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<ul id="toc-Geodesic_domes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dymaxion_Chronofile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dymaxion_Chronofile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Dymaxion Chronofile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dymaxion_Chronofile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 World stage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_filmed_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_filmed_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Last filmed appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_filmed_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_design_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_design_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Major design projects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_design_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Major design projects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Major_design_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_geodesic_dome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_geodesic_dome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 The geodesic dome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_geodesic_dome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dymaxion_map_and_World_Game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dymaxion_map_and_World_Game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Dymaxion map and World Game </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dymaxion_map_and_World_Game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Appearance and style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_neologisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_neologisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Language and neologisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_neologisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts_and_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts_and_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Concepts and buildings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concepts_and_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Influence and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Patents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Discography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Buckminster Fuller</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Richard Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ريتشارد بوكمينستر فولر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد بوكمينستر فولر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Richard Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="باکمینستر فولر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باکمینستر فولر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="বাকমিন্‌স্টার ফুলার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাকমিন্‌স্টার ফুলার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рычард Бакмінстэр Фулер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард Бакмінстэр Фулер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рычард Бакмінстэр Фулер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рычард Бакмінстэр Фулер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Бъкминстър Фулър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бъкминстър Фулър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ρίτσαρντ Μπάκμινστερ Φούλερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίτσαρντ Μπάκμινστερ Φούλερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="باکمینستر فولر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باکمینستر فولر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%81%AC%EB%AF%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%ED%92%80%EB%9F%AC" title="버크민스터 풀러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버크민스터 풀러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռիչարդ Բաքմինսթեր Ֆուլլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիչարդ Բաքմինսթեր Ֆուլլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="बकमिन्स्टर फुलर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बकमिन्स्टर फुलर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="באקמינסטר פולר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באקמינסטר פולר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C4%8Dards_Bakminsters_Fulers" title="Ričards Bakminsters Fulers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ričards Bakminsters Fulers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бакминстер Фулер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бакминстер Фулер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Richard Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ريتشارد بوكمينستر فولر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد بوكمينستر فولر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="बकमिन्स्टर फुलर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बकमिन्स्टर फुलर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="バックミンスター・フラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バックミンスター・フラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="باکمېنسټر فولر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باکمېنسټر فولر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фуллер, Ричард Бакминстер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фуллер, Ричард Бакминстер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="बकमिन्स्टर फुलर – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बकमिन्स्टर फुलर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бакминстер Фулер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бакминстер Фулер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பக்மினிசிட்டர் ஃபுல்லர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பக்மினிசிட்டர் ஃபுல்லர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="บักมินสเตอร์ ฟุลเลอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บักมินสเตอร์ ฟุลเลอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Річард Бакмінстер Фуллер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річард Бакмінстер Фуллер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Buckminster Fuller" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%95%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E4%B9%90" title="巴克敏斯特·福乐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴克敏斯特·福乐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E7%B7%AC%E5%A3%AB%E6%89%93%C2%B7%E5%AF%8C%E6%8B%BF" title="畢緬士打·富拿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American philosopher, architect and inventor (1895–1983)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Buckminster Fuller (disambiguation)">Buckminster Fuller (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Buckminster Fuller</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:BuckminsterFuller1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg/220px-BuckminsterFuller1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg/330px-BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="551" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Fuller in 1972</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Richard Buckminster Fuller</div> (1895-07-12)July 12, 1895 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts" title="Milton, Massachusetts">Milton, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1983(1983-07-01) (aged 87) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (expelled)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Designer</li> <li>author</li> <li>inventor</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Anne Hewlett</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1917)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Allegra_Fuller_Snyder" title="Allegra Fuller Snyder">Allegra Fuller Snyder</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1983)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buildings</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">Geodesic dome</a> (1940s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Projects</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_house" title="Dymaxion house">Dymaxion house</a> (1928)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Philosophy career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_Chronofile" title="Dymaxion Chronofile">Dymaxion Chronofile</a> (1920–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Chains_to_the_Moon" title="Nine Chains to the Moon">Nine Chains to the Moon</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_Manual_for_Spaceship_Earth" title="Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth">Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Path_(book)" title="Critical Path (book)">Critical Path</a> (1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Fuller" title="Timothy Fuller">Timothy Fuller</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Arthur Buckminster Fuller">Arthur Buckminster Fuller</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a> (grandaunt)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Nine_(sphere)" title="Cloud Nine (sphere)">Cloud Nine (sphere)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_solar_income" title="Current solar income">Current solar income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science" title="Design science">Design science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_slave" title="Energy slave">Energy slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion" title="Dymaxion">Dymaxion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_car" title="Dymaxion car">car</a></li> <li>house</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_map" title="Dymaxion map">map</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoscope" title="Geoscope">Geoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_frame" title="Space frame">Space frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceship_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceship earth">Spaceship earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Fuller)" title="Synergetics (Fuller)">Synergetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity" title="Tensegrity">Tensegrity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Richard Buckminster Fuller (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfʊlər/</a>; July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> was an American architect, <a href="/wiki/Systems_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems theorist">systems theorist</a>, writer, designer, inventor, philosopher, and <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurist</a>. He styled his name as R. Buckminster Fuller in his writings, publishing more than 30 books and coining or popularizing such terms as "<a href="/wiki/Spaceship_Earth" title="Spaceship Earth">Spaceship Earth</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Dymaxion" title="Dymaxion">Dymaxion</a>" (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_house" title="Dymaxion house">Dymaxion house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_car" title="Dymaxion car">Dymaxion car</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_map" title="Dymaxion map">Dymaxion map</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">ephemeralization</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Fuller)" title="Synergetics (Fuller)">synergetics</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Tensegrity" title="Tensegrity">tensegrity</a>". Fuller developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, and popularized the widely known <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic dome</a>; carbon molecules known as <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerenes</a> were later named by scientists for their structural and mathematical resemblance to geodesic spheres. He also served as the second World President of <a href="/wiki/Mensa_International" title="Mensa International">Mensa International</a> from 1974 to 1983.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-mensa_history-3">[3]</a> Fuller was awarded 28 United States patents<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and many honorary doctorates. In 1960, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Brown_Medal" title="Frank P. Brown Medal">Frank P. Brown Medal</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute">The Franklin Institute</a>. He was elected an honorary member of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> in 1967, on the occasion of the 50-year reunion of his Harvard class of 1917 (from which he had been expelled in his first year).<a href="#cite_note-PhiBetaKappa1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-BuckyFullerNowBio4-6">[6]</a> He was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-AAAS-7">[7]</a> The same year, he was elected into the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design" title="National Academy of Design">National Academy of Design</a> as an Associate member. He became a full Academician in 1970, and he received the <a href="/wiki/AIA_Gold_Medal" title="AIA Gold Medal">Gold Medal</a> award from the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a> the same year. Also in 1970, Fuller received the title of Master Architect from <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Rho_Chi" title="Alpha Rho Chi">Alpha Rho Chi</a> (APX), the national fraternity for architecture and the allied arts.<a href="#cite_note-alpharhochi1-8">[8]</a> In 1976, he received the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Literary_Award" title="St. Louis Literary Award">St. Louis Literary Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University" title="Saint Louis University">Saint Louis University</a> Library Associates.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1977, he received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He also received numerous other awards, including the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, presented to him on February 23, 1983, by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_work">Life and work</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and work">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BuckminsterFuller_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BuckminsterFuller_cropped.jpg/220px-BuckminsterFuller_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BuckminsterFuller_cropped.jpg/330px-BuckminsterFuller_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/BuckminsterFuller_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Fuller <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910</figcaption></figure> Fuller was born on July 12, 1895, in <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts" title="Milton, Massachusetts">Milton, Massachusetts</a>, the son of Richard Buckminster Fuller, a prosperous leather and tea merchant, and Caroline Wolcott Andrews. He was a grand-nephew of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>, an American journalist, critic, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> advocate associated with the American <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalism</a> movement. The unusual middle name, Buckminster, was an ancestral family name. As a child, Richard Buckminster Fuller tried numerous variations of his name. He used to sign his name differently each year in the guest register of his family summer vacation home at Bear Island, Maine. He finally settled on R. Buckminster Fuller.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Fuller spent much of his youth on <a href="/wiki/Bear_Island_(Maine)" title="Bear Island (Maine)">Bear Island</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Bay" title="Penobscot Bay">Penobscot Bay</a> off the coast of Maine. He attended <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel" title="Friedrich Fröbel">Froebelian Kindergarten</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> He was dissatisfied with the way <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> was taught in school, disagreeing with the notions that a chalk dot on the blackboard represented an "empty" mathematical <a href="/wiki/Point_(geometry)" title="Point (geometry)">point</a>, or that a line could stretch off to <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinity</a>. To him these were illogical, and led to his work on <a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Fuller)" title="Synergetics (Fuller)">synergetics</a>. He often made items from materials he found in the woods, and sometimes made his own tools. He experimented with designing a new apparatus for human propulsion of small boats. By age 12, he had invented a 'push pull' system for propelling a rowboat by use of an inverted umbrella connected to the <a href="/wiki/Transom_(nautical)" title="Transom (nautical)">transom</a> with a simple oar lock which allowed the user to face forward to point the boat toward its destination. Later in life, Fuller took exception to the term "invention." [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Years later, he decided that this sort of experience had provided him with not only an interest in design, but also a habit of being familiar with and knowledgeable about the materials that his later projects would require. Fuller earned a <a href="/wiki/Machinist" title="Machinist">machinist</a>'s certification, and knew how to use the <a href="/wiki/Press_brake" title="Press brake">press brake</a>, stretch press, and other tools and equipment used in the <a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">sheet metal</a> trade.<a href="#cite_note-pawley-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Fuller attended <a href="/wiki/Milton_Academy" title="Milton Academy">Milton Academy</a> in Massachusetts, and after that began studying at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, where he was affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_University)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams House (Harvard University)">Adams House</a>. He was expelled from Harvard twice: first for spending all his money partying with a <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> troupe, and then, after having been readmitted, for his "irresponsibility and lack of interest." By his own appraisal, he was a non-conforming misfit in the fraternity environment.<a href="#cite_note-pawley-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_experience">Wartime experience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wartime experience">edit</a>]</div> Between his sessions at Harvard, Fuller worked in Canada as a mechanic in a textile <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">mill</a>, and later as a laborer in the <a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">meat-packing industry</a>. He also served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, as a shipboard radio operator, as an editor of a publication, and as commander of the <a href="/wiki/Crash_rescue_boat" title="Crash rescue boat">crash rescue boat</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Inca_(SP-1212)" title="USS Inca (SP-1212)">USS Inca</a>. After discharge, he worked again in the meat-packing industry, acquiring management experience. In 1917, he married Anne Hewlett. During the early 1920s, he and his father-in-law developed the <a href="/wiki/Stockade_Building_System" title="Stockade Building System">Stockade Building System</a> for producing lightweight, weatherproof, and fireproof housing—although the company would ultimately fail<a href="#cite_note-pawley-15">[15]</a> in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-Sieden-p84-85-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression_and_epiphany">Depression and epiphany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Depression and epiphany">edit</a>]</div> Fuller recalled 1927 as a pivotal year of his life. His daughter Alexandra had died in 1922 of complications from <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal meningitis">spinal meningitis</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> just before her fourth birthday.<a href="#cite_note-Sieden-1989-Buckminster-Fuller's-Universe-18">[18]</a> Barry Katz, a Stanford University scholar who wrote about Fuller, found signs that around this time in his life Fuller had developed depression and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Fuller dwelled on his daughter's death, suspecting that it was connected with the Fullers' damp and drafty living conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Sieden-1989-Buckminster-Fuller's-Universe-18">[18]</a> This provided motivation for Fuller's involvement in <a href="/wiki/Stockade_Building_System" title="Stockade Building System">Stockade Building Systems</a>, a business which aimed to provide affordable, efficient housing.<a href="#cite_note-Sieden-1989-Buckminster-Fuller's-Universe-18">[18]</a> In 1927, at age 32, Fuller lost his job as president of Stockade. The Fuller family had no savings, and the birth of their daughter Allegra in 1927 added to the financial challenges. Fuller drank heavily and reflected upon the solution to his family's struggles on long walks around Chicago. During the autumn of 1927, Fuller contemplated suicide by drowning in Lake Michigan, so that his family could benefit from a life insurance payment.<a href="#cite_note-Sieden-p87-20">[20]</a> Fuller said that he had experienced a profound incident which would provide direction and purpose for his life. He felt as though he was suspended several feet above the ground enclosed in a white sphere of light. A voice spoke directly to Fuller, and declared: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">From now on you need never await temporal attestation to your thought. You think the truth. You do not have the right to eliminate yourself. You do not belong to you. You belong to the Universe. Your significance will remain forever obscure to you, but you may assume that you are fulfilling your role if you apply yourself to converting your experiences to the highest advantage of others.