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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Satan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Adam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Eve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Son_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Son_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The Son of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Son_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God_the_Father" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God_the_Father"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>God the Father</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God_the_Father-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raphael" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raphael"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Raphael</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raphael-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michael" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michael"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Michael</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michael-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idolatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idolatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Idolatry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idolatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Criticism of monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_ambiguity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_ambiguity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Moral ambiguity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_ambiguity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_and_critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_and_critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interpretation and critique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpretation_and_critique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interpretation and critique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_and_critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eighteenth-century_critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighteenth-century_critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Eighteenth-century critics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighteenth-century_critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_epic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_epic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Christian epic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_epic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Online text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Other information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Paradise Lost</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paradise Lost" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الفردوس المفقود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفردوس المفقود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0tirilmi%C5%9F_c%C9%99nn%C9%99t" title="İtirilmiş cənnət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İtirilmiş cənnət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="প্যারাডাইস লস্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যারাডাইস লস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Страчаны рай – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Страчаны рай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Изгубеният рай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изгубеният рай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paradise Lost" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Parad%C3%ADs_perdut" title="El Paradís perdut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="El Paradís perdut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ztracen%C3%BD_r%C3%A1j" title="Ztracený ráj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ztracený ráj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll_Gwynfa" title="Coll Gwynfa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coll Gwynfa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(digt)" title="Paradise Lost (digt) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paradise Lost (digt)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paradise Lost" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χαμένος Παράδεισος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαμένος Παράδεισος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_para%C3%ADso_perdido" title="El paraíso perdido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El paraíso perdido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdita_Paradizo" title="Perdita Paradizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perdita Paradizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradisu_galdua" title="Paradisu galdua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paradisu galdua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87" title="بهشت گمشده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بهشت گمشده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Paradis_perdu" title="Le Paradis perdu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Paradis perdu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Paradys_Ferlern" title="It Paradys Ferlern – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="It Paradys Ferlern" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_a_Cailleadh_Parthas" title="Mar a Cailleadh Parthas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mar a Cailleadh Parthas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paradise Lost" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EB%82%99%EC%9B%90" title="실낙원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실낙원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF" title="Կորուսյալ դրախտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորուսյալ դրախտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="पैराडाइज लॉस्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पैराडाइज लॉस्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izgubljeni_raj" title="Izgubljeni raj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izgubljeni raj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parada%E1%BB%8Bs_furu_efu" title="Paradaịs furu efu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Paradaịs furu efu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paradise Lost" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parad%C3%ADsarmissir" title="Paradísarmissir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Paradísarmissir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiso_perduto" title="Paradiso perduto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paradiso perduto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93" title="גן העדן האבוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גן העדן האבוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94" title="დაკარგული სამოთხე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დაკარგული სამოთხე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%90%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%88" title="فِردوس رۆو – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فِردوس رۆو" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradisus_amissus" title="Paradisus amissus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paradisus amissus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elveszett_paradicsom_(Milton)" title="Elveszett paradicsom (Milton) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elveszett paradicsom (Milton)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradisa_Very" title="Paradisa Very – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paradisa Very" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="പാരഡൈസ് ലോസ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാരഡൈസ് ലോസ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9D_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF)" title="पॅराडाइझ लॉस्ट (महाकाव्य) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॅराडाइझ लॉस्ट (महाकाव्य)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الفردوس المفقود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفردوس المفقود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(gedicht)" title="Paradise Lost (gedicht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paradise Lost (gedicht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="प्याराडाइज लस्ट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्याराडाइज लस्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%BD%E5%9C%92" title="失楽園 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="失楽園" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tapte_paradis" title="Det tapte paradis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det tapte paradis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tapte_paradis" title="Det tapte paradis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det tapte paradis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F" title="ਪੈਰਾਡਾਇਜ਼ ਲੌਸਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਰਾਡਾਇਜ਼ ਲੌਸਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%81" title="فردوس گمشدہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فردوس گمشدہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_utracony" title="Raj utracony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Raj utracony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C3%ADso_Perdido" title="Paraíso Perdido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paraíso Perdido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradisul_pierdut" title="Paradisul pierdut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paradisul pierdut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Потерянный рай (поэма) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Потерянный рай (поэма)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paradise Lost" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paradise Lost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadotettu_paratiisi" title="Kadotettu paratiisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kadotettu paratiisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_f%C3%B6rlorade_paradiset" title="Det förlorade paradiset – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Det förlorade paradiset" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="பாரடைஸ் லாஸ்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாரடைஸ் லாஸ்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="పేరడైజ్ లాస్ట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పేరడైజ్ లాస్ట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="แพระไดส์ลอสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แพระไดส์ลอสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Биҳишти гумшуда – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Биҳишти гумшуда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%C4%B1p_Cennet" title="Kayıp Cennet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kayıp Cennet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Утрачений рай (поема) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Утрачений рай (поема)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%81" title="فردوس گمشدہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فردوس گمشدہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_%C4%91%C3%A3_m%E1%BA%A5t" title="Thiên đường đã mất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên đường đã mất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%92" title="失樂園 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="失樂園" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Paradise Lost (disambiguation)">Paradise Lost (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-style: background: #ededed;"><span class="summary"><i>Paradise Lost</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Paradise+Lost%27%27&rft.author=%5B%5BJohn+Milton%5D%5D&rft.date=1667&rft.pub=%5B%5BSamuel+Simmons%5D%5D+%281667+edition%29&rft.place=%5B%5BKingdom+of+England%7CEngland%5D%5D"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;"><span class="summary">by <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_EC65.M6427P.1667aa_-_Paradise_Lost,_1667.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Houghton_EC65.M6427P.1667aa_-_Paradise_Lost%2C_1667.jpg/220px-Houghton_EC65.M6427P.1667aa_-_Paradise_Lost%2C_1667.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Houghton_EC65.M6427P.1667aa_-_Paradise_Lost%2C_1667.jpg/330px-Houghton_EC65.M6427P.1667aa_-_Paradise_Lost%2C_1667.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Houghton_EC65.M6427P.1667aa_-_Paradise_Lost%2C_1667.jpg/440px-Houghton_EC65.M6427P.1667aa_-_Paradise_Lost%2C_1667.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="3013" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Title page of the first edition (1667)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Christian mythology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Form</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">Meter</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">Iambic pentameter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Simmons" title="Samuel Simmons">Samuel Simmons</a> (1667 edition)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication date</th><td class="infobox-data">1667</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;"><b>Full text</b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1516" data-mwtitle="Paradiselost_01_milton.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Paradiselost_01_milton.mp3"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Paradiselost_01_milton.mp3/Paradiselost_01_milton.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Paradiselost_01_milton.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>LibriVox recording by Owen. Book One, Part 1.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Paradise Lost</b></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a> by the English poet <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> (1608–1674). The first version, published in 1667, consists of ten books with over ten thousand lines of <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a>. A second edition followed in 1674, arranged into twelve books (in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>) with minor revisions throughout.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilton1674_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton1674-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered to be Milton's <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">masterpiece</a>, and it helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest English poets of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Milton_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Milton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem concerns the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> story of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>: the temptation of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angel</a> <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> and their expulsion from the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>. </p><p>At the heart of Paradise Lost are the themes of free will and the moral consequences of disobedience. Milton seeks to "justify the ways of God to men," addressing questions of <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Human agency">human agency</a>, and the nature of <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good and evil</a>. The poem begins <a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">in medias res</a>, with Satan and his fallen angels cast into <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> after their failed rebellion against <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. Milton's Satan, portrayed with both grandeur and tragic ambition, is one of the most complex and debated characters in literary history, particularly for his perceived heroism by some readers. </p><p>The poem's portrayal of Adam and Eve emphasizes their humanity, exploring their innocence before the Fall of Man and their subsequent awareness of sin. Through their story, Milton reflects on the complexities of <a href="/wiki/Human_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Human relationships">human relationships</a>, the tension between individual freedom and obedience to divine law, and the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption</a>. Despite their transgression, the poem ends on a note of hope, as Adam and Eve leave <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a> with the promise of salvation through <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>. </p><p>Milton's epic has been praised for its linguistic richness, theological depth, and philosophical ambition. However, it has also sparked controversy, particularly for its portrayal of Satan, who some readers interpret as a heroic or sympathetic figure. <i>Paradise Lost</i> continues to inspire scholars, writers, and artists, remaining a cornerstone of literary and theological discourse. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The poem follows the epic tradition of starting <i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">in medias res</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><i>in the midst of things</i></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), the background story being recounted later. </p><p>Milton's story has two <a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">narrative arcs</a>, one about <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lucifer#As_the_devil" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>) and the other about <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>. It begins after Satan and the other <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a> have been defeated and banished to <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>, or, as it is also called in the poem, <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Pand%C3%A6monium_(Paradise_Lost)" title="Pandæmonium (Paradise Lost)">Pandæmonium</a>, the capital city of Hell, Satan employs his rhetorical skill to organise his followers; he is aided by <a href="/wiki/Mammon" title="Mammon">Mammon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a>; <a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a> are also present. At the end of the debate, Satan volunteers to corrupt the newly created Earth and God's new and most favoured creation, Mankind. He braves the dangers of the <a href="/wiki/Abyss_(religion)" title="Abyss (religion)">Abyss</a> alone, in a manner reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>. After an arduous traversal of the Chaos outside Hell, he enters God's new material World, and later the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>. </p><p>At several points in the poem, an <a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">Angelic War</a> over <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> is recounted from different perspectives. Satan's rebellion follows the epic convention of large-scale warfare. The battles between the faithful angels and Satan's forces take place over three days. At the final battle, the Son of God single-handedly defeats the entire legion of angelic rebels and banishes them from Heaven. Following this purge, God <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creates the World</a>, culminating in his creation of Adam and Eve. While God gave Adam and Eve <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">total freedom</a> and power to rule over all creation, he gave them one explicit command: not to eat from the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">tree of the knowledge of good and evil</a> on penalty of death. It is less often related that God was afraid that they would eat the fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">tree of life</a>, and live forever. </p><p>Adam and Eve are presented as having a romantic and sexual relationship while still being without <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>. They have passions and distinct personalities. Satan, disguised in the form of a serpent, successfully tempts Eve to eat from the Tree by preying on her vanity and tricking her with <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>. Adam, learning that Eve has sinned, knowingly commits the same sin. He declares to Eve that since she was made from his flesh, they are bound to one another – if she dies, he must also die. In this manner, Milton portrays Adam as a heroic figure, but also as a greater sinner than Eve, as he is aware that what he is doing is wrong. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MILTON_(1695)_p362_PL_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/MILTON_%281695%29_p362_PL_12.jpg/220px-MILTON_%281695%29_p362_PL_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/MILTON_%281695%29_p362_PL_12.jpg/330px-MILTON_%281695%29_p362_PL_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/MILTON_%281695%29_p362_PL_12.jpg/440px-MILTON_%281695%29_p362_PL_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="3531" /></a><figcaption>Image extracted from page 362 of <i>The Poetical Works of John Milton. Containing Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained. Samson Agonistes, and his Poems on several occasions, by Milton, John</i>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Burghers" title="Michael Burghers">Michael Burghers</a> (1695).</figcaption></figure> <p>After eating the fruit, Adam and Eve experience <a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">lust</a> for the first time, which renders their next sexual encounter with one another unpleasant. At first, Adam is convinced that Eve was right in thinking that eating the fruit would be beneficial. However, they soon fall asleep and have terrible nightmares, and after they awake, they experience <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a> for the first time. Realising that they have committed a terrible act against God, they engage in mutual recrimination. </p><p>Meanwhile, Satan returns triumphantly to Hell, amid the praise of his fellow fallen angels. He tells them about how their scheme worked and Mankind has fallen, giving them complete dominion over Paradise. As he finishes his speech, however, the fallen angels around him become hideous snakes, and soon enough, Satan himself turns into a snake, deprived of limbs and unable to talk. Thus, they share the same punishment, as they shared the same guilt. </p><p>Eve appeals to Adam for reconciliation of their actions. Her encouragement enables them to approach God, and plead for forgiveness. In a vision shown to him by the <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Archangel Michael</a>, Adam witnesses everything that will happen to Mankind until the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Great Flood</a>. Adam is very upset by this vision of the future, so Michael also tells him about Mankind's potential redemption from original sin through <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> (whom Michael calls "King <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>"). Adam and Eve are cast out of Eden, and Michael says that Adam may find "a paradise within thee, happier far". Adam and Eve now have a more distant relationship with God, who is omnipresent but invisible (unlike the tangible Father in the Garden of Eden). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milton_Dictating_to_His_Daughter,_Henry_Fuseli_1794.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Milton_Dictating_to_His_Daughter%2C_Henry_Fuseli_1794.jpg/220px-Milton_Dictating_to_His_Daughter%2C_Henry_Fuseli_1794.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Milton_Dictating_to_His_Daughter%2C_Henry_Fuseli_1794.jpg/330px-Milton_Dictating_to_His_Daughter%2C_Henry_Fuseli_1794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Milton_Dictating_to_His_Daughter%2C_Henry_Fuseli_1794.jpg/440px-Milton_Dictating_to_His_Daughter%2C_Henry_Fuseli_1794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption><i>Milton Dictating to His Daughter</i>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a> (1794)</figcaption></figure> <p>It is uncertain when Milton composed <i>Paradise Lost</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a> (1626–1697), Milton's contemporary and biographer, says that it was written between 1658 and 1663.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, parts of the poem had likely been in development since Milton was young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having gone blind in 1652, Milton wrote <i>Paradise Lost</i> entirely through <a href="/wiki/Dictation_(exercise)" title="Dictation (exercise)">dictation</a> with the help of <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuenses</a> and friends. He was often ill, suffering from <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, and suffering emotionally after the early death of his second wife, Katherine Woodcock, in 1658, and their infant daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image of Milton dictating the poem to his daughters became a popular subject for paintings, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Milton scholar John Leonard also notes that Milton "did not at first plan to write a biblical epic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since epics were typically written about heroic kings and queens (and with pagan gods), Milton originally envisioned his epic to be based on a legendary <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">British</a> king like the legend of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xiii_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xiii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbent197254_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbent197254-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leonard speculates that the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> interrupted Milton's earliest attempts to start his "epic [poem] that would encompass all space and time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication">Publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1667 version of <i>Paradise Lost</i>, the poem was divided into ten books. However, in the 1674 edition, the text was reorganized into twelve books.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later printing, "Arguments" (brief summaries) were inserted at the beginning of each book.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milton's previous work had been printed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Simmons_(printer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Simmons (printer) (page does not exist)">Matthew Simmons</a> who was favoured by radical writers. However he died in 1654 and the business was then run by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simmons" title="Mary Simmons">Mary Simmons</a>. Milton had not published work with the Simmons printing business for twenty years. Mary was increasingly relying on her son Samuel to help her manage the business and the first book that <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Simmons" title="Samuel Simmons">Samuel Simmons</a> registered for publication in his name was <i>Paradise Lost</i> in 1667.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_epic">Biblical epic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biblical epic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradise_Lost_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paradise_Lost_10.jpg/170px-Paradise_Lost_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paradise_Lost_10.jpg/255px-Paradise_Lost_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paradise_Lost_10.jpg/340px-Paradise_Lost_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>, <i>The Heavenly Hosts</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1866</span>, illustration to <i>Paradise Lost</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Key to the ambitions of <i>Paradise Lost</i> as a poem is the creation of a new kind of <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a>, one suitable for English, Christian morality rather than polytheistic Greek or Roman antiquity. This intention is indicated from the very beginning of the poem, when Milton uses the classical epic poetic device of an <a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">invocation</a> for poetic inspiration. Rather than invoking the classical <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">muses</a>, however, Milton addresses the Christian God as his "Heav'nly Muse" (1.1). Other classical epic conventions include an <i>in medias res</i> opening, a journey in the underworld, large-scale battles, and an elevated poetic style. In particular, the poem often uses <a href="/wiki/Homeric_simile" title="Homeric simile">Homeric similes</a>. Milton repurposes these epic conventions to create a new biblical epic, promoting a different kind of hero. Classical epic heroes like <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> were presented in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> as heroes for their military strength and guile, which might go hand in hand with wrath, pride, or lust. Milton attributes these traits instead to Satan, and depicts the Son as heroic for his love, mercy, humility, and self-sacrifice. The poem itself therefore presents the value system of classical heroism as one which has been superseded by Christian virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blank_verse">Blank verse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Blank verse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">Blank verse</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_poetic_style" title="John Milton's poetic style">John Milton's poetic style</a></div> <p>The poem is written in <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a>, meaning the lines are metrically regular <a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">iambic pentameter</a> but they do not <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a>. Milton used the flexibility of blank verse to support a high level of <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> complexity. Although Milton was not the first to use blank verse, his use of it was very influential and he became known for the style. Blank verse was not much used in the non-dramatic poetry of the 17th century until <i>Paradise Lost</i>. Milton also wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a></i> (1671) and parts of <i><a href="/wiki/Samson_Agonistes" title="Samson Agonistes">Samson Agonistes</a></i> (1671) in blank verse. Miltonic blank verse became the standard for those attempting to write English epics for centuries following the publication of <i>Paradise Lost</i> and his later poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Miltonic verse became popular, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> mocked Milton for inspiring bad blank verse imitators.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>'s final, incomplete work was intended to be written in the form,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>, who complained that he relied too heavily on Milton,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adopted and picked up various aspects of his poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acrostics">Acrostics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Acrostics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milton used a number of <a href="/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">acrostics</a> in the poem. In Book 9, a verse describing the <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">serpent</a> which tempted Eve to eat the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden spells out "SATAN" (9.510), while elsewhere in the same book, Milton spells out "FFAALL" and "FALL" (9.333). Respectively, these probably represent the double fall of humanity embodied in Adam and Eve, as well as Satan's fall from Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satan">Satan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Satan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParadiseLButts1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/ParadiseLButts1.jpg/220px-ParadiseLButts1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/ParadiseLButts1.jpg/330px-ParadiseLButts1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/ParadiseLButts1.jpg/440px-ParadiseLButts1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption><i>Satan Arousing the Rebel Angels</i>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> (1808).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, formerly called <a href="/wiki/Lucifer#As_the_devil" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>, is the first major character introduced in the poem. He is a tragic figure who famously declares: "Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven" (1.263). Following his vain <a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">rebellion</a> against <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> he is cast out from Heaven and condemned to Hell. The rebellion stems from Satan's pride and envy (5.660ff.). </p><p>Opinions on the character are often sharply divided. Milton presents Satan as the origin of all evil, but some readers interpret Milton's Satan as a nuanced or sympathetic character. <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticist</a> critics in particular, among them <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">William Hazlitt</a>, are known for interpreting Satan as a hero of <i>Paradise Lost</i>. This has led other critics, such as <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_(British_writer)" title="Charles Williams (British writer)">Charles Williams</a>, both of whom were devout Christians, to argue against reading Satan as a sympathetic, heroic figure.