest in the non-fungible token space, learning more about digital ownership on the blockchain.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:17.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:02.742Z"}]},{"id":"670fdc6be30f155be0406fd2","slug":"tap-to-earn","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/83b7decc47c5442689f3bcc414dc6106.png","created_at":"2024-10-16T15:31:55.719Z","updated_at":"2024-10-25T09:43:35.496Z","parent_slug":"learn","translations":[{"title":"Tap To Earn","description":"Read the latest Tap to Earn articles","language":"en","created_at":"2024-10-16T15:31:55.719Z","updated_at":"2024-10-25T09:43:35.495Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377fa","slug":"tech-deep-dives","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/c4d4081206a54bc29287837d9ad6facf.png","created_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:45.000Z","updated_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:45.000Z","parent_slug":"learn","translations":[{"title":"Tech Deep Dives","language":"de","created_at":"2022-02-22T10:23:57.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:28.000Z"},{"title":"Tech Deep Dives","description":"The crypto industry is rapidly changing — that’s what makes it so much fun, but it can become easy to get lost in the whirl of new technologies. CMC’s tech deep dives are here to help.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:45.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:28.000Z"},{"title":"Tech Deep Dives","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:33:50.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:28.000Z"},{"title":"Tech Deep Dives","language":"id","created_at":"2021-09-23T14:04:47.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:28.000Z"},{"title":"Tech Deep Dives","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:33:47.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:28.000Z"},{"title":"Глубокое погружение в технологии","description":"Криптоиндустрия развивается очень быстро — и именно поэтому она такая захватывающая! Но становится очень легко потеряться в вихре новых технологии. Глубокое погружение в технологии с CoinMarketCap поможет вам лучше разобраться.","language":"ru","created_at":"2021-08-20T13:47:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:28.000Z"},{"title":"Tech Deep Dives","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:28.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:28.000Z"},{"title":"Tech Deep Dives","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:33:43.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:28.000Z"},{"title":"Tech Deep Dives","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:58.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:28.000Z"},{"title":"Tech Deep Dives","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:33:41.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:28.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37810","slug":"tech-deep-dives-g","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:04:25.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:04:25.000Z","parent_slug":"gravity","translations":[{"title":"Tech Deep Dives","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:04:25.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:05:04.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37802","slug":"topics","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:47:20.000Z","updated_at":"2021-11-04T07:47:20.000Z","translations":[{"title":"Topics","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:14.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:11.000Z"},{"title":"Topics","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:47:20.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:11.000Z"},{"title":"Topics","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:14.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:11.000Z"},{"title":"Topics","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:14.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:11.000Z"},{"title":"Topics","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:14.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:11.000Z"},{"title":"Topics","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:36:54.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:11.000Z"},{"title":"Topics","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:11.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:11.000Z"},{"title":"Topics","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:14.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:11.000Z"},{"title":"Topics","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:40.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:11.000Z"},{"title":"Topics","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:12:14.000Z","updated_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:11.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37806","slug":"trading","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:48:52.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:27:28.514Z","parent_slug":"topics","translations":[{"title":"Trading","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:49.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:27:28.514Z"},{"title":"Trading","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:49.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:27:28.514Z"},{"title":"Trading","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:49.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:27:28.514Z"},{"title":"Trading","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:49.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:27:28.514Z"},{"title":"Trading","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:49.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:27:28.514Z"},{"title":"Trading","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:03.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:27:28.514Z"},{"title":"Trading","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:49.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:27:28.514Z"},{"title":"Trading","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:33.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:27:28.514Z"},{"title":"Trading","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T08:13:49.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:27:28.514Z"},{"title":"Trading","description":"Find out the latest stories and research into cryptocurrency trading here.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:48:52.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:27:28.514Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db3780e","slug":"trading-analysi","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:03:49.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:03:49.000Z","parent_slug":"gravity","translations":[{"title":"Trading Analysis","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:03:49.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:04:52.000Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377fd","slug":"trading-analysis","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/93d795b5dd014057bff78c053d54ef4f.png","created_at":"2021-10-28T13:11:44.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:22:22.514Z","parent_slug":"learn","translations":[{"title":"Trading Analysis","language":"de","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:35:48.