<a href="#cite_note-Sieden-p87-88-21">[21]</a></blockquote> Fuller stated that this experience led to a <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(feeling)" title="Epiphany (feeling)">profound re-examination</a> of his life. He ultimately chose to embark on "an experiment, to find what a single individual could contribute to changing the world and benefiting all humanity."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Speaking to audiences later in life, Fuller would frequently recount the story of his Lake Michigan experience, and its transformative impact on his life. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recovery">Recovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recovery">edit</a>]</div> In 1927, Fuller resolved to think independently which included a commitment to "the search for the principles governing the universe and help advance the evolution of humanity in accordance with them ... finding ways of doing more with less to the end that all people everywhere can have more and more."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 1928, Fuller was living in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> and spending much of his time at the popular café <a href="/wiki/Romany_Marie" title="Romany Marie">Romany Marie</a>'s,<a href="#cite_note-HaberGlueck-23">[23]</a> where he had spent an evening in conversation with Marie and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> several years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Sieden-p74-24">[24]</a> Fuller accepted a job decorating the interior of the café in exchange for meals,<a href="#cite_note-HaberGlueck-23">[23]</a> giving informal lectures several times a week,<a href="#cite_note-Sieden-p74-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haskell-25">[25]</a> and models of the <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_house" title="Dymaxion house">Dymaxion house</a> were exhibited at the café. <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi" title="Isamu Noguchi">Isamu Noguchi</a> arrived during 1929—<a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Constantin Brâncuși</a>, an old friend of Marie's,<a href="#cite_note-Biography-26">[26]</a> had directed him there<a href="#cite_note-HaberGlueck-23">[23]</a>—and Noguchi and Fuller were soon collaborating on several projects,<a href="#cite_note-Haskell-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Interview-27">[27]</a> including the modeling of the <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_car" title="Dymaxion car">Dymaxion car</a> based on recent work by <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Persu" title="Aurel Persu">Aurel Persu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gorman-28">[28]</a> It was the beginning of their lifelong friendship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geodesic_domes">Geodesic domes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geodesic domes">edit</a>]</div> Fuller taught at <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_College" title="Black Mountain College">Black Mountain College</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> during the summers of 1948 and 1949,<a href="#cite_note-ExhibitBMC-29">[29]</a> serving as its Summer Institute director in 1949. Fuller had been shy and withdrawn, but he was persuaded to participate in a theatrical performance of <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie's</a> <a href="/wiki/Le_pi%C3%A8ge_de_M%C3%A9duse" title="Le piège de Méduse">Le piège de Méduse</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, who was also teaching at Black Mountain. During rehearsals, under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penn" title="Arthur Penn">Arthur Penn</a>, then a student at Black Mountain, Fuller broke through his inhibitions to become confident as a performer and speaker.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> At Black Mountain, with the support of a group of professors and students, he began reinventing a project that would make him famous: the <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic dome</a>. Although the geodesic dome had been created, built and awarded a German patent on June 19, 1925, by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bauersfeld" title="Walther Bauersfeld">Walther Bauersfeld</a>, Fuller was awarded United States patents. Fuller's patent application made no mention of Bauersfeld's self-supporting dome built some 26 years prior. Although Fuller undoubtedly popularized this type of structure he is mistakenly given credit for its design. One of his early models was first constructed in 1945 at <a href="/wiki/Bennington_College" title="Bennington College">Bennington College</a> in Vermont, where he lectured often. Although Bauersfeld's dome could support a full skin of concrete it was not until 1949 that Fuller erected a geodesic dome building that could sustain its own weight with no practical limits. It was 4.3 meters (14 feet) in diameter and constructed of aluminium aircraft tubing and a vinyl-plastic skin, in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Icosahedron" title="Icosahedron">icosahedron</a>. To prove his design, Fuller suspended from the structure's framework several students who had helped him build it. The U.S. government recognized the importance of this work, and employed his firm Geodesics, Inc. in Raleigh, North Carolina to make small domes for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a>. Within a few years, there were thousands of such domes around the world. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the <a href="/wiki/Structural" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural">structural</a> principle, based on <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tension_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tension (mechanics)">tension</a>, named by Fuller in the 1960s, see <a href="/wiki/Tensegrity" title="Tensegrity">Tensegrity</a>.</div> Fuller's first "continuous tension – discontinuous compression" geodesic dome (full sphere in this case) was constructed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a> Architecture School in 1959 with the help of students.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> These continuous tension – discontinuous compression structures featured single force compression members (no flexure or bending moments) that did not touch each other and were 'suspended' by the tensional members. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dymaxion_Chronofile">Dymaxion Chronofile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dymaxion Chronofile">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dymaxion-auto_Bilbao_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dymaxion-auto_Bilbao_Spain.jpg/220px-Dymaxion-auto_Bilbao_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dymaxion-auto_Bilbao_Spain.jpg/330px-Dymaxion-auto_Bilbao_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dymaxion-auto_Bilbao_Spain.jpg/440px-Dymaxion-auto_Bilbao_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A 1933 Dymaxion prototype</figcaption></figure> For half of a century, Fuller developed many ideas, designs, and inventions, particularly regarding practical, inexpensive shelter and transportation. He documented his life, philosophy, and ideas scrupulously by a daily diary (later called the <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_Chronofile" title="Dymaxion Chronofile">Dymaxion Chronofile</a>), and by twenty-eight publications. Fuller financed some of his experiments with inherited funds, sometimes augmented by funds invested by his collaborators, one example being the <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_car" title="Dymaxion car">Dymaxion car</a> project. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_stage">World stage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World stage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biosph%C3%A8re_Montr%C3%A9al.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Biosph%C3%A8re_Montr%C3%A9al.jpg/220px-Biosph%C3%A8re_Montr%C3%A9al.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Biosph%C3%A8re_Montr%C3%A9al.jpg/330px-Biosph%C3%A8re_Montr%C3%A9al.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Biosph%C3%A8re_Montr%C3%A9al.jpg/440px-Biosph%C3%A8re_Montr%C3%A9al.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Biosph%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Biosphère">Montreal Biosphère</a> by Buckminster Fuller, 1967</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preserved_R_Buckminster_Fuller_and_Anne_Hewlitt_Dome_Home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Preserved_R_Buckminster_Fuller_and_Anne_Hewlitt_Dome_Home.jpg/220px-Preserved_R_Buckminster_Fuller_and_Anne_Hewlitt_Dome_Home.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Preserved_R_Buckminster_Fuller_and_Anne_Hewlitt_Dome_Home.jpg/330px-Preserved_R_Buckminster_Fuller_and_Anne_Hewlitt_Dome_Home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Preserved_R_Buckminster_Fuller_and_Anne_Hewlitt_Dome_Home.jpg/440px-Preserved_R_Buckminster_Fuller_and_Anne_Hewlitt_Dome_Home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R._Buckminster_Fuller_and_Anne_Hewlett_Dome_Home" title="R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home">Fuller's home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carbondale,_Illinois" title="Carbondale, Illinois">Carbondale, Illinois</a></figcaption></figure> International recognition began with the success of huge <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic domes</a> during the 1950s. Fuller lectured at <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a> in Raleigh in 1949, where he met James Fitzgibbon, who would become a close friend and colleague. Fitzgibbon was director of Geodesics, Inc. and Synergetics, Inc. the first licensees to design geodesic domes. Thomas C. Howard was lead designer, architect, and engineer for both companies. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a>, a new faculty member in <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a> at North Carolina State University, provided Fuller with computer calculations for the lengths of the domes' edges.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Fuller began working with architect <a href="/wiki/Shoji_Sadao" title="Shoji Sadao">Shoji Sadao</a><a href="#cite_note-wrsc.org-33">[33]</a> in 1954, together designing a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Dome_over_Manhattan" title="Dome over Manhattan">Dome over Manhattan</a> in 1960, and in 1964 they co-founded the architectural firm Fuller & Sadao Inc., whose first project was to design the large <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic dome</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Biosphere" title="Montreal Biosphere">U.S. Pavilion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 67</a> in Montreal.<a href="#cite_note-wrsc.org-33">[33]</a> This building is now the "<a href="/wiki/Montreal_Biosph%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Biosphère">Montreal Biosphère</a>". In 1962, the artist and searcher <a href="/wiki/John_McHale_(artist)" title="John McHale (artist)">John McHale</a> wrote the first monograph on Fuller, published by George Braziller in New York. After employing several <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Carbondale" title="Southern Illinois University Carbondale">Southern Illinois University Carbondale</a> (SIU) graduate students to rebuild his models following an apartment fire in the summer of 1959, Fuller was recruited by longtime friend Harold Cohen to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Research_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Research professor">research professor</a> of "design science exploration" at the institution's School of Art and Design. According to SIU architecture professor Jon Davey, the position was "unlike most faculty appointments ... more a celebrity role than a teaching job" in which Fuller offered few courses and was only stipulated to spend two months per year on campus.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-34">[34]</a> Nevertheless, his time in Carbondale was "extremely productive", and Fuller was promoted to university professor in 1968 and distinguished university professor in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-auto-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-34">[34]</a> Working as a designer, scientist, developer, and writer, he continued to lecture for many years around the world. He collaborated at SIU with <a href="/wiki/John_McHale_(artist)" title="John McHale (artist)">John McHale</a>. In 1965, they inaugurated the World Design Science Decade (1965 to 1975) at the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Architects" title="International Union of Architects">International Union of Architects</a> in Paris, which was, in Fuller's own words, devoted to "applying the principles of science to solving the problems of humanity." From 1972 until retiring as university professor emeritus in 1975, Fuller held a joint appointment at <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Edwardsville" title="Southern Illinois University Edwardsville">Southern Illinois University Edwardsville</a>, where he had designed the dome for the campus Religious Center in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> During this period, he also held a joint fellowship at a consortium of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>-area institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_City_Science_Center" title="University City Science Center">University City Science Center</a>; as a result of this affiliation, the University of Pennsylvania appointed him university professor emeritus in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-auto-35">[35]</a> Fuller believed human societies would soon rely mainly on <a href="/wiki/Renewable_sources_of_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable sources of energy">renewable sources of energy</a>, such as solar- and wind-derived electricity. He hoped for an age of "omni-successful education and sustenance of all humanity." Fuller referred to himself as "the property of universe" and during one radio interview he gave later in life, declared himself and his work "the property of all humanity." For his lifetime of work, the <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a> named him the 1969 Humanist of the Year. In 1976, Fuller was a key participant at <a href="/wiki/UN_Habitat_I" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Habitat I">UN Habitat I</a>, the first UN forum on human settlements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_filmed_appearance">Last filmed appearance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Last filmed appearance">edit</a>]</div> Fuller's last filmed interview took place on June 21, 1983, in which he spoke at <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster">Norman Foster</a>'s Royal Gold Medal for architecture ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> His speech can be watched in the archives of the AA School of Architecture, in which he spoke after Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sainsbury" title="Robert Sainsbury">Robert Sainsbury</a>'s introductory speech and Foster's keynote address. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucky_TRIMTAB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bucky_TRIMTAB.jpg/220px-Bucky_TRIMTAB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bucky_TRIMTAB.jpg/330px-Bucky_TRIMTAB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bucky_TRIMTAB.jpg/440px-Bucky_TRIMTAB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Gravestone (see <a href="/wiki/Trim_tab#As_a_metaphor" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a>)</figcaption></figure> In the year of his death, Fuller described himself as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Guinea Pig B: I am now close to 88 and I am confident that the only thing important about me is that I am an average healthy human. I am also a living case history of a thoroughly documented, half-century, search-and-research project designed to discover what, if anything, an unknown, moneyless individual, with a dependent wife and newborn child, might be able to do effectively on behalf of all humanity that could not be accomplished by great nations, great religions or private enterprise, no matter how rich or powerfully armed.<a href="#cite_note-Inventions-38">[38]</a></blockquote> Fuller died on July 1, 1983, 11 days before his 88th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> During the period leading up to his death, his wife had been lying comatose in a Los Angeles hospital, dying of cancer. It was while visiting her there that he exclaimed, at a certain point: "She is squeezing my hand!" He then stood up, had a heart attack, and died an hour later, at age 87. His wife of 66 years died 36 hours later. They are buried in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a> in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> Buckminster Fuller was a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a>, and, like his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Arthur Buckminster Fuller">Arthur Buckminster Fuller</a> (brother of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>),<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> a Unitarian minister. Fuller was also an early <a href="/wiki/Environmental_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental activist">environmental activist</a>, aware of Earth's finite resources, and promoted a principle he termed "<a href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">ephemeralization</a>", which, according to futurist and Fuller disciple <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Brand" title="Stewart Brand">Stewart Brand</a>, was defined as "doing more with less".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Resources and waste from crude, inefficient products could be recycled into making more valuable products, thus increasing the efficiency of the entire process. Fuller also coined the word <a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Fuller)" title="Synergetics (Fuller)">synergetics</a>, a catch-all term used broadly for communicating experiences using geometric concepts, and more specifically, the empirical study of systems in transformation; his focus was on total system behavior unpredicted by the behavior of any isolated components. Fuller was a pioneer in thinking globally and explored <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Material_efficiency" title="Material efficiency">material efficiency</a> in the fields of architecture, engineering, and design.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In his book Critical Path (1981) he cited the opinion of François de Chadenèdes<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> (1920–1999) that petroleum, from the standpoint of its replacement cost in our current energy "budget" (essentially, the net incoming <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar flux</a>), had cost nature "over a million dollars" per U.S. gallon ($300,000 per litre) to produce. From this point of view, its use as a transportation fuel by people commuting to work represents a huge net loss compared to their actual earnings.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> An encapsulation quotation of his views might best be summed up as: "There is no energy crisis, only a crisis of ignorance."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Though Fuller was concerned about <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> and human survival under the existing socioeconomic system, he remained optimistic about humanity's future. Defining wealth in terms of knowledge as the "technological ability to protect, nurture, support, and accommodate all growth needs of life", his analysis of the condition of "Spaceship Earth" caused him to conclude that at a certain time during the 1970s, humanity had attained an unprecedented state. He was convinced that the accumulation of relevant knowledge, combined with the quantities of major recyclable resources that had already been extracted from the earth, had attained a critical level, such that competition for necessities had become unnecessary. Cooperation had become the optimum survival strategy. He declared: "selfishness is unnecessary and hence-forth unrationalizable ... War is obsolete."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> He criticized previous utopian schemes as too exclusive and thought this was a major source of their failure. To work, he felt that a utopia needed to include everyone.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Fuller was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski">Alfred Korzybski</a>'s idea of <a href="/wiki/General_semantics" title="General semantics">general semantics</a>. In the 1950s, Fuller attended seminars and workshops organized by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_General_Semantics" title="Institute of General Semantics">Institute of General Semantics</a>, and he delivered the annual <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski_Memorial_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture">Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture</a> in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Korzybski is mentioned in the Introduction of his book <a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Fuller)" title="Synergetics (Fuller)">Synergetics</a>. The two shared a remarkable amount of similarity in their general semantics formulations.