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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Published works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Published works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deschooling_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deschooling_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Deschooling Society</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deschooling_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools_for_Conviviality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools_for_Conviviality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Tools for Conviviality</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools_for_Conviviality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_Nemesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_Nemesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span><i>Medical Nemesis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_Nemesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_Hell_with_Good_Intentions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_Hell_with_Good_Intentions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span><i>To Hell with Good Intentions</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_Hell_with_Good_Intentions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ivan Illich</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="إيڤان إيليتش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيڤان إيليتش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Illich" title="Iván Illich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iván Illich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%86" title="ایوان ایلیچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایوان ایلیچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%98_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%98" title="이반 일리치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이반 일리치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Իվան Իլիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իվան Իլիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A5%27" title="איוואן איליץ' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איוואן איליץ'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇവാൻ ഇല്ലിച്ച് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇവാൻ ഇല്ലിച്ച്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="ايڤان ايليتش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايڤان ايليتش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81" title="イヴァン・イリイチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イヴァン・イリイチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иллич, Иван – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иллич, Иван" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9B_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84)" title="Иван Илић (филозоф) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иван Илић (филозоф)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ivan Illich" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐவன் ஈலிச் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐவன் ஈலிச்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr 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For the novella, see <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="The Death of Ivan Ilyich">The Death of Ivan Ilyich</a>. For the Russian philosopher, see <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ivan Ilyin</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a> <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a></div><div class="fn">Ivan Illich</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Illich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Ivan_Illich.jpg/220px-Ivan_Illich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/70/Ivan_Illich.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ivan Dominic Illich</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-09-04</span>)</span>September 4, 1926<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 2, 2002<span style="display:none">(2002-12-02)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">philosophy of technology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ivan Dominic Illich</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">iv-<span style="font-size:90%">AHN</span> <span style="font-size:90%">IL</span>-itch</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈiːvan<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɪlɪtʃ]</a></span>; 4 September 1926 – 2 December 2002) was an Austrian <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a>, philosopher, and social critic.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1971 book <i><a href="/wiki/Deschooling_Society" title="Deschooling Society">Deschooling Society</a></i> criticises modern society's institutional approach to education, an approach that constrains learning to narrow situations in a fairly short period of the human lifespan. His 1975 book <i><a href="/wiki/Limits_to_Medicine" title="Limits to Medicine">Medical Nemesis</a></i>, importing to the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of medicine">sociology of medicine</a> the concept of <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">medical harm</a>, argues that industrialised society widely impairs quality of life by overmedicalising life, pathologizing normal conditions, creating false dependency, and limiting other more healthful solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ivan Dominic Illich was born on 4 September 1926 in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a>, to Gian Pietro Ilic (Ivan Peter Illich) and Ellen Rose "Maexie" née Regenstreif-Ortlieb.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a civil engineer and a diplomat from a landed <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, with property in the city of <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a> and wine and olive oil estates on the island of <a href="/wiki/Bra%C4%8D" title="Brač">Brač</a>. His mother came from a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> family that had converted to Christianity from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Czernowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukowina</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ellen Illich was baptized <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> but converted to Catholicism upon marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father, Friedrich "Fritz" Regenstreif, was an industrialist who made his money in the lumber trade in Bosnia, later settling in Vienna, where he built an <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Regenstreif" class="extiw" title="de:Villa Regenstreif">art nouveau villa</a>. </p><p>Ellen Illich traveled to Vienna to be attended by the best doctors during <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>; Ivan's father was not living in Central Europe at the time. When Ivan was three months old, he was taken along with his nurse to Split, Dalmatia (by then part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>), to be shown to his paternal grandfather. There he was baptized on 1 December 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929 twin boys, Alexander and Michael, were born in the family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_in_Europe_and_the_Americas">Work in Europe and the Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work in Europe and the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1942, Ellen Illich and her three children—Ivan, Alexander, and Michael—left Vienna, Austria for Florence, Italy, escaping the Nazi persecution of Jews. Illich finished high school in Florence, and then went on to study <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a> at the local <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoping to return to Austria following World War II, he enrolled in a doctorate in medieval history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salzburg" title="University of Salzburg">University of Salzburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-Diplo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the hope of gaining legal residency as he was undocumented.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a dissertation focusing on the historian <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a>, a subject to which he would return in his later years. While working on his doctorate, he returned to Italy where he studied <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, as he wanted to become a Catholic priest. He was ordained as a Catholic priest in Rome in 1951 and served his first Mass in the catacombs where the early Roman Christians hid from their persecutors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Polyglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglot">polyglot</a>, Illich spoke Italian, Spanish, French, and German fluently.<sup id="cite_ref-Diplo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later learned <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, the language of his grandfathers, then Ancient Greek and Latin, in addition to Portuguese, Hindi, English, and other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Diplo_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his ordination in 1951, he moved to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in order to pursue postgraduate studies at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. However, he deviated from these plans in order to become a parish priest at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Incarnation,_Roman_Catholic_(Manhattan)" title="Church of the Incarnation, Roman Catholic (Manhattan)">Church of the Incarnation</a> in Washington Heights, at that time a barrio of newly-arrived <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in the United States">Puerto Rican immigrants</a>. At Incarnation, Illich preached under the name of "John Illich", at the suggestion of the parish's pastor, who said that the name Ivan "sounded communist". At Incarnation, Illich rose to prominence as an ally of the large Puerto Rican community in Washington Heights, organizing cultural outlets for them, such as the San Juan Fiesta, a celebration of Puerto Rico and its patron saint which eventually evolved into the still-extant <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Day_Parade" title="Puerto Rican Day Parade">Puerto Rican Day Parade</a>. The success of Illich attracted the attention of the Archbishop of New York, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Spellman" title="Francis Spellman">Cardinal Spellman</a>, and in 1956, at the age of 30, he was appointed vice-rector of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of Puerto Rico">Catholic University of Puerto Rico</a>, "a position he managed to keep for several years before getting thrown out—Illich was just a little too loud in his criticism of the Vatican's pronouncements on <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> and comparatively demure silence about <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">the nuclear bomb</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Madar_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> that Illich met <a href="/wiki/Everett_Reimer" title="Everett Reimer">Everett Reimer</a>, and the two began to analyze their own functions as "educational" leaders. In 1959, he traveled throughout South America on foot and by bus.