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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amerindians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amerindians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Amerindians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amerindians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Colonial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emancipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emancipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Emancipation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emancipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1800_to_the_present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800_to_the_present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1800 to the present day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800_to_the_present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurricanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hurricanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_deforestation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_deforestation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Colonial deforestation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_deforestation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Water resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offshore_banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offshore_banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Offshore banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offshore_banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement_for_constitutional_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_for_constitutional_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Movement for constitutional reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement_for_constitutional_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secession_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secession_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Secession movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secession_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislative_motivation_for_secession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_motivation_for_secession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Legislative motivation for secession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_motivation_for_secession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiscal_motivation_for_secession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_motivation_for_secession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Fiscal motivation for secession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_motivation_for_secession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1998_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1998_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>1998 referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1998_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music,_theatre_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music,_theatre_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Music, theatre and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music,_theatre_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nevis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefis" title="Nefis – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nefis" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="نيفيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيفيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81" title="Невіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Невіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Невис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Невис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis_(pulo)" title="Nevis (pulo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nevis (pulo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Νέβις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέβις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Nieves" title="Isla Nieves – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla Nieves" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neviso" title="Neviso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neviso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="نویس (جزیره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نویس (جزیره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A9v%C3%A8s" title="Niévès – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Niévès" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibheis" title="Nibheis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nibheis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%EC%84%AC" title="네비스섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네비스섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1" title="נוויס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוויס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Nivium" title="Insula Nivium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insula Nivium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Невис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Невис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9%E5%B3%B6" title="ネイビス島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネイビス島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_las_N%C3%A8us" title="Illa de las Nèus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Illa de las Nèus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis_(isla)" title="Nevis (isla) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Nevis (isla)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neves_(S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_e_Neves)" title="Neves (São Cristóvão e Neves) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neves (São Cristóvão e Neves)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Nevis" title="Insula Nevis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insula Nevis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Невис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Невис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Невис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Невис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="நெவிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெவிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="นีวิส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นีวิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81" title="Невіс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Невіс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ناویس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناویس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nevis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis_(pur%C3%B4)" title="Nevis (purô) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nevis (purô)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E5%B3%B6" title="尼維斯島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼維斯島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="尼维斯岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼维斯岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207794#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nevis&params=17_09_N_62_35_W_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°09′N</span> <span class="longitude">62°35′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.150°N 62.583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.150; -62.583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in the Caribbean Sea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nevis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nevis (disambiguation)">Nevis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Nevis</div><div class="ib-country-names">Queen of the Caribees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nevis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Nevis"><img alt="The Nevis flag incorporates the flag of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the top left corner. The golden field stands for sunshine. The central triangle represents the conical shape of Nevis, with the blue being the ocean; the green being the verdant slopes of the island; and the white being the clouds that usually wreathe Nevis Peak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Nevis.svg/125px-Flag_of_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Nevis.svg/188px-Flag_of_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Nevis.svg/250px-Flag_of_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Nevis">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Nevis_Island_Administration,_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Nevis"><img alt="Coat of arms of Nevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_Nevis_Island_Administration%2C_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/85px-Seal_of_the_Nevis_Island_Administration%2C_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_Nevis_Island_Administration%2C_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_Nevis_Island_Administration%2C_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_Nevis_Island_Administration%2C_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_Nevis_Island_Administration%2C_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Nevis"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_Regions_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_Regions_map.png/250px-Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_Regions_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_Regions_map.png/375px-Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_Regions_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_Regions_map.png/500px-Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_Regions_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2465" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationNevis.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/LocationNevis.