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in different religions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_in_different_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ancient Mesopotamia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ancient Northern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_and_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_and_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ancient Greece and Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_and_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 East Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 West Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polynesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polynesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Polynesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polynesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.1 Other denominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seven_stages_of_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_stages_of_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11.1 Seven stages of punishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_stages_of_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gatekeepers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gatekeepers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11.1.1 Gatekeepers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gatekeepers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_heavens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_heavens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11.2 In the heavens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_heavens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beneath_the_earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beneath_the_earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11.3 Beneath the earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beneath_the_earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Baháʼí Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.15 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meivazhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meivazhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.16 Meivazhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meivazhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.17 Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.18 Taoism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_traditional_and_syncretic_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_traditional_and_syncretic_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.19 Chinese traditional and syncretic religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_traditional_and_syncretic_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.20 Zoroastrianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.21 Mandaeism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.22 Wicca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 In literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hell</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" > 115 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraka" title="Nuraka – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Nuraka" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel" title="Hel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6lle" title="Hölle – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hölle" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%85" title="جحيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جحيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiernu" title="Infiernu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Infiernu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99h%C9%99nn%C9%99m" title="Cəhənnəm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cəhənnəm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="নরক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নরক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-ga%CC%8Dk" title="Tē-ga̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-ga̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D2%A1" title="Тамуҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тамуҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Пекла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пекла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Пекла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пекла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impiyerno" title="Impiyerno – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Impiyerno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4" title="Ад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6i" title="Höi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Höi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakao" title="Pakao – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pakao" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifern" title="Ifern – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ifern" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infern" title="Infern – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Infern" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Тамăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тамăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peklo" title="Peklo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Peklo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffern" title="Uffern – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Uffern" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvede" title="Helvede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Helvede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6lle" title="Hölle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hölle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%A6" title="ނަރަކަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނަރަކަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5rgu" title="Põrgu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põrgu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κόλαση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόλαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infierno" title="Infierno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Infierno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infero" title="Infero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infernu" title="Infernu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Infernu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%AE" title="دوزخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوزخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helviti" title="Helviti – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Helviti" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfer" title="Enfer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enfer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel" title="Hel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infier" title="Infier – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Infier" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifrinn" title="Ifrinn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ifrinn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno" title="Inferno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inferno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5" title="ЖожагӀате – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЖожагӀате" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84" title="地獄 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="地獄" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95" title="નર્ક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નર્ક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%98%A5" title="지옥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지옥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%AD%D6%84" title="Դժոխք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դժոխք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakao" title="Pakao – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pakao" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno" title="Inferno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Inferno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neraka" title="Neraka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neraka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%91%AF%E1%92%AA%E1%90%8A%E1%93%97%E1%92%83" title="ᐃᑯᒪᐊᓗᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᑯᒪᐊᓗᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helv%C3%ADti" title="Helvíti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Helvíti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno" title="Inferno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inferno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גיהנום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גיהנום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neraka" title="Neraka – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Neraka" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95" title="ನರಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನರಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჯოჯოხეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯოჯოხეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%9B%DA%A9" title="نَرٛک – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نَرٛک" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Жаһаннам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жаһаннам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanf%C3%A8" title="Lanfè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lanfè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojeh" title="Dojeh – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dojeh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Тозок – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тозок" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хат – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Хат" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%81" title="ນະຣົກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນະຣົກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infernus" title="Infernus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Infernus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle" title="Elle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ll" title="Häll – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Häll" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragaras" title="Pragaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pragaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infern" title="Infern – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Infern" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokol" title="Pokol – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pokol" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Пекол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пекол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiainan-tsy_hita" title="Fiainan-tsy hita – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiainan-tsy hita" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="നരകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നരകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infern" title="Infern – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Infern" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="नरक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नरक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neraka" title="Neraka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Neraka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B2" title="ငရဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငရဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_(religie)" title="Hel (religie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hel (religie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="नर्क – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नर्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84" title="地獄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地獄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Жоьжахати – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жоьжахати" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvete" title="Helvete – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Helvete" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvete" title="Helvete – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Helvete" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enf%C3%A9" title="Enfé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Enfé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inf%C3%A8rn" title="Infèrn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Infèrn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AE" title="دوږخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دوږخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piek%C5%82o" title="Piekło – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piekło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno" title="Inferno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inferno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iad_(religie)" title="Iad (religie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iad (religie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhu_pacha" title="Ukhu pacha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ukhu pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4" title="Ад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D3%A9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Үөдэн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үөдэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell" title="Hell – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hell" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferri" title="Ferri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ferri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell" title="Hell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%AE" title="دوزخ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دوزخ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peklo" title="Peklo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peklo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekel" title="Pekel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pekel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadaab" title="Cadaab – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cadaab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%AE" title="دۆزەخ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دۆزەخ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Пакао – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пакао" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakao" title="Pakao – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pakao" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetti" title="Helvetti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Helvetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvete" title="Helvete – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Helvete" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impiyerno" title="Impiyerno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Impiyerno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நரகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நரகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwass" title="Arwass – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Arwass" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D3%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Җәһәннәм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җәһәннәм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="నరకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నరకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81" title="นรก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นรก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%AF%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Дӯзах – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дӯзах" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cehennem" title="Cehennem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cehennem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Пекло – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пекло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%AE" title="دوزخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوزخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地獄" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceheneme" title="Ceheneme – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ceheneme" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekla" title="Pekla – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pekla" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84" title="地獄 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地獄" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Naraka" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q564#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hell" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abode of the dead, in various cultures</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the abode of the dead in various cultures and religious traditions around the world. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hell_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hell (disambiguation)">Hell (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations. (June 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Angelico_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fra_Angelico_010.jpg/250px-Fra_Angelico_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fra_Angelico_010.jpg/330px-Fra_Angelico_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fra_Angelico_010.jpg/500px-Fra_Angelico_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2465" /></a><figcaption>The Last Judgment (detail), c.1431, by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> depicting people being tormented in hell</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, hell is a location or state in the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a> are subjected to punitive <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a> after death. Religions with a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history#Cyclical_and_linear_history" title="Philosophy of history">linear</a> <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> history sometimes depict hells as <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternal</a> destinations, such as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, whereas religions with <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> usually depict a hell as an intermediary period between <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnations</a>, as is the case in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>. Religions typically locate hell in another <a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">dimension</a> or under <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface. Other afterlife destinations include <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">limbo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>. Other religions, which do not conceive of the afterlife as a place of punishment or reward, merely describe an abode of the dead, the <a href="/wiki/Grave" title="Grave">grave</a>, a neutral place that is located under the surface of Earth (for example, see <a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">Kur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Hades</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a>). Such places are sometimes equated with the English word hell, though a more correct translation would be "underworld" or "world of the dead". The ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finnic_mythologies" title="Finnic mythologies">Finnic</a> religions include entrances to the underworld from the land of the living. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hel_(1889)_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hel_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/250px-Hel_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hel_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/330px-Hel_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hel_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/500px-Hel_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Hel (1889) by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gehrts" title="Johannes Gehrts">Johannes Gehrts</a>, depicts the Old Norse <a href="/wiki/Hel_(being)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (being)">Hel</a>, a goddess-like figure, in the <a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">location of the same name</a>, which she oversees</figcaption></figure> The modern English word hell is derived from Old English hel, helle (first attested around 725 AD to refer to a nether world of the dead) reaching into the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon pagan period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BARNHART348-1">[1]</a> The word has <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in all branches of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, including Old Norse hel (which refers to both a <a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">location</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hel_(being)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (being)">goddess-like being</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>), <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> helle, <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> hellia, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> hella, and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> halja. All forms ultimately derive from the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> feminine noun *xaljō or *haljō ('concealed place, the underworld'). In turn, the Proto-Germanic form derives from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">o-grade form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Proto-Indo-European root</a> *kel-, *kol-: 'to cover, conceal, save'.