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:22:22.513Z"},{"title":"Trading Analysis","language":"es","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:35:38.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:22:22.513Z"},{"title":"Trading Analysis","language":"id","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:35:51.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:22:22.513Z"},{"title":"Trading Analysis","language":"pt","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:35:41.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:22:22.513Z"},{"title":"Trading Analysis","language":"ru","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:35:53.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:22:22.513Z"},{"title":"Trading Analysis","language":"th","created_at":"2022-04-14T10:50:19.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:22:22.513Z"},{"title":"Trading Analysis","language":"tr","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:35:43.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:22:22.513Z"},{"title":"Trading Analysis","language":"uk","created_at":"2022-04-11T14:35:51.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:22:22.513Z"},{"title":"Trading Analysis","language":"vi","created_at":"2022-03-02T07:35:46.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:22:22.513Z"},{"title":"Trading Analysis","description":"Use our weekly technical analysis on trending coins and practical techniques to trade cryptocurrencies and digital assets like Bitcoin, Ethereum and Dogecoin.","language":"en","created_at":"2021-10-28T13:11:44.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:22:22.513Z"}]},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37815","slug":"trading-g","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:06:20.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:06:20.000Z","parent_slug":"gravity","translations":[{"title":"Trading","language":"en","created_at":"2021-12-22T09:06:20.000Z","updated_at":"2021-12-22T09:07:06.000Z"}]}],"categoriesCount":[{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377f7","slug":"how-to-guides","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/b2645949dd5e444f91bdda7fb2f513fd.png","created_at":"2021-08-03T14:18:47.000Z","updated_at":"2021-08-03T14:18:47.000Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db377fc","articles":9},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377fa","slug":"tech-deep-dives","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/c4d4081206a54bc29287837d9ad6facf.png","created_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:45.000Z","updated_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:45.000Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db377fc","articles":10},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377fb","slug":"crypto-basics","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/64112bea3b9b4038b6cbc25a1cd86fb7.png","created_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:57.000Z","updated_at":"2021-08-03T16:34:57.000Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db377fc","articles":31},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377fd","slug":"trading-analysis","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/93d795b5dd014057bff78c053d54ef4f.png","created_at":"2021-10-28T13:11:44.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:22:22.514Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db377fc","articles":2},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db377fe","slug":"coinmarketcap-news","created_at":"2021-11-03T08:23:36.000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-15T07:50:01.737Z","articles":1},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37800","slug":"feature-explorer","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/9e1fce722ad84962a5f7d3cda69afc03.png","created_at":"2021-11-03T08:24:10.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:32:08.943Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db377fe","articles":1},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37803","slug":"bitcoin","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/bbb3be20245542e4b0a443c327bc73c1.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:48:21.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:06.623Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db37802","articles":2},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37804","slug":"ethereum","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/f31fe09cd14a4146ab6d8da166210242.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:48:33.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:25:49.201Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db37802","articles":7},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37805","slug":"blockchain","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/55801fca4a9c4b609104a2eccb37aaf9.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:48:43.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:41:00.035Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db37802","articles":4},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37806","slug":"trading","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:48:52.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:27:28.514Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db37802","articles":7},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37807","slug":"defi","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/dd0791151110497095e23ed1066a5cb4.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:03.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:28:56.722Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db37802","articles":8},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37808","slug":"nfts","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/b2e38aa2f89c493a9eb877563d9a6125.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:17.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:30:02.742Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db37802","articles":1},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db3780a","slug":"altcoins","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/fce0b02d449245cba857377f7f28c5f5.png","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:49:36.000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-07T16:20:43.548Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db37802","articles":3},{"id":"63637417847d336a2db37819","slug":"cmc-research","icon":"https://academy-public.coinmarketcap.com/optimized-uploads/8c3d6407404e49c0a53bc747c1d0cc34.png","created_at":"2022-06-15T17:18:48.000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-28T06:47:13.098Z","parent_id":"63637417847d336a2db377fc","articles":23}],"userABGroup":"navBar-A_controlTest2-B_controlTest-B","__N_SSG":true},"page":"/glossary/[slug]","query":{"slug":"modular-proof-verification"},"buildId":"WAFUqrih2802VquMKd-k0","assetPrefix":"/academy","isFallback":false,"gsp":true,"appGip":true,"locale":"th","locales":["en","ar","bg","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","hi","hu","id","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sv","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","zt","zh"],"defaultLocale":"en","scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>