<sup id="cite_ref-Diplo_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madar_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of Illich's tenure at the university came in 1960 as the result of a controversy involving bishops <a href="/wiki/James_Edward_McManus" title="James Edward McManus">James Edward McManus</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Davis" title="James Peter Davis">James Peter Davis</a>, who had denounced <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Luis Muñoz Marín">Governor Luis Muñoz Marín</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Popular Democratic Party</a> for their positions in favor of birth control and divorce. The bishops also started their own rival Catholic party.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartch_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartch-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illich later summarized his opposition: </p> <blockquote><p>As a historian, I saw that it violated the American tradition of Church and State separation. As a politician, I predicted that there wasn't enough strength in Catholic ranks to create a meaningful platform and that failure of McManus's party would be disastrous on the already frail prestige of the Puerto Rican Church. As a theologian, I believe that the Church must always condemn injustice in the light of the Gospel, but never has the right to speak in favor of a specific political party.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After Illich disobeyed a direct order from McManus forbidding all priests from dining with Governor Muñoz, McManus ordered Illich to leave his post at the university, describing his presence as "dangerous to the Diocese of Ponce and its institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-Hartch_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartch-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this display of insubordination and an order from <a href="/wiki/Paul_Francis_Tanner" title="Paul Francis Tanner">Paul Francis Tanner</a>, then general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Welfare_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="National Catholic Welfare Conference">National Catholic Welfare Conference</a>, forbidding Illich from any official role in the organization's Latin American bureau, Illich maintained the support of the influential priest John J. Considine, who continued to push for Illich to have a role in training the Church's missionaries, personally funding trips to Mexico in order for Illich to scout locations.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartch_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartch-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his departure from Puerto Rico, Illich moved to <a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a>, Mexico, where he founded the Center of Intercultural Formation (CIF) in 1961, originally as a missionary training center.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the center became more influential, it became the <a href="/wiki/Centro_Intercultural_de_Documentaci%C3%B3n" title="Centro Intercultural de Documentación">Centro Intercultural de Documentación</a> (CIDOC, or Intercultural Documentation Center),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ostensibly a research center offering language courses to missionaries from North America and volunteers of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a> program<sup id="cite_ref-Diplo_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initiated by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. His real intent was to document the participation of the Vatican in the "modern development" of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>. Illich looked askance at the liberal pity or conservative imperiousness that motivated the rising tide of global industrial development. He viewed such emissaries as a form of industrial hegemony and, as such, an act of "war on subsistence". He sought to teach missionaries dispatched by the Church not to impose their own cultural values.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, CIDOC was part language school and part free university for intellectuals from all over the Americas."<sup id="cite_ref-Madar_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the CIDOC, "Illich was able to develop his potent and highly influential critique of Third World development schemes and their fresh-faced agents: Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a>, and countless other missionary efforts bankrolled and organized by wealthy nations, foundations, and religious groups."<sup id="cite_ref-Madar_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After ten years, critical analysis from the CIDOC of the institutional actions by the Church brought the organization into conflict with the Vatican. Unpopular with the local chapter of <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Madar_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illich was called to Rome for questioning, due in part to a <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> report.<sup id="cite_ref-Diplo_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was not convicted or punished by the Vatican, it was then that he decided to renounce active priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, apparently concerned by the influx of formal academics and the potential side effects of its own "institutionalization", Illich shut the center down with consent from the other members of the CIDOC. Several of the members subsequently continued language schools in Cuernavaca, some of which still exist. Illich, who had been made a <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">monsignor</a> at 33, himself resigned from the active priesthood in the late 1960s<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but continued to identify as a priest and occasionally performed private <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">masses</a>. </p><p>In the 1970s, Illich was popular among leftist intellectuals in France, his thesis having been discussed in particular by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a>. However, his influence declined after the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, as Illich was considered too pessimistic at a time when the <a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a> took control of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Diplo_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s and beyond, Illich traveled extensively, mainly splitting his time between the United States, Mexico, and Germany. He held an appointment as a Visiting Professor of Philosophy, Science, Technology, and Society at <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>. He also taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bremen" title="University of Bremen">University of Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hagen" title="University of Hagen">University of Hagen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the last days of his life he admitted that he was greatly influenced by one of the Indian economists and adviser to M. K. Gandhi, <a href="/wiki/J._C._Kumarappa" title="J. C. Kumarappa">J. C. Kumarappa</a>, most notably his book, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Permanence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of Permanence (page does not exist)">Economy of Permanence</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Illich never referred to himself as an <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> in print, he was closely associated with major figures in <a href="/wiki/Left-anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-anarchist">left-anarchist</a> circles, notably <a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">unschooling</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">John Holt</a>. Goodman is credited in <i><a href="/wiki/Deschooling_Society" title="Deschooling Society">Deschooling Society</a></i> with having "radically obliged" Illich to revise his thinking and is described with great affection in Illich's 1990s interviews with <a href="/wiki/David_Cayley" title="David Cayley">David Cayley</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... I loved Goodman very much, but not from the beginning. In 1951, as a twenty-six-year-old man newly arrived in New York, I went to a public debate. This strange person arrived and fascinated everybody with his way of presenting himself. I was just then having my first experiences of sitting through cold turkey with neighbourhood kids from Washington Heights, and this guy carefully phrased his proposal that New York <i>immediately</i> decriminalize all substances you can ingest, because otherwise the city of New York would become an unlivable city within the next few years. He had recently played a major part in getting a law passed which recognized that the state should not interfere with the private activities of consenting adults. Well, I was shocked! I would not have suspected that within three of four years we would be good friends and that during the last part of his life he would spend considerable time with me in Cuernavaca. I consider Goodman one of the great thinkers I've known, and also a tender, touching person.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ivan Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim",<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "a wandering Jew and a Christian pilgrim",<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while clearly acknowledging his Dalmatian roots.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remarked that since leaving the old house of his grandparents on the island <a href="/wiki/Bra%C4%8D" title="Brač">Brač</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, he had never had a home.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illich died on 2 December 2002 in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Germany. Not realised was his last wish: to die surrounded by close collaborators in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> amid the creation of his planned, new learning centre.