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In his 1970 book, I Seem To Be a Verb, he wrote: "I live on Earth at present, and I don't know what I am. I know that I am not a category. I am not a thing—a noun. I seem to be a verb, an evolutionary process—an integral function of the universe." Fuller wrote that the universe's natural <a href="/wiki/Analytic_geometry" title="Analytic geometry">analytic geometry</a> was based on tetrahedra arrays. He developed this in several ways, from the close-packing of spheres and the number of compressive or tensile members required to stabilize an object in space. One confirming result was that the strongest possible homogeneous <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">truss</a> is cyclically tetrahedral.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> He had become a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> of the design, architecture, and "alternative" communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Drop_City" title="Drop City">Drop City</a>, the community of experimental artists to whom he awarded the 1966 "Dymaxion Award" for "poetically economic" domed living structures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_design_projects">Major design projects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Major design projects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9ode_V_3_1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/G%C3%A9ode_V_3_1.gif/220px-G%C3%A9ode_V_3_1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/G%C3%A9ode_V_3_1.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>A geodesic sphere</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_geodesic_dome">The geodesic dome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The geodesic dome">edit</a>]</div> Fuller was most famous for his <a href="/wiki/Thin-shell_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin-shell structure">lattice shell structures</a> – <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic domes</a>, which have been used as parts of military radar stations, civic buildings, environmental protest camps, and exhibition attractions. An examination of the geodesic design by <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bauersfeld" title="Walther Bauersfeld">Walther Bauersfeld</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Planetarium_Jena" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetarium Jena">Zeiss-Planetarium</a>, built some 28 years prior to Fuller's work, reveals that Fuller's Geodesic Dome patent (U.S. 2,682,235; awarded in 1954) is the same design as Bauersfeld's.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Their construction is based on extending some basic principles to build simple "<a href="/wiki/Tensegrity" title="Tensegrity">tensegrity</a>" structures (tetrahedron, <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedron</a>, and the closest packing of spheres), making them lightweight and stable. The geodesic dome was a result of Fuller's exploration of nature's constructing principles to find design solutions. The Fuller Dome is referenced in the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a>-winning novel <a href="/wiki/Stand_on_Zanzibar" title="Stand on Zanzibar">Stand on Zanzibar</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Brunner_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brunner (novelist)">John Brunner</a>, in which a geodesic dome is said to cover the entire island of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, and it floats on air due to the hot-air balloon effect of the large air-mass under the dome (and perhaps its construction of lightweight materials).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_car" title="Dymaxion car">Dymaxion car</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:280px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The Omni-Media-Transport: With such a vehicle at our disposal, [Fuller] felt that human travel, like that of birds, would no longer be confined to airports, roads, and other bureaucratic boundaries, and that autonomous free-thinking human beings could live and prosper wherever they chose.<a href="#cite_note-universe-58">[58]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Lloyd S. Sieden, Bucky Fuller's Universe, 2000 To his young daughter Allegra: Fuller described the Dymaxion as a "zoom-mobile, explaining that it could hop off the road at will, fly about, then, as deftly as a bird, settle back into a place in traffic".<a href="#cite_note-zoom-59">[59]</a></cite> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dymaxion_car_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dymaxion_car_photo.jpg/220px-Dymaxion_car_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dymaxion_car_photo.jpg/330px-Dymaxion_car_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dymaxion_car_photo.jpg/440px-Dymaxion_car_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>The Dymaxion car, c. 1933, artist <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a> shown entering the car, carrying coat</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_car" title="Dymaxion car">Dymaxion car</a> was a vehicle designed by Fuller, featured prominently at Chicago's 1933-1934 <a href="/wiki/Century_of_Progress" title="Century of Progress">Century of Progress</a> World's Fair.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Fuller formed the Dymaxion Corporation and built three prototypes with noted naval architect <a href="/wiki/Starling_Burgess" class="mw-redirect" title="Starling Burgess">Starling Burgess</a> and a team of 27 workmen — using donated money as well as a family inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-biography-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt06-62">[62]</a> Fuller associated the word Dymaxion, a blend of the words dynamic, maximum, and tension<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> to sum up the goal of his study, "maximum gain of advantage from minimal energy input".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The Dymaxion was not an automobile but rather the 'ground-taxying mode' of a vehicle that might one day be designed to fly, land and drive — an "Omni-Medium Transport" for air, land and water.<a href="#cite_note-Marks_1973_104-65">[65]</a> Fuller focused on the landing and taxiing qualities, and noted severe limitations in its handling. The team made improvements and refinements to the platform,<a href="#cite_note-universe-58">[58]</a> and Fuller noted the Dymaxion "was an invention that could not be made available to the general public without considerable improvements".<a href="#cite_note-universe-58">[58]</a> The bodywork was aerodynamically designed for increased fuel efficiency and its <a href="/wiki/Automobile_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile platform">platform</a> featured a lightweight cromoly-steel hinged chassis, rear-mounted V8 engine, front-drive, and three-wheels. The vehicle was steered via the third wheel at the rear, capable of 90° <a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">steering lock</a>. Able to steer in a tight circle, the Dymaxion often caused a sensation, bringing nearby traffic to a halt.<a href="#cite_note-Kleiner-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marks_1973_29-67">[67]</a> Shortly after launch, a prototype rolled over and crashed, killing the Dymaxion's driver and seriously injuring its passengers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-68">[68]</a> Fuller blamed the accident on a second car that collided with the Dymaxion.<a href="#cite_note-accident-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-carandriver-70">[70]</a> Eyewitnesses reported, however, that the other car hit the Dymaxion only after it had begun to roll over.<a href="#cite_note-:0-68">[68]</a> Despite courting the interest of important figures from the auto industry, Fuller used his family inheritance to finish the second and third prototypes<a href="#cite_note-transverse-71">[71]</a> — eventually selling all three, dissolving Dymaxion Corporation and maintaining the Dymaxion was never intended as a commercial venture.<a href="#cite_note-business-72">[72]</a> One of the three original prototypes survives.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Housing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dymaxion_House_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dymaxion_House_exterior.jpg/220px-Dymaxion_House_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dymaxion_House_exterior.jpg/330px-Dymaxion_House_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dymaxion_House_exterior.jpg/440px-Dymaxion_House_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Dymaxion house at <a href="/wiki/The_Henry_Ford" title="The Henry Ford">The Henry Ford</a> Museum in <a href="/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn, Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> Fuller's energy-efficient and inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_house" title="Dymaxion house">Dymaxion house</a> garnered much interest, but only two prototypes were ever produced. Here the term "Dymaxion" is used in effect to signify a "radically strong and light tensegrity structure". One of Fuller's Dymaxion Houses is on display as a permanent exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Ford Museum">Henry Ford Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn, Michigan</a>. Designed and developed during the mid-1940s, this prototype is a round structure (not a dome), shaped something like the flattened "bell" of certain jellyfish. It has several innovative features, including revolving dresser drawers, and a fine-mist shower that reduces water consumption. According to Fuller biographer Steve Crooks, the house was designed to be delivered in two cylindrical packages, with interior color panels available at local dealers. A circular structure at the top of the house was designed to rotate around a central mast to use natural winds for cooling and air circulation. Conceived nearly two decades earlier, and developed in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>, the house was designed to be lightweight, adapted to windy climates, cheap to produce and easy to assemble. Because of its light weight and portability, the Dymaxion House was intended to be the ideal housing for individuals and families who wanted the option of easy mobility.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The design included a "Go-Ahead-With-Life Room" stocked with maps, charts, and helpful tools for travel "through time and space".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It was to be produced using factories, workers, and technologies that had produced <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> aircraft. It looked ultramodern at the time, built of metal, and sheathed in polished aluminum. The basic model enclosed 90 m2 (970 sq ft) of floor area. Due to publicity, there were many orders during the early Post-War years, but the company that Fuller and others had formed to produce the houses failed due to management problems. In 1967, Fuller developed a concept for an offshore floating city named <a href="/wiki/Floating_cities_and_islands_in_fiction" title="Floating cities and islands in fiction">Triton City</a> and published a report on the design the following year.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Models of the city aroused the interest of President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> who, after leaving office, had them placed in the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In 1969, Fuller began the Otisco Project, named after its location in <a href="/wiki/Otisco,_New_York" title="Otisco, New York">Otisco, New York</a>. The project developed and demonstrated concrete spray with mesh-covered wireforms for producing large-scale, load-bearing spanning structures built on-site, without the use of pouring molds, other adjacent surfaces, or hoisting. The initial method used a circular concrete footing in which anchor posts were set. Tubes cut to length and with ends flattened were then bolted together to form a duodeca-rhombicahedron (22-sided hemisphere) geodesic structure with spans ranging to 60 feet (18 m). The form was then draped with layers of ¼-inch wire mesh attached by twist ties. Concrete was sprayed onto the structure, building up a solid layer which, when cured, would support additional concrete to be added by a variety of traditional means. Fuller referred to these buildings as monolithic ferroconcrete geodesic domes. However, the tubular frame form proved problematic for setting windows and doors. It was replaced by an iron <a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">rebar</a> set vertically in the concrete footing and then bent inward and welded in place to create the dome's wireform structure and performed satisfactorily. Domes up to three stories tall built with this method proved to be remarkably strong. Other shapes such as cones, pyramids, and arches proved equally adaptable. The project was enabled by a grant underwritten by <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a> and sponsored by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a> (rebar), the Johnson Wire Corp (mesh), and Portland Cement Company (concrete). The ability to build large complex load bearing concrete spanning structures in free space would open many possibilities in architecture, and is considered one of Fuller's greatest contributions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dymaxion_map_and_World_Game">Dymaxion map and World Game</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dymaxion map and World Game">edit</a>]</div> Fuller, along with co-cartographer <a href="/wiki/Shoji_Sadao" title="Shoji Sadao">Shoji Sadao</a>, also designed an alternative projection map, called the <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_map" title="Dymaxion map">Dymaxion map</a>. This was designed to show Earth's continents with minimum distortion when projected or printed on a flat surface. In the 1960s, Fuller developed the <a href="/wiki/World_Game" title="World Game">World Game</a>, a collaborative simulation game played on a 70-by-35-foot Dymaxion map,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> in which players attempt to solve world problems.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The object of the simulation game is, in Fuller's words, to "make the world work, for 100% of humanity, in the shortest possible time, through spontaneous cooperation, without ecological offense or the disadvantage of anyone".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_style">Appearance and style</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Appearance and style">edit</a>]</div> Buckminster Fuller wore thick-<a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">lensed</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectacles">spectacles</a> to correct his extreme <a href="/wiki/Hyperopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperopia">hyperopia</a>, a condition that went undiagnosed for the first five years of his life.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Fuller's hearing was damaged during his naval service in World War I and deteriorated during the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-tomkins-1966-83">[83]</a> After experimenting with bullhorns as hearing aids during the mid-1960s,<a href="#cite_note-tomkins-1966-83">[83]</a> Fuller adopted electronic hearing aids from the 1970s onward.<a href="#cite_note-Sieden-1989-Buckminster-Fuller's-Universe-18">[18]</a>: 397  In public appearances, Fuller always wore dark-colored suits, appearing like "an alert little clergyman".<a href="#cite_note-Kenner-Guided-Tour-84">[84]</a>: 18  Previously, he had experimented with unconventional clothing immediately after his 1927 epiphany, but found that breaking social fashion customs made others devalue or dismiss his ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller-Maharishi-1971-85">[85]</a>: 6:15  Fuller learned the importance of physical appearance as part of one's credibility, and decided to become "the invisible man" by dressing in clothes that would not draw attention to himself.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller-Maharishi-1971-85">[85]</a>: 6:15  With self-deprecating humor, Fuller described this black-suited appearance as resembling a "second-rate bank clerk".<a href="#cite_note-Fuller-Maharishi-1971-85">[85]</a>: 6:15  Writer <a href="/wiki/Guy_Davenport" title="Guy Davenport">Guy Davenport</a> met him in 1965 and described him thus: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He's a dwarf, with a worker's hands, all callouses and squared fingers. He carries an ear trumpet, of green plastic, with WORLD SERIES 1965 printed on it. His smile is golden and frequent; the man's temperament is angelic, and his energy is just a touch more than that of [Robert] Gallway (champeen runner, footballeur, and swimmer). One leg is shorter than the other, and the prescription shoe worn to correct the imbalance comes from a country doctor deep in the wilderness of Maine. Blue blazer, Khrushchev trousers, and a briefcase full of Japanese-made wonderments;<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lifestyle">edit</a>]</div> Following his global prominence from the 1960s onward, Fuller became a frequent flier, often crossing time zones to lecture. In the 1960s and 1970s, he wore three watches simultaneously; one for the time zone of his office at Southern Illinois University, one for the time zone of the location he would next visit, and one for the time zone he was currently in.<a href="#cite_note-Kenner-Guided-Tour-84">[84]</a>: 290 <a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In the 1970s, Fuller was only in 'homely' locations (his <a href="/wiki/R._Buckminster_Fuller_and_Anne_Hewlett_Dome_Home" title="R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home">personal home in Carbondale, Illinois</a>; his holiday retreat in <a href="/wiki/Bear_Island,_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Island, Maine">Bear Island, Maine</a>; and his daughter's home in <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Palisades,_Los_Angeles" title="Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles">Pacific Palisades</a>, California) roughly 65 nights per year—the other 300 nights were spent in hotel beds in the locations he visited on his lecturing and consulting circuits.<a href="#cite_note-Kenner-Guided-Tour-84">[84]</a>: 290  In the 1920s, Fuller experimented with <a href="/wiki/Polyphasic_sleep" title="Polyphasic sleep">polyphasic sleep</a>, which he called Dymaxion sleep. Inspired by the sleep habits of animals such as dogs and cats,<a href="#cite_note-Sieden-Universe-89">[89]</a>: 133  Fuller worked until he was tired, and then slept short naps. This generally resulted in Fuller sleeping 30-minute naps every 6 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Kenner-Guided-Tour-84">[84]</a>: 160  This allowed him "twenty-two thinking hours a day", which aided his work productivity.<a href="#cite_note-Kenner-Guided-Tour-84">[84]</a>: 160  Fuller reportedly kept this Dymaxion sleep habit for two years, before quitting the routine because it conflicted with his business associates' sleep habits.<a href="#cite_note-Time-1943-Dymaxion_Sleep-90">[90]</a> Despite no longer personally partaking in the habit, in 1943 Fuller suggested Dymaxion sleep as a strategy that the United States could adopt to win World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Time-1943-Dymaxion_Sleep-90">[90]</a> Despite only practicing true polyphasic sleep for a period during the 1920s, Fuller was known for his <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">stamina</a> throughout his life. He was described as "tireless"<a href="#cite_note-Life-1971-Farrell-91">[91]</a>: 53  by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Farrell" title="Barry Farrell">Barry Farrell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine, who noted that Fuller stayed up all night replying to mail during Farrell's 1970 trip to Bear Island.<a href="#cite_note-Life-1971-Farrell-91">[91]</a>: 55  In his seventies, Fuller generally slept for 5–8 hours per night.<a href="#cite_note-Kenner-Guided-Tour-84">[84]</a>: 160  Fuller documented his life copiously from 1915 to 1983, approximately 270 feet (82 m) of papers in a collection called the <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_Chronofile" title="Dymaxion Chronofile">Dymaxion Chronofile</a>. He also kept copies of all incoming and outgoing correspondence. The enormous R. Buckminster Fuller Collection is currently housed at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If somebody kept a very accurate record of a human being, going through the era from the <a href="/wiki/Gay_90s" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay 90s">Gay 90s</a>, from a very different kind of world through the turn of the century—as far into the twentieth century as you might live. I decided to make myself a good case history of such a human being and it meant that I could not be judge of what was valid to put in or not. I must put everything in, so I started a very rigorous record.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_neologisms">Language and neologisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Language and neologisms">edit</a>]</div> Buckminster Fuller spoke and wrote in a unique style and said it was important to describe the world as accurately as possible.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Fuller often created long run-on sentences and used unusual compound words (omniwell-informed, intertransformative, omni-interaccommodative, omniself-regenerative), as well as terms he himself invented.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> His style of speech was characterized by progressively rapid and breathless delivery and rambling digressions of thought, which Fuller described as "thinking out loud". The effect, combined with Fuller's dry voice and <a href="/wiki/Non-rhotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-rhotic">non-rhotic</a> <a href="/wiki/New_England_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="New England accent">New England accent</a>, was varyingly considered "hypnotic" or "overwhelming". Fuller used the word Universe without the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite article</a> (the or a) and always capitalized the word. Fuller wrote that "by Universe I mean: the aggregate of all humanity's consciously apprehended and communicated (to self or others) Experiences".