<a href="#cite_note-HEL-NOUN-2">[2]</a> Indo-European cognates include Latin cēlāre ("to hide", related to the English word cellar) and early Irish ceilid ("hides"). Upon the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianisation of the Germanic peoples</a>, extensions of the Proto-Germanic *xaljō were reinterpreted to denote the underworld in <a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Christian mythology</a><a href="#cite_note-BARNHART348-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a>). Related early Germanic terms and concepts include Proto-Germanic *xalja-rūnō(n), a feminine compound noun, and *xalja-wītjan, a neutral compound noun. This form is reconstructed from the Latinized Gothic plural noun *haliurunnae (attested by <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>; according to philologist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Orel">Vladimir Orel</a>, meaning '<a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a>'), Old English helle-rúne ('sorceress, <a href="/wiki/Necromancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Necromancer">necromancer</a>', according to Orel), and Old High German helli-rūna 'magic'. The compound is composed of two elements: *xaljō (*haljō) and *rūnō, the Proto-Germanic precursor to Modern English <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">rune</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HELL-RUNE-4">[4]</a> The second element in the Gothic haliurunnae may however instead be an agent noun from the verb rinnan ("to run, go"), which would make its literal meaning "one who travels to the netherworld".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Proto–Germanic *xalja-wītjan (or *halja-wītjan) is reconstructed from Old Norse hel-víti 'hell', Old English helle-wíte 'hell-torment, hell', Old Saxon helli-wīti 'hell', and the Middle High German feminine noun helle-wīze. The compound is a compound of *xaljō (discussed above) and *wītjan (reconstructed from forms such as Old English witt 'right mind, wits', Old Saxon gewit 'understanding', and Gothic un-witi 'foolishness, understanding').<a href="#cite_note-HELVÍTI-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion,_mythology,_and_folklore">Religion, mythology, and folklore</h3></div> Hell appears in several <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>. It is commonly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a> of dead people. A fable about hell which recurs in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> across several cultures is the <a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_long_spoons" title="Allegory of the long spoons">allegory of the long spoons</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punishment">Punishment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG/250px-Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG/330px-Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG/500px-Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Preserved colonial wall paintings of 1802 depicting Hell,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> by Tadeo Escalante, inside the Church of San Juan Bautista in <a href="/wiki/Huaro_District" title="Huaro District">Huaro</a>, Peru</figcaption></figure> Punishment in hell typically corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a> committed during life. Sometimes these distinctions are specific, with <a href="/wiki/Damnation#Religious" title="Damnation">damned</a> souls suffering for each sin committed, such as in Plato's <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a> or Dante's <a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a>, but sometimes they are general, with condemned sinners relegated to one or more chamber of hell or to a level of suffering.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In many religious cultures, including Christianity and Islam, hell is often depicted as fiery, painful, and harsh, inflicting suffering on the guilty.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Despite these common depictions of hell as a place of fire, some other traditions portray hell as cold. Buddhist – and particularly Tibetan Buddhist – descriptions of hell feature an equal number of hot and cold hells. Among Christian descriptions <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a> portrays the innermost (9th) circle of hell as a frozen lake of blood and guilt.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> But cold also played a part in earlier Christian depictions of hell or purgatory, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Apocalypse of Paul</a>, originally from the early third century;<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> the "<a href="/wiki/Vision_of_Dryhthelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision of Dryhthelm">Vision of Dryhthelm</a>" by the Venerable <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> from the seventh century;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> "<a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Purgatory" title="St Patrick's Purgatory">St Patrick's Purgatory</a>", "The Vision of Tundale" or "<a href="/wiki/Visio_Tnugdali" title="Visio Tnugdali">Visio Tnugdali</a>", and the "Vision of the <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Eynsham" title="Adam of Eynsham">Monk of Eynsham</a>", all from the twelfth century;<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and the "Vision of Thurkill" from the early thirteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_in_different_religions">Examples in different religions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg/250px-The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg/330px-The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg/500px-The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>In this <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a> scene, a person's heart is weighed on the scale of <a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Feather_of_truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather of truth">feather of truth</a>, by the canine-headed <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibis</a>-headed <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a>, records the result. If his heart is lighter than the feather, the person is allowed to pass into the <a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">afterlife</a>. If not, he is eaten by the crocodile-headed <a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> With the rise of the cult of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a>, the "democratization of religion" offered to even his humblest followers the prospect of eternal life, with moral fitness becoming the dominant factor in determining a person's suitability. At death a person faced judgment by a tribunal of forty-two divine judges. If they had led a life in conformance with the precepts of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a>, who represented truth and right living, the person was welcomed into the heavenly <a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">reed fields</a>. If found guilty the person was thrown to <a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a>, the "devourer of the dead" and would be condemned to the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">lake of fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The person taken by the devourer is subject first to terrifying punishment and then annihilated. These depictions of punishment may have influenced medieval perceptions of the inferno in hell via early <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copt" class="mw-redirect" title="Copt">Coptic</a> texts.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Purification for those considered justified appears in the descriptions of "Flame Island", where humans experience the triumph over evil and rebirth. For the damned complete destruction into a state of non-being awaits but there is no suggestion of eternal torture; the weighing of the heart in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian mythology</a> can lead to annihilation.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Tale of Khaemwese describes the <a href="/wiki/Dives_and_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dives and Lazarus">torment of a rich man</a>, who lacked charity, when he dies and compares it to the blessed state of a poor man who has also died.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Divine pardon at judgment always remained a central concern for the ancient Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Modern understanding of Egyptian notions of hell relies on six ancient texts:<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <ol><li>The Book of Two Ways (Book of the Ways of Rosetau)</li> <li>The Book of Amduat (Book of the Hidden Room, Book of That Which Is in the Underworld)</li> <li>The Book of Gates</li> <li>The Book of the Dead (Book of Going Forth by Day)</li> <li>The Book of the Earth</li> <li>The Book of Caverns</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Mesopotamia">Ancient Mesopotamia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">Ancient Mesopotamian underworld</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/330px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/500px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/960px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> impression showing the god <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid</a> being tortured in the <a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">Underworld</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a> demons</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> afterlife was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground,<a href="#cite_note-Choksi2014-25">[25]</a> where inhabitants were believed to continue "a shadowy version of life on earth".<a href="#cite_note-Choksi2014-25">[25]</a> This bleak domain was known as <a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">Kur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 114  and was believed to be ruled by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Choksi2014-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nemet1998-27">[27]</a>: 184  All souls went to the same afterlife,<a href="#cite_note-Choksi2014-25">[25]</a> and a person's actions during life had no effect on how the person would be treated in the world to come.<a href="#cite_note-Choksi2014-25">[25]</a> The souls in Kur were believed to eat nothing but dry <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a><a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 58  and family members of the deceased would ritually pour <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libations</a> into the dead person's grave through a clay pipe, thereby allowing the dead to drink.<a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 58  Nonetheless, funerary evidence indicates that some people believed that the goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, Ereshkigal's younger sister, had the power to award her devotees with special favors in the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-Choksi2014-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a>, it was believed that a person's treatment in the afterlife depended on how he or she was buried;<a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 58  those that had been given sumptuous burials would be treated well,<a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 58  but those who had been given poor burials would fare poorly.<a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 58  The entrance to Kur was believed to be located in the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagros mountains">Zagros mountains</a> in the far east.<a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 114  It had seven gates, through which a soul needed to pass.<a href="#cite_note-Choksi2014-25">[25]</a> The god <a href="/wiki/Neti_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neti (deity)">Neti</a> was the gatekeeper.<a href="#cite_note-Nemet1998-27">[27]</a>: 184 <a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 86  Ereshkigal's sukkal, or messenger, was the god <a href="/wiki/Namtar" title="Namtar">Namtar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 134 <a href="#cite_note-Nemet1998-27">[27]</a>: 184  <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">Galla</a> were a class of demons that were believed to reside in the underworld;<a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 85  their primary purpose appears to have been to drag unfortunate mortals back to Kur.<a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 85  They are frequently referenced in magical texts,<a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 85–86  and some texts describe them as being seven in number.<a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 85–86  Several extant poems describe the galla dragging the god <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid</a> into the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-Black1992-26">[26]</a>: 86  The later Mesopotamians knew this underworld by its <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> name: <a href="/wiki/Irkalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Irkalla">Irkalla</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a>, Ereshkigal's role as the ruler of the underworld was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>, the god of death.<a href="#cite_note-Choksi2014-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nemet1998-27">[27]</a>: 184  The Akkadians attempted to harmonize this dual rulership of the underworld by making Nergal Ereshkigal's husband.<a href="#cite_note-Choksi2014-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Northern_Europe">Ancient Northern Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel (location)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nav_(Slavic_folklore)" title="Nav (Slavic folklore)">Nav (Slavic folklore)</a></div> The hells of Europe include <a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton mythology</a>'s "Anaon", <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>'s "Uffern", <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic mythology</a>'s "Peklo", <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>'s <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a>, the hell of <a href="/wiki/Sami_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami mythology">Sami mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a> "<a href="/wiki/Tuonela" title="Tuonela">Tuonela</a>" ("manala").[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece_and_Rome">Ancient Greece and Rome</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></div> In classic <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, below heaven, Earth, and <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a> is <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>, or Tartaros (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Τάρταρος). It is either a deep, gloomy place, a pit or abyss used as a dungeon of torment and suffering that resides within Hades (the entire <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">underworld</a>) with Tartarus being the hellish component. In the <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (c. 400 BC) wrote that souls of the deceased were judged after they <a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">paid for crossing the river of the dead</a> and those who received punishment were sent to Tartarus.<a href="#cite_note-gorgias-sokrates-29">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] As a place of punishment, it can be considered a hell. The classic <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Hades</a>, on the other hand, is more similar to Old Testament Sheol. The Romans later <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">adopted these views</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h3></div> The hell of <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a> mythology is called kuzimu, and belief in it developed in the 7th and 8th century under the influence of Muslim merchants at the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> coast.<a href="#cite_note-kuzimu-30">[30]</a> It is imagined as a very cold place.<a href="#cite_note-kuzimu-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> rejects the general notion of <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> and hell.<a href="#cite_note-Thiaw-31">[31]</a> In Serer religion, acceptance by the ancestors who have long departed is as close to any heaven as one can get. Rejection and becoming a wandering soul is a sort of hell for one <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">passing over</a>. The souls of the dead must make their way to Jaaniw (the sacred dwelling place of the soul). Only those who have lived their lives on earth in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion#Religious_law" title="Serer religion">Serer doctrines</a> will be able to make this necessary journey and thus be accepted by the ancestors. Those who cannot make the journey become lost and wandering souls, but they do not burn in "hell fire".<a href="#cite_note-Thiaw-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> mythology, wicked people (guilty of e.g. theft, witchcraft, murder, or cruelty<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>) are confined to Orun Apaadi (heaven of potsherds), while the good people continue to live in the ancestral realm, Orun Baba Eni (heaven of our fathers).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polynesia">Polynesia</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bagobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagobo">Bagobo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> have the otherworld "Gimokodan", where the Red Region is reserved who those who died in battle, while ordinary people go to the White Region.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3></div> According to a few sources, hell is below ground, and described as an uninviting wet<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> or fiery place reserved for sinful people in the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu religion</a>, as stated by missionary <a href="/wiki/John_Batchelor_(missionary)" title="John Batchelor (missionary)">John Batchelor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> However, belief in hell does not appear in <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> of the Ainu.<a href="#cite_note-yamada-38">[38]</a> Instead, there is belief within the Ainu religion that the soul of the deceased (ramat) would become a <a href="/wiki/Kamuy" title="Kamuy">kamuy</a> after death.<a href="#cite_note-yamada-38">[38]</a> There is also belief that the soul of someone who has been wicked during lifetime, committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide#Religious_views" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, got murdered or died in great agony would become a <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghost</a> (tukap) who would haunt the living,<a href="#cite_note-yamada-38">[38]</a> to come to fulfillment from which it was excluded during life.