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_Preface_to_Paradise_Lost_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Preface_to_Paradise_Lost-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Blake thinking that Milton intended for Satan to have a heroic role in the poem, Blake himself described Satan as the "state of error", and as beyond salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Carey_(critic)" title="John Carey (critic)">John Carey</a> argues that this conflict cannot be solved, because the character of Satan exists in more modes and greater depth than the other characters of <i>Paradise Lost</i>: in this way, Milton has created an ambivalent character, and any "pro-Satan" or "anti-Satan" argument is by its nature discarding half the evidence. Satan's ambivalence, Carey says, is "a precondition of the poem's success –  a major factor in the attention it has aroused".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> argues in his <i><a href="/wiki/A_Preface_to_Paradise_Lost" title="A Preface to Paradise Lost">A Preface to Paradise Lost</a></i> that it is important to remember what society was like when Milton wrote the poem. In particular, during that time period, there were certain "stock responses" to elements that Milton would have expected every reader to have. As examples, Lewis lists "love is sweet, death bitter, virtue lovely, and children or gardens delightful." According to Lewis, Milton would have expected readers to not view Satan as a hero at all. Lewis argues readers far in the future romanticizing Milton's intentions is not accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-brown-corkscrews-2010_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-corkscrews-2010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adam">Adam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> is the first human created by God. Adam requests a companion from God: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Of fellowship I speak<br />Such as I seek, fit to participate<br />All rational delight, wherein the brute<br />Cannot be human consort. (8.389–392)</p></blockquote><p> God approves his request then creates Eve. God appoints Adam and Eve to rule over all the creatures of the world and to reside in the Garden of Eden. </p><p>Adam is more gregarious than Eve and yearns for her company. He is completely infatuated with her. Raphael advises him to "take heed lest Passion sway / Thy Judgment" (5.635–636). But Adam's great love for Eve contributes to his disobedience to God. </p><p>Unlike the biblical Adam, before Milton's Adam leaves Paradise he is given a glimpse of the future of mankind by the Archangel Michael, which includes stories from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testaments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eve">Eve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Blake_-_The_Temptation_and_Fall_of_Eve_(Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/William_Blake_-_The_Temptation_and_Fall_of_Eve_%28Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-William_Blake_-_The_Temptation_and_Fall_of_Eve_%28Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/William_Blake_-_The_Temptation_and_Fall_of_Eve_%28Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-William_Blake_-_The_Temptation_and_Fall_of_Eve_%28Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/William_Blake_-_The_Temptation_and_Fall_of_Eve_%28Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-William_Blake_-_The_Temptation_and_Fall_of_Eve_%28Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4493" data-file-height="5701" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <i>The Temptation and Fall of Eve</i>, 1808 (illustration of Milton's <i>Paradise Lost</i>).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> is the second human created by God. God takes one of Adam's ribs and shapes it into Eve. Whether Eve is actually inferior to Adam is a vexed point. She is often unwilling to be submissive. Eve may be the more intelligent of the two. When she first met Adam she turned away, more interested in herself. She had been looking at her reflection in a lake before being led invisibly to Adam. Recounting this to Adam she confesses that she found him less enticing than her reflection (4.477–480). </p><p>Eve delivers an autobiography in Book 4.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Book 9, Milton stages a domestic drama between Adam and Eve, which results in Eve convincing Adam to separate for a time to work in different parts of the Garden. This allows Satan to deceive her while she is alone. To tempt her to eat the forbidden fruit, Satan tells a story about how he ate it, using the language of Renaissance love poetry. He overcomes her reason; she eats the fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Son_of_God">The Son of God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Son of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParadiseLButts10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ParadiseLButts10.jpg/220px-ParadiseLButts10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ParadiseLButts10.jpg/330px-ParadiseLButts10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ParadiseLButts10.jpg/440px-ParadiseLButts10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption><i>The Judgment of Adam and Eve: "So Judged He Man"</i>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> (1808)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> is the spirit who will become incarnate as <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, though he is never named explicitly because he has not yet entered human form. Milton believed in a <a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">subordinationist</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> that regarded the Son as secondary to the Father and as God's "great Vice-regent" (5.609). </p><p>Milton's God in <i>Paradise Lost</i> refers to the Son as "My word, my wisdom, and effectual might" (3.170). The poem is not explicitly <a href="/wiki/Anti-trinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-trinitarian">anti-trinitarian</a>, but it is consistent with Milton's convictions. The Son is the ultimate hero of the epic and is infinitely powerful—he single-handedly defeats Satan and his followers and drives them into Hell. After their fall, the Son of God tells Adam and Eve about God's judgment. Before their fall the Father foretells their "Treason" (3.207) and that Man </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>with his whole posteritie must dye,<br /> Dye hee or Justice must; unless for him<br /> Som other able, and as willing, pay<br /> The rigid satisfaction, death for death. (3.210–212) </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The Father then asks whether there "Dwels in all Heaven charitie so deare?" (3.216) and the Son volunteers himself. </p><p>In the final book a vision of Salvation through the Son is revealed to Adam by Michael. The name Jesus of Nazareth, and the details of Jesus' story are not depicted in the poem,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they are alluded to. Michael explains that "Joshua, whom the Gentiles Jesus call", prefigures the Son of God, "his name and office bearing" to "quell / The adversarie Serpent, and bring back [...] long wander[e]d man / Safe to eternal Paradise of rest".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God_the_Father">God the Father</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: God the Father"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> is the creator of Heaven, Hell, the world, of everyone and everything there is, through the agency of His Son. Milton presents God as all-powerful and all-knowing, as an infinitely great being who cannot be overthrown by even the great army of angels Satan incites against him. Milton portrays God as often conversing about his plans and his motives for his actions with the Son of God. The poem shows God creating the world in the way Milton believed it was done, that is, God created Heaven, Earth, Hell, and all the creatures that inhabit these separate planes from part of Himself, not out of nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, according to Milton, the ultimate authority of God over all things that happen derives from his being the "author" of all creation. Satan tries to justify his rebellion by denying this aspect of God and claiming self-creation, but he admits to himself the truth otherwise, and that God "deserved no such return / From me, whom He created what I was".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raphael">Raphael</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Raphael"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Blake_-_The_Archangel_Raphael_with_Adam_and_Eve_(Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/William_Blake_-_The_Archangel_Raphael_with_Adam_and_Eve_%28Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-William_Blake_-_The_Archangel_Raphael_with_Adam_and_Eve_%28Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/William_Blake_-_The_Archangel_Raphael_with_Adam_and_Eve_%28Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-William_Blake_-_The_Archangel_Raphael_with_Adam_and_Eve_%28Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/William_Blake_-_The_Archangel_Raphael_with_Adam_and_Eve_%28Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-William_Blake_-_The_Archangel_Raphael_with_Adam_and_Eve_%28Illustration_to_Milton%27s_%22Paradise_Lost%22%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption><i>The Archangel Raphael with Adam and Eve (Illustration to Milton's "Paradise Lost")</i>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> (1808).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a> is an archangel who is sent by God to Eden in order to strengthen Adam and Eve against Satan. He tells a heroic tale about the War in Heaven that takes up most of Book 6 of <i>Paradise Lost</i>. Ultimately, the story told by Raphael, in which Satan is portrayed as bold and decisive, does not prepare Adam and Eve to counter Satan's subtle temptations –  and may even have caused the Fall in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michael">Michael</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Michael"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Michael is an <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangel</a> who is preeminent in military prowess. He leads in battle and uses a sword which was "giv'n him temperd so, that neither keen / Nor solid might resist that edge" (6.322–323). </p><p>God sends Michael to Eden, charging him: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>from the Paradise of God<br /> Without remorse drive out the sinful Pair<br /> From hallowd ground th' unholie, and denounce<br /> To them and to thir Progenie from thence<br /> Perpetual banishment. [...]<br /> If patiently thy bidding they obey,<br /> Dismiss them not disconsolate; reveale<br /> To Adam what shall come in future dayes,<br /> As I shall thee enlighten, intermix<br /> My Cov'nant in the womans seed renewd;<br /> So send them forth, though sorrowing, yet in peace. (11.103–117) </p> </div></blockquote> <p>He is also charged with establishing a guard for Paradise. </p><p>When Adam sees him coming he describes him to Eve as </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>not terrible,<br /> That I should fear, nor sociably mild,<br /> As Raphael, that I should much confide,<br /> But solemn and sublime, whom not to offend,<br /> With reverence I must meet, and thou retire. (11.233–237) </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Blake_-_Satan_Watching_the_Caresses_of_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA02226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/William_Blake_-_Satan_Watching_the_Caresses_of_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA02226.jpg/220px-William_Blake_-_Satan_Watching_the_Caresses_of_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA02226.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/William_Blake_-_Satan_Watching_the_Caresses_of_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA02226.jpg/330px-William_Blake_-_Satan_Watching_the_Caresses_of_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA02226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/William_Blake_-_Satan_Watching_the_Caresses_of_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA02226.jpg/440px-William_Blake_-_Satan_Watching_the_Caresses_of_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA02226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption><i>Satan Watching the Caresses of Adam and Eve</i>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> (1808).</figcaption></figure> <p>Milton first presented Adam and Eve in Book IV with impartiality. The relationship between Adam and Eve is one of "mutual dependence, not a relation of domination or hierarchy". While the author placed Adam above Eve in his intellectual knowledge and, in turn, his relation to God, he granted Eve the benefit of knowledge through experience. Hermine Van Nuis clarifies, that although there was stringency specified for the roles of male and female, Adam and Eve unreservedly accept their designated roles.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than viewing these roles as forced upon them, each uses their assignment as an asset in their relationship with each other. These distinctions can be interpreted as Milton's view on the importance of mutuality between husband and wife. </p><p>When examining the relationship between Adam and Eve, some critics apply either an Adam-centered or Eve-centered view of <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> and importance to God. David Mikics argues, by contrast, these positions "overstate the independence of the characters' stances, and therefore miss the way in which Adam and Eve are entwined with each other".<sup id="cite_ref-Mikics2004-p22_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikics2004-p22-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milton's narrative depicts a relationship where the husband and wife (here, Adam and Eve) depend on each other and, through each other's differences, thrive.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikics2004-p22_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikics2004-p22-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, there are several instances where Adam communicates directly with God while Eve must go through Adam to God; thus, some have described Adam as her guide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikics2004_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikics2004-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%BCssli_-_The_Return_of_Milton%27s_Wife,_1798%E2%80%931799.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/F%C3%BCssli_-_The_Return_of_Milton%27s_Wife%2C_1798%E2%80%931799.jpg/220px-F%C3%BCssli_-_The_Return_of_Milton%27s_Wife%2C_1798%E2%80%931799.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/F%C3%BCssli_-_The_Return_of_Milton%27s_Wife%2C_1798%E2%80%931799.jpg/330px-F%C3%BCssli_-_The_Return_of_Milton%27s_Wife%2C_1798%E2%80%931799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/F%C3%BCssli_-_The_Return_of_Milton%27s_Wife%2C_1798%E2%80%931799.jpg/440px-F%C3%BCssli_-_The_Return_of_Milton%27s_Wife%2C_1798%E2%80%931799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption><i>The Return of <a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_relationships#Mary_Powell" title="John Milton's relationships">Milton's Wife</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a> (1798–99)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Milton does not directly mention divorce, critics posit theories on Milton's view of divorce based upon their inferences from the poem and from his <a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_divorce_tracts" title="Milton's divorce tracts">tracts on divorce</a> written earlier in his life. Other works by Milton suggest he viewed marriage as an entity separate from the church. Discussing <i>Paradise Lost</i>, Biberman entertains the idea that "marriage is a contract made by both the man and the woman".