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The words "down" and "up", according to Fuller, are awkward in that they refer to a planar concept of direction inconsistent with human experience. The words "in" and "out" should be used instead, he argued, because they better describe an object's relation to a gravitational center, the Earth. "I suggest to audiences that they say, 'I'm going "outstairs" and "instairs."' At first that sounds strange to them; They all laugh about it. But if they try saying in and out for a few days in fun, they find themselves beginning to realize that they are indeed going inward and outward in respect to the center of Earth, which is our Spaceship Earth. And for the first time they begin to feel real 'reality.'"<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Fuller preferred the term "world-around" to replace "worldwide". The general belief in a <a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">flat Earth</a> died out in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, so using "wide" is an anachronism when referring to the surface of the Earth—a spheroidal surface has area and encloses a volume but has no width. Fuller held that unthinking use of obsolete scientific ideas detracts from and misleads intuition. Other neologisms collectively invented by the Fuller family, according to Allegra Fuller Snyder, are the terms "sunsight" and "sunclipse", replacing "sunrise" and "sunset" to overturn the <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric</a> bias of most pre-<a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernican</a> <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a>. Fuller also invented the word "livingry", as opposed to weaponry (or "killingry"), to mean that which is in support of all human, plant, and Earth life. "The architectural profession—civil, naval, aeronautical, and astronautical—has always been the place where the most competent thinking is conducted regarding livingry, as opposed to weaponry."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> As well as contributing significantly to the development of tensegrity technology, Fuller invented the term "<a href="/wiki/Tensegrity" title="Tensegrity">tensegrity</a>", a portmanteau of "tensional integrity". "Tensegrity describes a structural-relationship principle in which structural shape is guaranteed by the finitely closed, comprehensively continuous, tensional behaviors of the system and not by the discontinuous and exclusively local compressional member behaviors. Tensegrity provides the ability to yield increasingly without ultimately breaking or coming asunder."<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Dymaxion" title="Dymaxion">Dymaxion</a>" is a portmanteau of "dynamic maximum tension". It was invented around 1929 by two <a href="/wiki/Advertising_agency" title="Advertising agency">admen</a> at Marshall Field's department store in Chicago to describe Fuller's concept house, which was shown as part of a house of the future store display. They created the term using three words that Fuller used repeatedly to describe his design – dynamic, maximum, and tension.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Fuller also helped to popularize the concept of <a href="/wiki/Spaceship_Earth" title="Spaceship Earth">Spaceship Earth</a>: "The most important fact about Spaceship Earth: an instruction manual didn't come with it."<a href="#cite_note-cjfearnley_com-fortunes_srchstr_Fuller-102">[102]</a> In the preface for his "cosmic fairy tale" Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Fuller stated that his distinctive speaking style grew out of years of embellishing the <a href="/wiki/Goldilocks_and_the_Three_Bears" title="Goldilocks and the Three Bears">classic tale</a> for the benefit of his daughter, allowing him to explore both his new theories and how to present them. The Tetrascroll narrative was eventually transcribed onto a set of tetrahedral <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithographs</a> (hence the name), as well as being published as a traditional book. Fuller's language posed problems for his credibility. <a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">John Julius Norwich</a> recalled commissioning a 600-word introduction for a planned history of world architecture from him, and receiving a 3500-word proposal which ended: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We will see the (1) down-at-the-mouth-ends curvature of land civilisation's retrogression from the (2) straight raft line foundation of the Mayans' building foundation lines historically transformed to the (3) smiling, up-end curvature of maritime technology transformed through the climbing angle of wingfoil aeronautics progressing humanity into the verticality of outward-bound rocketry and inward-bound microcosmy, ergo (4) the ultimately invisible and vertically-lined architecture as humans master local environment with invisible electro-magnetic fields while travelling by radio as immortal pattern-integrities.</blockquote> Norwich commented: "On reflection, I asked <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Dr. Nikolaus Pevsner</a> instead."<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts_and_buildings">Concepts and buildings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Concepts and buildings">edit</a>]</div> His concepts and buildings include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_house" title="Dymaxion house">Dymaxion house</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Buckminster_Fuller_and_Anne_Hewlett_Dome_Home" title="R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home">R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_car" title="Dymaxion car">Aerodynamic Dymaxion car</a> (1933)</li> <li>Prefabricated compact bathroom cell (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_deployment_unit" title="Dymaxion deployment unit">Dymaxion deployment unit</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_map" title="Dymaxion map">Dymaxion map</a> of the world (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity" title="Tensegrity">Tensegrity</a> structures (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">Geodesic dome</a> for Ford Motor Company (1953)</li> <li>Patent on <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic domes</a> (1954)</li> <li>Tokyo Tower (1958) (unselected design)<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>Tokyo Olympic Stadium (1958) (unselected design)<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/World_Game" title="World Game">World Game</a> (1961) and the World Game Institute (1972)</li> <li>Patent on <a href="/wiki/Octet_truss" class="mw-redirect" title="Octet truss">octet truss</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Biosphere" title="Montreal Biosphere">Montreal Biosphere</a> (1967), United States pavilion at <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly%27s_Eye_Dome" title="Fly's Eye Dome">Fly's Eye Dome</a></li> <li>Dewan Tunku Geodesic Dome, <a href="/wiki/KOMTAR" class="mw-redirect" title="KOMTAR">KOMTAR</a>, Penang, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (proposed 1974, completed 1985)<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Comprehensive anticipatory design science<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buckminsterfullerene_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Buckminsterfullerene_animated.gif/220px-Buckminsterfullerene_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Buckminsterfullerene_animated.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerene</a> with the formula C60. The names are homages to Buckminster Fuller, whose <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic domes</a> they resemble.</figcaption></figure> Among the many people who were influenced by Buckminster Fuller are: <a href="/wiki/Constance_Abernathy" title="Constance Abernathy">Constance Abernathy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Asawa" title="Ruth Asawa">Ruth Asawa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Baldwin">J. Baldwin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Michael Ben-Eli,<a href="#cite_note-Makovsky-114">[114]</a> Pierre Cabrol,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Clinton" title="Joseph Clinton">Joseph Clinton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Peter Floyd,<a href="#cite_note-Makovsky-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster">Norman Foster</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medard_Gabel" title="Medard Gabel">Medard Gabel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Michael Hays,<a href="#cite_note-Makovsky-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> David Johnston,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jon_Pearce" title="Peter Jon Pearce">Peter Jon Pearce</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Makovsky-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoji_Sadao" title="Shoji Sadao">Shoji Sadao</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Makovsky-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Schlossberg" title="Edwin Schlossberg">Edwin Schlossberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Makovsky-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Snelson" title="Kenneth Snelson">Kenneth Snelson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Brand" title="Stewart Brand">Stewart Brand</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_McLennan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason McLennan">Jason McLennan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">John Denver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotrope</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerene</a>—and a particular molecule of that allotrope C60 (<a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">buckminsterfullerene</a> or buckyball) has been named after him. The Buckminsterfullerene molecule, which consists of 60 carbon atoms, very closely resembles a spherical version of Fuller's geodesic dome. The 1996 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel prize</a> in chemistry was given to <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Kroto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Curl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Smalley</a> for their discovery of the fullerene.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On July 12, 2004, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Post Office">United States Post Office</a> released a new commemorative stamp honoring R. Buckminster Fuller on the 50th anniversary of his patent for the geodesic dome and by the occasion of his 109th birthday. The stamp's design replicated the January 10, 1964, <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1960s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1960s)">cover of Time magazine</a>. Fuller was the subject of two documentary films: The World of Buckminster Fuller (1971) and <a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller:_Thinking_Out_Loud" title="Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud">Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud</a> (1996). Additionally, filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Sam_Green_(filmmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Green (filmmaker)">Sam Green</a> and the band <a href="/wiki/Yo_La_Tengo" title="Yo La Tengo">Yo La Tengo</a> collaborated on a 2012 "live documentary" about Fuller, The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In June 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a> presented "Buckminster Fuller: Starting with the Universe", the most comprehensive retrospective to date of his work and ideas.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The exhibition traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago">Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago</a> in 2009. It presented a combination of models, sketches, and other artifacts, representing six decades of the artist's integrated approach to housing, transportation, communication, and cartography. It also featured the extensive connections with Chicago from his years spent living, teaching, and working in the city.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In 2009, a number of US companies decided to repackage spherical magnets and sell them as toys. One company, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission" title="U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission">Maxfield & Oberton</a>, told <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> that they saw the product on YouTube and decided to repackage them as "<a href="/wiki/Buckyballs_(toy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckyballs (toy)">Buckyballs</a>", because the magnets could self-form and hold together in shapes reminiscent of the Fuller inspired buckyballs.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20120817-132">[132]</a> The buckyball toy launched at New York International Gift Fair in 2009 and sold in the hundreds of thousands, but by 2010 began to experience problems with toy safety issues and the company was forced to recall the packages that were labelled as toys.<a href="#cite_note-cpsc20100527-133">[133]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="San Francisco Museum of Modern Art">San Francisco Museum of Modern Art</a> hosted "The Utopian Impulse" – a show about Buckminster Fuller's influence in the Bay Area. Featured were concepts, inventions and designs for creating "free energy" from natural forces, and for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestering carbon</a> from the atmosphere. The show ran January through July.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Fuller is quoted in "The Tower of Babble" from the musical <a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a>: "Man is a complex of patterns and processes."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Belgian rock band <a href="/wiki/Deus_(band)" title="Deus (band)">dEUS</a> released the song The Architect, inspired by Fuller, on their 2008 album <a href="/wiki/Vantage_Point_(Deus_album)" title="Vantage Point (Deus album)">Vantage Point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Indie band <a href="/wiki/Craig_Benzine" title="Craig Benzine">Driftless Pony Club</a> titled their 2011 album Buckminster after Fuller.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Each of the album's songs is based upon his life and works. The design podcast <a href="/wiki/99%25_Invisible" title="99% Invisible">99% Invisible</a> (2010–present) takes its title from a Fuller quote: "Ninety-nine percent of who you are is invisible and untouchable."<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Fuller is briefly mentioned in <a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Days_of_Future_Past" title="X-Men: Days of Future Past">X-Men: Days of Future Past</a> (2014) when <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Pryde" title="Kitty Pryde">Kitty Pryde</a> is giving a lecture to a group of students regarding <a href="/wiki/Utopian_architecture" title="Utopian architecture">utopian architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kiyosaki" title="Robert Kiyosaki">Robert Kiyosaki</a>'s 2009 book Conspiracy of the Rich<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and 2015 book Second Chance<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> both concern Kiyosaki's interactions with Fuller as well as Fuller's unusual final book, Grunch of Giants.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Tomorrow_(2017_film)" title="The House of Tomorrow (2017 film)">The House of Tomorrow</a> (2017), based on Peter Bognanni's 2010 novel of the same name, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Burstyn" title="Ellen Burstyn">Ellen Burstyn</a>'s character is obsessed with Fuller and provides retro-futurist tours of her geodesic home that include videos of Fuller sailing and talking with Burstyn, who had in real life befriended Fuller. In <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons'</a> <a href="/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror" title="Treehouse of Horror">Treehouse of Horror</a> <a href="/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror_III" title="Treehouse of Horror III">episode</a> airing on October 29, 1992, a scan over Springfield graveyard reveals graves for American workmanship, Drexell's class, <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a>, and Buckminster Fuller.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Patents">edit</a>]</div> (from the Table of Contents of Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-43477-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-43477-4">0-312-43477-4</a>) <ul><li>1927 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1633702">U.S. patent 1,633,702</a> Stockade: building structure</li> <li>1927 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1634900">U.S. patent 1,634,900</a> Stockade: pneumatic forming process</li> <li>1928 (Application Abandoned) <a href="/wiki/4D_house" class="mw-redirect" title="4D house">4D house</a></li> <li>1937 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2101057">U.S. patent 2,101,057</a> <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_car" title="Dymaxion car">Dymaxion car</a></li> <li>1940 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2220482">U.S. patent 2,220,482</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dymaxion_bathroom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dymaxion bathroom (page does not exist)">Dymaxion bathroom</a></li> <li>1944 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2343764">U.S. patent 2,343,764</a> <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_deployment_unit" title="Dymaxion deployment unit">Dymaxion deployment unit</a> (sheet)</li> <li>1944 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2351419">U.S. patent 2,351,419</a> <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_deployment_unit" title="Dymaxion deployment unit">Dymaxion deployment unit</a> (frame)</li> <li>1946 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2393676">U.S. patent 2,393,676</a> <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_map" title="Dymaxion map">Dymaxion map</a></li> <li>1946 (No Patent) <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_house" title="Dymaxion house">Dymaxion house</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a>)</li> <li>1954 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2682235">U.S. patent 2,682,235</a> <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">Geodesic dome</a></li> <li>1959 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2881717">U.S. patent 2,881,717</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paperboard_dome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paperboard dome (page does not exist)">Paperboard dome</a></li> <li>1959 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2905113">U.S. patent 2,905,113</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plydome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plydome (page does not exist)">Plydome</a></li> <li>1959 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2914074">U.S. patent 2,914,074</a> <a href="/wiki/Catenary" title="Catenary">Catenary</a> (geodesic tent)</li> <li>1961 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2986241">U.S. patent 2,986,241</a> <a href="/wiki/Octet_truss" class="mw-redirect" title="Octet truss">Octet truss</a></li> <li>1962 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3063521">U.S. patent 3,063,521</a> <a href="/wiki/Tensegrity" title="Tensegrity">Tensegrity</a></li> <li>1963 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3080583">U.S. patent 3,080,583</a> Submarisle (undersea island)</li> <li>1964 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3139957">U.S. patent 3,139,957</a> Aspension (suspension building)</li> <li>1965 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3197927">U.S. patent 3,197,927</a> Monohex (geodesic structures)</li> <li>1965 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3203144">U.S. patent 3,203,144</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laminar_dome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laminar dome (page does not exist)">Laminar dome</a></li> <li>1965 (Filed – No Patent) Octa spinner</li> <li>1967 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3354591">U.S. patent 3,354,591</a> Star tensegrity (octahedral <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">truss</a>)</li> <li>1970 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3524422">U.S. patent 3,524,422</a> Rowing needles (watercraft)</li> <li>1974 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3810336">U.S. patent 3,810,336</a> Geodesic hexa-pent</li> <li>1975 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3863455">U.S. patent 3,863,455</a> Floatable <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a></li> <li>1975 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3866366">U.S. patent 3,866,366</a> Non-symmetrical tensegrity</li> <li>1979 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4136994">U.S. patent 4,136,994</a> Floating breakwater</li> <li>1980 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4207715">U.S. patent 4,207,715</a> Tensegrity truss</li> <li>1983 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4377114">U.S. patent 4,377,114</a> Hanging storage shelf unit</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>4d Timelock (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Chains_to_the_Moon" title="Nine Chains to the Moon">Nine Chains to the Moon</a> (1938)</li> <li>Untitled Epic Poem on the History of Industrialization (1962)</li> <li>Ideas and Integrities, a Spontaneous Autobiographical Disclosure (1963), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-449140-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-449140-8">0-13-449140-8</a></li> <li>No More Secondhand God and Other Writings (1963)</li> <li>Education Automation: Freeing the Scholar to Return (1963)</li> <li>What I Have Learned: A Collection of 20 Autobiographical Essays, Chapter "How Little I Know" (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_Manual_for_Spaceship_Earth" title="Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth">Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth</a> (1968), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-2461-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-2461-X">0-8093-2461-X</a></li> <li>Utopia or Oblivion (1969), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-02883-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-02883-9">0-553-02883-9</a></li> <li>Approaching the Benign Environment (1970), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-6641-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-6641-5">0-8173-6641-5</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Eric_A._Walker_(engineer)" title="Eric A. Walker (engineer)">Eric A. Walker</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Rhyne_Killian" title="James Rhyne Killian">James R. Killian Jr.