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Nevis in Saint Kitts and Nevis and among the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Nevis" title="Charlestown, Nevis">Charlestown</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nevis&params=17_20_N_62_45_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">62°45′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.333°N 62.750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.333; -62.750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nevisian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary democracy</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Federal_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal constitutional monarchy">federal constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarch_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Deputy <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Hyleta Liburd</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Nevis" title="Premier of Nevis">Premier</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Brantley" title="Mark Brantley">Mark Brantley</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nevis_Island_Assembly" title="Nevis Island Assembly">Assembly President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farrel_Smithen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farrel Smithen (page does not exist)">Farrel Smithen</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nevis_Island_Assembly" title="Nevis Island Assembly">Nevis Island Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">93 km<sup>2</sup> (36 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">207th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2011 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,277<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">130/km<sup>2</sup> (336.7/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">not ranked</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2009 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$726 million<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$13,429<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2009 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$557 million<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$10,315<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2007)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.825<br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">54th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_dollar" title="Eastern Caribbean dollar">Eastern Caribbean dollar</a> ($) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XCD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−4</span> (−4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd-mm-yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data">+1 869</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.kn" title=".kn">.kn</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stkitts-view-lookingatsea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stkitts-view-lookingatsea.jpg/220px-Stkitts-view-lookingatsea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stkitts-view-lookingatsea.jpg/330px-Stkitts-view-lookingatsea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stkitts-view-lookingatsea.jpg/440px-Stkitts-view-lookingatsea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>A view of Nevis from the southeastern peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevis_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nevis_Aerial.jpg/220px-Nevis_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nevis_Aerial.jpg/330px-Nevis_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nevis_Aerial.jpg/440px-Nevis_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>The east coast of Nevis, partially protected by <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> with Long Haul Bay visible in the foreground</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevis_Charlestown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nevis_Charlestown.jpg/220px-Nevis_Charlestown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nevis_Charlestown.jpg/330px-Nevis_Charlestown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nevis_Charlestown.jpg/440px-Nevis_Charlestown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Main Street in <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Nevis" title="Charlestown, Nevis">Charlestown, Nevis</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevis_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nevis_2008.jpg/220px-Nevis_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nevis_2008.jpg/330px-Nevis_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nevis_2008.jpg/440px-Nevis_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Part of the west coast of Nevis, including the location of <a href="/wiki/Monuments_and_memorials_to_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson#Ireland_and_overseas" title="Monuments and memorials to Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Nelson's Spring</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vance_Amory_International_Airport,_Nevis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Vance_Amory_International_Airport%2C_Nevis.JPG/220px-Vance_Amory_International_Airport%2C_Nevis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Vance_Amory_International_Airport%2C_Nevis.JPG/330px-Vance_Amory_International_Airport%2C_Nevis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Vance_Amory_International_Airport%2C_Nevis.JPG/440px-Vance_Amory_International_Airport%2C_Nevis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2831" data-file-height="2005" /></a><figcaption>The view looking inland from the Nevis airport in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nevis</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NEE</span>-viss</i></a>) is an island in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> that forms part of the inner arc of the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> chain of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. Nevis and the neighbouring island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> constitute the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>, a singular nation state. Nevis is located near the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> archipelago about 350 kilometres (220 mi) east-southeast of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>. Its area is 93 square kilometres (36 sq mi) and the capital is <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Nevis" title="Charlestown, Nevis">Charlestown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saint Kitts and Nevis are separated by <a href="/wiki/The_Narrows_(Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis)" title="The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)">The Narrows</a>, a shallow 3-kilometre (2 mi) channel. Nevis is roughly conical in shape with a volcano, <a href="/wiki/Nevis_Peak" title="Nevis Peak">Nevis Peak</a>, at its centre. The island is fringed on its western and northern coastlines by sandy beaches composed of a mixture of white coral sand with brown and black sand eroded and washed down from the volcanic rocks that make up the island. The gently-sloping coastal plain (1 km (0.62 mi) wide) has natural freshwater springs as well as non-potable volcanic <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>, especially along the western coast.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The island was named <i>Oualie</i>, translated as "land of beautiful waters", by the <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Kalinago</a> and <i>Dulcina</i> ("Sweet Island") by the early <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> settlers. The name <i>Nevis</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> phrase <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Nuestra Señora de las Nieves</i></span>, which translates as <a href="/wiki/Dedication_of_Saint_Mary_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Dedication of Saint Mary Major">Our Lady of the Snows</a>; the name was given by the island's <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> discoverers and first appeared on maps in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevis is also known by the <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a> "Queen of the Caribees", which it earned in the 18th century because of its many sugar plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevis is both geographically smaller and less populous than Saint Kitts. It maintains significant autonomy within the federation, including <a href="/wiki/Nevis_Island_Administration" title="Nevis Island Administration">a separate government</a> headed by the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Nevis" title="Premier of Nevis">premier of Nevis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevis_Island_Assembly" title="Nevis Island Assembly">a separate legislature</a>. Nevis has twice voted – <a href="/wiki/1977_Nevis_independence_referendum" title="1977 Nevis independence referendum">in 1977</a>, in an unofficial referendum, and in <a href="/wiki/1998_Nevis_independence_referendum" title="1998 Nevis independence referendum">1998</a>, in an official one – to secede from the federation, but neither attempt succeeded.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of the approximately 12,000 Nevisians are of primarily <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> descent, with notable British, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> minority communities. <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a> is the official language,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its literacy rate of 98 per cent is one of the highest in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1498, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> gave the island the name <i>San Martín</i> (Saint Martin). However, the confusion of numerous poorly-charted small islands in the Leeward Island chain meant that this name ended up being accidentally transferred to another island, which is still known as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">Saint-Martin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The current name <i>Nevis</i> was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> name <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Nuestra Señora de las Nieves</i></span> by process of abbreviation and <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a>. The Spanish name means <a href="/wiki/Dedication_of_Saint_Mary_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Dedication of Saint Mary Major">Our Lady of the Snows</a>. It is not known who chose this name for the island, but it is a reference to the story of a 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> miracle related to a snowfall on the <a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Hill" title="Esquiline Hill">Esquiline Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presumably the white clouds that usually cover the top of <a href="/wiki/Nevis_Peak" title="Nevis Peak">Nevis Peak</a> reminded someone of this story of a miraculous snowfall in a hot climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevis was part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish claim</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> islands, a claim pursued until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1670)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1670)">1670 Treaty of Madrid</a>, even though there were no Spanish settlements on the island. According to Vincent Hubbard, author of <i>Swords, Ships & Sugar: History of Nevis</i>, the Spanish ruling caused many of the <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a> groups who were not ethnically Caribs to "be redefined as Kalinago overnight".