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ideas imply Milton may have thought that both man and woman should have equal access to marriage and to divorce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idolatry">Idolatry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Idolatry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milton's 17th-century contemporaries by and large criticised his ideas and considered him a radical, mostly because of his republican political views and heterodox theological opinions. One of Milton's most controversial arguments centred on his concept of what is idolatrous, a subject which is deeply embedded in <i>Paradise Lost</i>. </p><p>Milton's first criticism of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> focused on the constructing of temples and other buildings to serve as places of worship. In Book XI of <i>Paradise Lost</i>, Adam tries to atone for his sins by offering to build altars to worship God. In response, the angel Michael explains that Adam does not need to build physical objects to experience the presence of God.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Lyle points to this example, explaining: "When Milton objects to architecture, it is not a quality inherent in buildings themselves he finds offensive, but rather their tendency to act as convenient loci to which idolatry, over time, will inevitably adhere."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if the idea is pure in nature, Milton thought it would unavoidably lead to idolatry simply because of the nature of humans. That is, instead of directing their thoughts towards God, humans will turn to erected objects and falsely invest their faith there. While Adam attempts to build an altar to God, critics note Eve is similarly guilty of idolatry, but in a different manner. Harding believes Eve's <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> and obsession with herself constitutes idolatry.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding2007-p163_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding2007-p163-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, Harding claims that "under the serpent's influence, Eve's idolatry and self-deification foreshadow the errors into which her 'Sons' will stray".<sup id="cite_ref-Harding2007-p163_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding2007-p163-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like Adam, Eve falsely places her faith in herself, the Tree of Knowledge, and to some extent the Serpent, all of which do not compare to the ideal nature of God. </p><p>Milton made his views on idolatry more explicit with the creation of <a href="/wiki/Pand%C3%A6monium_(Paradise_Lost)" title="Pandæmonium (Paradise Lost)">Pandæmonium</a> and his allusion to <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon's temple">Solomon's temple</a>. In the beginning of <i>Paradise Lost</i> and throughout the poem, there are several references to the rise and eventual fall of Solomon's temple. Critics elucidate that "Solomon's temple provides an explicit demonstration of how an artefact moves from its genesis in devotional practice to an idolatrous end."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This example, out of the many presented, distinctly conveys Milton's views on the dangers of idolatry. Even if one builds a structure in the name of God, the best of intentions can become immoral in idolatry. The majority of these similarities revolve around a structural likeness, but as Lyle explains, they play a greater role. By linking Saint Peter's Basilica and the Pantheon to Pandemonium—an ideally false structure—the two famous buildings take on a false meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This comparison best represents Milton's Protestant views, as it rejects both the purely Catholic perspective and the Pagan perspective. </p><p>In addition to rejecting Catholicism, Milton revolted against the idea of a monarch ruling by <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a>. He saw the practice as idolatrous. <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lewalski" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Lewalski">Barbara Lewalski</a> concludes that the theme of idolatry in <i>Paradise Lost</i> "is an exaggerated version of the idolatry Milton had long associated with the Stuart ideology of divine kingship".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the opinion of Milton, any object, human or non-human, that receives special attention befitting of God, is considered idolatrous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Criticism of monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Satan's army inevitably loses the war against God, Satan achieves a position of power and begins his reign in Hell with his band of loyal followers, composed of fallen angels, which is described to be a "third of heaven". Similar to Milton's republican sentiments of overthrowing the King of England for both better representation and parliamentary power, Satan argues that his shared rebellion with the fallen angels is an effort to "explain the hypocrisy of God",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and in doing so, they will be treated with the respect and acknowledgement that they deserve. As Wayne Rebhorn argues, "Satan insists that he and his fellow revolutionaries held their places by right and even leading him to claim that they were self-created and self-sustained" and thus Satan's position in the rebellion is much like that of his own real world creator.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milton scholar John Leonard interpreted the "impious war" between Heaven and Hell as <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard,_John_2000_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_John_2000-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <blockquote> <p><i>Paradise Lost</i> is, among other things, a poem about civil war. Satan raises "impious war in Heav'n" (i 43) by leading a third of the angels in revolt against God. The term "impious war" implies that civil war is impious. But Milton applauded the English people for having the courage to depose and execute <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>. In his poem, however, he takes the side of "Heav'n's awful Monarch" (iv 960). Critics have long wrestled with the question of why an antimonarchist and defender of <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">regicide</a> should have chosen a subject that obliged him to defend monarchical authority. </p> </blockquote> <p>The editors at the <a href="/wiki/Poetry_Foundation" title="Poetry Foundation">Poetry Foundation</a> argue that Milton's criticism of the English monarchy was being directed specifically at the Stuart monarchy and not at the monarchical system of government in general.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Milton_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Milton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a similar vein, <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> argued that there was no contradiction in Milton's position in the poem since "Milton believed that God was his 'natural superior' and that Charles Stuart was not."<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard,_John_2000_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_John_2000-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_ambiguity">Moral ambiguity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Moral ambiguity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satan_summoning_his_Legions,_1796-1797_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Satan_summoning_his_Legions%2C_1796-1797_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg/170px-Satan_summoning_his_Legions%2C_1796-1797_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Satan_summoning_his_Legions%2C_1796-1797_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg/255px-Satan_summoning_his_Legions%2C_1796-1797_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Satan_summoning_his_Legions%2C_1796-1797_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg/340px-Satan_summoning_his_Legions%2C_1796-1797_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a>, <i>Satan summoning his Legions</i>, 1796–1797</figcaption></figure> <p>The critic <a href="/wiki/William_Empson" title="William Empson">William Empson</a> claimed the poem was morally ambiguous, with Milton's complex characterization of Satan playing a large part in Empson's claim of moral ambiguity.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard,_John_2000_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_John_2000-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For context, the second volume of Empson's authorized biography was titled: William Empson: Against the Christians. In it his authorized biographer describes "Empson’s visceral loathing of Christianity."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent a large amount of his career attacking Christianity, demonizing it as "wickedness" and claiming that Milton's God was "sickeningly bad."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Empson portrays Milton's God as akin to a "Stalinist" tyrant "who enslaves His human creations to serve His own narcissism." </p><p>From there, Empson gives fake praise that is really an attack, saying that "Milton deserves credit for making God wicked, since the God of Christianity is 'a wicked God'." John Leonard states that "Empson never denies that Satan's plan is wicked. What he does deny is that God is innocent of its wickedness: 'Milton steadily drives home that the inmost counsel of God was the Fortunate Fall of man; however wicked Satan's plan may be, it is God's plan too [since God in <i>Paradise Lost</i> is depicted as being both omniscient and omnipotent].'"<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard,_John_2000_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_John_2000-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Leonard notes that this interpretation was challenged by Dennis Danielson in his book <i>Milton's Good God</i> (1982).<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard,_John_2000_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_John_2000-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alexandra Kapelos-Peters explains that: "as Danielson logically asserts, foreknowledge is not commensurate with culpability. Although God knew that Adam and Eve would eat the forbidden fruit of knowledge, He neither commanded them to do so, nor influenced their decision." Moreover, God gives humans free will to choose to do good or evil, while a tyrant would do the very opposite and deny free will by controlling his subjects' actions like a puppet-master. She says Danielson and Milton "demonstrate one crucial point: the presence of sin in the world is attributable to human agency and free will. Danielson argues that free will is crucial, because without it humanity would have only been serving necessity, and not participating in a free love act with the divine."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She notes that in <i>Paradise Lost</i>, God says: "<i>They trespass, Authors to themselves in all, Both what they judge and what they choose; for so I formd them free, and free they must remain."</i> </p><p>Kapelos-Peters adds: "Milton demonstrates that far from being a tyrannical lord, God and the Son function as a collaborative team that desire nothing but the return of man to his pre-fallen state. Furthermore, God is not even able to dominate in this aspect because human agency and free-will are not abandoned. Not only will the Son sacrifice himself pre-emptively in Book 3 for the not-yet-occurred Fall of Man, but Man himself will have a role in his own salvation. To successfully navigate atonement, humanity will have to admit and repent of their former disobedience." </p><p>C. S. Lewis also rebutted the approach of people like Empson super-imposing their own interpretations with an agenda onto the poem long after it was written. Lewis wrote: "The first qualification for judging any piece of workmanship from a corkscrew to a cathedral is to know <i>what</i> it is – what it was intended to do and how it is meant to be used."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis said the poem was a genuine Christian morality tale.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard,_John_2000_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_John_2000-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Lewis's book <i><a href="/wiki/A_Preface_to_Paradise_Lost" title="A Preface to Paradise Lost">A Preface to Paradise Lost</a></i>, he discusses the theological similarities between <i>Paradise Lost</i> and St. Augustine, and says that "The Fall is simply and solely Disobedience – doing what you have been told not to do: and it results from Pride – from being too big for your boots, forgetting your place, thinking that you are God."<sup id="cite_ref-A_Preface_to_Paradise_Lost_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Preface_to_Paradise_Lost-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_and_critique">Interpretation and critique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Interpretation and critique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MedinaPL3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MedinaPL3.jpg/170px-MedinaPL3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MedinaPL3.jpg/255px-MedinaPL3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MedinaPL3.jpg/340px-MedinaPL3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Plate prefacing Book 3, <i>Creation of Man</i>, engraving by Michael Burghers based on <a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Medina" title="John Baptist Medina">John Baptist Medina</a>, from the 1688 edition.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighteenth-century_critics">Eighteenth-century critics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Eighteenth-century critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The writer and critic <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> wrote that <i>Paradise Lost</i> shows off Milton's "peculiar power to astonish" and that Milton "seems to have been well acquainted with his own genius, and to know what it was that Nature had bestowed upon him more bountifully than upon others: the power of displaying the vast, illuminating the splendid, enforcing the awful, darkening the gloomy, and aggravating the dreadful".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Blake famously wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Heaven_and_Hell" title="The Marriage of Heaven and Hell">The Marriage of Heaven and Hell</a></i>: "The reason Milton wrote in fetters when he wrote of Angels & God, and at liberty when of Devils & Hell, is because he was a true Poet and of the Devil's party without knowing it."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quotation succinctly represents the way in which some 18th- and 19th-century English Romantic poets viewed Milton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_epic">Christian epic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Christian epic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tobias Gregory wrote that Milton was "the most theologically learned among early modern epic poets. He was, moreover, a theologian of great independence of mind, and one who developed his talents within a society where the problem of divine justice was debated with particular intensity."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory says that Milton is able to establish divine action and his divine characters in a superior way to other Renaissance epic poets, including <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto" title="Ludovico Ariosto">Ludovico Ariosto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Torquato Tasso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory_178-179_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory_178-179-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Paradise Lost</i> Milton also ignores the traditional epic format of a plot based on a mortal conflict between opposing armies with deities watching over and occasionally interfering with the action. Instead, both divinity and humanity are involved in a conflict that, while momentarily ending in tragedy, offers a future salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory_178-179_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory_178-179-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both <i>Paradise Lost</i> and <i>Paradise Regained</i>, Milton incorporates aspects of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annaeus Lucanus">Lucan</a>'s epic model, the epic from the view of the defeated. Although he does not accept the model completely within <i>Paradise Regained</i>, he incorporates the "anti-Virgilian, anti-imperial epic tradition of Lucan".