</a>)</li> <li>I Seem to Be a Verb (1970), coauthors Jerome Agel, <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Fiore" title="Quentin Fiore">Quentin Fiore</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-127-23153-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-127-23153-7">1-127-23153-7</a></li> <li>Intuition (1970)</li> <li>Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth (1972), compiled and photographed by Cam Smith, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-02979-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-02979-9">0-385-02979-9</a></li> <li>The Buckminster Fuller Reader (1972), editor James Meller, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140214345" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140214345">978-0140214345</a></li> <li>The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller (1960, 1973), coauthor Robert Marks, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-01804-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-01804-5">0-385-01804-5</a></li> <li>Earth, Inc (1973), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-01825-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-01825-8">0-385-01825-8</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rwgrayprojects.com/synergetics/toc/toc.html">Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking</a> (1975), in collaboration with E. J. Applewhite with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-541870-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-541870-X">0-02-541870-X</a></li> <li>Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the Three Bears, A Cosmic Fairy Tale (1975)</li> <li>And It Came to Pass — Not to Stay (1976), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-541810-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-541810-6">0-02-541810-6</a></li> <li>R. Buckminster Fuller on Education (1979), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87023-276-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87023-276-2">0-87023-276-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rwgrayprojects.com/synergetics/toc/toc.html">Synergetics 2: Further Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking</a> (1979), in collaboration with E. J. Applewhite</li> <li>Buckminster Fuller – Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario (1980), p. 54, R. Buckminster Fuller, documented and edited by Robert Snyder, St. Martin's Press, Inc., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-10678-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-10678-5">0-312-10678-5</a></li> <li>Buckminster Fuller Sketchbook (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Path_(book)" title="Critical Path (book)">Critical Path</a> (1981), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-17488-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-17488-8">0-312-17488-8</a></li> <li>Grunch of Giants (1983), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-35193-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-35193-3">0-312-35193-3</a></li> <li>Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-43477-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-43477-4">0-312-43477-4</a></li> <li>Humans in Universe (1983), coauthor Anwar Dil, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89925-001-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89925-001-7">0-89925-001-7</a></li> <li>Cosmography: A Posthumous Scenario for the Future of Humanity (1992), coauthor Kiyoshi Kuromiya, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-541850-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-541850-5">0-02-541850-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Discography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>R. Buckminster Fuller Thinks Aloud (Part 1) (1966), Credo - credo 2</li> <li>Thinks Aloud (1967), Society Of Typographic Arts – 919S-7200</li> <li>R. Buckminster Fuller Speaks His Mind On Records (1967), Cook – COOK05025</li> <li> The Clock Is Stopping! (1976), Cook – 6061</li> <li> Dymaxion Ditties - The Greatest Hits Of Buckminster Fuller (1976), Not on Label - Cherry Tree Folk Club - Philadelphia, PA</li> <li> Tunings (1979), Tanam Press – 7902</li> <li> A Primer Conversation (1988), New Dimensions Productions – C010</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen-Scott_South_Pole_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buckminster_Fuller_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="The Buckminster Fuller Challenge">The Buckminster Fuller Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucky_Ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucky Ball">Bucky Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Nine_(tensegrity_sphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud Nine (tensegrity sphere)">Cloud Nine (tensegrity sphere)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science_revolution" title="Design science revolution">Design science revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_City" title="Drop City">Drop City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_Reduction_Currency_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions Reduction Currency System">Emissions Reduction Currency System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlis_Johansons" title="Karlis Johansons">Kārlis Johansons</a>, tensegrity innovator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Snelson" title="Kenneth Snelson">Kenneth Snelson</a>, tensegrity sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">Noosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_River%27s_City_project" title="Old Man River's City project">Old Man River's City project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_frame" title="Space frame">Space frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spome" title="Spome">Spome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog" title="Whole Earth Catalog">Whole Earth Catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica.2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021002639/http://britannica.com/ebc/article-9365050">"Fuller, R. Buckminster"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9365050">the original</a> on October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fuller%2C+R.+Buckminster&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Febc%2Farticle-9365050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerebriakoff1986" class="citation book cs1">Serebriakoff, Victor (1986). Mensa: The Society for the Highly Intelligent. Stein and Day. pp. 299, 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-3091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-3091-0"><bdi>978-0-8128-3091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mensa%3A+The+Society+for+the+Highly+Intelligent&rft.pages=299%2C+304&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8128-3091-0&rft.aulast=Serebriakoff&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mensa_history-3"><a href="#cite_ref-mensa_history_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2010" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://members.mensa.ch/history">"The History of Mensa: Chapter 1: The Early Years (1945-1953)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mensa_International" title="Mensa International">Mensa Switzerland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308204428/https://members.mensa.ch/history">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2019. 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Retrieved April 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partial+list+of+Fuller+U.S.+patents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2F%3Foq%3D%2522inventor%253A%2Brichard%2Bbuckminster%2Bfuller%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhiBetaKappa1-5"><a href="#cite_ref-PhiBetaKappa1_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic576105.files/Harvard-elected-1966-81.pdf">"Catalogue of Members: Harvard members elected from 1966-1981"</a> (PDF). Harvard College Phi Beta Kappa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic576105.files/Harvard-elected-1966-81.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Members%3A+Harvard+members+elected+from+1966-1981&rft.pub=Harvard+College+Phi+Beta+Kappa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisites.harvard.edu%2Ffs%2Fdocs%2Ficb.topic576105.files%2FHarvard-elected-1966-81.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuckyFullerNowBio4-6"><a href="#cite_ref-BuckyFullerNowBio4_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieden2011" class="citation web cs1">Sieden, L. 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Retrieved January 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuckyFullerNow.com&rft.atitle=Biography+of+R.+Buckminster+Fuller+-+Section+4%3A+1947%E2%80%931976&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sieden&rft.aufirst=L.+Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buckyfullernow.com%2Fsect-4-bio-of-buckminster-fuller-1947---1976.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-7"><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterF.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter F"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved July 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+of+St.+Louis+Literary+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slu.edu%2Flibraries%2Fassociates%2Faward.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Louis_University_Library_Associates" class="citation web cs1">Saint Louis University Library Associates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731082313/http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award">"Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award">the original</a> on July 31, 2016. 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February 23, 1983. Retrieved May 8, 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieden2000" class="citation book cs1">Sieden, Steven (2000). Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738203799" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738203799"><bdi>978-0738203799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller%27s+Universe%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0738203799&rft.aulast=Sieden&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvenzo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Provenzo, Eugene F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1069222">"Friedrich Froebel's Gifts: Connecting the Spiritual and Aesthetic to the Real World of Play and Learning"</a>. American Journal of Play. 2 (1): 85–99. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1938-0399">1938-0399</a> – via ERIC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Play&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Froebel%27s+Gifts%3A+Connecting+the+Spiritual+and+Aesthetic+to+the+Real+World+of+Play+and+Learning&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-99&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1938-0399&rft.aulast=Provenzo&rft.aufirst=Eugene+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DEJ1069222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pawley-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pawley_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pawley_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pawley_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawley1991" class="citation book cs1">Pawley, Martin (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buckminsterfulle00pawl">Buckminster Fuller</a>. New York: Taplinger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8008-1116-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8008-1116-7"><bdi>978-0-8008-1116-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taplinger&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8008-1116-7&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuckminsterfulle00pawl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sieden-p84-85-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Sieden-p84-85_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieden2000" class="citation book cs1">Sieden, Lloyd Steven (2000). Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work. New York: <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Books_Group" title="Perseus Books Group">Perseus Books Group</a>. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0379-9"><bdi>978-0-7382-0379-9</bdi></a>. <q>However, in 1927 his own financial difficulties forced Mr. Hewlett to sell his stock in the company. Within weeks Stockade Building Systems became a subsidiary of Celotex Corporation, whose primary motivation was akin to that of other conventional companies: making a profit. Celotex management took one look at Stockade's financial records and called for a complete overhaul of the company. The first casualty of the transition was Stockade's controversial president [Buckminster Fuller, who was fired].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller%27s+Universe%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Perseus+Books+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0379-9&rft.aulast=Sieden&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Fuller, R. Buckminster, Your Private Sky, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sieden-1989-Buckminster-Fuller's-Universe-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sieden-1989-Buckminster-Fuller's-Universe_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sieden-1989-Buckminster-Fuller's-Universe_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sieden-1989-Buckminster-Fuller's-Universe_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sieden-1989-Buckminster-Fuller's-Universe_18-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieden1989" class="citation book cs1">Sieden, Lloyd Steven (1989). Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0379-9"><bdi>978-0-7382-0379-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller%27s+Universe%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0379-9&rft.aulast=Sieden&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Sterngold2008" class="citation news cs1">James Sterngold (June 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/arts/music/15ster.html">"The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved January 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Love+Song+of+R.+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.date=2008-06-15&rft.au=James+Sterngold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F15%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F15ster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sieden-p87-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Sieden-p87_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieden1989" class="citation book cs1">Sieden, Lloyd Steven (1989). Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work. Basic Books. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0379-9"><bdi>978-0-7382-0379-9</bdi></a>. <q>during 1927, Bucky found himself unemployed with a new daughter to support as winter was approaching. With no steady income the Fuller family was living beyond its means and falling further and further into debt. Searching for solace and escape, Bucky continued drinking and carousing. He also tended to wander aimlessly through the Chicago streets pondering his situation. It was during one such walk that he ventured down to the shore of Lake Michigan on a particularly cold autumn evening and seriously contemplated swimming out until he was exhausted and ending his life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller%27s+Universe%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0379-9&rft.aulast=Sieden&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sieden-p87-88-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Sieden-p87-88_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieden1989" class="citation book cs1">Sieden, Lloyd Steven (1989). Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work. Basic Books. pp. 87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0379-9"><bdi>978-0-7382-0379-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller%27s+Universe%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0379-9&rft.aulast=Sieden&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/automobiles/collectibles/15BUCKY.html">"Design – A Three-Wheel Dream That Died at Takeoff – Buckminster Fuller and the Dymaxion Car"</a>. The New York Times. June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Design+%E2%80%93+A+Three-Wheel+Dream+That+Died+at+Takeoff+%E2%80%93+Buckminster+Fuller+and+the+Dymaxion+Car&rft.date=2008-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F15%2Fautomobiles%2Fcollectibles%2F15BUCKY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaberGlueck-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HaberGlueck_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaberGlueck_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaberGlueck_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaber" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Haber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Haber (page does not exist)">Haber, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haberarts.com/fuller.htm">"Before Buckyballs: Buckminster Fuller and Isamu Noguchi"</a>. Haber's Arts Reviews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haber%27s+Arts+Reviews&rft.atitle=Before+Buckyballs%3A+Buckminster+Fuller+and+Isamu+Noguchi&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberarts.com%2Ffuller.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlueck2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grace_Glueck" title="Grace Glueck">Glueck, Grace</a> (May 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/19/arts/design/19nogu.html">"The Architect and the Sculptor: A Friendship of Ideas"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Architect+and+the+Sculptor%3A+A+Friendship+of+Ideas&rft.date=2006-05-19&rft.aulast=Glueck&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F19%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F19nogu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sieden-p74-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sieden-p74_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sieden-p74_24-1">b</a> Lloyd Steven Sieden. Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work (pp. 74, 119–142). New York: <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Books_Group" title="Perseus Books Group">Perseus Books Group</a>, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7382-0379-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7382-0379-3">0-7382-0379-3</a>. p. 74: "Although O'Neill soon became well known as a major American playwright, it was Romany Marie who would significantly influence Bucky, becoming his close friend and confidante during the most difficult years of his life." </li> <li id="cite_note-Haskell-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haskell_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haskell_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskell" class="citation web cs1">Haskell, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513065703/http://www.kgbbar.com/lit/features/buckminster_ful.html">"Buckminster Fuller and Isamu Noguchi"</a>. Kraine Gallery Bar Lit, Fall 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kgbbar.com/lit/features/buckminster_ful.html">the original</a> on May 13, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kraine+Gallery+Bar+Lit%2C+Fall+2007&rft.atitle=Buckminster+Fuller+and+Isamu+Noguchi&rft.aulast=Haskell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kgbbar.com%2Flit%2Ffeatures%2Fbuckminster_ful.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biography-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Biography_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schulman_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Schulman (journalist) (page does not exist)">Schulman, Robert</a> (2006). Romany Marie: The Queen of Greenwich Village. <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a>: Butler Books. pp. 85–86, 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884532-74-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884532-74-0"><bdi>978-1-884532-74-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romany+Marie%3A+The+Queen+of+Greenwich+Village&rft.place=Louisville&rft.pages=85-86%2C+109-110&rft.pub=Butler+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-884532-74-0&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interview-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Interview_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/oralhistories/tranSCRIPTs/noguch73.htm">"Interview with Isamu Noguchi conducted by Paul Cummings at Noguchi's studio in Long Island City, Queens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a> Archives of American Art. November 7, 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Archives+of+American+Art&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Isamu+Noguchi+conducted+by+Paul+Cummings+at+Noguchi%27s+studio+in+Long+Island+City%2C+Queens&rft.date=1973-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaa.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Foralhistories%2FtranSCRIPTs%2Fnoguch73.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorman-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Gorman_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman2002" class="citation web cs1">Gorman, Michael John (March 12, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613214749/http://hotgates.stanford.edu/Bucky/dymaxion/noguchi.htm">"Passenger Files: Isamu Noguchi, 1904–1988"</a>. Towards a cultural history of Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion Car. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a> Humanities Lab. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hotgates.stanford.edu/Bucky/dymaxion/noguchi.htm">the original</a> on June 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Towards+a+cultural+history+of+Buckminster+Fuller%27s+Dymaxion+Car&rft.atitle=Passenger+Files%3A+Isamu+Noguchi%2C+1904%E2%80%931988&rft.date=2002-03-12&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Michael+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhotgates.stanford.edu%2FBucky%2Fdymaxion%2Fnoguchi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> Includes several images. </li> <li id="cite_note-ExhibitBMC-29"><a href="#cite_ref-ExhibitBMC_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115004344/http://blackmountaincollege.org/content/view/45/60/">"IDEAS + INVENTIONS: Buckminster Fuller and Black Mountain College, July 15 – November 26, 2005"</a>. Black Mountain College Museum and Arts Center. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blackmountaincollege.org/content/view/45/60/">the original</a> on January 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Black+Mountain+College+Museum+and+Arts+Center&rft.atitle=IDEAS+%2B+INVENTIONS%3A+Buckminster+Fuller+and+Black+Mountain+College%2C+July+15+%E2%80%93+November+26%2C+2005&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblackmountaincollege.org%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F45%2F60%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegaloff2011" class="citation book cs1">Segaloff, Nat (2011). Arthur Penn: American director. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813129761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813129761"><bdi>978-0813129761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Penn%3A+American+director&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Ky&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0813129761&rft.aulast=Segaloff&rft.aufirst=Nat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> Available as a .pdf at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://epdf.pub/arthur-penn-american-director-screen-classics.html">https://epdf.pub/arthur-penn-american-director-screen-classics.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarksFuller1973" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Robert W.; Fuller, R. Buckminster (1973). The Dymaxion world of Buckminster Fuller. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-01804-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-01804-3"><bdi>978-0-385-01804-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dymaxion+world+of+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-385-01804-3&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Fuller%2C+R.+Buckminster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerry_Coyne_and_Steve_Jones1995" class="citation journal cs1">Jerry Coyne and Steve Jones (1995). "1994 Sewall Wright Award: Richard C. Lewontin". The American Naturalist. 146 (1). University of Chicago Press: front matter. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2463033">2463033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=1994+Sewall+Wright+Award%3A+Richard+C.+Lewontin&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=front+matter&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2463033%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Jerry+Coyne+and+Steve+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrsc.org-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wrsc.org_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrsc.org_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407001337/http://www.wrsc.org/people/shoji-sadao">"Shoji Sadao"</a>. World Resource Simulation Center. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrsc.org/people/shoji-sadao">the original</a> on April 7, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Resource+Simulation+Center&rft.atitle=Shoji+Sadao&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrsc.org%2Fpeople%2Fshoji-sadao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeely-Streit2019" class="citation web cs1">Neely-Streit, Gabriel (February 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesouthern.com/news/local/education/fifty-years-of-fuller-siu-carbondale-celebrates-iconic-architect-futurist/article_e1fe8aca-036b-551f-bf86-43099b0c0094.html">"Fifty years of Fuller: SIU Carbondale celebrates iconic architect, futurist"</a>. The Southern.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Southern&rft.atitle=Fifty+years+of+Fuller%3A+SIU+Carbondale+celebrates+iconic+architect%2C+futurist&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft.aulast=Neely-Streit&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesouthern.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Feducation%2Ffifty-years-of-fuller-siu-carbondale-celebrates-iconic-architect-futurist%2Farticle_e1fe8aca-036b-551f-bf86-43099b0c0094.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mqLgDQAAQBAJ&q=buckminster+fuller+southern+illinois+university">Richard Buckminster Fuller Basic Biography</a>. Estate of R. Buckminster Fuller. January 23, 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Buckminster+Fuller+Basic+Biography&rft.pub=Estate+of+R.+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.date=1973-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmqLgDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbuckminster%2Bfuller%2Bsouthern%2Billinois%2Buniversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313014223/http://www.siue.edu/maps/tour/center-spirituality-sustainability.shtml">"The Center for Spirituality & Sustainability"</a>. Siue.edu. 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Buckminster (1983). Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller. St. Martin's Press. p. vii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventions%3A+The+Patented+Works+of+R.+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=R.+Buckminster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs1983" class="citation news cs1">Krebs, Albin (July 3, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/03/obituaries/r-buckminster-fuller-futurist-inventor-dies-at-87.html">"R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER, FUTURIST INVENTOR, DIES AT 87"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved July 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=R.+BUCKMINSTER+FULLER%2C+FUTURIST+INVENTOR%2C+DIES+AT+87&rft.date=1983-07-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Albin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F07%2F03%2Fobituaries%2Fr-buckminster-fuller-futurist-inventor-dies-at-87.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703172857/https://www.mountauburn.org/r-buckminster-fuller-1895-1983/">"R. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) | Mount Auburn Cemetery"</a>. www.mountauburn.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountauburn.org/r-buckminster-fuller-1895-1983/">the original</a> on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mountauburn.org&rft.atitle=R.+Buckminster+Fuller+%281895-1983%29+%7C+Mount+Auburn+Cemetery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountauburn.org%2Fr-buckminster-fuller-1895-1983%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019224827/http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/arthurbuckminsterfuller.html">"Arthur Buckminster Fuller"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/arthurbuckminsterfuller.html">the original</a> on October 19, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arthur+Buckminster+Fuller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww25.uua.org%2Fuuhs%2Fduub%2Farticles%2Farthurbuckminsterfuller.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806065007/http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/fuller.html">"Buckminster Fuller: Designer of a New World, 1895-1983"</a>. Harvard Square Library. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/buckminster-fuller-3/">the original</a> on August 6, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Square+Library&rft.atitle=Buckminster+Fuller%3A+Designer+of+a+New+World%2C+1895-1983&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardsquarelibrary.org%2Fbiographies%2Fbuckminster-fuller-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrand1999" class="citation book cs1">Brand, Stewart (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clockoflongnow00bran">The Clock of the Long Now</a>. New York: Basic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04512-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04512-9"><bdi>978-0-465-04512-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clock+of+the+Long+Now&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04512-9&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclockoflongnow00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1969" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, R. Buckminster (1969). <a href="/wiki/Operating_Manual_for_Spaceship_Earth" title="Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth">Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth</a>. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2461-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2461-3"><bdi>978-0-8093-2461-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operating+Manual+for+Spaceship+Earth&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+IL&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-2461-3&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=R.+Buckminster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerApplewhite1975" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, R. Buckminster; Applewhite, E. J. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/synergeticsexplo00full">Synergetics</a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-541870-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-541870-7"><bdi>978-0-02-541870-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synergetics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-02-541870-7&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=R.+Buckminster&rft.au=Applewhite%2C+E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsynergeticsexplo00full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> François de Chadenèdes (November 18, 1920 - October 24, 1999) - His name in full was Jean Auguste François de Bournai Barthelemy de Chadenèdes. A petroleum geologist and priest, he was born in Flushing, New York. After graduating from Harvard College in 1943, he received an M.S. degree from Harvard University in 1947 and a Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1951. He worked in the petroleum industry for the next thirty years, retiring in 1981. He was a member of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists. As a geologist, he was active in California, Colorado, Mexico, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming, and he worked with other geologists in Bali, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Moscow. He is credited with helping discover oil in the Moxa Arch area of Wyoming and the Overthrust Belt of western Wyoming and Utah. He served as an advisor to President Richard Nixon's Environmental Quality Council (renamed the Cabinet Committee on the Environment), and, starting in 1975, he was a consultant to R. Buckminster Fuller on world energy. He contributed articles to many journals and books. In 1991, he was ordained a priest in the Episcopal Church, and he served as assistant and associate rector at Saint John's Episcopal Church in Boulder, Colorado. He was a resident of Boulder for many years. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1981" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, R. Buckminster (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalpath00full">Critical Path</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. xxxiv–xxxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17488-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17488-0"><bdi>978-0-312-17488-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Path&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xxxiv-xxxv&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-312-17488-0&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=R.+Buckminster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalpath00full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAment" class="citation web cs1">Ament, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/fuller.htm">"Inventor R. Buckminster Fuller"</a>. Ideafinder.com. Retrieved October 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventor+R.+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.pub=Ideafinder.com&rft.aulast=Ament&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ideafinder.com%2Fhistory%2Finventors%2Ffuller.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYtQ_-rpAUo">"Buckminster Fuller World Game Synergy Anticapatory"</a>. YouTube. January 27, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/hYtQ_-rpAUo">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller+World+Game+Synergy+Anticapatory&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2007-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhYtQ_-rpAUo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/159">"The Debates"</a>. The Economist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Debates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fdebate%2Fdays%2Fview%2F159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1981" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, R. Buckminster (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalpath00full">"Introduction"</a>. Critical Path (1st ed.). New York, N.Y.: St.Martin's Press. xxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17488-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17488-0"><bdi>978-0-312-17488-0</bdi></a>. <q>"It no longer has to be you or me. Selfishness is unnecessary and hence-forth unrationalizable as mandated by survival. War is obsolete.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Critical+Path&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=xxv&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=St.Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-312-17488-0&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=R.+Buckminster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalpath00full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2008" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, R. Buckminster (2008). Snyder, Jaime (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/utopiaoroblivion00rbuc">Utopia or oblivion: the prospects for humanity</a>. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03778-127-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03778-127-2"><bdi>978-3-03778-127-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utopia+or+oblivion%3A+the+prospects+for+humanity&rft.place=Baden%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Lars+M%C3%BCller+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-03778-127-2&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=R.+Buckminster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Futopiaoroblivion00rbuc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319195937/http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/overview-of-general-semantics/notable-individuals/">"Notable Individuals Influenced by General Semantics"</a>. The Institute of General Semantics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/overview-of-general-semantics/notable-individuals/">the original</a> on March 19, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notable+Individuals+Influenced+by+General+Semantics&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+General+Semantics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generalsemantics.org%2Fthe-general-semantics-learning-center%2Foverview-of-general-semantics%2Fnotable-individuals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake" class="citation web cs1">Drake, Harold L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalsemantics.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/articles/gsb/gsb41-drake.pdf">"The General Semantics and Science Fiction of Robert Heinlein and A. E. Van Vogt"</a> (PDF). General Semantics Bulletin 41. Institute of General Semantics. p. 144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.generalsemantics.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/articles/gsb/gsb41-drake.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. <q>For his dissertation showing some relationships between formulations of Alfred Korzybski and Buckminster Fuller, plus documenting meetings and associations of the two gentlemen, he was given the 1973 Irving J. Lee Award in General Semantics offered by the International Society for General Semantics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=General+Semantics+Bulletin+41&rft.atitle=The+General+Semantics+and+Science+Fiction+of+Robert+Heinlein+and+A.+E.+Van+Vogt&rft.pages=144&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generalsemantics.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F05%2Farticles%2Fgsb%2Fgsb41-drake.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Edmondson, Amy, "A Fuller Explanation", Birkhauser, Boston, 1987, p19 tetrahedra, p110 octet truss </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telacommunications.com/geodome.htm">"Geodesic Domes and Charts of the Heavens"</a>. Telacommunications.com. June 19, 1973. Retrieved April 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geodesic+Domes+and+Charts+of+the+Heavens&rft.pub=Telacommunications.com&rft.date=1973-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telacommunications.com%2Fgeodome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjfearnley.com/fuller-faq-4.html#ss4.1">"The R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ: Geodesic Domes"</a>. Cjfearnley.com. Retrieved April 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+R.+Buckminster+Fuller+FAQ%3A+Geodesic+Domes&rft.pub=Cjfearnley.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjfearnley.com%2Ffuller-faq-4.html%23ss4.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-universe-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-universe_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-universe_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-universe_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_Steven_Sieden2000" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd Steven Sieden (August 11, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rG__1rhIzE0C&q=%22henry+ford%22+%22dymaxion+car%22&pg=PA177">Buckminster Fuller's Universe</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738203799" title="Special:BookSources/9780738203799"><bdi>9780738203799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller%27s+Universe&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000-08-11&rft.isbn=9780738203799&rft.au=Lloyd+Steven+Sieden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrG__1rhIzE0C%26q%3D%2522henry%2Bford%2522%2B%2522dymaxion%2Bcar%2522%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-zoom-59"><a href="#cite_ref-zoom_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coachbuilt.com/des/f/fuller/fuller.htm">"R. (Richard) Buckminster Fuller 1895-1983"</a>. Coachbuilt.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R.+%28Richard%29+Buckminster+Fuller+1895-1983&rft.pub=Coachbuilt.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coachbuilt.com%2Fdes%2Ff%2Ffuller%2Ffuller.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2101057">US 2101057</a>  </li> <li id="cite_note-biography-61"><a href="#cite_ref-biography_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Magill1999" class="citation book cs1">Frank Magill (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq1GU6I5umQC&q=fuller+dymaxion+car+philip+pearson&pg=PA1266">The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7</a>. Routledge. p. 1266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136593345" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136593345"><bdi>978-1136593345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+20th+Century+A-GI%3A+Dictionary+of+World+Biography%2C+Volume+7&rft.pages=1266&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1136593345&rft.au=Frank+Magill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNq1GU6I5umQC%26q%3Dfuller%2Bdymaxion%2Bcar%2Bphilip%2Bpearson%26pg%3DPA1266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt06-62"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt06_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhil_Patton2008" class="citation news cs1">Phil Patton (June 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/automobiles/collectibles/15BUCKY.html">"A 3-Wheel Dream That Died at Takeoff"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+3-Wheel+Dream+That+Died+at+Takeoff&rft.date=2008-06-02&rft.au=Phil+Patton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F15%2Fautomobiles%2Fcollectibles%2F15BUCKY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieden2000" class="citation book cs1">Sieden, Lloyd Steven (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rG__1rhIzE0C&q=Dymaxion+dynamic&pg=PA132">Buckminster Fuller's Universe</a>. Basic Books. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0379-9"><bdi>978-0-7382-0379-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller%27s+Universe&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0379-9&rft.aulast=Sieden&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrG__1rhIzE0C%26q%3DDymaxion%2Bdynamic%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHale1962" class="citation book cs1">McHale, John (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/13/13-02560.html">R. Buckminster Fuller</a>. Prentice-Hall. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R.+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=McHale&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F13%2F13-02560.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_1973_104-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_1973_104_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1973" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Robert (1973). The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller. Anchor Press / Doubleday. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dymaxion+World+of+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Anchor+Press+%2F+Doubleday&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleiner-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Kleiner_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArt_Kleiner2008" class="citation book cs1">Art Kleiner (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YDQgqe4lpLQC&q=the+age+of+heretics+dymaxion+like+all+other+of+fuller%27s&pg=PT26">The Age of Heretics</a>. Jossey Bass, Warren Bennis Signature Series. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470443415" title="Special:BookSources/9780470443415"><bdi>9780470443415</bdi></a>. <q>In 1934, Fuller had interested auto magnate Walter Chrysler in financing his Dymaxion car, a durable, three-wheeled, aerodynamic land vehicle modeled after an airplane fuselage. Fuller had built three models that drew enthusiastic crowds wherever. Like all Fuller's other projects (he was responsible for refining and developing the geodesic dome, the first practical dome structure) it was inexpensive, durable and energy efficient; Fuller worked diligently to cut back the amount of material and energy used by any product he designed. "You've produced exactly the car I've always wanted to produce," the mechanically apt Chrysler told him. Then Chrysler noted ruefully, Fuller had taken one-third the time and one fourth the money Chrysler's corporation usually spent producing prototypes — prototypes Chrysler himself usually hated in the end. For a few months, it had seemed Chrysler would go ahead and introduce Fuller's car. But the banks that financed Chrysler's wholesale distributors vetoed the move by threatening to call in their loans. The bankers were afraid (or so Fuller said years later) that an advanced new design would diminish the value of the unsold motor vehicles in dealers' showrooms. For every new car sold, five used cars had to be sold to finance the distribution and production chain, and those cars would not sell if Fuller's invention made them obsolete.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Heretics&rft.pub=Jossey+Bass%2C+Warren+Bennis+Signature+Series&rft.date=2008-04&rft.isbn=9780470443415&rft.au=Art+Kleiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYDQgqe4lpLQC%26q%3Dthe%2Bage%2Bof%2Bheretics%2Bdymaxion%2Blike%2Ball%2Bother%2Bof%2Bfuller%2527s%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_1973_29-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_1973_29_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1973" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Robert (1973). The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller. Anchor Press / Doubleday. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dymaxion+World+of+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Anchor+Press+%2F+Doubleday&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevala-Lee2022" class="citation web cs1">Nevala-Lee, Alec (August 2, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/technology/2022/08/the-dymaxion-car-the-true-history-of-buckminster-fullers-failed-automobile.html">"The Dramatic Failure of Buckminster Fuller's "Car of the Future""</a>. Slate Magazine. Retrieved October 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Dramatic+Failure+of+Buckminster+Fuller%27s+%22Car+of+the+Future%22&rft.date=2022-08-02&rft.aulast=Nevala-Lee&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Ftechnology%2F2022%2F08%2Fthe-dymaxion-car-the-true-history-of-buckminster-fullers-failed-automobile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-accident-69"><a href="#cite_ref-accident_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120821193516/http://hotgates.stanford.edu/Bucky/dymaxion/crash.htm">"Passenger Files: Francis T. Turner, Colonel William Francis Forbes-Sempill and Charles Dollfuss"</a>. Stanford University Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hotgates.stanford.edu/Bucky/dymaxion/crash.htm">the original</a> on August 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passenger+Files%3A+Francis+T.+Turner%2C+Colonel+William+Francis+Forbes-Sempill+and+Charles+Dollfuss&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhotgates.stanford.edu%2FBucky%2Fdymaxion%2Fcrash.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carandriver-70"><a href="#cite_ref-carandriver_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavey_G._Johnson2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Davey G. Johnson (March 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065656/http://blog.caranddriver.com/maximum-dynamism-jeff-lanes-fuller-dymaxion-replica-captures-insane-cool-of-the-originals/">"Maximum Dynamism! Jeff Lane's Fuller Dymaxion Replica Captures Insane Cool of the Originals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Car_and_Driver" title="Car and Driver">Car and Driver</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.caranddriver.com/maximum-dynamism-jeff-lanes-fuller-dymaxion-replica-captures-insane-cool-of-the-originals/">the original</a> on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Car+and+Driver&rft.atitle=Maximum+Dynamism%21+Jeff+Lane%27s+Fuller+Dymaxion+Replica+Captures+Insane+Cool+of+the+Originals&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft.au=Davey+G.+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.caranddriver.com%2Fmaximum-dynamism-jeff-lanes-fuller-dymaxion-replica-captures-insane-cool-of-the-originals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-transverse-71"><a href="#cite_ref-transverse_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Buckminster_Fuller1983" class="citation book cs1">R. Buckminster Fuller (1983). Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller. St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventions%3A+The+Patented+Works+of+R.+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.au=R.+Buckminster+Fuller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-business-72"><a href="#cite_ref-business_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082909/https://bfi.org/about-fuller/resources/everything-i-know/session-9">"About Fuller, Session 9, Part 15"</a>. Bucky Fuller Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bfi.org/about-fuller/resources/everything-i-know/session-9">the original</a> on May 18, 2015. 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Retrieved October 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Driftless+Pony+Club&rft.pub=Apple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fartist%2Fdriftless-pony-club%2Fid16784455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelonax2013" class="citation web cs1">Belonax, Tim (January 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221222141/http://designenvy.aiga.org/99-invisible-roman-mars/">"99% Invisible: Roman Mars"</a>. Design Envy. AIGA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://designenvy.aiga.org/99-invisible-roman-mars/">the original</a> on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Design+Envy&rft.atitle=99%25+Invisible%3A+Roman+Mars&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.aulast=Belonax&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdesignenvy.aiga.org%2F99-invisible-roman-mars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieden2014" class="citation web cs1">Sieden, L. Steven (November 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/buckminster-fuller-and-crystals_b_5877686?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAGfxVtleTeip2GqFo89QX-y2Mu9JGHCWPY9Asl0H_KS2OMzukzFTr0NVDKys935oyU0xRVondmzpAniHFMFuDa-fn9CZvsUP4jYFZJZoMU8xJPrvXmebATsUXRlPptA_HF4QiwObcHPB5uxpVxVnf6u_5JOjuOcygYeEVsnQ_Sjw">"X-Men Movie: We Know the World Is Intact Because of Buckminster Fuller and Crystals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=X-Men+Movie%3A+We+Know+the+World+Is+Intact+Because+of+Buckminster+Fuller+and+Crystals.&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Sieden&rft.aufirst=L.+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fbuckminster-fuller-and-crystals_b_5877686%3Fguccounter%3D1%26guce_referrer%3DaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8%26guce_referrer_sig%3DAQAAAGfxVtleTeip2GqFo89QX-y2Mu9JGHCWPY9Asl0H_KS2OMzukzFTr0NVDKys935oyU0xRVondmzpAniHFMFuDa-fn9CZvsUP4jYFZJZoMU8xJPrvXmebATsUXRlPptA_HF4QiwObcHPB5uxpVxVnf6u_5JOjuOcygYeEVsnQ_Sjw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Kiyosaki, Robert. Rich Dad's Conspiracy of the Rich: The 8 New Rules of Money, Business Plus, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-55980-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-55980-6">0-446-55980-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Kiyosaki, Robert. Second Chance: for Your Money, Your Life and Our World, Plata Publishing, LLC, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612680460" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612680460">978-1612680460</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Fuller, R. Buckminster. Grunch of Giants, Design Science, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1607027591" title="Special:BookSources/978-1607027591">978-1607027591</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMory" class="citation web cs1">Mory, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zekefilm.org/2016/10/01/the-trivial-terrors-of-the-simpsons-treehouse-of-horror-iii/">"The Trivial Terrors of The Simpsons' "Treehouse of Terror III"!"</a>. ZekeFilim. Retrieved October 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZekeFilim&rft.atitle=The+Trivial+Terrors+of+The+Simpsons%27+%22Treehouse+of+Terror+III%22%21&rft.aulast=Mory&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zekefilm.org%2F2016%2F10%2F01%2Fthe-trivial-terrors-of-the-simpsons-treehouse-of-horror-iii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplewhite1977" class="citation book cs1">Applewhite, E. J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cosmicfishingacc00appl">Cosmic Fishing: An account of writing Synergetics with Buckminster Fuller</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-502710-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-502710-7"><bdi>978-0-02-502710-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmic+Fishing%3A+An+account+of+writing+Synergetics+with+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-02-502710-7&rft.aulast=Applewhite&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcosmicfishingacc00appl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplewhite1986" class="citation book cs1">Applewhite, E. J., ed. (1986). Synergetics Dictionary, The Mind Of Buckminster Fuller; in four volumes. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8729-6"><bdi>978-0-8240-8729-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synergetics+Dictionary%2C+The+Mind+Of+Buckminster+Fuller%3B+in+four+volumes&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-8729-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chu, Hsiao-Yun (Fall 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F155019060800400404">"Fuller's Laboratory Notebook"</a>. Collections. 4 (4): 295–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F155019060800400404">10.1177/155019060800400404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189551410">189551410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collections&rft.atitle=Fuller%27s+Laboratory+Notebook&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=295-306&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F155019060800400404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189551410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-Yun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F155019060800400404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuTrujillo2009" class="citation book cs1">Chu, Hsiao-Yun; Trujillo, Roberto (2009). New Views on R. Buckminster Fuller. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6279-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-6279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Views+on+R.+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6279-3&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-Yun&rft.au=Trujillo%2C+Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastham2007" class="citation book cs1">Eastham, Scott (2007). American Dreamer. Bucky Fuller and the Sacred Geometry of Nature. Cambridge: The Lutterworth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-3031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-3031-1"><bdi>978-0-7188-3031-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Dreamer.+Bucky+Fuller+and+the+Sacred+Geometry+of+Nature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=The+Lutterworth+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-3031-1&rft.aulast=Eastham&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondson2007" class="citation book cs1">Edmondson, Amy (2007). A Fuller Explanation. EmergentWorld LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6151-8314-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6151-8314-5"><bdi>978-0-6151-8314-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fuller+Explanation&rft.pub=EmergentWorld+LLC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-6151-8314-5&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatch1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alden_R._Hatch" title="Alden R. Hatch">Hatch, Alden</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buckminsterfulle00hatc">Buckminster Fuller At Home In The Universe</a>. New York: Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-440-04408-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-440-04408-6"><bdi>978-0-440-04408-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller+At+Home+In+The+Universe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-440-04408-6&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuckminsterfulle00hatc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoogenboom1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hoogenboom, Olive (1999). "Fuller, R. Buckminster". <a href="/wiki/American_National_Biography" title="American National Biography">American National Biography</a>. Vol. 8 (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 559–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1302560">10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1302560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fuller%2C+R.+Buckminster&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=559-562&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1302560&rft.aulast=Hoogenboom&rft.aufirst=Olive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman2005" class="citation book cs1">Gorman, Michael John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buckminsterfulle00gorm">Buckminster Fuller: Designing for Mobility</a>. Skira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8876242656" title="Special:BookSources/978-8876242656"><bdi>978-8876242656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller%3A+Designing+for+Mobility&rft.pub=Skira&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8876242656&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Michael+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuckminsterfulle00gorm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenner1973" class="citation book cs1">Kenner, Hugh (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bucky00kenn">Bucky: a guided tour of Buckminster Fuller</a>. Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00141-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00141-4"><bdi>978-0-688-00141-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bucky%3A+a+guided+tour+of+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-688-00141-4&rft.aulast=Kenner&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbucky00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrausseLichtenstein1999" class="citation book cs1">Krausse, Joachim; Lichtenstein, Claude, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yourprivateskyrb0000unse">Your Private Sky, R. Buckminster Fuller: The Art Of Design Science</a>. Lars Mueller Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-907044-88-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-907044-88-9"><bdi>978-3-907044-88-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Private+Sky%2C+R.+Buckminster+Fuller%3A+The+Art+Of+Design+Science&rft.pub=Lars+Mueller+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-907044-88-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyourprivateskyrb0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHale1962" class="citation book cs1">McHale, John (1962). R. Buckminster Fuller. New York: George Brazillier, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R.+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=George+Brazillier%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=McHale&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawley1991" class="citation book cs1">Pawley, Martin (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buckminsterfulle00pawl">Buckminster Fuller</a>. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8008-1116-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8008-1116-7"><bdi>978-0-8008-1116-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taplinger+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8008-1116-7&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuckminsterfulle00pawl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1990" class="citation book cs1">Potter, R. Robert (1990). Buckminster Fuller. Pioneers in Change Series. Silver Burdett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-382-09972-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-382-09972-4"><bdi>978-0-382-09972-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller&rft.series=Pioneers+in+Change+Series&rft.pub=Silver+Burdett+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-382-09972-4&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=R.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1974" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Donald (1974). Mind's Eye Of Buckminster Fuller. New York: Vantage Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-533-01017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-533-01017-2"><bdi>978-0-533-01017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind%27s+Eye+Of+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vantage+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-533-01017-2&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovers2019" class="citation book cs1">Rovers, Eva (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131025651/https://uitgeverijprometheus.nl/catalogus/de-rebelse-held.html">De rebelse held</a>. Amsterdam: Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-044-63882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-044-63882-0"><bdi>978-9-044-63882-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uitgeverijprometheus.nl/catalogus/de-rebelse-held.html">the original</a> on January 31, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+rebelse+held&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9-044-63882-0&rft.aulast=Rovers&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuitgeverijprometheus.nl%2Fcatalogus%2Fde-rebelse-held.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1980" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Robert (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buckminsterfuller00snyd">Buckminster Fuller: An Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-24547-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-24547-4"><bdi>978-0-312-24547-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller%3A+An+Autobiographical+Monologue%2FScenario&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-312-24547-4&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuckminsterfuller00snyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterngold2008" class="citation news cs1">Sterngold, James (June 15, 2008). "The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller". The New York Times (Arts section).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+%28Arts+section%29&rft.atitle=The+Love+Song+of+R.+Buckminster+Fuller&rft.date=2008-06-15&rft.aulast=Sterngold&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ward, James, ed., The Artifacts Of R. Buckminster Fuller, A Comprehensive Collection of His Designs and Drawings in Four Volumes: Volume One. The Dymaxion Experiment, 1926–1943; Volume Two. Dymaxion Deployment, 1927–1946; Volume Three. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 1, 1947–1959; Volume Four. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 2, 1960–1983: Edited with descriptions by James Ward. Garland Publishing, New York. 1984 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-5082-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-5082-7">0-8240-5082-7</a> vol. 