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_views">Philosophical views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illich followed the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">apophatic theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His lifework's leading thesis is that Western <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>, perverting Christianity, corrupts <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>. A perverse attempt to encode the New Testament's principles as rules of behavior, duty, or laws, and to <a href="/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">institutionalize</a> them, without limits, is a corruption that Illich detailed in his analyses of modern Western institutions, including education, charity, and medicine, among others. Illich often used the Latin phrase <i>Corruptio optimi quae est pessima</i>, in English <i>The corruption of the best is the worst</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illich believed that the Biblical God taking human form, the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a>, marked world history's turning point, opening new possibilities for love and knowledge. As in the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it invites any believer to seek God's face in everyone encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing this new possibility for love, Illich refers to the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan" title="Parable of the Good Samaritan">Parable of the Good Samaritan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Deschooling_Society" title="Deschooling Society">Deschooling Society</a></i>, published in 1971, was a groundbreaking critique of compulsory <a href="/wiki/Mass_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass education">mass education</a>. He argued the oppressive structure of the school system could not be reformed. It must be dismantled in order to free humanity from the crippling effects of the <a href="/wiki/Institutionalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutionalization">institutionalization</a> of all of life. He went on to critique modern mass medicine. Illich was highly influential among intellectuals and academics. He became known worldwide for his progressive polemics about how activity expressive of truly human values could be preserved and expanded in human society in the face of widespread de-humanization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In his several influential books, he argued that the overuse of the benefits of many modern technologies and social arrangements undermines human values and human self-sufficiency, freedom, and dignity. His in-depth critiques of mass education and modern mass medicine were especially, pointed, relevant; and perhaps, more timely now than during his life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ASF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ASF"><span title="This sentence may contain facts that may not require in-text attributed phrases or may contain opinions that may require in-text attribution (so-and-so says). (June 2021)">fact or opinion?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Health, argues Illich, is the capacity to cope with the human reality of death, pain, and sickness. Technology can benefit many; yet, modern mass medicine has gone too far, launching into a godlike battle to eradicate death, pain, and sickness. In doing so, it turns people into risk-averse consuming objects, turning healing into mere science, turning medical healers into mere drug-surgical technicians.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Mountain_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dark Mountain Project">The Dark Mountain Project</a>, a creative cultural movement founded by <a href="/wiki/Dougald_Hine" title="Dougald Hine">Dougald Hine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kingsnorth" title="Paul Kingsnorth">Paul Kingsnorth</a> that abandons the myths of modern societies and looks for other new stories that help us make sense of modernity, drew their inspiration from the ideas of Ivan Illich.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deschooling_Society"><i>Deschooling Society</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deschooling Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deschooling_Society" title="Deschooling Society">Deschooling Society</a></div> <p>Illich gained public attention with his 1971 book <i><a href="/wiki/Deschooling_Society" title="Deschooling Society">Deschooling Society</a></i>, a radical critique of educational practice in "modern" economies. Claiming examples of institutionalised education's ineffectiveness, Illich endorses self-directed education, supported by intentional social relations, in fluid informal arrangements: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Universal education through schooling is not feasible. It would be no more feasible if it were attempted by means of alternative institutions built on the style of present schools. Neither new attitudes of teachers toward their pupils nor the proliferation of educational hardware or software (in classroom or bedroom), nor finally the attempt to expand the pedagogue's responsibility until it engulfs his pupils' lifetimes will deliver universal education. The current search for new educational <i>funnels</i> must be reversed into the search for their institutional inverse: educational <i>webs</i> which heighten the opportunity for each one to transform each moment of his living into one of learning, sharing, and caring. We hope to contribute concepts needed by those who conduct such counterfoil research on education—and also to those who seek alternatives to other established service industries.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The final sentence, above, clarifies Illich's view that education's institutionalisation fosters society's institutionalisation, and so de-institutionalising education may help de-institutionalize society. Further, Illich suggests reinventing learning and expanding it throughout society and across persons' lifespans. Particularly striking in 1971 was his call for advanced technology to support "learning webs": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The operation of a peer-matching network would be simple. The user would identify himself by name and address and describe the activity for which he sought a peer. A computer would send him back the names and addresses of all those who had inserted the same description. It is amazing that such a simple utility has never been used on a broad scale for publicly valued activity.</p></blockquote> <p>According to a review in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Libertarian_Forum" title="The Libertarian Forum">Libertarian Forum</a></i>, "Illich's advocacy of the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> in education is the bone in the throat that is choking the public educators."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, unlike libertarians, Illich opposes not merely publicly funded schooling, but schools as such. Thus, Illich's envisioned disestablishment of schools aimed not to establish a free market in educational services, but to attain a fundamental shift: a deschooled society. In his 1973 book <i>After Deschooling, What?</i>, he asserted, "We can disestablish schools, or we can deschool culture."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, he called advocates of free-market education "the most dangerous category of educational reformers."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Deschooling Society</i> was highly regarded by <a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">John Holt</a> and other leading advocates of <a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">unschooling</a>, and has been widely read in the <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">homeschooling</a> community since its dramatic growth during the 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools_for_Conviviality"><i>Tools for Conviviality</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tools for Conviviality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tools_for_Conviviality" title="Tools for Conviviality">Tools for Conviviality</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tools_for_Conviviality" title="Tools for Conviviality">Tools for Conviviality</a></i> was published in 1973, two years after <i>Deschooling Society</i>. In this newer work, Illich generalizes the themes that he had previously applied to the educational field: the institutionalization of specialized knowledge, the dominant role of <a href="/wiki/Technocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocratic">technocratic</a> elites in industrial society, and the need to develop new instruments for the reconquest of practical knowledge by the average citizen. He wrote that "[e]lite professional groups ... have come to exert a '<a href="/wiki/Radical_monopoly" title="Radical monopoly">radical monopoly</a>' on such basic human activities as health, agriculture, home-building, and learning, leading to a 'war on subsistence' that robs peasant societies of their vital skills and know-how. The result of much economic development is very often not human flourishing but 'modernized poverty', dependency, and an out-of-control system in which the humans become worn-down mechanical parts."<sup id="cite_ref-Madar_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illich proposed that we should "invert the present deep structure of tools" in order to "give people tools that guarantee their right to work with independent efficiency."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Tools for Conviviality</i> attracted worldwide attention. A résumé of it was published by French social philosopher <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Temps_Modernes" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Temps Modernes">Les Temps Modernes</a></i>, under the title "Freeing the Future".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book's vision of tools that would be developed and maintained by a community of users had a significant influence on the first developers of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Lee_Felsenstein" title="Lee Felsenstein">Lee Felsenstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_Nemesis"><i>Medical Nemesis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medical Nemesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his <i>Medical Nemesis</i>, first published in 1975, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Limits_to_Medicine" title="Limits to Medicine">Limits to Medicine</a></i>, Illich subjected contemporary Western medicine to detailed attack. He argued that the <a href="/wiki/Medicalization" title="Medicalization">medicalization</a> in recent decades of so many of life's vicissitudes—birth and death, for example—frequently caused more harm than good and rendered many people in effect lifelong patients. He marshalled a body of statistics to show what he considered the shocking extent of post-operative side-effects and drug-induced illness in advanced industrial society. He introduced to a wider public the notion of <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">iatrogenic disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been scientifically established a century earlier by British nurse <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> (1820–1910). Others have since voiced similar views.