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milton goes further than Lucan in this belief and "<i>Paradise Lost</i> and <i>Paradise Regained</i> carry further, too, the movement toward and valorization of romance that Lucan's tradition had begun, to the point where Milton's poems effectively create their own new genre".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> reacted by banning the poem and placing it on the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/William_Blake%27s_illustrations_of_Paradise_Lost" title="William Blake's illustrations of Paradise Lost">William Blake's illustrations of <i>Paradise Lost</i></a></div> <p>The first illustrations to accompany the text of <i>Paradise Lost</i> were added to the fourth edition of 1688, with one engraving prefacing each book, of which up to eight of the twelve were by <a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Medina" title="John Baptist Medina">Sir John Baptist Medina</a>, one by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lens_II" title="Bernard Lens II">Bernard Lens II</a>, and perhaps up to four (including Books I and XII, perhaps the most memorable) by another hand.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engraver was <a href="/wiki/Michael_Burghers" title="Michael Burghers">Michael Burghers</a> (given as 'Burgesse' in some sources<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter1978_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter1978-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). By 1730, the same images had been re-engraved on a smaller scale by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fourdrinier" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Fourdrinier">Paul Fourdrinier</a>. </p><p>Some of the most notable illustrators of <i>Paradise Lost</i> included <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a>. However, the epic's illustrators also include <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Francis_Burney" title="Edward Francis Burney">Edward Francis Burney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Westall" title="Richard Westall">Richard Westall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hayman" title="Francis Hayman">Francis Hayman</a>, and many others. </p><p>Outside of book illustrations, the epic has also inspired other visual works by well-known painters like <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> who executed a set of ten colour <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milton's achievement in writing <i>Paradise Lost</i> while blind (he dictated to helpers) inspired loosely biographical paintings by both Fuseli<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sin-Death-and-the-Devil-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="In Sin, Death and the Devil (1792), James Gillray caricatured the political battle between Pitt and Thurlow as a scene from Paradise Lost. Pitt is Death and Thurlow Satan, with Queen Charlotte as Sin in the middle."><img alt="In Sin, Death and the Devil (1792), James Gillray caricatured the political battle between Pitt and Thurlow as a scene from Paradise Lost. Pitt is Death and Thurlow Satan, with Queen Charlotte as Sin in the middle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sin-Death-and-the-Devil-Gillray.jpeg/375px-Sin-Death-and-the-Devil-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sin-Death-and-the-Devil-Gillray.jpeg/563px-Sin-Death-and-the-Devil-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sin-Death-and-the-Devil-Gillray.jpeg/750px-Sin-Death-and-the-Devil-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="922" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In <i>Sin, Death and the Devil</i> (1792), <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> caricatured the political battle between <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thurlow,_1st_Baron_Thurlow" title="Edward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow">Thurlow</a> as a scene from <i>Paradise Lost</i>. Pitt is Death and Thurlow Satan, with <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Queen Charlotte</a> as Sin in the middle.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 283.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 281.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Shepherd%E2%80%99s_Dream,_from_%E2%80%98Paradise_Lost%E2%80%99_Henry_Fuseli_1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Shepherd's Dream, from "Paradise Lost", Henry Fuseli (1793)"><img alt="The Shepherd's Dream, from "Paradise Lost", Henry Fuseli (1793)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Shepherd%E2%80%99s_Dream%2C_from_%E2%80%98Paradise_Lost%E2%80%99_Henry_Fuseli_1793.jpg/422px-The_Shepherd%E2%80%99s_Dream%2C_from_%E2%80%98Paradise_Lost%E2%80%99_Henry_Fuseli_1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Shepherd%E2%80%99s_Dream%2C_from_%E2%80%98Paradise_Lost%E2%80%99_Henry_Fuseli_1793.jpg/633px-The_Shepherd%E2%80%99s_Dream%2C_from_%E2%80%98Paradise_Lost%E2%80%99_Henry_Fuseli_1793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/The_Shepherd%E2%80%99s_Dream%2C_from_%E2%80%98Paradise_Lost%E2%80%99_Henry_Fuseli_1793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Shepherd's Dream, from "Paradise Lost"</i>, Henry Fuseli (1793)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eve%27s_Dream,_Satan_Aroused,_from_Paradise_Lost_(1824%E2%80%931827)_mezzotint,_plate_14_%C3%97_20.2_cm._(5_12_%C3%97_7_1516_in.),_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Martin, Eve's Dream, Satan Aroused, from Paradise Lost (1824–1827). Mezzotint, plate, 14 × 20.2 cm. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston"><img alt="John Martin, Eve's Dream, Satan Aroused, from Paradise Lost (1824–1827). Mezzotint, plate, 14 × 20.2 cm. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eve%27s_Dream%2C_Satan_Aroused%2C_from_Paradise_Lost_%281824%E2%80%931827%29_mezzotint%2C_plate_14_%C3%97_20.2_cm._%285_12_%C3%97_7_1516_in.%29%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Houston.jpg/430px-Eve%27s_Dream%2C_Satan_Aroused%2C_from_Paradise_Lost_%281824%E2%80%931827%29_mezzotint%2C_plate_14_%C3%97_20.2_cm._%285_12_%C3%97_7_1516_in.%29%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Houston.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eve%27s_Dream%2C_Satan_Aroused%2C_from_Paradise_Lost_%281824%E2%80%931827%29_mezzotint%2C_plate_14_%C3%97_20.2_cm._%285_12_%C3%97_7_1516_in.%29%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Houston.jpg/645px-Eve%27s_Dream%2C_Satan_Aroused%2C_from_Paradise_Lost_%281824%E2%80%931827%29_mezzotint%2C_plate_14_%C3%97_20.2_cm._%285_12_%C3%97_7_1516_in.%29%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Houston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eve%27s_Dream%2C_Satan_Aroused%2C_from_Paradise_Lost_%281824%E2%80%931827%29_mezzotint%2C_plate_14_%C3%97_20.2_cm._%285_12_%C3%97_7_1516_in.%29%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Houston.jpg/860px-Eve%27s_Dream%2C_Satan_Aroused%2C_from_Paradise_Lost_%281824%E2%80%931827%29_mezzotint%2C_plate_14_%C3%97_20.2_cm._%285_12_%C3%97_7_1516_in.%29%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Houston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a>, <i>Eve's Dream, Satan Aroused</i>, from <i>Paradise Lost</i> (1824–1827). Mezzotint, plate, <span class="nowrap">14 × 20.2 cm</span>. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost_in_popular_culture" title="Paradise Lost in popular culture"><i>Paradise Lost</i> in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_poetic_style" title="John Milton's poetic style">John Milton's poetic style</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visio_Tnugdali" title="Visio Tnugdali">Visio Tnugdali</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.nb.no/extrip/beacon/result?query=milton&country=8052&mode=all&pagesize=50">Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Milton</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton1674-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilton1674_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilton1674">Milton 1674</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524063408/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/note/index.shtml">"Paradise Lost: Introduction"</a>. <i>Dartmouth College</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/note/index.shtml">the original</a> on 24 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dartmouth+College&rft.atitle=Paradise+Lost%3A+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~milton%2Freading_room%2Fpl%2Fnote%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Milton-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Milton_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Milton_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/john-milton">"John Milton"</a>. <i>Poetry Foundation</i>. 19 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poetry+Foundation&rft.atitle=John+Milton&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fbio%2Fjohn-milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabriola2004" class="citation web cs1">Labriola, Albert (15 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=2924">"Paradise Lost"</a>. <i>Literary Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Paradise+Lost&rft.date=2004-11-15&rft.aulast=Labriola&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fsworks.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D2924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xii_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeonard2000">Leonard 2000</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahm, M. H., Stephen Greenblatt, eds. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Norton_Anthology_of_English_Literature" title="The Norton Anthology of English Literature">The Norton Anthology of English Literature</a></i>. New York: Norton, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Herman, Peter C. (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00711357&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA208640010&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"Composing Paradise Lost: blindness and the feminine"</a>. <i>Essays and Studies</i>. <b>62</b>: <span class="nowrap">129–</span>146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+and+Studies&rft.atitle=Composing+Paradise+Lost%3A+blindness+and+the+feminine&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D00711357%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA208640010%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xiii-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard2000xiii_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeonard2000">Leonard 2000</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbent197254-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbent197254_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadbent1972">Broadbent 1972</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2002" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Neil (2002). <i>The Satanic Epic</i>. Princeton University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satanic+Epic&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeskey2005" class="citation book cs1">Teskey, Gordon (2005). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paradiselostauth00milt_0/page/"><i>Paradise Lost: A Norton Critical Edition</i></a>. New York: Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paradiselostauth00milt_0/page/">xxvii–xxviii</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393924282" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393924282"><bdi>978-0393924282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Paradise+Lost%3A+A+Norton+Critical+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xxvii-xxviii&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0393924282&rft.aulast=Teskey&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparadiselostauth00milt_0%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewHarrison2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/69230">"Matthew Simmons (et al)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69230">10.1093/ref:odnb/69230</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matthew+Simmons+%28et+al%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69230&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F69230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBate1962">Bate 1962</a>, pp. 66–67<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBate1962 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreene1989">Greene 1989</a>, p. 27<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGreene1989 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrisman1973">Brisman 1973</a>, pp. 7–8<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrisman1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeats1899">Keats 1899</a>, p. 408<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKeats1899 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhaal2019" class="citation journal cs1">Phaal, Miranda (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmilt.12285">"The Treble Fall: An Interlocking Acrostic in Paradise Lost"</a>. <i>Milton Quarterly</i>. <b>53</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmilt.12285">10.1111/milt.12285</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-348X">1094-348X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202372407">202372407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milton+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Treble+Fall%3A+An+Interlocking+Acrostic+in+Paradise+Lost&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202372407%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1094-348X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmilt.12285&rft.aulast=Phaal&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fmilt.12285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey1999" class="citation cs2">Carey, John (22 July 1999), Danielson, Dennis (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511999116A014/type/book_part">"Milton's Satan"</a>, <i>The Cambridge Companion to Milton</i> (2 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">160–</span>174, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fccol052165226x.011">10.1017/ccol052165226x.011</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65226-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65226-1"><bdi>978-0-521-65226-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Milton&rft.atitle=Milton%27s+Satan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=1999-07-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fccol052165226x.011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65226-1&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FCBO9780511999116A014%2Ftype%2Fbook_part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Preface_to_Paradise_Lost-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Preface_to_Paradise_Lost_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Preface_to_Paradise_Lost_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.somesmart.com/book/4/a-preface-to-paradise-lost">"A Preface to Paradise Lost"</a>. <i>www.somesmart.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.somesmart.com&rft.atitle=A+Preface+to+Paradise+Lost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.somesmart.com%2Fbook%2F4%2Fa-preface-to-paradise-lost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamonEaves1988" class="citation book cs1">Damon, S. Foster; Eaves, Morris (1988). <i>A Blake dictionary: the ideas and symbols of William Blake</i> (Rev. ed. with a new foreword and annotated bibliography ed.). Hanover (N. H.) London: University press of New England for Brown university press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-436-0"><bdi>978-0-87451-436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Blake+dictionary%3A+the+ideas+and+symbols+of+William+Blake&rft.place=Hanover+%28N.+H.%29+London&rft.edition=Rev.+ed.+with+a+new+foreword+and+annotated+bibliography&rft.pub=University+press+of+New+England+for+Brown+university+press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-436-0&rft.aulast=Damon&rft.aufirst=S.+Foster&rft.au=Eaves%2C+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey1999" class="citation cs2">Carey, John (22 July 1999), Danielson, Dennis (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511999116A014/type/book_part">"Milton's Satan"</a>, <i>The Cambridge Companion to Milton</i> (2 ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 161, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fccol052165226x.011">10.1017/ccol052165226x.011</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65226-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65226-1"><bdi>978-0-521-65226-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Milton&rft.atitle=Milton%27s+Satan&rft.pages=161&rft.date=1999-07-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fccol052165226x.011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65226-1&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FCBO9780511999116A014%2Ftype%2Fbook_part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-corkscrews-2010-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brown-corkscrews-2010_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Devin (8 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cslewis.com/corkscrews-cathedrals-and-the-chronicles-of-narnia/">"Corkscrews, Cathedrals, and the Chronicles of Narnia"</a>. <i>Official Site | CSLewis.