<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records indicate that the Spanish enslaved large numbers of the native inhabitants on the more accessible of the Leeward Islands and sent them to <a href="/wiki/Cubagua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubagua">Cubagua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, to dive for pearls. Hubbard suggests that the reason the first European settlers found so few Kalinago on Nevis is that they had already been rounded up by the Spanish and shipped off to be used as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">History of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amerindians">Amerindians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Amerindians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevis_FrenchSlavetrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nevis_FrenchSlavetrade.jpg/220px-Nevis_FrenchSlavetrade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nevis_FrenchSlavetrade.jpg/330px-Nevis_FrenchSlavetrade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Nevis_FrenchSlavetrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of French <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a> from the 1876 book <i>The 18th century: Its Institutions, Customs, and Costumes: France, 1700–1789</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Nevis had been settled for more than two thousand years by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amerindian_peoples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amerindian peoples (page does not exist)">Amerindian peoples</a> prior to having been sighted by Columbus in 1493.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indigenous people of Nevis during these periods belonged to the Leeward Island Amerindian groups popularly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Arawaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawaks">Arawaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Kalinago</a>, a complex mosaic of ethnic groups with similar culture and language.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominican anthropologist Lennox Honychurch traces the European use of the term "Carib" to refer to the Leeward Island aborigines to Columbus, who picked it up from the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADnos" class="mw-redirect" title="Taínos">Taínos</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. It was not a name the Kalinago called themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Honychurch_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honychurch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Carib Indians" was the generic name used for all groups believed involved in cannibalistic war rituals, more particularly, the consumption of parts of a killed enemy's body.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Amerindian name for Nevis was <i>Oualie</i>, land of beautiful waters. The structure of the Kalinago language has been linguistically identified as <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Honychurch_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honychurch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1043282317"><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Colony of Nevis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1620–1882</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Great_Britain_(1707%E2%80%931800).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Nevis"><img alt="Flag of Nevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Nevis">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised national languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data">English, Creole</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Colony of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, later <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">King</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1620–1625 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1837–1882 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Native_Amerindians" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Amerindians">Native Amerindians</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla" title="Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla">Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Despite the Spanish claim, Nevis continued to be a popular stop over point for English and Dutch ships on their way to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Captain <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Gilbert" title="Bartholomew Gilbert">Bartholomew Gilbert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> visited the island in 1603, spending two weeks to cut 20 tons of <a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">lignum vitae</a> wood. Gilbert sailed on to <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> to seek out survivors of the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Roanoke settlement">Roanoke settlement</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. <a href="/wiki/Captain_John_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain John Smith">Captain John Smith</a> visited Nevis on his way to <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> in 1607 on the voyage that founded <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, the first permanent English settlement in the New World.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 August 1620, <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a> asserted sovereignty over Nevis by giving a Royal Patent for colonisation to the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Earl of Carlisle">Earl of Carlisle</a>. However, actual English settlement did not happen until 1628, when Anthony Hilton moved from nearby Saint Kitts following a murder plot against him. 80 English settlers accompanied him, soon boosted by a further 100 settlers from London who had initially hoped to settle <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a>. Hilton became the first Governor of Nevis.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1670)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1670)">Treaty of Madrid</a> between Spain and England, Nevis became a major part of the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">English West Indies</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">admiralty court</a> also sat in Nevis. Between 1675 and 1730, the island was the headquarters for the slave trade to the Leeward Islands, with approximately 6,000–7,000 enslaved West Africans passing through en route to other islands each year. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a> brought all its ships through Nevis.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1678 census shows a community of <a href="/wiki/Irish_immigration_to_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Irish immigration to Saint Kitts and Nevis">Irish people</a> – 22% of the population – existing as either <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servants">indentured servants</a> or freemen.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the profitable <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a> and the high quality of Nevisian <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, Nevis soon became a dominant source of wealth for the colonial <a href="/wiki/Slavocracy" title="Slavocracy">slavocracy</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> were separated from <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> in 1671, Nevis became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward Islands colony">Leeward Islands colony</a> and was given the nickname "Queen of the Caribees". It remained the colonial capital for the Leeward Islands until the seat was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> for military reasons in 1698. During this period, Nevis was the richest of the English Leeward Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevis outranked larger islands like <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in sugar production in the late 17th century. The planters' wealth on the island is evident in the tax records preserved at the Calendar State Papers in the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>'s Public Records, where the amount of tax collected on the Leeward Islands was recorded. The sums recorded for 1676 as "head tax on slaves", a tax payable in sugar, amounted to 384,600 pounds in Nevis, as opposed to 67,000 each in Antigua and Saint Kitts, 62,500 in <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, and 5,500 total in the other five islands.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The profits on sugar cultivation in Nevis was enhanced by the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">cane juice</a> from Nevis yielded an unusually high amount of sugar. A gallon (3.79 litres) of cane juice from Nevis yielded 24 ounces (0.71 litres) of sugar, whereas a gallon from Saint Kitts yielded 16 ounces (0.47 litres).<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty per cent of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">English colonial empire</a>'s total sugar production in 1700 was derived from Nevisian plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exports from West Indian colonies like Nevis were worth more than all the exports from all the mainland <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> of North America combined at the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The enslaved families formed the large labour force required to work the sugar plantations. After the 1650s, the supply of white indentured servants began to dry up due to increased wages in England and less incentive to migrate to the colonies. By the end of the 17th century, the population of Nevis consisted of a small, wealthy planter elite in control, a marginal population of poor Whites, a great majority of African-descended slaves, and an unknown number of <a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">maroons</a>, escaped slaves living in the mountains. In 1780, 90 per cent of the 10,000 people living on Nevis were Black.