<a href="#cite_note-adami-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qlippoth" title="Qlippoth">Qlippoth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> does not have a specific doctrine about the afterlife, but it does have a mystical/Orthodox tradition of describing <a href="/wiki/Gehinnom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gehinnom">Gehinnom</a>. Gehinnom is originally a grave and in later times a sort of Purgatory where one is judged based on one's life's deeds, or rather, where one becomes fully aware of one's own shortcomings and negative actions during one's life. The <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> explains it as a "waiting room" (commonly translated as an "entry way") for all souls (not just the wicked). The overwhelming majority of rabbinic thought maintains that people are not in Gehinnom forever; the longest that one can be there is said to be 12 months, however, there has been the occasional noted exception. Some consider it a spiritual forge where the soul is purified for its eventual ascent to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology#World_to_come" title="Jewish eschatology">Olam Habah</a> (heb. עולם הבא; lit. "The world to come", often viewed as analogous to heaven). This is also mentioned in the Kabbalah, where the soul is described as breaking, like the flame of a candle lighting another: the part of the soul that ascends being pure and the "unfinished" piece being reborn. According to Jewish teachings, hell is not entirely physical; rather, it can be compared to a very intense feeling of shame. People are ashamed of their misdeeds and this constitutes suffering which makes up for the bad deeds. When one has so deviated from the will of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>, one is said to be in Gehinnom. This is not meant to refer to some point in the future, but to the very present moment. The gates of <a href="/wiki/Teshuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Teshuva">teshuva</a> (return) are said to be always open, and so one can align his will with that of God at any moment. Being out of alignment with God's will is itself a punishment according to the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>. Many scholars of Jewish mysticism, particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, describe seven "compartments" or "habitations" of hell, just as they describe seven divisions of heaven. These divisions go by many different names, and the most frequently mentioned are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: שְׁאוֹל – "<a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>"; "grave")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: אֲבַדּוֹן – "doom", "perdition")</li> <li>Be'er Shachat (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: בְּאֵר שַׁחַת, Be'er Shachath – "pit of corruption")</li> <li>Tit ha-Yaven (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: טִיט הַיָוֵן – "clinging mud")</li> <li>Sha'are Mavet (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: שַׁעֲרֵי מָוֶת, Sha'arei Maveth – "gates of death")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Tzalmavet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: צַלמָוֶת, Tsalmaveth – "shadow of death")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehinnom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: גֵיהִנוֹם, Gehinnom – "valley of <a href="/wiki/Hinnom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinnom">Hinnom</a>"; "<a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>")</li></ul> Besides those mentioned above, there also exist additional terms that have been often used to either refer to hell in general or to some region of the underworld: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: עֲזָאזֵל, compd. of ez עֵז: "goat" + azal אָזַל: "to go away" – "goat of departure", "scapegoat"; "entire removal", "damnation")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudael" title="Dudael">Dudael</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: דּוּדָאֵל – lit. "cauldron of God")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehom" title="Tehom">Tehom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: תְהוֹם – "<a href="/wiki/Abyss_(religion)" title="Abyss (religion)">abyss</a>"; "sea", "deep ocean")<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tophet" title="Tophet">Tophet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: תֹּפֶת or תוֹפֶת, Topheth – "fire-place", "place of burning", "place to be spit upon"; "inferno")<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzoah_Rotachat" title="Tzoah Rotachat">Tzoah Rotachat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: צוֹאָה רוֹתֵחַת, Tsoah Rothachath – "boiling excrement")<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">Mashchit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מַשְׁחִית, Mashchith – "destruction", "ruin")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: דוּמָה – "silence")</li> <li>Neshiyyah (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: נְשִׁיָּה – "oblivion", "<a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a>")</li> <li>Bor Shaon (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: בּוֹר שָׁאוֹן – "cistern of sound")</li> <li>Eretz Tachtit (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: אֶרֶץ תַּחְתִּית, Erets Tachtith – "lowest earth").<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li>Masak Mavdil (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מָסָך מַבְדִּ֔יל, Masak Mabdil – "dividing curtain")</li> <li>Haguel (<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ethiopic</a>: ሀጉለ – "(place of) destruction", "loss", "waste")<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikisat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikisat">Ikisat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ethiopic</a>: አክይስት – "serpents", "<a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragons</a>"; "place of future punishment")<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> declares in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith#Maimonides'_13_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">his 13 principles of faith</a> that the hells of the rabbinic literature were pedagogically motivated inventions to encourage respect of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> commandments by mankind, which had been regarded as immature.<a href="#cite_note-perek-helek-d-50">[50]</a> Instead of being sent to hell, the souls of the wicked would actually get annihilated.<a href="#cite_note-perek-helek-c-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Christian views on Hades</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valley_of_Hinom_PA180090.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valley_of_Hinom_PA180090.JPG/250px-Valley_of_Hinom_PA180090.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valley_of_Hinom_PA180090.JPG/330px-Valley_of_Hinom_PA180090.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valley_of_Hinom_PA180090.JPG/500px-Valley_of_Hinom_PA180090.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Hinnom" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Hinnom">Valley of Hinnom</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Bad_Rich_Man_in_Hell_(Le_mauvais_riche_dans_l%27Enfer)_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Bad_Rich_Man_in_Hell_%28Le_mauvais_riche_dans_l%27Enfer%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Bad_Rich_Man_in_Hell_%28Le_mauvais_riche_dans_l%27Enfer%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Bad_Rich_Man_in_Hell_%28Le_mauvais_riche_dans_l%27Enfer%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Bad_Rich_Man_in_Hell_%28Le_mauvais_riche_dans_l%27Enfer%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Bad_Rich_Man_in_Hell_%28Le_mauvais_riche_dans_l%27Enfer%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Bad_Rich_Man_in_Hell_%28Le_mauvais_riche_dans_l%27Enfer%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">parable</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Rich man and Lazarus</a> depicting the rich man in hell asking for help to Abraham and Lazarus in <a href="/wiki/Heaven_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven (Christianity)">heaven</a> by James Tissot</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrowing_of_hell_Christ_leads_Adam_by_the_hand._On_scroll_in_border,_the_motto_%27Entre_tenir_Dieu_le_viuelle%27_(f._125)_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Harrowing_of_hell_Christ_leads_Adam_by_the_hand._On_scroll_in_border%2C_the_motto_%27Entre_tenir_Dieu_le_viuelle%27_%28f._125%29_Cropped.jpg/250px-Harrowing_of_hell_Christ_leads_Adam_by_the_hand._On_scroll_in_border%2C_the_motto_%27Entre_tenir_Dieu_le_viuelle%27_%28f._125%29_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Harrowing_of_hell_Christ_leads_Adam_by_the_hand._On_scroll_in_border%2C_the_motto_%27Entre_tenir_Dieu_le_viuelle%27_%28f._125%29_Cropped.jpg/330px-Harrowing_of_hell_Christ_leads_Adam_by_the_hand._On_scroll_in_border%2C_the_motto_%27Entre_tenir_Dieu_le_viuelle%27_%28f._125%29_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Harrowing_of_hell_Christ_leads_Adam_by_the_hand._On_scroll_in_border%2C_the_motto_%27Entre_tenir_Dieu_le_viuelle%27_%28f._125%29_Cropped.jpg/500px-Harrowing_of_hell_Christ_leads_Adam_by_the_hand._On_scroll_in_border%2C_the_motto_%27Entre_tenir_Dieu_le_viuelle%27_%28f._125%29_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="2254" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a>. Christ leads Adam by the hand, c.1504</figcaption></figure> The Christian doctrine of hell derives from passages in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The English word hell does not appear in the Greek New Testament; instead one of three words is used: the Greek words Tartarus or Hades, or the Hebrew word Gehinnom. In the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> and New Testament, the authors used the Greek term Hades for the Hebrew Sheol, but often with Jewish rather than Greek concepts in mind. In the Jewish concept of Sheol, such as expressed in Ecclesiastes,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Sheol or Hades is a place where there is no activity. However, since <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>, some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] Christians have believed that the souls of those who die either rest peacefully, in the case of Christians, or are afflicted, in the case of the damned, after death until the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hoekema-53">[53]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hebrew OT </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> </th> <th>Greek NT </th> <th>times in NT </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>שְׁאוֹל (Sheol)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td> <td>Ἅιδης (Haïdēs)<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td> <td>ᾌδης (Ádēs)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td> <td>x10<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td> <td>infernus<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </td> <td>Hell </td> <td>Hades </td></tr> <tr> <td>גֵיא בֶן־הִנֹּם (Ge Hinom)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td> <td>Εννομ (Ennom)<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>γέεννα (géenna)<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>x11<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </td> <td>gehennae<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>/gehennam<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td> <td>Hell </td> <td>Hell </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Not applicable) </td> <td>(Not applicable) </td> <td>Ταρταρόω (Tartaróō)<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </td> <td>x1 </td> <td>tartarum<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td> <td>Hell </td> <td>Hell </td></tr></tbody></table> While these three terms are translated in the KJV as "hell", they have three very different meanings. <ul><li>Hades has similarities to the Old Testament term, <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a> as "the place of the dead" or "grave". Thus, it is used in reference to both the righteous and the wicked, since both wind up there eventually.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a> refers to the "Valley of Hinnom", which was a garbage dump outside of Jerusalem. It was a place that contained a dump where people burned their garbage. Bodies of those deemed to have died in sin without hope of salvation (such as people who committed suicide) were thrown there to be destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Gehenna is used in the New Testament as a metaphor for the final place of punishment for the wicked after the resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Tartaróō (the verb "throw to <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>", used of the fall of the Titans in a <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholium</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Iliad" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iliad">Iliad</a> 14.296) occurs only once in the New Testament in II Peter 2:4, where it is parallel to the use of the noun form in <a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">1 Enoch</a> as the place of incarceration of the fallen angels. It mentions nothing about human souls being sent there in the afterlife.</li></ul> According to the Roman Catholic Church, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> taught, in the 5th canon of its 14th session, that damnation is eternal: "...the loss of eternal blessedness, and the eternal damnation which he has incurred..."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> defines hell as "a state of definitive self-exclusion from communion with God and the blessed". One finds oneself in hell as the result of dying in <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sin</a> without repenting and accepting God's merciful love, becoming eternally separated from him by one's own free choice<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> immediately after death.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the Roman Catholic Church, many other Christian churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Episcopalians" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopalians">Episcopalians</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> churches,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> hell is taught as the final destiny of those who have not been found worthy after the <a href="/wiki/General_resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="General resurrection">general resurrection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Last_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Last judgment">last judgment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> where they will permanently separated from God.<a href="#cite_note-EMCC2017-77">[77]</a> The nature of this judgment is inconsistent with many <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches teaching the saving comes from accepting Jesus Christ as their savior, while the Greek Orthodox and Catholic Churches teach that the judgment hinges on both faith and works. However, many <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Christian">Liberal Christians</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a> churches believe in <a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">universal reconciliation</a> (see below), even though it contradicts the traditional doctrines that are usually held by the evangelicals within their denominations.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Regarding the belief in hell, the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a> is also relevant.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Some modern Christian theologians subscribe to the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Christian_conditionalism" title="Christian conditionalism">conditional immortality</a>. Conditional immortality is the belief that the soul dies with the body and does not live again until the resurrection. As with other Jewish writings of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> period, the New Testament text distinguishes two words, both translated "hell" in older English Bibles: Hades, "the grave", and Gehenna where God "can destroy both body and soul".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Some Christians read this to mean that neither Hades nor Gehenna are eternal but refer to the ultimate destruction of the wicked in the lake of fire after resurrection. However, because of the Greek words used in translating from the Hebrew text, the Hebrew ideas have become confused with Greek myths and ideas. In the Hebrew text when people died they went to <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a>, the grave<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and the wicked ultimately went to Gehenna and were consumed by fire. The Hebrew words for "the grave" or "death" or "eventual destruction of the wicked", were translated using Greek words and later texts became a mix of mistranslation, pagan influence, and Greek myth.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Christian mortalism</a> is the doctrine that all men and women, including Christians, must die, and do not continue and are not conscious after death. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Annihilationism" title="Annihilationism">annihilationism</a> includes the doctrine that "the wicked" are also destroyed rather than <a href="/wiki/Tortured" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortured">tormented</a> <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">forever</a> in hell. Christian mortalism and annihilationism are directly related to the doctrine of conditional immortality, the idea that a human <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> is not immortal unless it is given eternal life at the <a href="/wiki/Second_coming_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second coming of Christ">second coming of Christ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>. Biblical scholars looking at the issue through the Hebrew text have denied the teaching of innate immortality.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortality of the soul">immortality of the soul</a>, and advocacy of Christian mortalism, was a feature of Protestantism since the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> himself rejecting the traditional idea, though his mortalism did not carry into orthodox <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. One of the most notable English opponents of the immortality of the soul was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> who describes the idea as a Greek "contagion" in Christian doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Modern proponents of conditional immortality include some in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican church">Anglican church</a> such as <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and as denominations the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Living_Church_of_God" title="Living Church of God">Living Church of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_International_(United_States)" title="Church of God International (United States)">Church of God International</a>, and some other <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. The Catholic Catechism states "The souls of sinners descend into hell, where they suffer 'eternal fire'". However, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vincent_Nichols" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Vincent Nichols">Cardinal Vincent Nichols</a>, the most senior Catholic in England and Wales, said "there's nowhere in Catholic teaching that actually says any one person is in hell".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The 1993 <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> states: "This state of definitive self-exclusion from communion with God and the blessed is called 'hell'"<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and "they suffer the punishments of hell, 'eternal fire'".<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The chief punishment of hell is eternal separation from God" (CCC 1035). During an Audience in 1999, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> commented: "images of hell that Sacred Scripture presents to us must be correctly interpreted. They show the complete frustration and emptiness of life without God. Rather than a place, hell indicates the state of those who freely and definitively separate themselves from God, the source of all life and joy."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_denominations">Other denominations</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>'s <a href="/wiki/28_Fundamental_Beliefs" title="28 Fundamental Beliefs">official beliefs</a> support <a href="/wiki/Annihilationism" title="Annihilationism">annihilationism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> They deny the Catholic purgatory and teach that the dead lie in the grave until they are <a href="/wiki/Last_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Last judgment">raised for a last judgment</a>, both the righteous and wicked await the resurrection at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>. Seventh-day Adventists believe that <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> is a state of <a href="/wiki/Soul_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul sleep">unconscious sleep</a> until the resurrection. They base this belief on biblical texts such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ecclesiastes%209:5">Ecclesiastes 9:5</a> which states "the dead know nothing", and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Thessalonians%204:13–18">1 Thessalonians 4:13–18</a> which contains a description of the dead being raised from the <a href="/wiki/Grave_(burial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave (burial)">grave</a> at the second coming. These verses, it is argued, indicate that death is only a period or form of slumber. Adventists teach that the resurrection of the righteous will take place shortly after the second coming of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, as described in Revelation 20:4–6 that follows Revelation 19:11–16, whereas the resurrection of the wicked will occur after the <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennium</a>, as described in Revelation 20:5 and 20:12–13 that follow Revelation 20:4 and 6–7, though Revelation 20:12–13 and 15 actually describe a mixture of saved and condemned people being raised from the dead and judged. Adventists reject the traditional doctrine of hell as a state of everlasting conscious torment, believing instead that the wicked will be permanently destroyed after the millennium by the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">lake of fire</a>, which is called 'the <a href="/wiki/Second_death" title="Second death">second death</a>' in Revelation 20:14. Those Adventist doctrines about death and hell reflect an underlying belief in: (a) conditional immortality (or conditionalism), as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>; and (b) the <a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">monistic nature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Human beings">human beings</a>, in which the soul is not separable from the body, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Bipartite_(theology)" title="Bipartite (theology)">bipartite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_(theology)" title="Tripartite (theology)">tripartite</a> conceptions, in which the soul is separable. <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> hold that the soul ceases to exist when the person dies<a href="#cite_note-bibleteach-93">[93]</a> and therefore that hell (Sheol or Hades) is a state of non-existence.