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Site+%7C+CSLewis.com&rft.atitle=Corkscrews%2C+Cathedrals%2C+and+the+Chronicles+of+Narnia&rft.date=2010-09-08&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cslewis.com%2Fcorkscrews-cathedrals-and-the-chronicles-of-narnia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewenstein2017" class="citation book cs1">Loewenstein, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.12987/9780300183627-004/html">"The Milton Encyclopedia"</a>. In Corns, Thomas N. (ed.). Yale University Press. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12987%2F9780300183627-004">10.12987/9780300183627-004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18362-7"><bdi>978-0-300-18362-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Milton+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12987%2F9780300183627-004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18362-7&rft.aulast=Loewenstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.12987%2F9780300183627-004%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1961">Marshall 1961</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilton1674">Milton 1674</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost/Book_XII#40" class="extiw" title="s:Paradise Lost/Book XII">12.310–314</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehnhof2004">Lehnhof 2004</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilton1674">Milton 1674</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost/Book_IV#40" class="extiw" title="s:Paradise Lost/Book IV">4.42–43</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehnhof2004">Lehnhof 2004</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Kimberly (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24462156">"Raphael's "Potent Tongue": Power and Spectacle in "Paradise Lost"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Milton Quarterly</i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmilt.12010">10.1111/milt.12010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-4326">0026-4326</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24462156">24462156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milton+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Raphael%27s+%22Potent+Tongue%22%3A+Power+and+Spectacle+in+%22Paradise+Lost%22&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0026-4326&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24462156%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmilt.12010&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24462156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Nuis2000">Van Nuis 2000</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikics2004-p22-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mikics2004-p22_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikics2004-p22_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikics2004">Mikics 2004</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikics2004-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikics2004_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikics2004">Mikics 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiberman1999">Biberman 1999</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilton1674">Milton 1674</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost/Book_XI" class="extiw" title="s:Paradise Lost/Book XI">Book 11</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyle2000">Lyle 2000</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding2007-p163-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harding2007-p163_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding2007-p163_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding2007">Harding 2007</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyle2000">Lyle 2000</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyle2000">Lyle 2000</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewalski2003">Lewalski 2003</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebhorn, Wayne A. "The Humanist Tradition and Milton's Satan: The Conservative as Revolutionary". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900, vol. 13, no. 1, The English Renaissance (Winter 1973), pp. 81–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard,_John_2000-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard,_John_2000_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard,_John_2000_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard,_John_2000_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard,_John_2000_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard,_John_2000_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard,_John_2000_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard, John. "Introduction". Paradise Lost. New York: Penguin, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpeterwebster2007" class="citation web cs1">peterwebster (20 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peterwebster.me/2007/11/20/william-empson-against-the-christians/">"William Empson against the Christians"</a>. <i>Webstory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Webstory&rft.atitle=William+Empson+against+the+Christians&rft.date=2007-11-20&rft.au=peterwebster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeterwebster.me%2F2007%2F11%2F20%2Fwilliam-empson-against-the-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaffenden2006" class="citation book cs1">Haffenden, John (2 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/49167"><i>William Empson: Against the Christians</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-383-04203-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-383-04203-0"><bdi>978-1-383-04203-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Empson%3A+Against+the+Christians&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-11-02&rft.isbn=978-1-383-04203-0&rft.aulast=Haffenden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F49167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapelos-Peters2007" class="citation web cs1">Kapelos-Peters, Alexandra (27 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexandrakp.com/text/2007-11/milton%E2%80%99s-just-merciful-and-redemptive-god/">"» Milton's just, merciful and redemptive God"</a>. <i>www.alexandrakp.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alexandrakp.com&rft.atitle=%C2%BB+Milton%27s+just%2C+merciful+and+redemptive+God&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.aulast=Kapelos-Peters&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexandrakp.com%2Ftext%2F2007-11%2Fmilton%25E2%2580%2599s-just-merciful-and-redemptive-god%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2023" class="citation web cs1">David (18 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pintswithjack.com/s6e34/">"S6E34 – AH – Jack's Bookshelf: John Milton, After Hours with Graeme Donaldson"</a>. <i>Pints With Jack</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pints+With+Jack&rft.atitle=S6E34+%E2%80%93+AH+%E2%80%93+Jack%27s+Bookshelf%3A+John+Milton%2C+After+Hours+with+Graeme+Donaldson&rft.date=2023-07-18&rft.au=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pintswithjack.com%2Fs6e34%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Samuel. <i>Lives of the English Poets</i>. New York: Octagon, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blake, William. <i>The Marriage of Heaven and Hell</i>. 1793.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2006">Gregory 2006</a>, p. 178<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGregory2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory_178-179-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_178-179_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_178-179_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF2006">2006</a>, pp. 178–179<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREF2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuint1993">Quint 1993</a>, pp. 325–326<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFQuint1993 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuint1993">Quint 1993</a>, p. 340<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFQuint1993 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/darknessvisible/illlustration/illustration.html"><i>Illustrating Paradise Lost</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201090932/http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/darknessvisible/illlustration/illustration.html">Archived</a> 1 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) from Christ's College, Cambridge, has all twelve on line. See Medina's article for more on the authorship, and all the illustrations, which are also in Commons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter1978-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter1978_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Bridges_Hunter1978" class="citation book cs1">William Bridges Hunter (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozBbAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Milton encyclopedia</i></a>. Bucknell University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-1837-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-1837-7"><bdi>978-0-8387-1837-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Milton+encyclopedia&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8387-1837-7&rft.au=William+Bridges+Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozBbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lockportstreetgallery.com/ParadiseLost.htm">Lockport Street Gallery</a>. Retrieved on 2013-12-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/44739">Art Institute of Chicago</a>. Retrieved on 2013-12-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikipaintings.org/en/eugene-delacroix/milton-dictated-to-his-daughters-the-paradise-lost">WikiPaintings</a>. Retrieved on 2013-12-13.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiberman1999" class="citation cs2">Biberman, M (January 1999), "Milton, Marriage, and a Woman's Right to Divorce", <i>SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900</i>, <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>153, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1556309">10.2307/1556309</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1556309">1556309</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEL%3A+Studies+in+English+Literature+1500%E2%80%931900&rft.atitle=Milton%2C+Marriage%2C+and+a+Woman%27s+Right+to+Divorce&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1556309&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1556309%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Biberman&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadbent1972" class="citation cs2">Broadbent, John (1972), <i><span></span></i>Paradise Lost<i>: Introduction</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521096393" title="Special:BookSources/9780521096393"><bdi>9780521096393</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Lost%3A+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780521096393&rft.aulast=Broadbent&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2007" class="citation cs2">Harding, P (January 2007), "Milton's Serpent and the Birth of Pagan Error", <i>SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900</i>, <b>47</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">161–</span>177, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsel.2007.0003">10.1353/sel.2007.0003</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161758649">161758649</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEL%3A+Studies+in+English+Literature+1500%E2%80%931900&rft.atitle=Milton%27s+Serpent+and+the+Birth+of+Pagan+Error&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsel.2007.0003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161758649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehnhof2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kent_R._Lehnhof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kent R. Lehnhof (page does not exist)">Lehnhof, K.</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=english_articles">"Paradise Lost and the Concept of Creation"</a>, <i>South Central Review</i>, <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>41, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fscr.2004.0021">10.1353/scr.2004.0021</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13244028">13244028</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Central+Review&rft.atitle=Paradise+Lost+and+the+Concept+of+Creation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fscr.2004.0021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13244028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lehnhof&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.chapman.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1004%26context%3Denglish_articles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2000" class="citation cs2">Leonard, John (2000), "Introduction", in Milton, John (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paradiselost000milt"><i>Paradise Lost</i></a>, New York: Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140424393" title="Special:BookSources/9780140424393"><bdi>9780140424393</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Paradise+Lost&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780140424393&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparadiselost000milt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewalski2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kiefer_Lewalski" title="Barbara Kiefer Lewalski">Lewalski, B.</a> (January 2003), "Milton and Idolatry", <i>SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900</i>, <b>43</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>232, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsel.2003.0008">10.1353/sel.2003.0008</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170082234">170082234</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEL%3A+Studies+in+English+Literature+1500%E2%80%931900&rft.atitle=Milton+and+Idolatry&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsel.2003.0008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170082234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lewalski&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyle2000" class="citation cs2">Lyle, J (January 2000), "Architecture and Idolatry in Paradise Lost", <i>SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900</i>, <b>40</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">139–</span>155, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1556158">10.2307/1556158</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1556158">1556158</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEL%3A+Studies+in+English+Literature+1500%E2%80%931900&rft.atitle=Architecture+and+Idolatry+in+Paradise+Lost&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1556158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1556158%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lyle&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1961" class="citation cs2">Marshall, W. H. (January 1961), "Paradise Lost: Felix Culpa and the Problem of Structure", <i>Modern Language Notes</i>, <b>76</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>20, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3040476">10.2307/3040476</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3040476">3040476</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Notes&rft.atitle=Paradise+Lost%3A+Felix+Culpa+and+the+Problem+of+Structure&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1961-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3040476&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3040476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikics2004" class="citation cs2">Mikics, D (2004), "Miltonic Marriage and the Challenge to History in Paradise Lost", <i>Texas Studies in Literature and Language</i>, <b>46</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>48, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftsl.2004.0005">10.1353/tsl.2004.0005</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161371845">161371845</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Studies+in+Literature+and+Language&rft.atitle=Miltonic+Marriage+and+the+Challenge+to+History+in+Paradise+Lost&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftsl.2004.0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161371845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mikics&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton1674" class="citation cs2">Milton, J (1674), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Paradise Lost"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost"><i>Paradise Lost</i> </a></span> (2nd ed.), London: S. Simmons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Lost&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=S.