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the maroons joined with the few remaining Kalinago in Nevis. Memories of the Nevisian maroons' struggle under the plantation system are preserved in place names such as Maroon Hill, an early centre of resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The great wealth generated by the colonies of the West Indies led to wars among the great powers of Europe. The formation of the United States can be said to be a partial by-product of these wars, and the strategic trade aims that often ignored North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three <a href="/wiki/Privateers" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateers">privateers</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a> being one of them) were employed by <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> to help protect ships in Nevis' waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 17th century, the French, based on Saint Kitts, launched many attacks on Nevis, sometimes assisted by the Kalinago, who in 1667 sent a large fleet of canoes along in support. In the same year, a Franco-Dutch invasion fleet <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nevis" title="Battle of Nevis">was repelled</a> off Nevis by an English fleet. Letters and other records from the era indicate that colonists on Nevis hated and feared the Kalinago. In 1674 and 1683, they participated in attacks on Kalinago villages in <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent</a>, despite a lack of official approval from the Crown for the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Nevis, the English built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Charles_(Nevis)" title="Fort Charles (Nevis)">Fort Charles</a> and a series of smaller fortifications to aid in defending the island. This included Saddle Hill Battery, built in 1740 to replace a <a href="/wiki/Deodand" title="Deodand">deodand</a> on Mount Nevis.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44, 62, 131">: 44, 62, 131 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emancipation">Emancipation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emancipation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevis_Methodist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nevis_Methodist.jpg/220px-Nevis_Methodist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nevis_Methodist.jpg/330px-Nevis_Methodist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nevis_Methodist.jpg/440px-Nevis_Methodist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Charlestown Methodist Chapel in 1802. Pro-slavery mobs set the chapel ablaze in 1797, but the building was saved.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John_Pinney_at_the_Georgian_house,_Bristol_(sq_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Portrait_of_John_Pinney_at_the_Georgian_house%2C_Bristol_%28sq_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_John_Pinney_at_the_Georgian_house%2C_Bristol_%28sq_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Portrait_of_John_Pinney_at_the_Georgian_house%2C_Bristol_%28sq_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_John_Pinney_at_the_Georgian_house%2C_Bristol_%28sq_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Portrait_of_John_Pinney_at_the_Georgian_house%2C_Bristol_%28sq_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_John_Pinney_at_the_Georgian_house%2C_Bristol_%28sq_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Slave owner and sugar merchant <a href="/wiki/John_Pinney" title="John Pinney">John Pinney</a> of Mountravers Plantation</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1706, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a>, the French Canadian founder of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> in North America, decided to drive the English out of Nevis and thus also stop pirate attacks on French ships; he considered Nevis the region's headquarters for <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">piracy</a> against French trade. During d'Iberville's invasion of Nevis, French <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneers</a> were used in the front line, infamous for being ruthless killers after the pillaging during the wars with Spain where they gained a reputation for torturing and murdering non-combatants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the face of the invading force, the English militiamen of Nevis fled. </p><p>Some planters burned the plantations, rather than letting the French have them, and hid in the mountains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was the enslaved Africans who held the French at bay by taking up arms to defend their families and the island. The slave quarters had been looted and burned as well, as the main reward promised the men fighting on the French side in the attack was the right to capture as many slaves as possible and resell them in <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the fighting, 3,400 enslaved Nevisians were captured and sent off to Martinique, but about 1,000 more, poorly armed and militarily untrained, held the French troops at bay, by "murderous fire" according to an eyewitness account by an English militiaman. He wrote that "the slaves' brave behaviour and defence there shamed what some of their masters did, and they do not shrink to tell us so."<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 18 days of fighting, the French were driven off the island. Among the Nevisian men, women and children carried away on d'Iberville's ships, six ended up in Louisiana, the first persons of African descent to arrive there.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One consequence of the French attack was a collapsed sugar industry and during the ensuing hardship on Nevis, small plots of land on the plantations were made available to the enslaved families in order to control the loss of life due to starvation. With less profitability for the absentee plantation owners, the import of food supplies for the plantation workers dwindled. Between 1776 and 1783, when the food supplies failed to arrive altogether due to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">rebellion in North America</a>, 300–400 enslaved Nevisians starved to death.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 August 1834, slavery was abolished in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. In Nevis, 8,815 slaves were freed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Monday in August is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a> and is part of the annual Nevis Culturama festival.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A four-year apprenticeship programme followed the abolishment of slavery on the plantations. In spite of the continued use of the labour force, the Nevisian slave owners were paid over £150,000 in compensation from the British Government for the loss of property, whereas the enslaved families received nothing for 200 years of labour.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the wealthiest planter families in Nevis, the <a href="/wiki/John_Pinney" title="John Pinney">Pinneys</a> of Mountravers Plantation, claimed £36,396 (equivalent to £4,418,540 in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in compensation for the slaves on the family-owned plantations around the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-Bristol_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bristol-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the early distribution of plots and because many of the planters departed from the island when sugar cultivation became unprofitable, a relatively large percentage of Nevisians already owned or controlled land at emancipation.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others settled on crown land. This early development of a society with a majority of small, landowning farmers and entrepreneurs created a stronger middle class in Nevis than in Saint Kitts, where the sugar industry continued until 2006. Even though the 15 families in the wealthy planter elite no longer control the arable land, Saint Kitts still has a large, landless working class population.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800_to_the_present_day">1800 to the present day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1800 to the present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">History of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevis_School1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Nevis_School1899.jpg/220px-Nevis_School1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Nevis_School1899.jpg/330px-Nevis_School1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Nevis_School1899.jpg/440px-Nevis_School1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Nevis School in 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>The population had reached 7,470 by 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevis was united with Saint Kitts and <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> in 1882, and they became an <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">associated state</a> with full internal autonomy in 1967, though Anguilla seceded in 1971. Together, Saint Kitts and Nevis became independent on 19 September 1983. On 10 August 1998, a <a href="/wiki/Nevis_independence_referendum,_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevis independence referendum, 1998">referendum on Nevis</a> to separate from Saint Kitts had 2,427 votes in favour and 1,498 against, falling short of the two-thirds majority needed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 1967, the local government of Saint Kitts was also the government of Nevis and Anguilla. Nevis had two seats and Anguilla one seat in the government. The economic and infrastructural development of the two smaller islands was not a priority to the colonial federal government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When the hospital in Charlestown was destroyed in a hurricane in 1899, planting of trees in the squares of Saint Kitts and refurbishing of government buildings, also in Saint Kitts, took precedence over the rebuilding of the only hospital in Nevis.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After five years without any proper medical facilities, the leaders in Nevis initiated a campaign, threatening to seek independence from Saint Kitts. The British Administrator in Saint Kitts, Charles Cox, was unmoved. He stated that Nevis did not need a hospital since there had been no significant rise in the number of deaths during the time Nevisians had been without a hospital. Therefore, no action was needed on behalf of the government, and besides, Cox continued, the Legislative Council regarded "Nevis and Anguilla as a drag on St. Kitts and would willingly see a separation".