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_Hell_with_Good_Intentions"><i>To Hell with Good Intentions</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: To Hell with Good Intentions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1968 speech at the Conference on InterAmerican Student Projects (CIASP), Illich strongly opposes the presence of American Roman Catholic missionaries, the Peace Corps and organizations like the CIASP themselves - who invited him to speak - in Mexico. Illich says that the presence of American "do-gooders" is causing more harm than good. Rather, he suggests that the Americans should travel to Latin America as tourists or students, or else stay in their homeland, where they can at least know what they are doing.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_works">List of works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Die philosophischen Grundlagen der Geschichtsschreibung bei Arnold J. Toynbee</i>. Salzburg: Diss. 1951.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+philosophischen+Grundlagen+der+Geschichtsschreibung+bei+Arnold+J.+Toynbee&rft.place=Salzburg&rft.pub=Diss.&rft.date=1951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1971" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1971). <i>Celebration of Awareness</i>. Calder & Boyars. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-0837-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-0837-5"><bdi>978-0-7145-0837-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebration+of+Awareness&rft.pub=Calder+%26+Boyars&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-0837-5&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1971" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Iván (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deschoolingsocie44illi"><i>Deschooling Society</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-012139-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-012139-6"><bdi>978-0-06-012139-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deschooling+Society&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-06-012139-6&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Iv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeschoolingsocie44illi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1973). <a href="/wiki/Tools_for_Conviviality" title="Tools for Conviviality"><i>Tools for Conviviality</i></a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-080308-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-080308-7"><bdi>978-0-06-080308-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tools+for+Conviviality&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-06-080308-7&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1974a" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1974). <i>Energy and Equity</i>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-080327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-080327-8"><bdi>978-0-06-080327-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+and+Equity&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-06-080327-8&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1975" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medicalnemesisex00illirich"><i>Medical Nemesis</i></a></span>. London: Calder & Boyars. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-1096-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-1096-5"><bdi>978-0-7145-1096-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224760852">224760852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Nemesis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Calder+%26+Boyars&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224760852&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-1096-5&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedicalnemesisex00illirich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span> Many reprintings.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1978" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1978). <i>The Right to Useful Unemployment</i>. Boyars. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-2628-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-2628-7"><bdi>978-0-7145-2628-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+to+Useful+Unemployment&rft.pub=Boyars&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-2628-7&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1978" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/towardhistoryofn00illi"><i>Toward a History of Needs</i></a>. Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-41040-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-41040-1"><bdi>978-0-394-41040-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+History+of+Needs&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-394-41040-1&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftowardhistoryofn00illi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1981" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadowwork0000illi"><i>Shadow Work</i></a>. M. Boyars. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-2711-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-2711-6"><bdi>978-0-7145-2711-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+Work&rft.pub=M.+Boyars&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-2711-6&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshadowwork0000illi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1982" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gender00illirich"><i>Gender</i></a>. Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52732-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52732-1"><bdi>978-0-394-52732-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52732-1&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgender00illirich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1985" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1985). <i>H<sub>2</sub>O and the Waters of Forgetfulness</i>. Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911005-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911005-06-6"><bdi>978-0-911005-06-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EO+and+the+Waters+of+Forgetfulness&rft.pub=Dallas+Institute+of+Humanities+and+Culture&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-911005-06-6&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllichSanders1988" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan; Sanders, Barry (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abcalphabetizati00illi_0"><i>ABC: The Alphabetization of the Popular Mind</i></a>. North Point Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-291-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-291-4"><bdi>978-0-86547-291-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABC%3A+The+Alphabetization+of+the+Popular+Mind&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-291-4&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabcalphabetizati00illi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span> Coauthored with <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sanders_(professor)" title="Barry Sanders (professor)">Barry Sanders</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1992" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inmirrorofpast00illi"><i>In the Mirror of the Past</i></a>. M. Boyars. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-2937-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-2937-0"><bdi>978-0-7145-2937-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Mirror+of+the+Past&rft.pub=M.+Boyars&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-2937-0&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finmirrorofpast00illi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1993" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1993). <i>In the Vineyard of the Text: A Commentary to Hugh's Didascalicon</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-37235-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-37235-8"><bdi>978-0-226-37235-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Vineyard+of+the+Text%3A+A+Commentary+to+Hugh%27s+Didascalicon&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-37235-8&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Illich, Ivan (1994). 'Health as one's own responsibility: no thank you!', <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies,</i> vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 25–31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/imp/jcs/1994/00000001/00000001/art00003">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Blasphemy: A Radical Critique of Our Technological Culture</i>. We the People. Morristown, NJ: Aaron Press. July 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882206-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882206-02-5"><bdi>978-1-882206-02-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blasphemy%3A+A+Radical+Critique+of+Our+Technological+Culture&rft.place=Morristown%2C+NJ&rft.series=We+the+People&rft.pub=Aaron+Press&rft.date=1995-07&rft.isbn=978-1-882206-02-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFinterviews_with_David_Cayley1992" class="citation book cs1">interviews with <a href="/wiki/David_Cayley" title="David Cayley">David Cayley</a>, ed. (1992). <i>Ivan Illich in Conversation</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Anansi_Press" title="House of Anansi Press">House of Anansi Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+Illich+in+Conversation&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=House+of+Anansi+Press&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riversnorthoffut0000illi"><i>The Rivers North of the Future - The Testament of Ivan Illich as told to David Cayley</i></a></span>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Anansi_Press" title="House of Anansi Press">House of Anansi Press</a>. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88784-714-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88784-714-1"><bdi>978-0-88784-714-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rivers+North+of+the+Future+-+The+Testament+of+Ivan+Illich+as+told+to+David+Cayley&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=House+of+Anansi+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-88784-714-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friversnorthoffut0000illi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Cayley2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cayley" title="David Cayley">David Cayley</a>, ed. (2000). <i>Corruption of Christianity</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-660-18099-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-660-18099-1"><bdi>978-0-660-18099-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corruption+of+Christianity&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-660-18099-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Disoccupazione creativa (Creative Disoccupation), Italy, Italian, 1977</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich2013" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (2013). <i>Beyond Economics and Ecology</i>. Marion Boyars Publishers Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-714531-58-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-714531-58-8"><bdi>978-0-714531-58-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Economics+and+Ecology&rft.pub=Marion+Boyars+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-714531-58-8&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edited by Prof <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sajay_Samuel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sajay Samuel (page does not exist)">Sajay Samuel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Credentialism">Credentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_pedagogy" title="Critical pedagogy">Critical pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of technology">Critique of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Development criticism">Development criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopedagogy" title="Ecopedagogy">Ecopedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_education" title="Holistic education">Holistic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_work" title="Shadow work">Shadow work</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnheierToepler2009" class="citation book cs1">Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (2009). <i>International Encyclopedia of Civil Society</i>. Springer. p. 848. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387939964" title="Special:BookSources/9780387939964"><bdi>9780387939964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Civil+Society&rft.pages=848&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780387939964&rft.aulast=Anheier&rft.aufirst=Helmut+K.&rft.au=Toepler%2C+Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/iatrogenesis">"iatrogenesis"</a>, <i>A Dictionary of Sociology</i>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>. updated 31 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich2002" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (2002). Hoinacki, Lee; Mitcham, Carl (eds.). <i>The Cultivation of Conspiracy</i>. New York: SUNY Press. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791454213" title="Special:BookSources/9780791454213"><bdi>9780791454213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultivation+of+Conspiracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780791454213&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Ivan-Illich/6000000007014479940">"Ivan Domenic Illich"</a>. <i>Geni.com</i>. May 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geni.com&rft.atitle=Ivan+Domenic+Illich&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FIvan-Illich%2F6000000007014479940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayley2005" class="citation book cs1">Cayley, David (2005). <i>The Rivers North of the Future</i>. Toronto, Canada: House of Anansi Press. pp. 47, 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887848933" title="Special:BookSources/9780887848933"><bdi>9780887848933</bdi></a>. <q>...he who knocks at the door, asking for hospitality, will be treated by me as Christ, not <i>as if</i> he were, but as Christ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rivers+North+of+the+Future&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pages=47%2C+110&rft.pub=House+of+Anansi+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780887848933&rft.aulast=Cayley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRey2014" class="citation book cs1">Rey, Olivier (2014). <i>Une question de taille</i>. Editions Stock.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+question+de+taille&rft.pub=Editions+Stock&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Rey&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowek2018" class="citation book cs1">Rowek, Marcella (2018). <i>The Political Necessity of Transpersonal Work: Deep Democracy's Potential to Transform Polarized Conflicts</i>. Springer. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783658221133" title="Special:BookSources/9783658221133"><bdi>9783658221133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Necessity+of+Transpersonal+Work%3A+Deep+Democracy%27s+Potential+to+Transform+Polarized+Conflicts&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783658221133&rft.aulast=Rowek&rft.aufirst=Marcella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayley1992" class="citation book cs1">Cayley, David (1992). <i>Ivan Illich in Conversation</i>. Toronto: House of Anansi Press. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+Illich+in+Conversation&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=House+of+Anansi+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Cayley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_id51"><a href="#ref_id51"><b><sup>1</sup></b></a></span> Illich mentions being baptized on Vidovdan, the Day of Great Liberation which appears to be in summer. This is an unresolved discrepancy in his account. There is no mention of which religion he was baptized. Contextually it appears to be Catholicism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartch2015" class="citation book cs1">Hartch, Todd (2015). <i>The prophet of Cuernavaca: Ivan Illich and the crisis of the west</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190204563" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190204563"><bdi>978-0190204563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophet+of+Cuernavaca%3A+Ivan+Illich+and+the+crisis+of+the+west&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0190204563&rft.aulast=Hartch&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diplo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaquot2003" class="citation journal cs1">Paquot, Thierry (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/2003/01/15illich">"The Non-Conformist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=The+Non-Conformist&rft.date=2003-01&rft.aulast=Paquot&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2003%2F01%2F15illich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2003/01/PAQUOT/9866">"La résistance selon Ivan Illich"</a>. January 1, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+r%C3%A9sistance+selon+Ivan+Illich&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-diplomatique.fr%2F2003%2F01%2FPAQUOT%2F9866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton" class="citation web cs1">Barton, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeansocialecologyinstitute.org/site/news/obit/illich.html">"BLUE: OBITUARY - Ivan Illich"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BLUE%3A+OBITUARY+-+Ivan+Illich&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeansocialecologyinstitute.org%2Fsite%2Fnews%2Fobit%2Fillich.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madar-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madar_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madar_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madar_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madar_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madar_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madar_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadar2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Madar, Chase (February 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/the-peoples-priest/">"The People's Priest"</a>. <i>The American Conservative</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Conservative&rft.atitle=The+People%27s+Priest&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.aulast=Madar&rft.aufirst=Chase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericanconservative.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-peoples-priest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoinacki, Lee; Mitcham, Carl, eds. (July 2002). The Challenges of Ivan Illich. <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. ISBN 9780791454220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartch-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartch_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartch_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartch_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartch2015" class="citation book cs1">Hartch, Todd (2015). <i>The Prophet of Cuernavaca: Ivan Illich and the Crisis of the West</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190204563" title="Special:BookSources/9780190204563"><bdi>9780190204563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+of+Cuernavaca%3A+Ivan+Illich+and+the+Crisis+of+the+West&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190204563&rft.aulast=Hartch&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1970" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Francine du Plessix (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/divinedisobedien00gray"><i>Divine Disobedience: Profiles in Catholic Radicalism</i></a></span>. New York: Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Disobedience%3A+Profiles+in+Catholic+Radicalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Francine+du+Plessix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdivinedisobedien00gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdu_Plessix_Gray1970">du Plessix Gray 1970</a>, pp. 44 & 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Pearce (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140673603122337.pdf">"Ivan Illich"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>361</b> (9352): 185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2912233-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12233-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6678368">6678368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Ivan+Illich&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=9352&rft.pages=185&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2912233-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6678368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Pearce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fpdfs%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2FPIIS0140673603122337.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illich, Ivan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecobooks.com/books/deschooling.htm">"Editorial - 'Deschooling Society by Ivan Illich'</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marion_Boyars_Publishers" title="Marion Boyars Publishers">Marion Boyars Publishers</a>, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solomon Victus, Jesus and Mother Economy: An Introduction to the Theology of J.C.Kumarappa, New Delhi: ISPCK, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayley1992" class="citation book cs1">Cayley, David (1992). <i>Ivan Illich in Conversation</i>. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Anansi_Press" title="House of Anansi Press">House of Anansi Press</a>. pp. 200–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887845246" title="Special:BookSources/9780887845246"><bdi>9780887845246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+Illich+in+Conversation&rft.pages=200-201&rft.pub=House+of+Anansi+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780887845246&rft.aulast=Cayley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarias2002" class="citation book cs1">Farias, Domenico (2002). <i>In the Shadow of Jerome</i>. State University of New York Press. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Jerome&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Farias&rft.aufirst=Domenico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayley1992" class="citation book cs1">Cayley, David (1992). <i>Ivan Illich in Conversation</i>. House of Anansi. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887845246" title="Special:BookSources/9780887845246"><bdi>9780887845246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+Illich+in+Conversation&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=House+of+Anansi&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780887845246&rft.aulast=Cayley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToddLa_Cecla2002" class="citation news cs1">Todd, Andrew; La Cecla, Franco (December 9, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/dec/09/guardianobituaries.highereducation">"Ivan Illich"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ivan+Illich&rft.date=2002-12-09&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=La+Cecla%2C+Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2Fdec%2F09%2Fguardianobituaries.highereducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayley2019" class="citation web cs1">Cayley, David (January 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidcayley.com/blog/2019/1/16/ivan-illich-as-an-esoteric-writer">"Ivan Illich as an esoteric writer"</a>. <i>David Cayley</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=David+Cayley&rft.atitle=Ivan+Illich+as+an+esoteric+writer&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft.aulast=Cayley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidcayley.com%2Fblog%2F2019%2F1%2F16%2Fivan-illich-as-an-esoteric-writer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Charles (2007). <i>A Secular Age</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 740. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674026766" title="Special:BookSources/9780674026766"><bdi>9780674026766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Secular+Age&rft.pages=740&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780674026766&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"No one has ever seen God; but if we love one another, God lives in us and his love is made complete in us." — <i>The First Epistle of John</i> 4:12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-Illich">"Ivan Illich - Austrian philosopher and priest"</a>. August 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ivan+Illich+-+Austrian+philosopher+and+priest&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIvan-Illich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ivan-illich">Enciclopedia Treccani</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Catalan)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0033489.xml">Gran Encyclopedia Catalana</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHine2011" class="citation web cs1">Hine, Dougald (July 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dark-mountain.net/the-return-of-the-vernacular-a-conversation-with-sajay-samuel/">"The Return of 'The Vernacular': A conversation with Sajay Samuel"</a>. <i>The Dark Mountain Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dark+Mountain+Project&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+%27The+Vernacular%27%3A+A+conversation+with+Sajay+Samuel&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft.aulast=Hine&rft.aufirst=Dougald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdark-mountain.net%2Fthe-return-of-the-vernacular-a-conversation-with-sajay-samuel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecotopia.com/webpress/deschooling.htm">"Deschooling Society, by Ivan Illich"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deschooling+Society%2C+by+Ivan+Illich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecotopia.com%2Fwebpress%2Fdeschooling.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Liggio" title="Leonard Liggio">Liggio, Leonard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/4077">"Disestablish Public Education"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Libertarian_Forum" title="The Libertarian Forum">The Libertarian Forum</a></i> (1971)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1976" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1976). <i>After deschooling, what?</i> (Repr. ed.). London: Writers and Readers Pub. Cooperative. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904613-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904613-36-0"><bdi>978-0-904613-36-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+deschooling%2C+what%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pages=48&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Writers+and+Readers+Pub.+Cooperative&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-904613-36-0&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1977" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan (1977). <i>Toward a history of needs</i>. Berkeley: Heyday Books. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930588-26-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930588-26-7"><bdi>978-0-930588-26-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+history+of+needs&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Heyday+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-930588-26-7&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIllich1973">Illich 1973</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techno-science.net/?onglet=glossaire&definition=1048">"Définition André Gorz"</a>. <i>techno-science.net</i> (in French). Encyclopédie scientifique en ligne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=techno-science.net&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9finition+Andr%C3%A9+Gorz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techno-science.net%2F%3Fonglet%3Dglossaire%26definition%3D1048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby1995" class="citation journal cs1">Crosby, Kip (November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/chac/CHAC_Analytical_Engine/3.1_November_1995.pdf">"Convivial Cybernetic Devices, From Vacuum Tube Flip-Flops to the Singing Altair, An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 1)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Analytical Engine</i>. <b>3</b> (1). Computer History Association of California: 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1071-6351">1071-6351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Analytical+Engine&rft.atitle=Convivial+Cybernetic+Devices%2C+From+Vacuum+Tube+Flip-Flops+to+the+Singing+Altair%2C+An+Interview+with+Lee+Felsenstein+%28Part+1%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1995-11&rft.issn=1071-6351&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Kip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fchac%2FCHAC_Analytical_Engine%2F3.1_November_1995.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby1996" class="citation journal cs1">Crosby, Kip (February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/chac/CHAC_Analytical_Engine/3.2_February_1996.pdf">"Computers For Their Own Sake: From the Dompier Music to the 1980 Computer Faire, An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 2)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Analytical Engine</i>. <b>3</b> (2). Computer History Association of California: 8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1071-6351">1071-6351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Analytical+Engine&rft.atitle=Computers+For+Their+Own+Sake%3A+From+the+Dompier+Music+to+the+1980+Computer+Faire%2C+An+Interview+with+Lee+Felsenstein+%28Part+2%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1996-02&rft.issn=1071-6351&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Kip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fchac%2FCHAC_Analytical_Engine%2F3.2_February_1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIllich1974b">Illich 1974b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPostman1992">Postman 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illich, Ivan. "To Hell with Good Intentions". 1968. <i>Combining Service and Learning: A Resource Book for Community and Public Service. </i>Edited by Jane C. Kendall, et al., vol. 1, National Society for Internships and Experiential Education, 1990, pp. 314–320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllichBrown2013" class="citation book cs1">Illich, Ivan; Brown, Jerry (January 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k7IJngEACAAJ"><i>Beyond Economics and Ecology: The Radical Thought of Ivan Illich</i></a>. Marion Boyars Publishers, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714531588" title="Special:BookSources/9780714531588"><bdi>9780714531588</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Economics+and+Ecology%3A+The+Radical+Thought+of+Ivan+Illich&rft.pub=Marion+Boyars+Publishers%2C+Limited&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.isbn=9780714531588&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Brown%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk7IJngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansom2001" class="citation book cs1">Hansom, Paul (2001). <i>Twentieth-century European cultural theorists</i>. Detroit, Mich.: Gale Group. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4659-2"><bdi>978-0-7876-4659-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth-century+European+cultural+theorists&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-4659-2&rft.aulast=Hansom&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1973" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illich, Ivan</a> (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toolsforconvivi000illi"><i>Tools for Conviviality</i></a></span>. New York, Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-080308-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-080308-7"><bdi>978-0-06-080308-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tools+for+Conviviality&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-06-080308-7&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoolsforconvivi000illi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1974b" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illich, Ivan</a> (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medicalnemesisex00illirich"><i>Medical Nemesis</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. London: Calder & Boyars. pp. 918–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2874%2990361-4">10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90361-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-1096-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-1096-5"><bdi>978-0-7145-1096-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224760852">224760852</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4133432">4133432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Nemesis&rft.place=London&rft.pages=918-21&rft.pub=Calder+%26+Boyars&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224760852&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4133432&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2874%2990361-4&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-1096-5&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedicalnemesisex00illirich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdu_Plessix_Gray1970" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francine_du_Plessix_Gray" title="Francine du Plessix Gray">du Plessix Gray, Francine</a> (April 25, 1970). "Profiles: The Rules of the Game". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. pp. 40–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Profiles%3A+The+Rules+of+the+Game&rft.pages=40-92&rft.date=1970-04-25&rft.aulast=du+Plessix+Gray&rft.aufirst=Francine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostman1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman, Neil</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/Technopoly:_The_Surrender_of_Culture_to_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology"><i>Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology</i></a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24694343">24694343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technopoly%3A+The+Surrender+of+Culture+to+Technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24694343&rft.aulast=Postman&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Brown, Jerry (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utne.com/community/avoiceforconviviality">"A Voice for Conviviality"</a>. <i>Utne Reader</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utne+Reader&rft.atitle=A+Voice+for+Conviviality&rft.date=2003-03&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utne.com%2Fcommunity%2Favoiceforconviviality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtp.org/archive/transcripts/ivan_illich_jerry.html">Ivan Illich with Jerry Brown — Transcript of radio interview</a> on <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a>'s <i>We The People</i> program, aired on <a href="/wiki/KPFA" title="KPFA">KPFA</a>-FM Berkeley, March 22, 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180512224929/http://www.wtp.org/archive/transcripts/ivan_illich_jerry.html">Archived</a> May 12, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerberSchwartzMagrass1990" class="citation book cs1">Derber, Charles; Schwartz, William A.; Magrass, Yale (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerinhighestde00derb_0"><i>Power in the Highest Degree: Professionals and the Rise of a New Mandarin Order</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503778-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503778-4"><bdi>978-0-19-503778-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+in+the+Highest+Degree%3A+Professionals+and+the+Rise+of+a+New+Mandarin+Order&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503778-4&rft.aulast=Derber&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+William+A.&rft.au=Magrass%2C+Yale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerinhighestde00derb_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartch2015" class="citation book cs1">Hartch, Todd (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5j4BQAAQBAJ&q=editions%3AISBN0190204567"><i>The Prophet of Cuernavaca: Ivan Illich and the Crisis of the West</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190204587" title="Special:BookSources/9780190204587"><bdi>9780190204587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+of+Cuernavaca%3A+Ivan+Illich+and+the+Crisis+of+the+West&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190204587&rft.aulast=Hartch&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY5j4BQAAQBAJ%26q%3Deditions%253AISBN0190204567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabbard1993" class="citation book cs1">Gabbard, D. A. (1993). <i>Silencing Ivan Illich: A Foucauldian Analysis of Intellectual Exclusion</i>. New York: Austin & Winfield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880921-17-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880921-17-3"><bdi>978-1-880921-17-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silencing+Ivan+Illich%3A+A+Foucauldian+Analysis+of+Intellectual+Exclusion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Austin+%26+Winfield&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-880921-17-3&rft.aulast=Gabbard&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Winkler, J.T. The intellectual celebrity syndrome. <i>Lancet</i>, 1987 Feb.21, 1: 450.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Pearce (January 11, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2912233-7">"Obituary: Ivan Illich"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>361</b> (9352): 185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2912233-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12233-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6678368">6678368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Ivan+Illich&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=9352&rft.pages=185&rft.date=2003-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6678368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2912233-7&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Pearce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252803%252912233-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lEbVblv-G0gC&pg=PA0">The Challenges of Ivan Illich: A Collective Reflection</a></i>, p. 0, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno-JofréZaldívar2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bruno-Jofré, Rosa; Zaldívar, Jon Igelmo (October 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2012.00464.x/abstract">"Ivan Illich's Late Critique of Deschooling Society: 'I Was Largely Barking Up the Wrong Tree'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Educational Theory</i>. <b>62</b> (5): 573–592. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5446.2012.00464.x">10.1111/j.1741-5446.2012.00464.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-5446">1741-5446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Theory&rft.atitle=Ivan+Illich%27s+Late+Critique+of+Deschooling+Society%3A+%27I+Was+Largely+Barking+Up+the+Wrong+Tree%27&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=573-592&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5446.2012.00464.x&rft.issn=1741-5446&rft.aulast=Bruno-Jofr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft.au=Zald%C3%ADvar%2C+Jon+Igelmo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5446.2012.00464.x%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGajardo1993" class="citation journal cs1">Gajardo, Marcela (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02195145.pdf">"Ivan Illich"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Prospects</i>. <b>23</b> (3–4): 711–720. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02195145">10.1007/BF02195145</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143813429">143813429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospects&rft.atitle=Ivan+Illich&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=711-720&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02195145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143813429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gajardo&rft.aufirst=Marcela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2FBF02195145.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Levi, Jennifer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.wne.edu/lawreview/vol34/iss2/1">"Symposium: Radical Nemesis: Re-Envisioning Ivan Illich's Theories on Social Institutions: Foreword"</a>. <i>Western New England Law Review</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 341.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+New+England+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Symposium%3A+Radical+Nemesis%3A+Re-Envisioning+Ivan+Illich%27s+Theories+on+Social+Institutions%3A+Foreword&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=341&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.wne.edu%2Flawreview%2Fvol34%2Fiss2%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaks1991" class="citation book cs1">Waks, Leonard J. (1991). "Ivan Illich and Deschooling Society: A Reappraisal". <i>Europe, America, and Technology: Philosophical Perspectives</i>. Philosophy and Technology. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 57–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-3242-8_4">10.1007/978-94-011-3242-8_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-5429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-5429-4"><bdi>978-94-010-5429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ivan+Illich+and+Deschooling+Society%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+America%2C+and+Technology%3A+Philosophical+Perspectives&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Philosophy+and+Technology&rft.pages=57-73&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-011-3242-8_4&rft.isbn=978-94-010-5429-4&rft.aulast=Waks&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Illich" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_J._Waks" title="Leonard J. Waks">Leonard J. Waks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Illich&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ivan_Illich" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidtinapple.com/illich/">David Tinapple Collection</a> of Ivan Illich's speeches and books</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/illichstudies"><i>The International Journal of Illich Studies</i></a> — an open access, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed annual publication engaging the thought/writing of Ivan Illich and his circle.<i></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="width:1%">Historical persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_M._Bonanno" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo M. Bonanno">Alfredo M. Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">Bob Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Anders" title="Günther Anders">Günther Anders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ivan Illich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Josef Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Vaneigem" title="Raoul Vaneigem">Raoul Vaneigem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Novatore" title="Renzo Novatore">Renzo Novatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo_d%27Axa" title="Zo d'Axa">Zo d'Axa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Franco Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Susan_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Susan Brown">L. Susan Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Bunting" title="Madeleine Bunting">Madeleine Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Lazzarato" title="Maurizio Lazzarato">Maurizio Lazzarato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Peter_Ortlieb" title="Claus Peter Ortlieb">Claus Peter Ortlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Paulsen" title="Roland Paulsen">Roland Paulsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Jeremy Rifkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Rosemont" title="Penelope Rosemont">Penelope Rosemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Slouka" title="Mark Slouka">Mark Slouka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Srnicek" title="Nick Srnicek">Nick Srnicek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Wolfe" title="Claire Wolfe">Claire Wolfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology and related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/996_working_hour_system" title="996 working hour system">996 working hour system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">Absenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Arbeitsscheu_Reich" title="Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich">Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_work_and_no_play_makes_Jack_a_dull_boy" title="All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy">All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_minimum_Monday" title="Bare minimum Monday">Bare minimum Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_job" title="Bullshit job">Bullshit job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_badging" title="Coffee badging">Coffee badging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">Corporatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty" title="Cycle of poverty">Cycle of poverty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolce_far_niente" title="Dolce far niente">Dolce far niente</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_ghosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee ghosting">Employee ghosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_cushioning" title="Career cushioning">Career cushioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careerism" title="Careerism">Careerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flextime" title="Flextime">Flextime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_workweek" title="Four-day workweek">Four-day workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funemployment" title="Funemployment">Funemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_job" title="Ghost job">Ghost job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uberisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Uberisation">Uberisation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cliff" title="Glass cliff">Glass cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon-hangover_effect" title="Honeymoon-hangover effect">Honeymoon-hangover effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hush_trip" title="Hush trip">Hush trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_crafting" title="Job crafting">Job crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_cuffing" title="Job cuffing">Job cuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_employed" title="Jobless employed">Jobless employed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loud_quitting" title="Loud quitting">Loud quitting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neijuan" title="Neijuan">Neijuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Occupational burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A._suicides" title="Orange S.A. suicides">Orange S.A. suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_punishment" title="Performance punishment">Performance punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presenteeism" title="Presenteeism">Presenteeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_presenteeism" title="Digital presenteeism">Digital presenteeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_theater" title="Productivity theater">Productivity theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_safety" title="Psychological safety">Psychological safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_quitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick quitting">Quick quitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_hiring" title="Quiet hiring">Quiet hiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_promotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiet promotion">Quiet promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_quitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiet quitting">Quiet quitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_thriving" title="Quiet thriving">Quiet thriving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_girl_job" title="Lazy girl job">Lazy girl job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_applying" title="Rage applying">Rage applying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resenteeism" title="Resenteeism">Resenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampo generation">Sampo generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_scaries" title="Sunday scaries">Sunday scaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tang_ping" title="Tang ping">Tang ping</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">Work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theater, movies, music and art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_Nous_la_Libert%C3%A9" title="À Nous la Liberté">À Nous la Liberté</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Office_Space" title="Office Space">Office Space</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Public_Freedom_Service" title="Swedish Public Freedom Service">Swedish Public Freedom Service</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Take_This_Job_and_Shove_It" title="Take This Job and Shove It">Take This Job and Shove It</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Work_and_Death" title="The Future of Work and Death">The Future of Work and Death</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Main_Thing_Is_Work!" title="The Main Thing Is Work!">The Main Thing Is Work!</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Working_Class_Goes_to_Heaven" title="The Working Class Goes to Heaven">The Working Class Goes to Heaven</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yama%E2%80%94Attack_to_Attack" title="Yama—Attack to Attack">Yama—Attack to Attack</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_critical_of_work_and_the_work_ethic" title="Category:Literature critical of work and the work ethic">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartleby,_the_Scrivener" title="Bartleby, the Scrivener">Bartleby, the Scrivener</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonjour_paresse" title="Bonjour paresse">Bonjour paresse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_Jobs" title="Bullshit Jobs">Bullshit Jobs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Economic_Reason" title="Critique of Economic Reason">Critique of Economic Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">Fight Club</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Idleness_and_Other_Essays" title="In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays">In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inventing_the_Future:_Postcapitalism_and_a_World_Without_Work" title="Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work">Inventing the Future</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Against_Work" title="Manifesto Against Work">Manifesto Against Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Escapologist" title="New Escapologist">New Escapologist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Poverty_of_Student_Life" title="On the Poverty of Student Life">On the Poverty of Student Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Book" title="Steal This Book">Steal This Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">The Abolition of Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Work" title="The End of Work">The End of Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Use_of_Human_Beings" title="The Human Use of Human Beings">The Human Use of Human Beings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Idler_(1993)" title="The Idler (1993)">The Idler</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Revolution of Everyday Life">The Revolution of Everyday Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_to_Be_Lazy" title="The Right to Be Lazy">The Right to Be Lazy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_at_Work:_From_Alienation_to_Autonomy" title="The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy">The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R/antiwork" title="R/antiwork">R/antiwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84186#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118555456">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80032720">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908195k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908195k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00444214">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Illich, Ivan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV030685">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36539176">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010602723&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX898177">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/33602">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068408528">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90071921">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000003648&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000370138&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000170118">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=67101">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199613314">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598530205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262852805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517347206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14188127">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0004188X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=AemFDuEAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1280450">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118555456.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118555456">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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