+Simmons&rft.date=1674&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Nuis2000" class="citation cs2">Van Nuis, H (May 2000), "Animated Eve Confronting Her Animus: A Jungian Approach to the Division of Labor Debate in Paradise Lost", <i>Milton Quarterly</i>, <b>34</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">48–</span>56, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1094-348X.2000.tb00619.x">10.1111/j.1094-348X.2000.tb00619.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milton+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Animated+Eve+Confronting+Her+Animus%3A+A+Jungian+Approach+to+the+Division+of+Labor+Debate+in+Paradise+Lost&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1094-348X.2000.tb00619.x&rft.aulast=Van+Nuis&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>John Milton: A Short Introduction</i> (2002 ed., paperback by Roy C. Flannagan, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22620-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22620-8">978-0-631-22620-8</a>; 2008 ed., <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">ebook</a> by Roy Flannagan, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69287-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69287-5">978-0-470-69287-5</a>)</li> <li>Al-Akhras, Sharihan; Green, Mandy (2017). <i>Satanic whispers: Milton's Iblis and the "Great Sultan"</i>. The Seventeenth Century, 32:1, pp. 31–50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0268117X.2016.1252279">10.1080/0268117X.2016.1252279</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2007" class="citation cs2">Black, J., ed. (March 2007), "Paradise Lost", <i>The Broadview Anthology of British Literature</i>, vol. A (Concise ed.), Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">998–</span>1061, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-868-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-868-0"><bdi>978-1-55111-868-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75811389">75811389</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paradise+Lost&rft.btitle=The+Broadview+Anthology+of+British+Literature&rft.place=Peterborough%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E998-%3C%2Fspan%3E1061&rft.edition=Concise&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F75811389&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-868-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford1992" class="citation cs2">Bradford, R. (July 1992), <i>Paradise Lost</i> (1st ed.), Philadelphia: Open University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-09982-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-09982-5"><bdi>978-0-335-09982-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25050319">25050319</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Lost&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=1992-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25050319&rft.isbn=978-0-335-09982-5&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth2003" class="citation cs2">Forsyth, N. (2003), <i>The Satanic Epic</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11339-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11339-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satanic+Epic&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11339-5&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1965" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye, N.</a> (1965), <i>The Return of Eden: Five Essays on Milton's Epics</i>, Toronto: University of Toronto Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+Eden%3A+Five+Essays+on+Milton%27s+Epics&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerrigan2007" class="citation cs2">Kerrigan, W., ed. (2007), <i>The Complete Poetry and Essential Prose of John Milton</i>, New York: Random House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64253-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64253-4"><bdi>978-0-679-64253-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/81940956">81940956</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Poetry+and+Essential+Prose+of+John+Milton&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F81940956&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64253-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1997" class="citation cs2">Miller, T. C., ed. (1997), <i>The Critical Response to John Milton's "Paradise Lost"</i>, Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28926-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28926-2"><bdi>978-0-313-28926-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35762631">35762631</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Critical+Response+to+John+Milton%27s+%22Paradise+Lost%22&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35762631&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28926-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Patrides, C. A. <i>The Age of Milton: Backgrounds to Seventeenth-century Literature</i> (Manchester University, 1980), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0770-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0770-4">0-7190-0770-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1998" class="citation cs2">Walker, Julia M. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medusasmirrorssp00walk"><i>Medusa's Mirrors: Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, and the Metamorphosis of the Female Self</i></a>, University of Delaware Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-625-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-625-8"><bdi>978-0-87413-625-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medusa%27s+Mirrors%3A+Spenser%2C+Shakespeare%2C+Milton%2C+and+the+Metamorphosis+of+the+Female+Self&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87413-625-8&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Julia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedusasmirrorssp00walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParadise+Lost" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paradise_Lost" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Paradise Lost">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost" class="extiw" title="q:Paradise Lost">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost" class="extiw" title="s:Paradise Lost">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28754" class="extiw" title="d:Q28754">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/LIB-SC001">Gustave Doré <i>Paradise Lost</i> Illustrations</a> from the university at Buffalo Libraries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206143925/http://www.romanbooks.co.in/pl1.php">Major Online Resources on <i>Paradise Lost</i></a> (archived 6 February 2011)</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Paradise+Lost&author=Milton&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Paradise Lost</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_text">Online text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Online text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/john-milton/paradise-lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20">Project Gutenberg text version 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26">Project Gutenberg text version 2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_information">Other information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darknessvisible.christs.cam.ac.uk/"><i>darkness visible</i></a> – comprehensive site for students and others new to Milton: contexts, plot and character summaries, reading suggestions, critical history, gallery of illustrations of <i>Paradise Lost</i>, and much more. By students at Milton's Cambridge college, Christ's College.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020804123537/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/bibliography/a-b/index.shtml">Selected bibliography at the Milton Reading Room</a> – includes background, biography, criticism.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Milton" title="Template:John Milton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Milton" title="Template talk:John Milton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Milton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Milton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Milton215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_poetic_style" title="John Milton's poetic style">Poetic style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_reception_history" title="John Milton's reception history">Reception history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_John_Milton" title="Religious views of John Milton">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_politics" title="John Milton's politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_John_Milton" title="Early life of John Milton">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_relationships" title="John Milton's relationships">Relationships</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John-milton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John-milton.jpg/120px-John-milton.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John-milton.jpg/180px-John-milton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John-milton.jpg/240px-John-milton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_1645_Poems" title="Milton's 1645 Poems"><i>Poems</i> 1645</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Morning_of_Christ%27s_Nativity" title="On the Morning of Christ's Nativity">On the Morning of Christ's Nativity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upon_the_Circumcision" title="Upon the Circumcision">Upon the Circumcision</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_(Milton)" title="The Passion (Milton)">The Passion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcades_(Milton)" title="Arcades (Milton)">Arcades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comus_(Milton)" title="Comus (Milton)">Comus</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lycidas" title="Lycidas">Lycidas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/L%27Allegro" title="L'Allegro">L'Allegro</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Il_Penseroso" title="Il Penseroso">Il Penseroso</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paradise Lost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samson_Agonistes" title="Samson Agonistes">Samson Agonistes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_1673_Poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton's 1673 Poems"><i>Poems</i> 1673</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_antiprelatical_tracts" title="Milton's antiprelatical tracts">Antiprelatical tracts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Of_Reformation" title="Of Reformation">Of Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Prelatical_Episcopacy" title="Of Prelatical Episcopacy">Of Prelatical Episcopacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animadversions" title="Animadversions">Animadversions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reason_of_Church-Government_Urged_against_Prelaty" title="The Reason of Church-Government Urged against Prelaty">The Reason of Church-Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apology_for_Smectymnuus" title="Apology for Smectymnuus">Apology for Smectymnuus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_divorce_tracts" title="Milton's divorce tracts">Divorce tracts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Discipline_of_Divorce" title="Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce">Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Martin_Bucer_Concerning_Divorce" title="Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce">Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachordon" title="Tetrachordon">Tetrachordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colasterion" title="Colasterion">Colasterion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_politics" title="John Milton's politics">Political tracts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eikonoklastes" title="Eikonoklastes">Eikonoklastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensio_pro_Populo_Anglicano" title="Defensio pro Populo Anglicano">Defensio pro Populo Anglicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensio_Secunda" title="Defensio Secunda">Defensio Secunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Civil_Power" title="A Treatise of Civil Power">A Treatise of Civil Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ready_and_Easy_Way_to_Establish_a_Free_Commonwealth" title="The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth">The Ready and Easy Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Of_Education" title="Of Education">Of Education</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Britain_(Milton)" title="The History of Britain (Milton)"> The History of Britain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Of_True_Religion" title="Of True Religion">Of True Religion</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual sonnets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/When_I_Consider_How_My_Light_Is_Spent" title="When I Consider How My Light Is Spent">When I Consider How My Light Is Spent</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Late_Massacre_in_Piedmont" title="On the Late Massacre in Piedmont">On the Late Massacre in Piedmont</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Methought_I_Saw_my_Late_Espoused_Saint" title="Methought I Saw my Late Espoused Saint">Methought I Saw my Late Espoused Saint</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Doctrina_Christiana_(Milton)" title="De Doctrina Christiana (Milton)"><i>De Doctrina Christiana</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_(composer)" title="John Milton (composer)">John Milton (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Phillips" title="Edward Phillips">Edward Phillips (nephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(author)" title="John Phillips (author)">John Phillips (nephew)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milton:_A_Poem_in_Two_Books" title="Milton: A Poem in Two Books">Milton: A Poem in Two Books</a></i> (1804–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Miltonic_syllabics" title="Neo-Miltonic syllabics">Neo-Miltonic syllabics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Milton&#039;s_Paradise_Lost85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paradise_Lost" title="Template:Paradise Lost"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paradise_Lost" title="Template talk:Paradise Lost"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paradise_Lost" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paradise Lost"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Milton&#039;s_Paradise_Lost85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paradise Lost</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake%27s_illustrations_of_Paradise_Lost" title="William Blake's illustrations of Paradise Lost">William Blake's illustrations of <i>Paradise Lost</i></a> (art)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(Penderecki)" title="Paradise Lost (Penderecki)">Paradise Lost</a></i> (opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost_in_popular_culture" title="Paradise Lost in popular culture"><i>Paradise Lost</i> in popular culture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a></i> (1671 poem)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Aria" title="Black Aria">Black Aria</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnation_and_a_Day" title="Damnation and a Day">Damnation and a Day</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rattle_That_Lock" title="Rattle That Lock">Rattle That Lock</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Darkness_(Satan)" title="Prince of Darkness (Satan)">Prince of Darkness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pand%C3%A6monium_(Paradise_Lost)" title="Pandæmonium (Paradise Lost)">Pandæmonium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adam_and_Eve170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adam_and_Eve" title="Template:Adam and