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A letter of complaint to the metropolitan <a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Office">British Foreign Office</a> gave result and the federal government in Saint Kitts was ordered by their superiors in London to take speedy action. The Legislative Council took another five years to consider their options. The final decision by the federal government was to not rebuild the old hospital after all but to instead convert the old Government House in Nevis into a hospital, named Alexandra Hospital after Queen Alexandra, wife of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>. A majority of the funds assigned for the hospital could thus be spent on the construction of a new official residence in Nevis.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After d'Iberville's invasion in 1704, records show Nevis' sugar industry in ruins and a decimated population begging the <a href="/wiki/English_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="English Parliament">English Parliament</a> and relatives for loans and monetary assistance to stave off island-wide starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sugar industry on the island never fully recovered and during the general depression that followed the loss of the West Indian sugar <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>, Nevis fell on hard times and the island became one of the poorest in the region. The island remained poorer than Saint Kitts until 1991, when the fiscal performance of Nevis edged ahead of the fiscal performance of Saint Kitts for the first time since the French invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electricity was introduced in Nevis in 1954 when two generators were shipped in to provide electricity to the area around Charlestown. In this regard, Nevis fared better than Anguilla, where there were no paved roads, no electricity and no telephones until 1967. However, electricity did not become available island-wide on Nevis until 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ambitious infrastructure development programme was introduced in the early 2000s which included a transformation of the Charlestown port, construction of a new deep-water harbour, resurfacing and widening the Island Main Road, a new airport terminal and control tower, and a major airport expansion, which required the relocation of an entire village in order to make room for the runway extension. </p><p>Modernised classrooms and better-equipped schools, as well as improvements in the educational system, have contributed to a leap in academic performance on the island. The pass rate among the Nevisian students sitting for the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Examination_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Examination Council">Caribbean Examination Council</a> (CXC) exams, the Cambridge General Certificate of Education Examination (GCE) and the Caribbean Advance Proficiency Examinations is now consistently among the highest in the English-speaking Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurricanes">Hurricanes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hurricanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>September 1989: there was a considerable amount of damage from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo" title="Hurricane Hugo">Hurricane Hugo</a>.</li> <li>September 1998, there was a great deal of damage from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Georges" title="Hurricane Georges">Hurricane Georges</a>.</li> <li>November 1999: Nevis was hit by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Lenny" title="Hurricane Lenny">Hurricane Lenny</a>, which caused some heavy damage to the island's infrastructure on the western coast, because of the storm's unusual track from west to east.</li> <li>October 2008: Nevis was brushed with the edge of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Omar_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Omar (2008)">Hurricane Omar</a>. Among other establishments, The Four Seasons Resort Nevis was forced to close to undergo repairs. Hurricane Omar thus caused the loss of 600 jobs for over 2 years; the resort reopened on 15 December 2010.</li> <li>August 2010: there was some damage on Nevis from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Earl_(2010)" title="Hurricane Earl (2010)">Hurricane Earl</a>.</li> <li>September 2010, there was some damage from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Igor_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Igor (2010)">Hurricane Igor</a>.</li> <li>September 2017, there was damage from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevis_Satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nevis_Satellite.jpg/220px-Nevis_Satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nevis_Satellite.jpg/330px-Nevis_Satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nevis_Satellite.jpg/440px-Nevis_Satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Nevis and neighbouring Leeward Islands during the 2002 volcanic eruption in <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> (centre). Top to bottom on left are: <a href="/wiki/St._Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Eustatius">St. Eustatius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a>, Nevis. On the right are: <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The formation of the island began in <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">mid-Pliocene</a> times, approximately 3.45 million years ago. Nine distinct eruptive centres from different geological ages, ranging from mid-Pliocene to <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, have contributed to the formation. No single model of the island's <a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">geological evolution</a> can, therefore, be ascertained.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nevis_Peak" title="Nevis Peak">Nevis Peak</a> (985 m or 3,232 ft high) is the dormant remnant of one of these ancient <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcanoes</a>. The last activity took place about 100,000 years ago, but active <a href="/wiki/Fumaroles" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumaroles">fumaroles</a> and hot springs are still found on the island, the most recent formed in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composite cone of Nevis volcano has two overlapping summit craters that are partially filled by a lava dome, created in recent, pre-Columbian time. <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic flows">Pyroclastic flows</a> and mudflows were deposited on the lower slopes of the cone simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nevis_Peak" title="Nevis Peak">Nevis Peak</a> is located on the outer crater rim. Four other lava domes were constructed on the flanks of the volcano, one on the northeast flank (Madden's Mount), one on the eastern flank (Butlers Mountain), one on the northwest coast (Mount Lily) and one on the south coast (Saddle Hill, with a height of 375 metres or 1,230 feet). The southernmost point on the island is <a href="/wiki/Dogwood_Point" title="Dogwood Point">Dogwood Point</a> which is also the southernmost point of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">last ice age</a>, when the sea level was 60 metres (200') lower, the three islands of Saint Kitts, Nevis and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> (also known as Statia) were connected as one island. <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>, however, is separated from these three by a deeper channel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are visible wave-breaking reefs along the northern and eastern shorelines. To the south and west, the reefs are located in deeper water.<sup id="cite_ref-Geospatial_Conservation_Atlas_2024_j562_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geospatial_Conservation_Atlas_2024_j562-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_UWI_Seismic_Research_Centre_2000_g219_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_UWI_Seismic_Research_Centre_2000_g219-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most developed beach on Nevis is the 4.8 km (3.0 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-Pinney_length_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinney_length-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_y152_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet_y152-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 6.5 km long (4.0 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._News_Travel_1970_z745_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._News_Travel_1970_z745-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pinney%27s_Beach" title="Pinney's Beach">Pinney's Beach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay_2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay_2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the western or Caribbean coast.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._News_Travel_1970_z745_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._News_Travel_1970_z745-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is sheltered swimming at Pinney, Nisbet, Lovers, and Oualie beaches.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Telegraph_2020_o154_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Telegraph_2020_o154-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern coast of the island faces into the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_2012_e190_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2012_e190-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geospatial_Conservation_Atlas_2024_j562_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geospatial_Conservation_Atlas_2024_j562-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colour of the <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> on the beaches of Nevis is variable: on a lot of the bigger beaches the sand is a yellow-grey in colour, but some beaches on the southern coast have darker, reddish, or even black sand. Under a microscope it becomes clear that Nevis sand is a mixture of tiny fragments of coral, many <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>, and small crystals of the various mineral constituents of the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a> of which the island is made.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seven volcanic centers make up Nevis. These include Round Hill (3.43 <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">Ma</a>), Cades Bay (3.22 Ma), Hurricane Hill (2.7 Ma), Saddle Hill (1.8 Ma), Butlers Mountain (1.1 Ma), Red Cliff and Nevis Peak (0.98 Ma). These are mainly <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a> <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava domes</a>, with associated block and <a href="/wiki/Ash_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash flow">ash flows</a>, plus <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a>. Nevis Peak has the highest elevation, at 984 m. Cades Bay and Farm Estate Soufriere are noted areas of <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">hydrothermal</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water has been piped since 1911 from a <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">spring</a> called the "Source", located 1,800 feet (550 m) up the mountain, to storage tanks at Rawlins Village, and since 1912, to Butler's Village. Additional drinking water comes from Nelson's Spring near Cotton Ground and Bath Spring. <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> has been extracted since the 1990s, and mixed with the Source water.