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-5083-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-5083-5">0-8240-5083-5</a> vol. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-5084-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-5084-3">0-8240-5084-3</a> vol. 3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-5085-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-5085-1">0-8240-5085-1</a> vol. 4)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong1999" class="citation thesis cs1">Wong, Yunn Chii (1999). The Geodesic Works of Richard Buckminster Fuller, 1948–1968 (The Universe as a Home of Man) (PhD thesis). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F9512">1721.1/9512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Geodesic+Works+of+Richard+Buckminster+Fuller%2C+1948%E2%80%931968+%28The+Universe+as+a+Home+of+Man%29&rft.inst=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology%2C+Department+of+Architecture&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F9512&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Yunn+Chii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZung2001" class="citation book cs1">Zung, Thomas T. K. (2001). Buckminster Fuller: Anthology for the New Millennium. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312266394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312266394"><bdi>978-0312266394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckminster+Fuller%3A+Anthology+for+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0312266394&rft.aulast=Zung&rft.aufirst=Thomas+T.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuckminster+Fuller" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminster_Fuller&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buckminster_Fuller" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buckminster_Fuller" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buckminsterfuller.net/">The Estate of R. 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buckminster_Fuller" title="Template:Buckminster Fuller"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buckminster_Fuller" title="Template talk:Buckminster Fuller"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buckminster_Fuller" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buckminster Fuller"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buckminster_Fuller" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buckminster Fuller</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Chains_to_the_Moon" title="Nine Chains to the Moon">Nine Chains to the Moon</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_Manual_for_Spaceship_Earth" title="Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth">Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Path_(book)" title="Critical Path (book)">Critical Path</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_Chronofile" title="Dymaxion Chronofile">Dymaxion Chronofile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_house" title="Dymaxion house">Dymaxion house</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_car" title="Dymaxion car">Dymaxion car</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_deployment_unit" title="Dymaxion deployment unit">Dymaxion deployment unit</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_map" title="Dymaxion map">Dymaxion map</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity" title="Tensegrity">Tensegrity</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">Geodesic dome</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Game" title="World Game">World Game</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octet_truss" class="mw-redirect" title="Octet truss">Octet truss</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly%27s_Eye_Dome" title="Fly's Eye Dome">Fly's Eye Dome</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Biosphere" title="Montreal Biosphere">Expo 67 United States Pavilion</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegra_Fuller_Snyder" title="Allegra Fuller Snyder">Allegra Fuller Snyder</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_solar_income" title="Current solar income">Current solar income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Fuller)" title="Synergetics (Fuller)">Synergetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_science_revolution" title="Design science revolution">Design science revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science" title="Design science">Design science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Nine_(tensegrity_sphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud Nine (tensegrity sphere)">Cloud Nine tensegrity sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoscope" title="Geoscope">Geoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion" title="Dymaxion">Dymaxion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_domed_Brooklyn_Dodgers_stadium" title="Proposed domed Brooklyn Dodgers stadium">Proposed Brooklyn Dodgers stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Dome" title="Gold Dome">Gold Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_River%27s_City_project" title="Old Man River's City project">Old Man River's City project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Buckminster_Fuller_and_Anne_Hewlett_Dome_Home" title="R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home">R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">Fullerene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller_Challenge" title="Buckminster Fuller Challenge">Buckminster Fuller Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller:_Thinking_Out_Loud" title="Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud">Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud</a> (1996 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dymaxion" title="The Last Dymaxion">The Last Dymaxion: Buckminster Fuller’s Dream Restored</a> (2012 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlis_Johansons" title="Karlis Johansons">Karlis Johansons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Snelson" title="Kenneth Snelson">Kenneth Snelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buckminster_Fuller" title="Category:Buckminster Fuller">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buckminster_Fuller" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Buckminster Fuller">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Critique_of_work" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Critique_of_work" title="Template:Critique of work"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Critique_of_work" title="Template talk:Critique of work"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Critique_of_work" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Critique of work"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Critique_of_work" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_M._Bonanno" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo M. Bonanno">Alfredo M. Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">Bob Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Anders" title="Günther Anders">Günther Anders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Josef Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Vaneigem" title="Raoul Vaneigem">Raoul Vaneigem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Novatore" title="Renzo Novatore">Renzo Novatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo_d%27Axa" title="Zo d'Axa">Zo d'Axa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Franco Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Susan_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Susan Brown">L. Susan Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Bunting" title="Madeleine Bunting">Madeleine Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Lazzarato" title="Maurizio Lazzarato">Maurizio Lazzarato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Peter_Ortlieb" title="Claus Peter Ortlieb">Claus Peter Ortlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Paulsen" title="Roland Paulsen">Roland Paulsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Jeremy Rifkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Rosemont" title="Penelope Rosemont">Penelope Rosemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Slouka" title="Mark Slouka">Mark Slouka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Srnicek" title="Nick Srnicek">Nick Srnicek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Wolfe" title="Claire Wolfe">Claire Wolfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology and related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/996_working_hour_system" title="996 working hour system">996 working hour system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">Absenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Arbeitsscheu_Reich" title="Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich">Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_work_and_no_play_makes_Jack_a_dull_boy" title="All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy">All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_minimum_Monday" title="Bare minimum Monday">Bare minimum Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_job" title="Bullshit job">Bullshit job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_badging" title="Coffee badging">Coffee badging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">Corporatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty" title="Cycle of poverty">Cycle of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolce_far_niente" title="Dolce far niente">Dolce far niente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_ghosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee ghosting">Employee ghosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_cushioning" title="Career cushioning">Career cushioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careerism" title="Careerism">Careerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flextime" title="Flextime">Flextime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_workweek" title="Four-day workweek">Four-day workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funemployment" title="Funemployment">Funemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_job" title="Ghost job">Ghost job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uberisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Uberisation">Uberisation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cliff" title="Glass cliff">Glass cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon-hangover_effect" title="Honeymoon-hangover effect">Honeymoon-hangover effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hush_trip" title="Hush trip">Hush trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_crafting" title="Job crafting">Job crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_cuffing" title="Job cuffing">Job cuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_employed" title="Jobless employed">Jobless employed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loud_quitting" title="Loud quitting">Loud quitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neijuan" title="Neijuan">Neijuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Occupational burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A._suicides" title="Orange S.A. suicides">Orange S.A. suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_punishment" title="Performance punishment">Performance punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presenteeism" title="Presenteeism">Presenteeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_presenteeism" title="Digital presenteeism">Digital presenteeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_theater" title="Productivity theater">Productivity theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_safety" title="Psychological safety">Psychological safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_quitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick quitting">Quick quitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_hiring" title="Quiet hiring">Quiet hiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_promotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiet promotion">Quiet promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_quitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiet quitting">Quiet quitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_thriving" title="Quiet thriving">Quiet thriving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_girl_job" title="Lazy girl job">Lazy girl job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_applying" title="Rage applying">Rage applying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resenteeism" title="Resenteeism">Resenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampo generation">Sampo generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_scaries" title="Sunday scaries">Sunday scaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_ping" title="Tang ping">Tang ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">Work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theater, movies, music and art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_Nous_la_Libert%C3%A9" title="À Nous la Liberté">À Nous la Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Space" title="Office Space">Office Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Public_Freedom_Service" title="Swedish Public Freedom Service">Swedish Public Freedom Service</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Take_This_Job_and_Shove_It" title="Take This Job and Shove It">Take This Job and Shove It</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Work_and_Death" title="The Future of Work and Death">The Future of Work and Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Main_Thing_Is_Work!" title="The Main Thing Is Work!">The Main Thing Is Work!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Working_Class_Goes_to_Heaven" title="The Working Class Goes to Heaven">The Working Class Goes to Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama%E2%80%94Attack_to_Attack" title="Yama—Attack to Attack">Yama—Attack to Attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_critical_of_work_and_the_work_ethic" title="Category:Literature critical of work and the work ethic">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartleby,_the_Scrivener" title="Bartleby, the Scrivener">Bartleby, the Scrivener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonjour_paresse" title="Bonjour paresse">Bonjour paresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_Jobs" title="Bullshit Jobs">Bullshit Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Economic_Reason" title="Critique of Economic Reason">Critique of Economic Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">Fight Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Idleness_and_Other_Essays" title="In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays">In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventing_the_Future:_Postcapitalism_and_a_World_Without_Work" title="Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work">Inventing the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Against_Work" title="Manifesto Against Work">Manifesto Against Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Escapologist" title="New Escapologist">New Escapologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Poverty_of_Student_Life" title="On the Poverty of Student Life">On the Poverty of Student Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Book" title="Steal This Book">Steal This Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">The Abolition of Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Work" title="The End of Work">The End of Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Use_of_Human_Beings" title="The Human Use of Human Beings">The Human Use of Human Beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Idler_(1993)" title="The Idler (1993)">The Idler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Revolution of Everyday Life">The Revolution of Everyday Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_to_Be_Lazy" title="The Right to Be Lazy">The Right to Be Lazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_at_Work:_From_Alienation_to_Autonomy" title="The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy">The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R/antiwork" title="R/antiwork">R/antiwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subfields_of_and_cyberneticians_involved_in_cybernetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cybernetics" title="Template:Cybernetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cybernetics" title="Template talk:Cybernetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cybernetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cybernetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subfields_of_and_cyberneticians_involved_in_cybernetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subfields of and cyberneticians involved in <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocybernetics" title="Biocybernetics">Biological cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_cybernetics" title="Biomedical cybernetics">Biomedical cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Neurocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_theory" title="Catastrophe theory">Catastrophe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_theory" title="Conversation theory">Conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_cybernetics" title="Engineering cybernetics">Engineering cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cybernetics" title="Medical cybernetics">Medical cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">Second-order cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersemiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersemiotics">Cybersemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Haken)" title="Synergetics (Haken)">Synergetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberneticist" title="Cyberneticist">Cyberneticians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lerner" title="Alexander Lerner">Alexander Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Lyapunov" title="Alexey Lyapunov">Alexey Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown" title="Alfred Radcliffe-Brown">Alfred Radcliffe-Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buckminster Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_(systems_scientist)" title="Charles François (systems scientist)">Charles François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Bell" title="Genevieve Bell">Genevieve Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Joslyn" title="Cliff Joslyn">Cliff Joslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Holst" title="Erich von Holst">Erich von Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Glasersfeld" title="Ernst von Glasersfeld">Ernst von Glasersfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Vester" title="Frederic Vester">Frederic Vester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Vickers" title="Geoffrey Vickers">Charles Geoffrey Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Brown" title="Gordon S. Brown">Gordon S. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Aleksander" title="Igor Aleksander">Igor Aleksander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco">Jacque Fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Johann_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" title="Jakob Johann von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Jixuan_Hu" title="Jason Jixuan Hu">Jason Jixuan Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleyka_Abbaszadeh" title="Maleyka Abbaszadeh">Maleyka Abbaszadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Mazur" title="Marian Mazur">Marian Mazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Katherine_Hayles" title="N. Katherine Hayles">N. Katherine Hayles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Bekhtereva" title="Natalia Bekhtereva">Natalia Bekhtereva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Grigorenko" title="Petro Grigorenko">Pyotr Grigorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville" title="Ranulph Glanville">Ranulph Glanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trappl" title="Robert Trappl">Robert Trappl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_P._Kurdyumov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei P. Kurdyumov">Sergei P. Kurdyumov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Stuart Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Umpleby" title="Stuart Umpleby">Stuart Umpleby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulla_Mitzdorf" title="Ulla Mitzdorf">Ulla Mitzdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Turchin" title="Valentin Turchin">Valentin Turchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentino_Braitenberg" title="Valentino Braitenberg">Valentin Braitenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bradford_Cannon" title="Walter Bradford Cannon">Walter Bradford Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Whole_Earth_Catalog" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Brand" title="Stewart Brand">Stewart Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Kahn" title="Lloyd Kahn">Lloyd Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Kinney" title="Jay Kinney">Jay Kinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kelly_(editor)" title="Kevin Kelly (editor)">Kevin Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Rheingold" title="Howard Rheingold">Howard Rheingold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Herbert_(writer)" title="Anne Herbert (writer)">Anne Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Kesey" title="Ken Kesey">Ken Kesey</a> (guest)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/90px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" 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