Eve"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adam_and_Eve" title="Template talk:Adam and Eve"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adam_and_Eve" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adam and Eve"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adam_and_Eve170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offspring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aclima" title="Aclima">Aclima</a> <ul><li>Luluwa</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_(religious_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awan (religious figure)">Awan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azura_(religious_figure)" title="Azura (religious figure)">Azura</a></li> <li>Jumella</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">Tree of the knowledge of good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_(symbolism)" title="Apple (symbolism)">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fig_leaf" title="Fig leaf">Fig leaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figs_in_the_Bible" title="Figs in the Bible">Figs in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_ale" title="Adam's ale">Adam's ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamic_language" title="Adamic language">Adamic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protevangelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protevangelium">Protevangelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_of_the_woman" title="Seed of the woman">Seed of the woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations of Genesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%E2%80%93God_doctrine" title="Adam–God doctrine">Adam–God doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_Mormonism" title="Adam and Eve in Mormonism">Adam and Eve in Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Adam in rabbinic literature">Adam in rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-A%27raf" title="Al-A'raf">Al-A'raf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashya_and_Mashyana" title="Mashya and Mashyana">Mashya and Mashyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_seed" title="Serpent seed">Serpent seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jiva_and_Atman" title="Tree of Jiva and Atman">Tree of Jiva and Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Quran)" title="Tree of life (Quran)">Tree of life (Quran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Endor_Coven" title="Our Lady of Endor Coven">Our Lady of Endor Coven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mama%27s_Affair_(1921_film)" title="Mama's Affair (1921 film)">Mama's Affair</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Morning,_Eve!" title="Good Morning, Eve!">Good Morning, Eve!</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Jug_(film)" title="The Broken Jug (film)">The Broken Jug</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Original_Sin_(film)" title="The Original Sin (film)">The Original Sin</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Private_Lives_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="The Private Lives of Adam and Eve">The Private Lives of Adam and Eve</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_pecado_de_Ad%C3%A1n_y_Eva" title="El pecado de Adán y Eva">El pecado de Adán y Eva</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Biblia_en_pasta" title="La Biblia en pasta">La Biblia en pasta</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Annunciation_(film)" title="The Annunciation (film)">The Annunciation</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Time_Lucky" title="Second Time Lucky">Second Time Lucky</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adipapam" title="Adipapam">Adipapam</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_(1992_film)" title="Adam (1992 film)">Adam</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babs_(2000_film)" title="Babs (2000 film)">Babs</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Eve" title="The Last Eve">The Last Eve</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Year_One_(film)" title="Year One (film)">Year One</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Man_(film)" title="The Tragedy of Man (film)">The Tragedy of Man</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Dog" title="Adam and Dog">Adam and Dog</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tropico_(2013_film)" title="Tropico (2013 film)">Tropico</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Jeu_d%27Adam" title="Le Jeu d'Adam">Le Jeu d'Adam</a></i> (12th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Jug" title="The Broken Jug">The Broken Jug</a></i> (1808)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Man" title="The Tragedy of Man">The Tragedy of Man</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_the_World_and_Other_Business" title="The Creation of the World and Other Business">The Creation of the World and Other Business</a></i> (1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apple_Tree" title="The Apple Tree">The Apple Tree</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dude_(musical)" title="Dude (musical)">Dude</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Up_from_Paradise" title="Up from Paradise">Up from Paradise</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Eden" title="Children of Eden">Children of Eden</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">The Creation</a></i> (1798) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_structure" title="The Creation structure">structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_mort_d%27Adam" title="La mort d'Adam">La mort d'Adam</a></i> (1809)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_(Massenet)" title="Ève (Massenet)">Ève</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Suite" title="Genesis Suite">Genesis Suite</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(opera)" title="Lilith (opera)">Lilith</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Adam" title="Apocalypse of Adam">Apocalypse of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Adam" title="Books of Adam">Books of Adam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Penitence_of_Adam" title="Book of the Penitence of Adam">Book of the Penitence of Adam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/El_amigo_de_%C3%89l_y_Ella" title="El amigo de Él y Ella">El amigo de Él y Ella</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_A" title="Genesis A">Genesis A</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_B" title="Genesis B">Genesis B</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell_(drama)" title="Harrowing of Hell (drama)">Harrowing of Hell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Adam" title="Testament of Adam">Testament of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Truth" title="Testimony of Truth">Testimony of Truth</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_Adam_and_Eve_with_Satan" title="Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan">Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan</a></i> (6th century)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_Genesis" title="Old Saxon Genesis">Old Saxon Genesis</a>" (9th century)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Adam_lay_ybounden" title="Adam lay ybounden">Adam lay ybounden</a>" (15th century)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paradise Lost</a></i> (1667)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Dernier_Homme" title="Le Dernier Homme">Le Dernier Homme</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extracts_from_Adam%27s_Diary" title="Extracts from Adam's Diary">Extracts from Adam's Diary</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eve%27s_Diary" title="Eve's Diary">Eve's Diary</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Genesis_(comic)" title="The Book of Genesis (comic)">The Book of Genesis</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve">The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernward_Doors" title="Bernward Doors">Bernward Doors</a> (1015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapestry_of_Creation" title="Tapestry of Creation">Tapestry of Creation</a> (11th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden" title="Expulsion from the Garden of Eden">Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</a></i> (1425)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Diptych" title="Vienna Diptych">Vienna Diptych</a></i> (15th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Bosch,_Vienna)" title="The Last Judgment (Bosch, Vienna)">The Last Judgment</a></i> (1482)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights" title="The Garden of Earthly Delights">The Garden of Earthly Delights</a></i> (1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(D%C3%BCrer)" title="Adam and Eve (Dürer)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1507)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></i> (1512)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Haywain_Triptych" title="The Haywain Triptych">The Haywain Triptych</a></i> (1516)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eve,_the_Serpent_and_Death" title="Eve, the Serpent and Death">Eve, the Serpent and Death</a></i> (1510s or 1520s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Cranach)" title="Adam and Eve (Cranach)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1528)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve/Gideon_and_the_Fleece" title="Adam and Eve/Gideon and the Fleece">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1550)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man_(Titian)" title="The Fall of Man (Titian)">The Fall of Man</a></i> (1550)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Tintoretto)" title="Adam and Eve (Tintoretto)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (c. 1550)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_with_the_Fall_of_Man" title="The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man">The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man</a></i> (1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man_(Rubens)" title="The Fall of Man (Rubens)">The Fall of Man</a></i> (1628)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_the_Garden_of_Eden" title="Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden">Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden</a></i> (c. 1650)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Poussin)" title="The Four Seasons (Poussin)">The Four Seasons</a></i> (1660s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Koren_Picture-Bible_(1692%E2%80%931696)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696)">The Koren Picture-Bible</a></i> (1692–1696)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Blake%27s_illustrations_of_Paradise_Lost" title="William Blake's illustrations of Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> (19th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_(Cole)" title="Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (Cole)">Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Mourning" title="The First Mourning">The First Mourning</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Rodin)" title="Adam and Eve (Rodin)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Valadon)" title="Adam and Eve (Valadon)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eve_(Davidson)" title="Eve (Davidson)"> Eve</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Tamara_de_Lempicka)" title="Adam and Eve (Tamara de Lempicka)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Serpent_Chooses_Adam_and_Eve" title="The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve">The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(Lebrun)" title="Genesis (Lebrun)">Genesis</a></i> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Dese_Bones_G%27wine_Rise_Again" title="Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again">Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Adam-ondi-Ahman_(hymn)" title="Adam-ondi-Ahman (hymn)">Adam-ondi-Ahman</a>" (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Fruit_(No%C3%ABl_Coward_song)" title="Forbidden Fruit (Noël Coward song)">Forbidden Fruit</a>" (1915)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_(song)" title="The Garden of Eden (song)">The Garden of Eden</a>" (1956)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" title="In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida">In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida</a>" (1968)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Give_Adam_and_Eve_Another_Chance" title="Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance">Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance</a>" (1970)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Man_Gave_Names_to_All_the_Animals" title="Man Gave Names to All the Animals">Man Gave Names to All the Animals</a>" (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cainian_Chronicle" title="The Cainian Chronicle">The Cainian Chronicle</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Eden" title="Visions of Eden">Visions of Eden</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snakes_for_the_Divine" title="Snakes for the Divine">Snakes for the Divine</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam-ondi-Ahman" title="Adam-ondi-Ahman">Adam-ondi-Ahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Eve" title="Tomb of Eve">Tomb of Eve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve" title="Mitochondrial Eve">Mitochondrial Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="Y-chromosomal Adam">Y-chromosomal Adam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Eve" title="The Real Eve">The Real Eve</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Story within a story</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Doraemon:_Nobita%27s_Diary_on_the_Creation_of_the_World" title="Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World">Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Love_(1963_film)" title="Island of Love (1963 film)">Island of Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visitors_(opera)" title="The Visitors (opera)">The Visitors</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Ki_Kahaniyan" title="Bible Ki Kahaniyan">"Adam & Eve"</a> (1992)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Probe_7,_Over_and_Out" title="Probe 7, Over and Out">Probe 7, Over and Out</a>" (1963)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Simpsons_Bible_Stories" title="Simpsons Bible Stories">Simpsons Bible Stories</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela" title="In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela">In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Daesong_Heavy_Industries_II:_Return_to_Innocence" class="mw-redirect" title="Daesong Heavy Industries II: Return to Innocence">Daesong Heavy Industries II: Return to Innocence</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Holly_Bibble" class="mw-redirect" title="Holly Bibble">Holly Bibble</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demon:_The_Fallen" title="Demon: The Fallen">Demon: The Fallen</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamite" title="Pre-Adamite">Pre-Adamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Adam" title="Generations of Adam">Generations of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_cylinder_seal" title="Adam and Eve cylinder seal">Adam and Eve cylinder seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_Genesis" title="Genealogies of Genesis">Genealogies of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnal_knowledge" title="Carnal knowledge">Carnal knowledge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rood" title="Legend of the Rood">Legend of the Rood</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ystorya_Adaf" title="Ystorya Adaf">Ystorya Adaf</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransom_theory_of_atonement" title="Ransom theory of atonement">Ransom theory of atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28754#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1364" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28754#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1364" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28754#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114602-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85227530">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939532n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939532n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35354390">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX2219050">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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