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_deforestation">Colonial deforestation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Colonial deforestation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevis-lookingtosea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nevis-lookingtosea.jpg/220px-Nevis-lookingtosea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nevis-lookingtosea.jpg/330px-Nevis-lookingtosea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nevis-lookingtosea.jpg/440px-Nevis-lookingtosea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>On the western coastal plain, looking south-southwest towards Charlestown</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 17th and 18th centuries, massive <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> was undertaken by the planters as the land was initially cleared for sugar cultivation. This intense land exploitation by the sugar and cotton industry lasted almost 300 years, and greatly changed the island's <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some places along the windswept southeast or "Windward" coast of the island, the landscape is radically altered compared with how it used to be in pre-colonial times.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to extreme land erosion, the topsoil was swept away, and in some places at the coast, sheer cliffs as high as 25 metres (82 feet) have developed.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thick forest once covered the eastern coastal plain, where the Amerindians built their first settlements during the Aceramic period, complementing the ecosystem surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> just offshore. It was the easy access to fresh water on the island and the rich food source represented by the ocean life sheltered by the reef that made it feasible for the Amerindians to settle this area around 600 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the loss of the natural vegetation, the balance in runoff nutrients to the reef was disturbed, eventually causing as much as 80 per cent of the large eastern fringing reef to become inactive. As the reef broke apart, it, in turn, provided less protection for the coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During times of maximum cultivation, sugar cane fields stretched from the coastline of Nevis up to an altitude at which the mountain slopes were too steep and rocky to farm. Nonetheless, once the sugar industry was finally abandoned, vegetation on the leeward side of the island regrew reasonably well, as scrub and secondary forest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_resources">Water resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Water resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevis_Hot_Spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nevis_Hot_Spring.jpg/220px-Nevis_Hot_Spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nevis_Hot_Spring.jpg/330px-Nevis_Hot_Spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nevis_Hot_Spring.jpg/440px-Nevis_Hot_Spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A hot volcanic spring water bathing pool at Bath Spring</figcaption></figure> <p>Nevis has several natural freshwater springs, including <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Nelson's</a> Spring. The island also has numerous non-potable volcanic <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>, including most notably the Bath Spring near Bath village, just south of the capital Charlestown.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After heavy rains, powerful rivers of rainwater pour down the numerous <a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">ravines</a>, known as ghauts.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_2020_r296_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_2020_r296-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the water reaches the coastline, the corresponding coastal ponds, both freshwater and brackish, fill to capacity and beyond, spilling over into the sea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With modern development, the existing freshwater springs are no longer enough to supply water to the whole island. The water supply now comes mostly from Government wells. The major source of potable water for the island is groundwater, obtained from 14 active wells. Water is pumped from the wells, stored and allowed to flow by gravity to the various locations.<sup id="cite_ref-ECLAC_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECLAC-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis#Climate" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis § Climate</a></div> <p>The climate is tropical with little variation, tempered all year round (but particularly from December through February) by the steady north-easterly winds, called the <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a>. There is a slightly hotter and somewhat rainier season from May to November.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nevis lies within the track area of tropical storms and occasional hurricanes. These storms can develop between June 1 and November 30. This time of year has the heaviest rainfalls.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nevis also experiences many fires, including the devastating Nevisian Fire of 1876.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevis_montravers2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nevis_montravers2.jpg/220px-Nevis_montravers2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nevis_montravers2.jpg/330px-Nevis_montravers2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nevis_montravers2.jpg/440px-Nevis_montravers2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>An African <a href="/wiki/Adansonia_digitata" title="Adansonia digitata">baobab tree</a> by a ruin at Mountravers Estate, a former plantation that produced, on average, 110 <a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">hogsheads</a>, about 66,000 pounds or 30,000 kilograms of sugar and around 7,250 imperial gallons (33,000 litres) of rum annually<sup id="cite_ref-Bristol_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bristol-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevis_Montravers1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Nevis_Montravers1.jpg/220px-Nevis_Montravers1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Nevis_Montravers1.jpg/330px-Nevis_Montravers1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Nevis_Montravers1.jpg/440px-Nevis_Montravers1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Nevis Heritage Trail sign at Mountravers Estate</figcaption></figure> <p>The official currency is the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_dollar" title="Eastern Caribbean dollar">Eastern Caribbean dollar</a> (EC$), which is shared used by the eight member countries of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-p684_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p684-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission's Delegation</a> in Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean estimates the annual per capita <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product">Gross Domestic Product</a> (GDP) on Nevis to be about 10 per cent higher<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> than on St. Kitts.<sup id="cite_ref-EU_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major source of revenue for Nevis as of 2023 according to <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> is tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2003–2004 season, approximately 40,000 tourists visited the island.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A five-star hotel <i>(The Four Seasons Resort Nevis, West Indies)</i>, four exclusive restored plantation inns, and several smaller hotels including Oualie Beach Resort are currently in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger developments along the west coast have recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> been approved and are in the process of being developed.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offshore_banking">Offshore banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Offshore banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The introduction of secrecy legislation has made <a href="/wiki/Offshore_Financial_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore Financial Centre">offshore financial services</a> a rapidly growing economic sector in Nevis. Incorporation of companies, international insurance and reinsurance, as well as several international banks, trust companies, asset management firms, have created a boost in the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Finance_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finance-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2005, the Nevis Island Treasury collected $94.6 million in annual revenue, compared to $59.8 million during 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, 17,500 international banking companies were registered in Nevis. Registration and annual filing fees paid in 1999 by these entities amounted to over 10 per cent of Nevis' revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-EU_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offshore financial industry gained importance during the financial disaster of 1999 when <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Lenny" title="Hurricane Lenny">Hurricane Lenny</a> damaged the major resort on the island, causing the hotel to be closed down for a year and 400 of the 700 employees to be laid off.