<a href="#cite_note-bibleteach-93">[93]</a> In their theology, Gehenna differs from Sheol or Hades in that it holds no hope of a resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-bibleteach-93">[93]</a> Tartarus is held to be the metaphorical state of debasement of the fallen angels between the time of their moral fall (Genesis chapter 6) until their post-millennial destruction along with Satan (Revelation chapter 20).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a> also believe in annihilationism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Christian_Universalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Universalism">Christian Universalists</a> believe in <a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">universal reconciliation</a>, the belief that all human souls will be eventually reconciled with God and admitted to heaven.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> This belief is held by some <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian-Universalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> revelation, hell exists because evil people want it.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> They, not God, introduced evil to the human race.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a>, every soul joins the like-minded group after death in which it feels the most comfortable. Hell is therefore believed to be a place of happiness for the souls which delight in evilness.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) teach that hell is a state between death and resurrection, in which those spirits who did not repent while on earth must suffer for their own sins (Doctrine and Covenants 19:15–17<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>). After that, only the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition_(Mormonism)" title="Son of perdition (Mormonism)">Sons of perdition</a>, who committed the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a>, would be cast into <a href="/wiki/Outer_darkness" title="Outer darkness">Outer darkness</a>. However, according to Mormon faith, committing the Eternal sin requires so much knowledge that most persons cannot do this.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> are counted as examples of Sons of perdition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_and_%22shameless_women%22_in_Hell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Muhammad_and_%22shameless_women%22_in_Hell.jpg/250px-Muhammad_and_%22shameless_women%22_in_Hell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Muhammad_and_%22shameless_women%22_in_Hell.jpg/330px-Muhammad_and_%22shameless_women%22_in_Hell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Muhammad_and_%22shameless_women%22_in_Hell.jpg/500px-Muhammad_and_%22shameless_women%22_in_Hell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Buraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, visit <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a>. Persian miniature, 15th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tree_of_Zaqqum_(2012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_tree_of_Zaqqum_%282012%29.jpg/250px-The_tree_of_Zaqqum_%282012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_tree_of_Zaqqum_%282012%29.jpg/330px-The_tree_of_Zaqqum_%282012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_tree_of_Zaqqum_%282012%29.jpg/440px-The_tree_of_Zaqqum_%282012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>The Tree of <a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqum</a> that grows in Jahannam (Hell), whose dwellers are compelled to eat the bitter fruit for eternity.</figcaption></figure> In Islam, <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a>: جهنم) (related to the Hebrew word gehinnom) is the counterpart to heaven and likewise divided into seven layers, both co-existing with the temporal world,<a href="#cite_note-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies-104">[104]</a> filled with blazing fire, boiling water, and a variety of other torments for those who have been condemned to it in the hereafter. In the Quran, God declares that the fire of Jahannam is prepared for both mankind and <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> After the Day of Judgment, it is to be occupied by those who do not believe in God, those who have disobeyed <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">his laws</a>, or rejected his <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam#Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">messengers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> "Enemies of Islam" are sent to hell immediately upon their deaths.<a href="#cite_note-RFIBA-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Muslim modernists</a> downplay the vivid descriptions of hell common during Classical period, on one hand reaffirming that the afterlife must not be denied, but simultaneously asserting its exact nature remains unknown. Other modern Muslims continue the line of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> as an interiorized hell, combining the eschatological thoughts of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> with Western philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies-104">[104]</a> Although disputed by some scholars, most scholars consider jahannam to be eternal.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies-104">[104]</a> There is belief that the fire which represents the own bad deeds can already be seen during the <a href="/wiki/Punishment_of_the_Grave" title="Punishment of the Grave">Punishment of the Grave</a>, and that the spiritual pain caused by this can lead to purification of the soul.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Not all Muslims and scholars agree whether hell is an eternal destination or whether some or all of the condemned will eventually be forgiven and allowed to enter paradise.<a href="#cite_note-RFIBA-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-idiot-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Over hell, a narrow bridge called <a href="/wiki/As-Sir%C4%81t" title="As-Sirāt">As-Sirāt</a> is spanned. On <a href="/wiki/Judgment_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment Day">Judgment Day</a> one must pass over it to reach paradise, but those destined for hell will find too narrow and fall into their new abode.<a href="#cite_note-EWR-421-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a>, the temporary ruler of hell,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> is thought of residing in the bottom of hell, from where he commands his hosts of infernal demons.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> But contrary to Christian traditions, Iblis and his infernal hosts do not wage war against God,<a href="#cite_note-idiot-111">[111]</a> his enmity applies against humanity only. Further, his dominion in hell is also his punishment. Executioners of punishment are the 19 <a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">zabaniyya</a>, who have been created from the fires of hell.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Muhammad said that the fire of Jahannam is 70 times hotter than ordinary fire, and is much more painful than ordinary fire.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seven_stages_of_punishment">Seven stages of punishment</h4></div> The seven gates of jahannam, mentioned in the Quran, inspired <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Muslim exegetes</a> (tafsir) to develop a system of seven stages of hell, analogue to the seven doors of paradise. The stages of hell get their names by seven different terms used for hell throughout the Quran. Each is assigned for a different type of sinners. The concept later accepted by Sunni authorities list the levels of hell as follows, although some stages may vary:<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a> (جهنم Gehenna)</li> <li>Laza (لظى fierce blaze)</li> <li>Hutama (حُطَمَة crushing fire)</li> <li>Sa'ir (سعير raging fire)</li> <li>Saqar (سقر scorching fire)</li> <li>Jahim (جحيم furnace)</li> <li>Hawiya (هاوية infernal abyss)</li></ol> The highest level (jahannam) is traditionally thought of as a type of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> reserved for Muslims. Polytheism (<a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a>) is regarded as a particularly grievous sin; therefore entering Paradise is forbidden to a polytheist (<a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">mushrik</a>) because his place is hell;<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and the second lowest level (jahim) only after the bottomless pit for the hypocrites (hawiyah), who claimed aloud to believe in <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> and his messenger but in their <a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">hearts</a> did not.<a href="#cite_note-lazarus-287-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Gatekeepers">Gatekeepers</h5></div> <ul><li>Sukha'il (صوخائيل) of Jahannam</li> <li>Tufa'il (طوفائيل) of Laza</li> <li>Tafta'il (طفطائيل) of Sa'ir</li> <li>Susbabil (صوصَابيل) of Saqar</li> <li>Tarfatil (طرفاطيل) of Jahim</li> <li>Istafatabil (اصطافاطابيل) of Hawiya</li></ul> <a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_heavens">In the heavens</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maalik_opens_the_gates_of_hell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maalik_opens_the_gates_of_hell.jpg/220px-Maalik_opens_the_gates_of_hell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maalik_opens_the_gates_of_hell.jpg/330px-Maalik_opens_the_gates_of_hell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maalik_opens_the_gates_of_hell.jpg/440px-Maalik_opens_the_gates_of_hell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4871" data-file-height="6520" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad requests Malik to show him Hell during his heavenly journey. Miniature from <a href="/wiki/The_David_Collection" title="The David Collection">The David Collection</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although the earliest reports about <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">journey through the heavens</a>, do not locate hell in the heavens,<a href="#cite_note-Colby_2016_Fire_in_the_Upper_Heavens-125">[125]</a> only brief references about visiting hell during the journey appears. But extensive accounts about Muhammad's night journey, in the non-canonical but popular Miraj-Literature, tell about encountering the angels of hell. <a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a>, the keeper to the gates of hell, namely appears in <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas'</a> <a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies-104">[104]</a> The doors to hell are either in the third<a href="#cite_note-Colby_2016_Fire_in_the_Upper_Heavens-125">[125]</a> or fifth heaven,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies-104">[104]</a> or (although only implicitly) in a heaven close <a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God" title="Throne of God">God's throne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Colby_2016_Fire_in_the_Upper_Heavens-125">[125]</a> or directly after entering heaven,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> whereupon Muhammad requests a glaze at hell. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> gives extensive details about Muhammad visiting hell and its inhabitants punished wherein, but can only endure watching the punishments of the first layer of hell.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Muhammad meeting Malik, the Dajjal and hell, was used as a proof for Muhammad's Night Journey.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beneath_the_earth">Beneath the earth</h4></div> Medieval sources often identified hell with the seven earths mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Quran_65:12" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 65:12">Quran 65:12</a>, inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Shaitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaitan">devils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">harsh angels</a>, scorpions and serpents, who torment the sinners. They described thorny shrubs, seas filled with blood and fire and darkness only illuminated by the flames of hell.<a href="#cite_note-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies-104">[104]</a> One popular concept arrange the earths as follows:<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <ol><li>Adim or Ramaka (رمکا) - the surface, on which humans, animals and <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a> live on.</li> <li>Basit or Khawfa (خوفا)</li> <li>Thaqil or 'Arafa (عرفه) - antechamber</li> <li>Batih or Hadna (حدنه) - a valley with stream of boiling sulphur.</li> <li>Hayn or Dama (دمَا)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijjin" title="Sijjin">Sijjin</a>, (سجىن dungeon or prison) or Masika (sometimes, Sijjin is at the bottom) - <a href="/wiki/Quran_83:7" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 83:7">Quran 83:7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nar_as-samum" title="Nar as-samum">Nar as-Samum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamhareer" title="Zamhareer">Zamhareer</a> or As-Saqar / Athara,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> or Hanina (حنينا) - venomous wind of fire and a cold wind of ice.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, the conventional descriptions of hell and heaven are considered to be symbolic representations of spiritual conditions. The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature" title="Baháʼí literature">Baháʼí writings</a> describe closeness to God to be heaven, and conversely, remoteness from God as hell.<a href="#cite_note-lafd-133">[133]</a> The Baháʼí writings state that the soul is immortal and after death it will continue to progress until it finally attains <a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">God's presence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka (Buddhism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngaye_(Naraka)_in_Burmese_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ngaye_%28Naraka%29_in_Burmese_art.jpg/220px-Ngaye_%28Naraka%29_in_Burmese_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ngaye_%28Naraka%29_in_Burmese_art.jpg/330px-Ngaye_%28Naraka%29_in_Burmese_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ngaye_%28Naraka%29_in_Burmese_art.jpg/440px-Ngaye_%28Naraka%29_in_Burmese_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2185" data-file-height="1526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a> in the Burmese representation</figcaption></figure> In "Devaduta Sutta", the 130th discourse of the <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">Majjhima Nikaya</a>, Buddha teaches about hell in vivid detail. Buddhism teaches that there are five or six realms of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">rebirth</a>, which can then be further subdivided into degrees of agony or pleasure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]) Of these realms, the hell realms, or Naraka, is the lowest realm of rebirth. Of the hell realms, the worst is <a href="/wiki/Avici" class="mw-redirect" title="Avici">Avīci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> for "without waves"). The Buddha's disciple, <a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta</a>, who tried to kill the Buddha on three occasions, as well as create a schism in the monastic order, is said to have been reborn in the Avici hell. Like all realms of rebirth in Buddhism, rebirth in the hell realms is not permanent, though suffering can persist for eons before being reborn again.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>, the Buddha teaches that eventually even Devadatta will become a <a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a> himself, emphasizing the temporary nature of the hell realms. Thus, Buddhism teaches to escape the endless migration of rebirths (both positive and negative) through the attainment of <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Ksitigarbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksitigarbha">Ksitigarbha</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_Bodhisattva_P%C5%ABrvapra%E1%B9%87idh%C4%81na_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra">Ksitigarbha Sutra</a>, made a great vow as a young girl to not reach Nirvana until all beings were liberated from the hell realms or other unwholesome rebirths. In popular literature, Ksitigarbha travels to the hell realms to teach and relieve beings of their suffering. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">Naraka (Hinduism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yama%27s_Court_and_Hell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yama%27s_Court_and_Hell.jpg/250px-Yama%27s_Court_and_Hell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yama%27s_Court_and_Hell.jpg/330px-Yama%27s_Court_and_Hell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Yama%27s_Court_and_Hell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Yama's Court and Hell. The Blue figure is <a href="/wiki/Yamaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaraja">Yamaraja</a> (The Hindu god of death) with his consort <a href="/wiki/Yami" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami">Yami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chitragupta" title="Chitragupta">Chitragupta</a> 17th-century painting from Government Museum, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>.</figcaption></figure> Early <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a> does not have a concept of hell. The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> mentions three realms, bhūr (the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>), svar (the <a href="/wiki/Sky" title="Sky">sky</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Loka" title="Loka">bhuvas</a> or antarikṣa (the middle area, i.e. air or <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>). In later Hindu literature, especially the law books and the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, more realms are mentioned, including a realm similar to hell, called <a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">Naraka</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> as the first born human (together with his twin sister <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Yamī</a>), by virtue of precedence, becomes ruler of men and a judge on their departure. In the law-books (the <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smriti</a>s and the <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmashashtras</a>), Naraka is a place of punishment for misdeeds. It is a lower spiritual plane (called naraka-loka) where the spirit is judged and the partial fruits of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> affect the next life. In the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, there is a mention of the <a href="/wiki/Pandavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kauravas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravas">Kauravas</a> both going to <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">heaven</a>. At first <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a> goes to heaven, where he sees <a href="/wiki/Duryodhana" title="Duryodhana">Duryodhana</a> enjoying the realm; <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> tells him that Duryodhana is in heaven as he had adequately performed his <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> duties. Then he shows Yudhishthira hell, where it appears his brothers are. Later it is revealed that this was a test for Yudhishthira and that his brothers and the Kauravas are all in heaven, and live happily in the divine abode of the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a>. Various hells are also described in various Puranas and other scriptures. The <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a> gives a detailed account of each hell and its features; it lists the amount of punishment for most crimes, much like a modern-day penal code. It is believed that people who commit misdeeds go to hell and have to go through punishments in accordance with the misdeeds they committed. The god <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a>, who is also the god of death, presides over hell. Detailed accounts of all the misdeeds committed by an individual are kept by <a href="/wiki/Chitragupta" title="Chitragupta">Chitragupta</a>, who is the record keeper in Yama's court. Chitragupta reads out the misdeeds committed and Yama orders appropriate punishments to be given to individuals. These punishments include dipping in boiling oil, burning in fire, torture using various weapons, etc. in various hells. Individuals who finish their quota of the punishments are reborn in accordance with their balance of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>. All created beings are imperfect and thus have at least one misdeed to their record; but if one has generally led a meritorious life, one ascends to <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a>, a temporary realm of enjoyment similar to Paradise, after a brief period of expiation in hell and before the next reincarnation, according to the law of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] With the exception of Hindu philosopher <a href="/wiki/Madhva" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhva">Madhva</a>, time in hell is not regarded as eternal <a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">damnation</a> within Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-glasenapp-135">[135]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a>, the Iron Age (<a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a>) is regarded as hell. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka (Jainism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg/250px-Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg/330px-Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg/500px-Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>17th-century cloth painting depicting seven levels of Jain Hell and various tortures suffered in them. Left panel depicts the demi-god and his animal vehicle presiding over each Hell.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a>, Naraka (translated as hell) is the name given to realm of existence having great suffering. However, a Naraka differs from the hells of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> as souls are not sent to Naraka as the result of a divine judgment and punishment. Furthermore, length of a being's stay in a Naraka is not eternal, though it is usually very long and measured in billions of years. A soul is born into a Naraka as a direct result of his or her previous <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a> (actions of body, speech and mind), and resides there for a finite length of time until his karma has achieved its full result. After his karma is used up, he may be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of an earlier karma that had not yet ripened. The hells are situated in the seven grounds at the lower part of the universe. The seven grounds are: <ol><li>Ratna prabha</li> <li>Sharkara prabha</li> <li>Valuka prabha</li> <li>Panka prabha</li> <li>Dhuma prabha</li> <li>Tamaha prabha</li> <li>Mahatamaha prabha</li></ol> The hellish beings are a type of souls which are residing in these various hells. They are born in hells by sudden manifestation.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The hellish beings possess vaikriya body (protean body which can transform itself and take various forms). They have a fixed life span (ranging from ten thousand to billions of years) in the respective hells where they reside. According to Jain scripture, <a href="/wiki/Tattvarthasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvarthasutra">Tattvarthasutra</a>, following are the causes for birth in hell:<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <ol><li>Killing or causing pain with intense passion</li> <li>Excessive attachment to things and worldly pleasure with constantly indulging in cruel and violent acts</li> <li>Vowless and unrestrained life<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</h3></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a>, the purpose of all religions is to guide people to heaven.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> However, those who do not approach God and are not blessed by Him are believed to be condemned to hell.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3></div> In Sikh thought, heaven and hell are not places for living hereafter, they are part of spiritual topography of man and do not exist otherwise. They refer to good and evil stages of life respectively and can be lived now and here during our earthly existence.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> explains that people who are entangled in emotional attachment and doubt are living in hell on this Earth i.e. their life is hellish. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> So many are being drowned in emotional attachment and doubt; they dwell in the most horrible hell. </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guru Arjan, Guru Granth Sahib 297<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoism">Taoism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></div> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> had no concept of hell, as morality was seen to be a man-made distinction and there was no concept of an immaterial soul. In its home country <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, where Taoism adopted tenets of other religions, popular belief endows Taoist hell with many deities and spirits who punish sin in a variety of horrible ways. Buddhist hells became "so much a part of [many Daoist sects] that during <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral services</a>[,] the priests hang up scrolls depicting" similar scenes.<a href="#cite_note-:100-143">[143]</a> Typically, Daoist hells are "said to be ten in number" and "are sometimes said to be situated under a high mountain in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:100-143">[143]</a> "Each is ruled by a king serving as judge, surrounded by ministers and attendants who carry out his decisions."<a href="#cite_note-:100-143">[143]</a> Punishment is usually "inflicted with the use of torture instruments", although there are some non-physical and more metaphysical punishments.<a href="#cite_note-:100-143">[143]</a> However, this type of Daoist hell is usually not final and a soul will make a journey of refining by going through at least several hells and their punishments until it is reincarnated into another body in the human world.<a href="#cite_note-:100-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_traditional_and_syncretic_religion">Chinese traditional and syncretic religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROM-ChineseGallery-DemonSculpture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ROM-ChineseGallery-DemonSculpture.png/250px-ROM-ChineseGallery-DemonSculpture.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ROM-ChineseGallery-DemonSculpture.png/330px-ROM-ChineseGallery-DemonSculpture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ROM-ChineseGallery-DemonSculpture.png/500px-ROM-ChineseGallery-DemonSculpture.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese glazed earthenware sculpture of "Hell's torturer", 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> Diyu is the realm of the dead in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>. It is very loosely based upon the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> concept of <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a> combined with traditional Chinese afterlife beliefs and a variety of popular expansions and re-interpretations of these two traditions. Ruled by <a href="/wiki/Yama_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (East Asia)">Yanluo Wang</a>, the King of hell, Diyu is a maze of underground levels and chambers where souls are taken to atone for their earthly sins. Incorporating ideas from <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> as well as traditional Chinese folk religion, Diyu is a kind of purgatory place which serves not only to punish but also to renew spirits ready for their next incarnation. There are many deities associated with the place, whose names and purposes are the subject of much conflicting information. The exact number of levels in Chinese hell – and their associated deities – differs according to the Buddhist or Taoist perception. Some speak of three to four 'Courts', other as many as ten.<a href="#cite_note-:100-143">[143]</a> The ten judges are also known as the 10 Kings of <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism_and_Chinese_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Buddhism and Chinese mythology)">Yama</a>. Each Court deals with a different aspect of atonement. For example, murder is punished in one Court, adultery in another. According to some Chinese legends, there are eighteen levels in hell. Punishment also varies according to belief, but most legends speak of highly imaginative chambers where wrong-doers are sawn in half, beheaded, thrown into pits of filth or forced to climb trees adorned with sharp blades. However, most legends agree that once a soul (usually referred to as a 'ghost') has atoned for their deeds and repented, he or she is given the Drink of Forgetfulness by <a href="/wiki/Meng_Po" title="Meng Po">Meng Po</a> and sent back into the world to be reborn, possibly as an animal or a poor or sick person, for further punishment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_eschatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian eschatology">Zoroastrian eschatology</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> has historically suggested several possible fates for the wicked, including annihilation, purgation in molten metal, and eternal punishment, all of which have standing in Zoroaster's writings. <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_eschatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian eschatology">Zoroastrian eschatology</a> includes the belief that wicked souls will remain in <a href="/wiki/Duzakh" title="Duzakh">Duzakh</a> until, following the arrival of three saviors at thousand-year intervals, <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> reconciles the world, destroying evil and resurrecting tormented souls to perfection.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The sacred <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a> mention a "House of the Lie″ for those "that are of an evil dominion, of evil deeds, evil words, evil Self, and evil thought, Liars".<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> However, the best-known Zoroastrian text to describe hell in detail is the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> It depicts particular punishments for particular sins—for instance, being trampled by cattle as punishment for neglecting the needs of work animals.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Other descriptions can be found in the Book of Scriptures (Hadhokht Nask), Religious Judgments (<a href="/wiki/Dadestan-i_Denig" title="Dadestan-i Denig">Dadestan-i Denig</a>) and the Spirit of Wisdom (<a href="/wiki/Menog-i_Khrad" title="Menog-i Khrad">Menog-i Khrad</a>).<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness (Mandaeism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur (Mandaeism)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeans</a> believe in purification of souls inside of <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-johannesbuch-a-149">[149]</a> whom they also call <a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jonas-gnostic-150">[150]</a> Within detention houses, so called <a href="/wiki/Matarta" title="Matarta">Matartas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ginza-a-151">[151]</a> the detained souls would receive so much punishment that they would wish to die a <a href="/wiki/Second_death" title="Second death">Second death</a>, which would, however, not (yet) befall their spirit.<a href="#cite_note-ginza-b-152">[152]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of days</a>, the souls of the Mandaeans which could be purified, would be liberated out of Ur's mouth.<a href="#cite_note-rudolph-theogonie-153">[153]</a> After this, Ur would get destroyed along with the souls remaining inside him,<a href="#cite_note-ginza-c-154">[154]</a> so they die the second death.<a href="#cite_note-ginza-e-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wicca">Wicca</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a> sects of <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> include "<a href="/wiki/Wiccan_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiccan laws">wiccan laws</a>" that <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a> wrote, which state that wiccan souls are privileged with reincarnation, but that the souls of wiccans who break the wiccan laws, "even under torture", would be cursed by the goddess, never be reborn on earth, and "remain where they belong, in the Hell of the Christians".<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Other recognized wiccan sects do not include Gerald Gardner's "wiccan laws". The influential wiccan author <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" title="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland</a> wrote that the wiccan laws are unimportant. Solitary wiccans, not involved in organized sects, do not include the wiccan laws in their doctrine.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2></div> In his <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divina commedia</a> (Divine Comedy), set in the year 1300, <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante Alighieri</a> employed the concept of taking <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> as his guide through Inferno (and then, in the second canticle, up the mountain of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatorio</a>). Virgil himself is not condemned to hell proper in Dante's poem but is rather, as a virtuous pagan, confined to <a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a> just at the edge of hell. The geography of hell is very elaborately laid out in this work, with nine concentric rings leading deeper into Earth, and deeper into the various punishments of hell, until, at the center of the world, Dante finds <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> himself trapped in the frozen lake of <a href="/wiki/Cocytus" title="Cocytus">Cocytus</a>. A small tunnel leads past Satan and out to the other side of the world, at the base of the Mount of Purgatory. <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> (1667) opens with the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a>, including their leader <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, waking up in hell after having been defeated in the war in heaven and the action returns there at several points throughout the poem. Milton portrays hell as the abode of the demons, and the passive prison from which they plot their revenge upon heaven through the corruption of the human race. 19th-century French poet <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a> alluded to the concept as well in the title and themes of one of his major works, <a href="/wiki/Une_Saison_en_Enfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Une Saison en Enfer">A Season in Hell</a> (1873). Rimbaud's poetry portrays his own suffering in a poetic form as well as other themes. Many of the great epics of European literature include episodes that occur in hell. In the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s Latin epic, the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>, Aeneas descends into <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Dis</a> (the underworld) to visit his father's spirit. The underworld is only vaguely described, with one unexplored path leading to the punishments of Tartarus, while the other leads through <a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysian Fields</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Bouguereau_-_Dante_and_Virgile_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/William_Bouguereau_-_Dante_and_Virgile_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/220px-William_Bouguereau_-_Dante_and_Virgile_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/William_Bouguereau_-_Dante_and_Virgile_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/330px-William_Bouguereau_-_Dante_and_Virgile_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/William_Bouguereau_-_Dante_and_Virgile_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/440px-William_Bouguereau_-_Dante_and_Virgile_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2803" data-file-height="3515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dante_and_Virgil" title="Dante and Virgil">Dante and Virgil in Hell</a> by <a href="/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau" title="William-Adolphe Bouguereau">William-Adolphe Bouguereau</a>, 1850</figcaption></figure> The idea of hell was highly influential to writers such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> who authored the 1944 play <a href="/wiki/No_Exit" title="No Exit">No Exit</a> about the idea that "Hell is other people". Although not a religious man, Sartre was fascinated by his interpretation of a hellish state of suffering. <a href="/wiki/C.S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Lewis">C.S. Lewis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Divorce" title="The Great Divorce">The Great Divorce</a> (1945) borrows its title from <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_Heaven_and_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage of Heaven and Hell">Marriage of Heaven and Hell</a> (1793) and its inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> as the narrator is likewise guided through hell and heaven. Hell is portrayed here as an endless, desolate twilight city upon which night is imperceptibly sinking. The night is actually the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>, and it heralds the arrival of the demons after their judgment. Before the night comes, anyone can escape hell if they leave behind their former selves and accept Heaven's offer, and a journey to heaven reveals that hell is infinitely small; it is nothing more or less than what happens to a soul that turns away from God and into itself. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Piers_Anthony" title="Piers Anthony">Piers Anthony</a> in his series <a href="/wiki/Incarnations_of_Immortality" title="Incarnations of Immortality">Incarnations of Immortality</a> portrays examples of heaven and hell via Death, Fate, Underworld, Nature, War, Time, Good-God, and Evil-Devil. <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> offers a <a href="/wiki/Yin-yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yin-yang">yin-yang</a> version of hell where there is still some good within; most evident in his 1984 book <a href="/wiki/Job:_A_Comedy_of_Justice" title="Job: A Comedy of Justice">Job: A Comedy of Justice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> uses her five Gods 'Father, Mother, Son, Daughter and Bastard' in <a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Chalion" title="The Curse of Chalion">The Curse of Chalion</a> with an example of hell as formless chaos. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a> is one of many who offer Chaos-Evil-(Hell) and Uniformity-Good-(Heaven) as equally unacceptable extremes which must be held in balance; in particular in the <a href="/wiki/Elric" class="mw-redirect" title="Elric">Elric</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Eternal_Champion_(novel)" title="The Eternal Champion (novel)">Eternal Champion</a> series. <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Brown" title="Fredric Brown">Fredric Brown</a> wrote a number of <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> short stories about <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>'s activities in hell. <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Hatlo" title="Jimmy Hatlo">Jimmy Hatlo</a> created a series of <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a> about life in hell called The Hatlo Inferno, which ran from 1953 to 1958.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_fear" title="Appeal to fear">Appeal to fear</a> – Logical fallacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">Divine retribution</a> – Supernatural punishment by a deity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a> – Ethical problem in religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Well_to_Hell_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="The Well to Hell hoax">The Well to Hell hoax</a> – Urban legend involving a borehole in Siberia that purportedly led to hellPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BARNHART348-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BARNHART348_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BARNHART348_1-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barnhart" title="Robert Barnhart">Barnhart, Robert K.</a> (1995) The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, page 348. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-270084-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-270084-7">0-06-270084-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-HEL-NOUN-2"><a href="#cite_ref-HEL-NOUN_2-0">^</a> For discussion and analysis, see Orel (2003:156) and Watkins (2000:38). </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> "hell, n. and int." OED Online, Oxford University Press, January 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/85636. Accessed 7 February 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-HELL-RUNE-4"><a href="#cite_ref-HELL-RUNE_4-0">^</a> See discussion at Orel (2003:155–156 & 310). </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Scardigli, Piergiuseppe, Die Goten: Sprache und Kultur (1973) pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Lehmann, Winfred, A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) </li> <li id="cite_note-HELVÍTI-7"><a href="#cite_ref-HELVÍTI_7-0">^</a> Orel (2003:156 & 464). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElena_PhippsJoanna_HechtCristina_Esteras_Martín2004" class="citation book cs1">Elena Phipps; Joanna Hecht; Cristina Esteras Martín (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6nutjzmxvkC&q=historia+colonial+de+cusco&pg=PA382">The Colonial Andes: Tapestries and Silverwork, 1530–1830</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10491-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10491-X"><bdi>0-300-10491-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Andes%3A+Tapestries+and+Silverwork%2C+1530%E2%80%931830&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-300-10491-X&rft.au=Elena+Phipps&rft.au=Joanna+Hecht&rft.au=Cristina+Esteras+Mart%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA6nutjzmxvkC%26q%3Dhistoria%2Bcolonial%2Bde%2Bcusco%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSantiago_Sebastián_López1990" class="citation book cs1">Santiago Sebastián López (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vpi5xwEACAAJ&q=SEBASTI%C3%81N+L%C3%93PEZ,+Santiago.+El+barroco+iberoamericano+1990">El bárroco iberoamericano. Mensaje iconográfico</a>. Madrid: Ediciones Encuentro. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7490-249-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7490-249-5"><bdi>978-84-7490-249-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+b%C3%A1rroco+iberoamericano.+Mensaje+iconogr%C3%A1fico&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Ediciones+Encuentro&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-84-7490-249-5&rft.au=Santiago+Sebasti%C3%A1n+L%C3%B3pez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVpi5xwEACAAJ%26q%3DSEBASTI%25C3%2581N%2BL%25C3%2593PEZ%2C%2BSantiago.%2BEl%2Bbarroco%2Biberoamericano%2B1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnanda_Cohen_Suarez2016" class="citation web cs1">Ananda Cohen Suarez (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/collections/painting-beyond-frame-religious-murals-colonial-peru">"Painting Beyond the Frame: Religious Murals of Colonial Peru"</a>. MAVCOR of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Painting+Beyond+the+Frame%3A+Religious+Murals+of+Colonial+Peru&rft.pub=MAVCOR+of+the+Yale+University&rft.date=2016-05&rft.au=Ananda+Cohen+Suarez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmavcor.yale.edu%2Fconversations%2Fcollections%2Fpainting-beyond-frame-religious-murals-colonial-peru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Examples from the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> include <a href="/wiki/Mark_9" title="Mark 9">Mark 9</a>:43–48, <a href="/wiki/Luke_16" title="Luke 16">Luke 16</a>:19–24, <a href="/wiki/Revelation_9" title="Revelation 9">Revelation 9</a>:11; from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Al-Baqara</a> verse 24, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Mulk" title="Al-Mulk">Al-Mulk</a> verses 5–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlighieri2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Alighieri, Dante</a> (June 2001) [c. 1315]. "Cantos XXXI–XXXIV". <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Inferno</a>. orig. trans. 1977. trans. <a href="/wiki/John_Ciardi" title="John Ciardi">John Ciardi</a> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cantos+XXXI%E2%80%93XXXIV&rft.btitle=Inferno&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=orig.+trans.+1977&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001-06&rft.aulast=Alighieri&rft.aufirst=Dante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1989" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Eileen (1989). Visions of heaven and hell before Dante. Italica Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934977-14-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934977-14-2"><bdi>978-0-934977-14-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18741120">18741120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+heaven+and+hell+before+Dante&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Italica+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18741120&rft.isbn=978-0-934977-14-2&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Gardiner, Visions, pp. 58 and 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Gardiner, Visions, pp. 141, 160 and 174, and 206–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Gardiner, Visions, pp. 222 and 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926051942/http://www.egyptartsite.com/hall1.html">"Egyptian Book of the Dead"</a>. Egyptartsite.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptartsite.com/hall1.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Book+of+the+Dead&rft.pub=Egyptartsite.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egyptartsite.com%2Fhall1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt, Rosalie David, p. 158–159, Penguin, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026252-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-026252-0">0-14-026252-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology: The Oxford Guide, "Hell", p161-162, Jacobus Van Dijk, Berkley Reference, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-19096-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-19096-X">0-425-19096-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The Divine Verdict, John Gwyn Griffiths, p233, BRILL, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09231-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09231-5">90-04-09231-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> See also letter by Prof. Griffith to The Independent, 32[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] December 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/letter-hell-in-the-ancient-world-1470076.html">"Letter: Hell in the ancient world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a>. 18 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120901184319/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/letter-hell-in-the-ancient-world-1470076.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Letter%3A+Hell+in+the+ancient+world&rft.date=2011-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fletter-hell-in-the-ancient-world-1470076.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The Civilization of Ancient Egypt, Paul Johnson, 1978, p. 170; see also Ancient Egyptian Literature, <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Lichtheim" title="Miriam Lichtheim">Miriam Lichtheim</a>, vol 3, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> "Egyptian Religion", Jan Assman, The Encyclopedia of Christianity, p77, vol2, Wm. B Eerdmans Publishing, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11695-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11695-8">90-04-11695-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hell-on-line.org/TextsEGY.html">"Eileen Gardiner, editor; Hell-On-Line:Egyptian Hell Texts; Book of Two Ways, Book of Amduat, Book of Gates, Book of the Dead, Book of the Earth, Book of Caverns"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105010042/http://www.hell-on-line.org/TextsEGY.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eileen+Gardiner%2C+editor%3B+Hell-On-Line%3AEgyptian+Hell+Texts%3B+Book+of+Two+Ways%2C+Book+of+Amduat%2C+Book+of+Gates%2C+Book+of+the+Dead%2C+Book+of+the+Earth%2C+Book+of+Caverns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hell-on-line.org%2FTextsEGY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choksi2014-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Choksi2014_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choksi2014_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choksi2014_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choksi2014_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choksi2014_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choksi2014_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choksi2014_25-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choksi2014_25-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choksi2014_25-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoksi2014" class="citation web cs1">Choksi, M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistory.org/article/701/">"Ancient Mesopotamian Beliefs in the Afterlife"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. worldhistory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820114719/http://www.ancient.eu/article/701/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Beliefs+in+the+Afterlife&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Choksi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F701%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black1992-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1992_26-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. The British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-1705-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nemet1998-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nemet1998_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemet1998_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemet1998_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemet1998_27-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998" class="citation cs2">Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme">Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</a>, Greenwood, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6"><bdi>978-0-313-29497-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29497-6&rft.aulast=Nemet-Nejat&rft.aufirst=Karen+Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00neme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2007" class="citation journal cs1">Barrett, Caitlín (2007). "Was Dust Their Food and Clay Their Bread? Grave Goods, the Mesopotamian Afterlife, and the Liminal Role of Inana/Ishtar". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 7 (1): 7–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156921207781375123">10.1163/156921207781375123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-2116">1569-2116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55116377">55116377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Religions&rft.atitle=Was+Dust+Their+Food+and+Clay+Their+Bread%3F+Grave+Goods%2C+the+Mesopotamian+Afterlife%2C+and+the+Liminal+Role+of+Inana%2FIshtar&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55116377%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1569-2116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156921207781375123&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Caitl%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorgias-sokrates-29"><a href="#cite_ref-gorgias-sokrates_29-0">^</a> Plato, Gorgias, 523a-527e. </li> <li id="cite_note-kuzimu-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuzimu_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuzimu_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrisafulliThompson2010" class="citation book cs1">Crisafulli, Chuck; Thompson, Kyra (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h-SHq2vPd-4C&pg=PA75">Go to Hell: A Heated History of the Underworld</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-0473-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-0473-3"><bdi>978-1-4516-0473-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go+to+Hell%3A+A+Heated+History+of+the+Underworld&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-0473-3&rft.aulast=Crisafulli&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Kyra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh-SHq2vPd-4C%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiaw-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiaw_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiaw_31-1">b</a> (in French) <a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Thiaw, Issa Laye</a>, "La religiosité des <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Seereer</a>, avant et pendant leur islamisation", [in] Éthiopiques, no. 54, volume 7, 2e semestre 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> (in French) <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Gravrand, Henry</a>, "La civilisation sereer, vol. II: Pangool, Nouvelles éditions africaines, <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, 1990, pp 91–128, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1">2-7236-1055-1</a> (Jaaniw, variation: "Jaaniiw") </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Asante, M. K.; Mazama, A.: Encyclopedia of African religion, vol. 1. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. 2009, p. 238, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3636-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3636-1">978-1-4129-3636-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Ogunade, R.: African Eschatology and the Future of the cosmos, www.unilorin.edu.ng. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> pantheon.org/articles/g/gimokodan.html, Gimokodan, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Mythica" title="Encyclopedia Mythica">Encyclopedia Mythica</a>, 10 August 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Etter1949" class="citation book cs1">Carl Etter (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-o8OAQAAIAAJ">Ainu Folklore: Traditions and Culture of the Vanishing Aborigines of Japan</a>. Wilcox & Follett Company. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ainu+Folklore%3A+Traditions+and+Culture+of+the+Vanishing+Aborigines+of+Japan&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Wilcox+%26+Follett+Company&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Carl+Etter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-o8OAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> John Batchelor: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ainutheirfolklor00batcrich/page/570/mode/2up">The Ainu and Their Folk-Lore</a>, London 1901, p. 567-569. </li> <li id="cite_note-yamada-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yamada_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yamada_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yamada_38-2">c</a> Takako Yamada: The Worldview of the Ainu. Nature and Cosmos Reading from Language, p. 25–37, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-adami-39"><a href="#cite_ref-adami_39-0">^</a> Norbert Richard Adami: Religion und Schaminismus der Ainu auf Sachalin (Karafuto), Bonn 1989, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> (edit.) Boustan, Ra'anan S. Reed, Annette Yoshiko. Heavenly Realms and Earthly Realities in Late Antique Religions. Cambridge University Press, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Palmer, Abram Smythe. Studies on Biblical Studies, No. I. "Babylonian Influence on the Bible and Popular Beliefs: "Tĕhôm and Tiâmat", "Hades and Satan" – A Comparative Study of Genesis I. 2" London, 1897; pg. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Rev. Clarence Larkin. The Spirit World. "Chapter VI: The Underworld". Philadelphia, PA. 1921. Moyer & Lotter </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Wright, Charles Henry Hamilton. The Fatherhood of God: And Its Relation to the Person and Work of Christ, and the Operations of the Holy Spirit. Edinburgh, Scotland. 1867. T. and T. Clark; pg. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Rev. Edward Bouverie Pusey. What is of Faith as to Everlasting Punishment: In Reply to Dr. Farrar's Challenge in His ʻEternal Hope,' 1879. James Parker & Co., 1881; pg. 102, spelled "zoa rothachath". </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Mew, James. Traditional Aspects of Hell: (Ancient and Modern). S. Sonnenschein & Company Lim., 1903. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Rev. A. Lowy. Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, Volume 10, "Old Jewish Legends of Biblical Topics: Legendary Description of Hell". 1888. pg. 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Charles, Robert Henry. The Ascension of Isaiah. London. A. & C. Black, 1900. pg. 70.; synonymous with Abaddon, Sheol and Gehinnom in the sense of being the final abode of the damned. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Sola, David Aaron. Signification of the Proper Names, Etc., Occurring in the Book of Enoch: From the Hebrew and Chaldee Languages London, 1852. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Rev. X.Y.Z. Merry England, Volume 22, "The Story of a Conversion" 1894. pg. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-perek-helek-d-50"><a href="#cite_ref-perek-helek-d_50-0">^</a> Maimonides' Introduction to Perek Helek, ed. and transl. by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides_Heritage_Center" title="Maimonides Heritage Center">Maimonides Heritage Center</a>, p. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-perek-helek-c-51"><a href="#cite_ref-perek-helek-c_51-0">^</a> Maimonides' Introduction to Perek Helek, ed. and transl. by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides_Heritage_Center" title="Maimonides Heritage Center">Maimonides Heritage Center</a>, p. 22-23. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Ecclesiastes 9:10 πάντα ὅσα ἂν εὕρῃ ἡ χείρ σου τοῦ ποιῆσαι ὡς ἡ δύναμίς σου ποίησον ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ποίημα καὶ λογισμὸς καὶ γνῶσις καὶ σοφία ἐν ᾅδῃ ὅπου σὺ πορεύῃ ἐκεῖ </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoekema-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoekema_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoekema1994" class="citation book cs1">Hoekema, Anthony A (1994). The Bible and the Future. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+Future&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Hoekema&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H7585&t=KJV">"Lexicon :: H7585 – shĕ'owl"</a>. Blue Letter Bible. BLB Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105180247/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H7585">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2017. <q>1Mos 37:35, 42:38, 44:29, 44:31</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=Lexicon+%3A%3A+H7585+%E2%80%93+sh%C4%95%27owl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3DH7585%26t%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G86&t=KJV">"Lexicon :: Strong's G86 – hadēs"</a>. Blue Letter Bible. BLB Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415063409/http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=G86">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=Lexicon+%3A%3A+Strong%27s+G86+%E2%80%93+had%C4%93s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3DG86%26t%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*(/aidhs">Ἅιδης</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a> (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart_Jones" title="Henry Stuart Jones">Jones, Sir Henry Stuart</a>, with the assistance of McKenzie, Roderick. Oxford: Clarendon Press. In the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Digital Library</a>, Tufts University. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G86&t=KJV">"Lexicon :: Strong's G86 – hadēs"</a>. Blue Letter Bible. BLB Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130145825/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G86&t=KJV">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017. <q><a href="/wiki/Mat.11:23" class="mw-redirect" title="Mat.11:23">Mat.11:23</a> 16:18 Luk.10:15. Ap.2:27,31. 1Kor 15:55.Upp.1:18 6:8 20:13,14</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=Lexicon+%3A%3A+Strong%27s+G86+%E2%80%93+had%C4%93s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3DG86%26t%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=infernus">infernus</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> גֵיא בֶן־הִנֹּם <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H2011&t=KJV">Hinnom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606172603/http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H2011&t=KJV">Archived</a> 6 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Jer.19:6 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H8612&t=lxx">"Lexicon :: Strong's H8612 – Topheth"</a>. Blue Letter Bible. BLB Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202120213/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H8612&t=lxx">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017. <q>καὶ ἐμίανεν τὸν Ταφεθ τὸν ἐν φάραγγι υἱοῦ Εννομ τοῦ διάγειν ἄνδρα τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἄνδρα τὴν θυγατέρα αὐτοῦ τῷ Μολοχ ἐν πυρί</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=Lexicon+%3A%3A+Strong%27s+H8612+%E2%80%93+Topheth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3Fstrongs%3DH8612%26t%3Dlxx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ge/enna">γέεννα</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a> (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart_Jones" title="Henry Stuart Jones">Jones, Sir Henry Stuart</a>, with the assistance of McKenzie, Roderick. Oxford: Clarendon Press. In the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Digital Library</a>, Tufts University. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G1067&t=KJV">"Lexicon :: Strong's G1067 – geenna"</a>. Blue Letter Bible. BLB Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130210048/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G1067&t=KJV">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017. <q>Mat.5:22,29,30, 10:28, 18:09, 23:15,33. Mar. 9:43,45,47, Luk.12:05, Jak.3:6</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=Lexicon+%3A%3A+Strong%27s+G1067+%E2%80%93+geenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3DG1067%26t%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/search/search.cfm?Criteria=gehennae&t=VUL#s=s_primary_0_1">"Blue Letter Bible: VUL Search Results for "gehennae""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Letter+Bible%3A+VUL+Search+Results+for+%22gehennae%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.cfm%3FCriteria%3Dgehennae%26t%3DVUL%23s%3Ds_primary_0_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/search/search.cfm?Criteria=gehennam&t=VUL#s=s_primary_0_1">"Blue Letter Bible: VUL Search Results for "gehennam""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Letter+Bible%3A+VUL+Search+Results+for+%22gehennam%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.cfm%3FCriteria%3Dgehennam%26t%3DVUL%23s%3Ds_primary_0_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=tartaro/w">Ταρταρόω</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a> (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart_Jones" title="Henry Stuart Jones">Jones, Sir Henry Stuart</a>, with the assistance of McKenzie, Roderick. Oxford: Clarendon Press. In the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Digital Library</a>, Tufts University. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/search/search.cfm?Criteria=tartarum&t=VUL#s=s_primary_0_1">"Blue Letter Bible: VUL Search Results for "tartarum""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Letter+Bible%3A+VUL+Search+Results+for+%22tartarum%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.cfm%3FCriteria%3Dtartarum%26t%3DVUL%23s%3Ds_primary_0_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnger1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (1981). Unger's Bible Dictionary. Chicago: Moody Bible Institute, The. p. 467.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unger%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Moody+Bible+Institute%2C+The&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> The New Schaf-Herzog Encyclopedia of religious Knowledge, p. 415 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> The New Schaf-Herzog Encyclopedia of religious Knowledge pgs. 414–415 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecounciloftrent.com/ch14.htm">Council of Trent, Session 14, Canon 5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Catechism of the Catholic Church, Article 1033 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Catechism of the Catholic Church, Article 1035 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> See Kallistos Ware, "Dare we hope for the salvation of all?" in The Inner Kingdom: Volume 1 of the Collected Works </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+20:11-15">"Revelation 20:11–15"</a>. Bible Gateway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203142225/http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+20:11-15">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Revelation+20%3A11%E2%80%9315&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DRevelation%2B20%3A11-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=romans+6:23">"Romans 6:23"</a>. Bible Gateway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602120139/http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+6:23">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Romans+6%3A23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3Dromans%2B6%3A23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Mt 25:31, 32, 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-EMCC2017-77"><a href="#cite_ref-EMCC2017_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Evangelical Methodist Church Discipline. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Methodist Church Conference">Evangelical Methodist Church Conference</a>. 15 July 2017. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Methodist+Church+Discipline&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Evangelical+Methodist+Church+Conference&rft.date=2017-07-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGooden2000" class="citation news cs1">Gooden, Joe (4 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/699929.stm">"Hell – it's about to get hotter"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031013436/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/699929.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hell+%E2%80%93+it%27s+about+to+get+hotter&rft.date=2000-04-04&rft.aulast=Gooden&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F699929.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Heinrich Döring: Der universale Anspruch der Kirche und die nichtchristlichen Religionen, in: Münchener Theologische Zeitschrift 41 (1990), p. 78 et sqq. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christadelphians.com/biblebasics/0409hell.html">"4.9 Hell"</a>. The Christadelphians. Retrieved 6 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4.9+Hell&rft.pub=The+Christadelphians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christadelphians.com%2Fbiblebasics%2F0409hell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHirsch" class="citation web cs1">Hirsch, Emil G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13563-sheol">"SHEOL"</a>. JewishEncyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918204814/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13563-sheol">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SHEOL&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Emil+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F13563-sheol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBedore,_Th.D.2007" class="citation web cs1">Bedore, Th.D., W. Edward (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bereanbiblesociety.org/hell-sheol-hades-paradise-and-the-grave/">"Hell, Sheol, Hades, Paradise, and the Grave"</a>. Berean Bible Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711233406/https://www.bereanbiblesociety.org/hell-sheol-hades-paradise-and-the-grave/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hell%2C+Sheol%2C+Hades%2C+Paradise%2C+and+the+Grave&rft.pub=Berean+Bible+Society&rft.date=2007-09&rft.aulast=Bedore%2C+Th.D.&rft.aufirst=W.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bereanbiblesociety.org%2Fhell-sheol-hades-paradise-and-the-grave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight1999" class="citation cs2">Knight (1999), A brief history of Seventh-Day Adventists, p. 42, <q>Many biblical scholars down throughout history, looking at the issue through Hebrew rather than Greek eyes, have denied the teaching of innate immortality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Seventh-Day+Adventists&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Knight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPool1998" class="citation cs2">Pool (1998), Against returning to Egypt: Exposing and Resisting Credalism in the Southern Baptist Convention, p. 133, <q>'Various concepts of conditional immortality or annihilationism have appeared earlier in Baptist history as well. Several examples illustrate this claim. General as well as particular Baptists developed versions of annihilationism or conditional immortality.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+returning+to+Egypt%3A+Exposing+and+Resisting+Credalism+in+the+Southern+Baptist+Convention&rft.pages=133&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Pool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Stephen A. State Thomas Hobbes and the Debate Over Natural Law and Religion 2013 "The natural immortality of the soul is in fact a pagan presumption: "For men being generally possessed before the time of our Saviour, by contagion of the Daemonology of the Greeks, of an opinion, that the Souls of men were substances distinct from their Bodies, and therefore that when the Body was dead" </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> N. T. Wright For All the Saints?: Remembering the Christian Departed 2004 "many readers will get the impression that I believe that every human being comes already equipped with an immortal soul. I don't believe that. Immortality is a gift of God in Christ, not an innate human capacity (see 1 Timothy 6.16)." </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43596919">"Vatican: Pope did not say there is no hell"</a>. BBC News. 30 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180331001451/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43596919">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Vatican%3A+Pope+did+not+say+there+is+no+hell&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-43596919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> 1033 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> 1035 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/audiences/1999/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_28071999.html">GENERAL AUDIENCE 28 July 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113172530/http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/audiences/1999/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_28071999.html">archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GENERAL+AUDIENCE+28+July+1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Faudiences%2F1999%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_aud_28071999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">Fundamental Beliefs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310104717/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">Archived</a> 10 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (1980) webpage from the official church website. See "25. Second Coming of Christ", "26. Death and Resurrection", "27. Millennium and the End of Sin", and "28. New Earth". The earlier 1872 and 1931 statements also support conditionalism </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Samuele Bacchiocchi, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalperspectives.com/books/immortality_resurrection/6.htm">Hell: Eternal Torment or Annihilation?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216040008/http://www.biblicalperspectives.com/books/immortality_resurrection/6.htm">Archived</a> 16 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" chapter 6 in Immortality Or Resurrection?. <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Perspectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Perspectives">Biblical Perspectives</a>, 1997; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930987-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-930987-12-9">1-930987-12-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930987-12-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930987-12-8">978-1-930987-12-8</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleteach-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleteach_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleteach_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleteach_93-2">c</a> "What Does the Bible Really Teach?", 2005, Published by Jehovah's Witnesses </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> "Insight on the scriptures, Volume 2", 1988, Published by Jehovah's Witnesses. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122135418/http://www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/chr-univ.html">"What is Christian Universalism?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/chr-univ.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Christian+Universalism%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auburn.edu%2F~allenkc%2Fchr-univ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> What is Christian Universalism by Ken Allen Th.D </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> New Bible Dictionary, "Hell", InterVarsity Press, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> New Dictionary of Biblical Theology, "Hell", InterVarsity Press, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Alliance" title="Evangelical Alliance">Evangelical Alliance</a> Commission on Truth and Unity Among Evangelicals, The Nature of Hell, Paternoster, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Swedenborg, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedenborgdigitallibrary.org/contets/HH.html">Heaven and its Wonders and Hell From Things Heard and Seen(Swedenborg Foundation, 1946 #545ff.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Swedenborg, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swedenborgdigitallibrary.org/contets/tcrtc.html">The True Christian Religion Containing the Universal Theology of The New Church Foretold by the Lord in Daniel 7; 13, 14; and in Revelation 21; 1, 2</a> (Swedenborg Foundation, 1946, #489ff.). </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> offTheLeftEye: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EpCWOpiTVds&t=2507s">The Good Thing About Hell - Swedenborg and Life</a>, YouTube, 14 March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/19?lang=eng">"Doctrine and Covenants 19"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F19%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball" title="Spencer W. Kimball">Spencer W. Kimball</a>: The Miracle of Forgiveness, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies_104-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies_104-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies_104-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lange_2016_Introducing_Hell_in_Islamic_Studies_104-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLange2016" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Christian (2016). "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies". In Lange, Christian (ed.). Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions. Brill. pp. 1–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004301368_002">10.1163/9789004301368_002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-30121-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7">10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introducing+Hell+in+Islamic+Studies&rft.btitle=Locating+Hell+in+Islamic+Traditions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w8h1w3.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004301368_002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30121-4&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_7:179" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an 7:179">Qur'an 7:179</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/7:179">Qur'an 7:179</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232420/https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/7:179">Archived</a> 17 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Varza, Bahram. 2016. Thought-Provoking Scientific Reflections on Religion. New York: BOD Publisher </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/344/">"A Description of Hellfire (part 1 of 5): An Introduction"</a>. Religion of Islam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223233105/http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/344/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+of+Islam&rft.atitle=A+Description+of+Hellfire+%28part+1+of+5%29%3A+An+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamreligion.com%2Farticles%2F344%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFIBA-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RFIBA_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RFIBA_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223230705/http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs/afterlife.htm">"Islamic Beliefs about the Afterlife"</a>. Religion Facts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs/afterlife.htm">the original</a> on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+Facts&rft.atitle=Islamic+Beliefs+about+the+Afterlife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fislam%2Fbeliefs%2Fafterlife.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomassen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thomassen, Einar (2009). "Islamic Hell". Numen. 56 (2/3): 401–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852709X405062">10.1163/156852709X405062</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27793798">27793798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Islamic+Hell&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E416&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852709X405062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27793798%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomassen&rft.aufirst=Einar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eslam.de/begriffe/f/feuer.htm">"Feuer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feuer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eslam.de%2Fbegriffe%2Ff%2Ffeuer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-idiot-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-idiot_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-idiot_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmerick2011" class="citation book cs1">Emerick, Yahiya (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6LQJWalzQkC&q=hell+in+islam&pg=PT97">The Complete Idiot's Guide to Islam</a> (3rd ed.). Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-55881-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-55881-2"><bdi>978-1-101-55881-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-101-55881-2&rft.aulast=Emerick&rft.aufirst=Yahiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6LQJWalzQkC%26q%3Dhell%2Bin%2Bislam%26pg%3DPT97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion-112"><a href="#cite_ref-religion_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/344/">"A Description of Hellfire (part 1 of 5): An Introduction"</a>. Religion of Islam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223233105/http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/344/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014. <q>No one will come out of Hell except sinful believers who believed in the Oneness of God in this life and believed in the specific prophet sent to them (before the coming of Muhammad).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+of+Islam&rft.atitle=A+Description+of+Hellfire+%28part+1+of+5%29%3A+An+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamreligion.com%2Farticles%2F344%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Muslim Scholarly Discussions on Salvation and the Fate of 'Others' , Mohammad Hassan Khalil, p.223 "The Fitnah of Wealth", Abû Ammâr Yasir al-Qadhî </li> <li id="cite_note-EWR-421-114"><a href="#cite_ref-EWR-421_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA421">Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Store. 2008. p. 421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2"><bdi>978-1-59339-491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Store&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-491-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbibAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Gordon Newby A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam Oneworld Publications 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-780-74477-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-780-74477-3">978-1-780-74477-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Robert Lebling Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar I.B.Tauris 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-73063-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-73063-3">978-0-857-73063-3</a> page 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> ANTON M. HEINEN ISLAMIC COSMOLOGY A STUDY OF AS-SUYUTI'S al-Hay'a as-samya fi l-hay'a as-sunmya with critical edition, translation, and commentary ANTON M. HEINEN BEIRUT 1982 p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/96:18">"Surat Al-Alaq Verse 18"</a>. quran.com. <q>96:18 {سَنَدْعُ ٱلزَّبَانِيَةَ} {١٨ } We will call the angels of Hell. CITATION NOTE: (ٱلزَّبَانِيَةَ, transliterated to Az-Zabaniya, refers to the keeper angels of Jahannam/Hell.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quran.com&rft.atitle=Surat+Al-Alaq+Verse+18.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F96%3A18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/muslim:2843a">"Sahih Muslim 2843a"</a>. sunnah.com. <q>The fire which sons of Adam burn is only one-seventieth part of the Fire of Hell. His Companions said: By Allah, even ordinary fire would have been enough (to burn people). Thereupon he said: It is sixty-nine parts in excess of (the heat of) fire in this world each of them being equivalent to their heat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Muslim+2843a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fmuslim%3A2843a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Roads to Paradise: Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam (2 Vols.): Volume 1: Foundations and Formation of a Tradition. Reflections on the Hereafter in the Quran and Islamic Religious Thought / Volume 2: Continuity and Change. The Plurality of Eschatological Representations in the Islamicate World. (2017). Niederlande: Brill. p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> A F Klein Religion Of Islam Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-1-136-09954-0 page 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/Quran_5:72" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 5:72">Quran 5:72</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5:72">5:72</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160720070539/http://quran.com/5:72">Archived</a> 20 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-lazarus-287-123"><a href="#cite_ref-lazarus-287_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLazarus2011" class="citation book cs1">Lazarus, William P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oTtcFiGbW2kC&pg=PA287">Comparative Religion For Dummies</a>. Wiley. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05227-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05227-3"><bdi>978-1-118-05227-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Religion+For+Dummies&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-05227-3&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoTtcFiGbW2kC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Christiane Gruber The Ilkhanid Book of Ascension: A Persian-Sunni Devotional Tale I.B.Tauris 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-71809-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-71809-9">978-0-857-71809-9</a> page 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Colby_2016_Fire_in_the_Upper_Heavens-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colby_2016_Fire_in_the_Upper_Heavens_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colby_2016_Fire_in_the_Upper_Heavens_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colby_2016_Fire_in_the_Upper_Heavens_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColby2016" class="citation book cs1">Colby, Frederick (2016). "Fire in the Upper Heavens: Locating Hell in Middle Period Narratives of Muḥammad's Ascension". In Lange, Christian (ed.). Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions. Brill. pp. 124–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004301368_007">10.1163/9789004301368_007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-30121-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.12">10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fire+in+the+Upper+Heavens%3A+Locating+Hell+in+Middle+Period+Narratives+of+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad%27s+Ascension&rft.btitle=Locating+Hell+in+Islamic+Traditions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w8h1w3.12%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004301368_007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30121-4&rft.aulast=Colby&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Colby, F. S. (2008). Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse. US: State University of New York Press. p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Colby, F. S. (2008). Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse. US: State University of New York Press. p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Lange, C. (2016). Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions. Vereinigtes Königreich: Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVuckovic2004" class="citation book cs1">Vuckovic, Brooke Olson (2004). Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns: The Legacy of the Mi'raj in the Formation of Islam. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-88524-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-88524-3"><bdi>978-1-135-88524-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavenly+Journeys%2C+Earthly+Concerns%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+Mi%27raj+in+the+Formation+of+Islam&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-88524-3&rft.aulast=Vuckovic&rft.aufirst=Brooke+Olson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Miguel Asin Palacios Islam and the Divine Comedy Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-1-134-53650-4 page 88-89 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Patrick Hughes, Thomas Patrick Hughes Dictionary of Islam Asian Educational Services 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0672-2">978-81-206-0672-2</a> p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTottoliتوتولي2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tottoli, Roberto; توتولي, روبرتو (2008). "The Qur'an, Qur'anic Exegesis and Muslim Traditions: The Case of zamharīr (Q. 76:13) Among Hell's Punishments / القرآن والتفاسير والروايات الاسلامية: سورة الانسان آية رقم 13: الزمهرير من ألوان العقوبة في جهنم". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 10 (1): 142–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2FE1465359109000291">10.3366/E1465359109000291</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728276">25728276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Qur%27an%2C+Qur%27anic+Exegesis+and+Muslim+Traditions%3A+The+Case+of+zamhar%C4%ABr+%28Q.+76%3A13%29+Among+Hell%27s+Punishments+%2F+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9%3A+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85+13%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2FE1465359109000291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25728276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tottoli&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%2C+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lafd-133"><a href="#cite_ref-lafd_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasumian1995" class="citation book cs1">Masumian, Farnaz (1995). Life After Death: A study of the afterlife in world religions. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-074-0"><bdi>978-1-85168-074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+After+Death%3A+A+study+of+the+afterlife+in+world+religions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-074-0&rft.aulast=Masumian&rft.aufirst=Farnaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gleanings_from_the_Writings_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Gleanings from the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh">Gleanings from the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh</a>, ed. by US Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 1990, pp. 155-156. </li> <li id="cite_note-glasenapp-135"><a href="#cite_ref-glasenapp_135-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Glasenapp" title="Helmuth von Glasenapp">Helmuth von Glasenapp</a>: Der Hinduismus. Religion und Gesellschaft im heutigen Indien, Hildesheim 1978, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanghvi1974" class="citation book cs1">Sanghvi, Sukhlal (1974). Commentary on Tattvārthasūtra of Vācaka Umāsvāti. trans. by K. K. Dixit. Ahmedabad: L. D. Institute of Indology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Tattv%C4%81rthas%C5%ABtra+of+V%C4%81caka+Um%C4%81sv%C4%81ti&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.pub=L.+D.+Institute+of+Indology&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Sanghvi&rft.aufirst=Sukhlal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> pp. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Sanghvi, Sukhlal (1974) pp.250–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> refer <a href="/wiki/Mahavrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavrata">Mahavrata</a> for the vows and restraints in Jainism </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> மரணம் நீக்க ஜீவ மருந்து: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rxdwio938q0">9. Gods plan</a>, YouTube, 3 August 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Meivazhi - The True Path, angelfire.com/ms/Salai/TruePath.html. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2009" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Jagraj (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rFm9_Jc1ykcC&pg=PA271">A Complete Guide to Sikhism</a>. Unistar Books. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1714-2754-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1714-2754-3"><bdi>978-8-1714-2754-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424012358/https://books.google.com/books?id=rFm9_Jc1ykcC&pg=PA271">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+to+Sikhism&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Unistar+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8-1714-2754-3&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jagraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrFm9_Jc1ykcC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=297">"Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903031902/http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=297">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Granth%3A+Sri+Guru+Granth+Sahib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srigranth.org%2Fservlet%2Fgurbani.gurbani%3FAction%3DPage%26Param%3D297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:100-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:100_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:100_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:100_143-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:100_143-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:100_143-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:100_143-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillard_Gurdon_Oxtoby2002" class="citation book cs1">Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002). World Religions: Eastern Traditions (2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 401–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-541521-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-541521-3"><bdi>0-19-541521-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46661540">46661540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+Eastern+Traditions&rft.place=Don+Mills%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46661540&rft.isbn=0-19-541521-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeredith_Sprunger" class="citation web cs1">Meredith Sprunger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206152658/http://www.ubfellowship.org/archive/readers/601_zoroastrianism.htm">"An Introduction to Zoroastrianism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubfellowship.org/archive/readers/601_zoroastrianism.htm">the original</a> on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Zoroastrianism&rft.au=Meredith+Sprunger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubfellowship.org%2Farchive%2Freaders%2F601_zoroastrianism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a> 49:11, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/yasna/y47to50b.htm">"Avesta: Yasna"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009200459/http://www.avesta.org/yasna/y47to50b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avesta%3A+Yasna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fyasna%2Fy47to50b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEileen_Gardiner2006" class="citation web cs1">Eileen Gardiner (10 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hell-on-line.org/AboutZOR.html#The%20Fate%20of%20the%20Soul">"About Zoroastrian Hell"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015035745/http://www.hell-on-line.org/AboutZOR.html#The%20Fate%20of%20the%20Soul">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Zoroastrian+Hell&rft.date=2006-02-10&rft.au=Eileen+Gardiner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hell-on-line.org%2FAboutZOR.html%23The%2520Fate%2520of%2520the%2520Soul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Chapter 75, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/pahlavi/viraf.html">"The Book of Arda Viraf"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008091012/http://www.avesta.org/pahlavi/viraf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Arda+Viraf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fpahlavi%2Fviraf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEileen_Gardiner2009" class="citation web cs1">Eileen Gardiner (18 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hell-on-line.org/TextsZOR.html#The%20Fate%20of%20the%20Soul">"Zoroastrian Hell Texts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917075010/http://www.hell-on-line.org/TextsZOR.html#The%20Fate%20of%20the%20Soul">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zoroastrian+Hell+Texts&rft.date=2009-01-18&rft.au=Eileen+Gardiner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hell-on-line.org%2FTextsZOR.html%23The%2520Fate%2520of%2520the%2520Soul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johannesbuch-a-149"><a href="#cite_ref-johannesbuch-a_149-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Das Johannesbuch der Mandäer</a>, ed. and transl. by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lidzbarski" title="Mark Lidzbarski">Mark Lidzbarski</a>, part 2, Gießen 1915, p. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-jonas-gnostic-150"><a href="#cite_ref-jonas-gnostic_150-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a>: The Gnostic Religion, 3. ed., Boston 2001, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-ginza-a-151"><a href="#cite_ref-ginza-a_151-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginza Rba">Ginza</a>. Der Schatz oder das große Buch der Mandäer, ed. and transl. by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lidzbarski" title="Mark Lidzbarski">Mark Lidzbarski</a>, Quellen der Religionsgeschichte vol. 13, Göttingen 1925, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-ginza-b-152"><a href="#cite_ref-ginza-b_152-0">^</a> Ginza, ed. and transl. by Lidzbarski, p. 185–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-rudolph-theogonie-153"><a href="#cite_ref-rudolph-theogonie_153-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Rudolph" title="Kurt Rudolph">Kurt Rudolph</a>: Theogonie. Kosmonogie und Anthropogonie in den mandäischen Schriften. Eine literarkritische und traditionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung, Göttingen 1965, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-ginza-c-154"><a href="#cite_ref-ginza-c_154-0">^</a> Ginza, ed. and transl. by Lidzbarski, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-ginza-e-155"><a href="#cite_ref-ginza-e_155-0">^</a> Ginza, ed. and transl. by Lidzbarski, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Gerald Gardner, The Gardnerian Book of Shadows </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Alex Sanders, The Alexandrian Book of Shadows </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cartoonbrew.com/archives/jimmyhatlo.jpg">Sample Hatlo Inferno comic:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415045157/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/archives/jimmyhatlo.jpg">Archived</a> 15 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1902). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_from_the_Latins/Sermon_13">"Fifth Sunday: Hell" </a>. Sermons from the Latins. Benziger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fifth+Sunday%3A+Hell&rft.btitle=Sermons+from+the+Latins&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Bellarmine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boston" title="Thomas Boston">Boston, Thomas</a>. Hell. Diggory Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84685-748-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84685-748-5">978-1-84685-748-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">Bunyan, John</a>. A Few Sighs from Hell (Or The Groans of the Damned Soul). Diggory Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84685-727-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84685-727-0">978-1-84685-727-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChalloner1801" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Challoner" title="Richard Challoner">Challoner, Richard</a> (1801). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Think_Well_On%27t/Day_13">"Day 13: On hell." </a>. Think Well On't or, Reflections on the great truths of the Christian religion for every day of the month. T. Haydock.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Day+13%3A+On+hell.&rft.btitle=Think+Well+On%27t+or%2C+Reflections+on+the+great+truths+of+the+Christian+religion+for+every+day+of+the+month&rft.pub=T.+Haydock&rft.date=1801&rft.aulast=Challoner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Edwards, Jonathan</a>. The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners. Diggory Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84685-672-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84685-672-3">978-1-84685-672-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHontheim1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hontheim, Joseph (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Hell">"Hell" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hell&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Hontheim&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gardiner, Eileen. Visions of Heaven and Hell before Dante. New York: Italica Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934977-14-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-934977-14-3">0-934977-14-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiguori1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori, Alphonus</a> (1882). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_for_all_the_Sundays_in_the_year/Sermon_10">"Sermon X.—Fifth Sunday after the Epiphany: On the pains of hell" </a>. Sermons for all the Sundays in the year. Dublin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sermon+X.%E2%80%94Fifth+Sunday+after+the+Epiphany%3A+On+the+pains+of+hell&rft.btitle=Sermons+for+all+the+Sundays+in+the+year&rft.pub=Dublin&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Liguori&rft.aufirst=Alphonus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoftus2008" class="citation book cs1">Loftus, John W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyibecameatheis00loft/page/387">"Hell? No!"</a>. Why I became an atheist. Amherst, NY: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyibecameatheis00loft/page/387">387</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-592-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-592-4"><bdi>978-1-59102-592-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hell%3F+No%21&rft.btitle=Why+I+became+an+atheist&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-592-4&rft.aulast=Loftus&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyibecameatheis00loft%2Fpage%2F387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerMichael_D._Coogan1993" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M.; Michael D. Coogan, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458">The Oxford Companion to the Bible</a>. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504645-8"><bdi>978-0-19-504645-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504645-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195046458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/God_and_Religious_Toleration/Christianity#Is_There_a_Hell?" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:God and Religious Toleration/Christianity">God and Religious Toleration/Christianity#Is There a Hell?</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0038xb6">Hell</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heaven-hell/">"Heaven and Hell in Christian Thought"</a> entry by Thomas Talbott in the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hell-on-line.org/">"Hell-on-line"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hell-on-line&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hell-on-line.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2016/05/hells-abolitions/">A cultural history of Hell</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Fortnightly_Review" title="The Fortnightly Review">The Fortnightly Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829155418/http://www.atheistfoundation.org.au/hell.htm">Atheist Foundation of Australia</a> – 666 words about hell.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2002521">The Jehovah's Witnesses perspective</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/dying.htm">Dying, Yamaraja and Yamadutas + terminal restlessness</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khandro.net/doctrine_Hells.htm">example Buddhist Hells</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swedenborgdigitallibrary.org/contets/HH.html">Swedenborg, E. Heaven and its Wonders and Hell. From Things Heard and Seen</a> (Swedenborg Foundation, 1946)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://persuasivemaps.library.cornell.edu/browse-subject">Maps of hell at the "Hell and Heaven" subject, the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23935">Collection: Heaven, Hell, and Afterlives</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barzakh" title="Barzakh">Barzakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijjin" title="Sijjin">Sijjin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">Bosom of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudael" title="Dudael">Dudael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehom" title="Tehom">Tehom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzoah_Rotachat" title="Tzoah Rotachat">Tzoah Rotachat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" title="Mandaean cosmology">Mandaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_hell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Buddhist_hell.jpg/120px-Buddhist_hell.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Buddhist_hell.jpg/250px-Buddhist_hell.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="525" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mictl%C4%81n" title="Mictlān">Mictlān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xibalba" title="Xibalba">Xibalba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Ghosts" title="Gate of the Ghosts">Gate of the Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youdu" title="Youdu">Youdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yomi" title="Yomi">Yomi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">Irkalla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duzakh" title="Duzakh">Duzakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamistagan" title="Hamistagan">Hamistagan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Norse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel 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