<sup id="cite_ref-EU_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Action_Task_Force" title="Financial Action Task Force">Financial Action Task Force</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD), issued a blacklist of 35 nations which were said to be non-cooperative in the campaign against tax evasion and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>. At the time, the list included the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the country was subsequently removed following various reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FATF2023List_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FATF2023List-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevis_Pier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nevis_Pier.jpg/220px-Nevis_Pier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nevis_Pier.jpg/330px-Nevis_Pier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Nevis_Pier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>The new seawall at <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Nevis" title="Charlestown, Nevis">Charlestown, Nevis</a>, in 2005. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> is seen in the background across the channel known as The Narrows; the museum of Nevis history is visible in the mid distance.</figcaption></figure> <p>The political structure for the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis is based on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Parliament">Westminster Parliamentary system</a>, but it is a unique structure<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in that Nevis has its own unicameral legislature, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles III of the United Kingdom">His Majesty</a>'s representative (the Deputy Governor General) and members of the <a href="/wiki/Nevis_Island_Assembly" title="Nevis Island Assembly">Nevis Island Assembly</a>. Nevis has considerable autonomy in its legislative branch. The constitution actually empowers the Nevis Island Legislature to make laws that cannot be abrogated by the National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgetown_University_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgetown_University-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevis has a constitutionally protected right to secede from the federation, should a two-thirds majority of the island's population vote for independence in a local referendum. Section 113.(1) of the constitution states: "The Nevis Island Legislature may provide that the island of Nevis shall cease to be federated with the island of Saint Christopher and accordingly that this Constitution shall no longer have effect in the island of Nevis."<sup id="cite_ref-Georgetown_University_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgetown_University-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevis has its own <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Nevis" title="Premier of Nevis">premier</a> and its own government, the <a href="/wiki/Nevis_Island_Administration" title="Nevis Island Administration">Nevis Island Administration</a>. It collects its own taxes and has a separate budget, with a current account surplus. According to a statement released by the Nevis Ministry of Finance in 2005, Nevis had one of the highest growth rates in gross national product and per capita income in the Caribbean at that point.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Politics of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Politics of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></div> <p>Nevis elections are scheduled every five years. The Nevis elections of 2013, called on 23 January 2013, were won by the party in opposition, the <a href="/wiki/Concerned_Citizens_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Concerned Citizens Movement">Concerned Citizens Movement</a> (CCM), led by <a href="/wiki/Vance_Amory" title="Vance Amory">Vance Amory</a>. The CCM won three of the five seats in the Nevis Island Assembly, while the incumbent party, the <a href="/wiki/Nevis_Reformation_Party" title="Nevis Reformation Party">Nevis Reformation Party</a> (NRP), won two.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the federal elections of 2010, the CCM won two of the three Nevis assigned Federal seats, while the NRP won one. Of the eight Saint Kitts assigned federal seats, the St Kitts-Nevis Labour Party won six and the People's Action Movement (PAM) two.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement_for_constitutional_reform">Movement for constitutional reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Movement for constitutional reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Parry_(politician)" title="Joseph Parry (politician)">Joseph Parry</a>, leader of the opposition, has indicated that he favours constitutional reform over secession for Nevis. His party, the NRP, has historically been the strongest and most ardent proponent for Nevis independence; the party came to power with secession as the main campaign issue. In 1975, the NRP manifesto declared that: "The Nevis Reformation Party will strive at all costs to gain secession for Nevis from St. Kitts – a privilege enjoyed by the island of Nevis prior to 1882."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cursory proposal for constitutional reform was presented by the NRP in 1999, but the issue was not prominent in the 2006 election campaign and it appears a detailed proposal has yet to be worked out and agreed upon within the party.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Handbook of Federal Countries</i> published by <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Federations" title="Forum of Federations">Forum of Federations</a>, the authors consider the constitution problematic because it does not "specifically outline" the federal financial arrangements or the means by which the central government and Nevis Island Administration can raise revenue: "In terms of the NIA, the constitution only states (in s. 108(1)) that 'all revenues...raised or received by the Administration...shall be paid into and form a fund styled the Nevis Island Consolidated Fund.' [...] Section 110(1) states that the proceeds of all 'takes' collected in St. Kitts and Nevis under any law are to be shared between the federal government and the Nevis Island Administration based on population. The share going to the NIA, however, is subject to deductions (s. 110(2)), such as the cost of common services and debt charges, as determined by the Governor-General (s.110(3)) on the advice of the Prime Minister who can also take advice from the Premier of Nevis (s.110(4))."<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 1995 report by the Commonwealth Observer Group of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a>, "the federal government is also the local government of St Kitts and this has resulted in a perception among the political parties in Nevis that the interests of the people of Nevis are being neglected by the federal government which is more concerned with the administration of St Kitts than with the federal administration."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secession_movement">Secession movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Secession movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Daniel" title="Simeon Daniel">Simeon Daniel</a>, Nevis' first Premier and former leader of the <a href="/wiki/Nevis_Reformation_Party" title="Nevis Reformation Party">Nevis Reformation Party</a> (NRP) and <a href="/wiki/Vance_Amory" title="Vance Amory">Vance Amory</a>, Premier and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Concerned_Citizens_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Concerned Citizens Movement">Concerned Citizens Movement</a> (CCM), made sovereign independence for Nevis from the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> part of their parties' agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since independence from the United Kingdom in 1983, the Nevis Island Administration and the Federal Government have been involved in several conflicts over the interpretation of the new constitution which came into effect at independence. During an interview on <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> in March 1998, repeated in a government-issued press release headlined "PM Douglas Maintains 1983 Constitution is Flawed", <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Denzil_Douglas" title="Denzil Douglas">Denzil Douglas</a> called the constitution a "recipe for disaster and disharmony among the people of both islands".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A crisis developed in 1984 when the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Movement" title="People's Action Movement">People's Action Movement</a> (PAM) won a majority in the Federal elections and temporarily ceased honouring the Federal Government's financial obligations to Nevis.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, cheques issued by the Nevis Administration were not honoured by the Bank, public servants in Nevis were not paid on time and the Nevis Island Administration experienced difficulties in meeting its financial obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also substantial support in Nevis for <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territory</a> status similar to <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a>'s, which was formerly the third of the tri-state <a href="/wiki/Saint_Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla" title="Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla">Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla</a> colony.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislative_motivation_for_secession">Legislative motivation for secession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legislative motivation for secession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, four new bills were introduced in the National Assembly in Saint Kitts, one of which made provisions to have revenue derived from activities in Nevis paid directly to the treasury in Saint Kitts instead of to the treasury in Nevis. Another bill, The Financial Services Committee Act, contained provisions that all investments in Saint Kitts and Nevis would require approval by an investment committee in Saint Kitts. This was controversial, because ever since 1983 the Nevis Island Administration had approved all investments for Nevis, on the basis that the constitution vests legislative authority for industries, trades and businesses and economic development in Nevis to the Nevis Island Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All three representatives from Nevis, including the leader of the opposition in the Nevis Island Assembly, objected to the introduction of these bills into the National Assembly in Saint Kitts, arguing that the bills would affect the ability of Nevis to develop its offshore financial services sector and that the bills would be detrimental to the Nevis economy. All the representatives in opposition in the National Assembly shared the conviction that the bills if passed into law, would be unconstitutional and undermine the constitutional and legislative authority of the Nevis Island Administration, as well as result in the destruction of the economy of Nevis.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constitutional crisis initially developed when the newly appointed Attorney General refused to grant permission for the Nevis Island Administration to assert its legal right in the Courts. After a decision of the High Court in favour of the Nevis Island Administration, the Prime Minister gave newspaper interviews stating that he "refused to accept the decision of the High Court".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the deteriorating relationship between the Nevis Island Administration and the Federal Government, a Constitutional Committee was appointed in April 1996 to advise on whether or not the present constitutional arrangement between the islands should continue. The committee recommended constitutional reform and the establishment of an island administration for Saint Kitts, separate from the Federal Government.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Federal Government in Saint Kitts fills both functions today and Saint Kitts does not have an equivalent to the Nevis Island Administration. Disagreements between the political parties in Nevis and between the Nevis Island Administration and the Federal Government have prevented the recommendations by the electoral committee from being implemented. The problematic political arrangement between the two islands, therefore, continues to date.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevis has continued developing its own legislation, such as The Nevis International Insurance Ordinance and the Nevis International Mutual Funds Ordinance of 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-Finance_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finance-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but calls for secession are often based on concerns that the legislative authority of the Nevis Island Administration might be challenged again in the future.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiscal_motivation_for_secession">Fiscal motivation for secession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fiscal motivation for secession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The issues of political dissension between Saint Kitts and Nevis are often centred around perceptions of imbalance in the economic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted by many scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevisians have often referred to a structural imbalance in Saint Kitts' favour in how funds are distributed between the two islands and this issue has made the movement for Nevis secession a constant presence in the island's political arena, with many articles appearing in the local press expressing concerns such as those compiled by Everton Powell in "What Motivates Our Call for Independence":<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Many of the businesses that operate in Nevis are headquartered in Saint Kitts and pay the corporate taxes to Saint Kitts, despite the fact that profits for those businesses are derived from Nevis.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The vast majority of Nevisians and residents of Nevis depart the Federation from Saint Kitts. This meant that departure taxes are paid in Saint Kitts.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The bulk of cargo destined for Nevis enters the Federation through Saint Kitts. Custom duties are therefore paid in Saint Kitts.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM_70-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The largest expenditure for Nevis, approximately 29 per cent of the Nevis Island Administration's recurrent budget, is education and health services, but the Nevis Island Legislature has no power to legislate over these two areas.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM_70-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Police, defense and coast guard are a federal responsibility. Charlestown Police Station, which served as the Headquarters for police officers in Nevis, was destroyed by fire in December 1991. Police officers initially had to operate out of the ruin, until the Nevis Island Administration managed to raise the resources to re-house the police.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM_70-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nevis experiences an economic disadvantage because of preferential treatment by the federal government for development of Saint Kitts. The division of foreign aid and various forms of international assistance toward development and infrastructure are especially contentious issues. Lists showing the disparities in sharing have been compiled by Dr. Everson Hull, a former Economics professor of Howard University, and are available online.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1998_referendum">1998 referendum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1998 referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nevis_independence_referendum,_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevis independence referendum, 1998">Nevis independence referendum, 1998</a></div> <p>A referendum on secession from the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis was held in 1998. Although 62% voted in favor of a secession, a two-thirds majority would have been necessary for the referendum to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gingerland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gingerland.jpg/300px-Gingerland.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gingerland.jpg/450px-Gingerland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gingerland.jpg/600px-Gingerland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Saint George Gingerland Parish</figcaption></figure> <p>The island of Nevis is divided into five administrative subdivisions called <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a>, each of which has an elected representative in the Nevis Island Assembly. The division of this almost round island into parishes was done in a <a href="/wiki/Circular_sector" title="Circular sector">circular sector</a> pattern, so each parish is shaped like a pie slice, reaching from the highest point of <a href="/wiki/Nevis_Peak" title="Nevis Peak">Nevis Peak</a> down to the coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the parishes have double names. For example, <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Gingerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint George Gingerland">Saint George Gingerland</a>'s first part of its name is the name of the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of the parish church, and the second part of the name is the traditional <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> of the parish. Often the parishes are referred to simply by their common names. The religious part of a parish name is sometimes written or pronounced in the possessive, as follows: Saint George's Gingerland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The five parishes of Nevis are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Gingerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint George Gingerland">Saint George Gingerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Windward" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint James Windward">Saint James Windward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Figtree" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John Figtree">Saint John Figtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Charlestown" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul Charlestown">Saint Paul Charlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Lowland">Saint Thomas Lowland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_Creole" title="Saint Kitts Creole">Saint Kitts Creole</a></div> <p><i>Culturama</i>, the annual cultural festival of Nevis, is celebrated during the Emancipation Day weekend, the first week of August. The festivities include many traditional folk dances, such as the <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ceremony" title="Masquerade ceremony">masquerade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moko_jumbie" class="mw-redirect" title="Moko jumbie">Moko jumbies</a> on stilts, Cowboys and Indians, and Plait the Ribbon, a <a href="/wiki/May_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="May pole">May pole</a> dance. The celebration was given a more organised form in 1974, including a Miss Culture Show and a <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a> Competition, as well as drama performances, old fashion Troupes (including Johnny Walkers, Giant and Spear, Bulls, Red Cross and Blue Ribbon), arts and crafts exhibitions and recipe competitions. According to the Nevis Department of Culture, the aim is to protect and encourage indigenous folklore, in order to make sure that the uniquely Caribbean culture can "reassert itself and flourish".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official language is <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_Creole" title="Saint Kitts Creole">Saint Kitts Creole</a> is also spoken on Nevis and less so on the neighbouring island.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music,_theatre_and_dance"><span id="Music.2C_theatre_and_dance"></span>Music, theatre and dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music, theatre and dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nevisian culture has since the 17th century incorporated <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East Indian</a> cultural elements, creating a distinct <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean</a> culture. Several historical anthropologists have done field research Nevis and in Nevisian <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">migrant</a> communities in order to trace the creation and constitution of a Nevisian cultural community. Karen Fog Olwig published her research about Nevis in 1993, writing that the areas where the Afro-Caribbean traditions were especially strong and flourishing relate to <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence farming">subsistence farming</a>. However, she adds, Afro-Caribbean cultural impulses were not recognised or valued in the colonial society and were therefore often expressed through Euro-Caribbean cultural forms.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of European forms appropriated to express Afro-Caribbean culture are the Nevisian and Kittitian <i>Tea Meetings</i> and <i>Christmas Sports</i>. According to anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Abrahams" title="Roger D. Abrahams">Roger D. Abrahams</a>, these traditional performance art forms are "Nevisian approximation of British performance codes, techniques, and patterns". He writes that the Tea Meetings were staged as theatrical "battles between decorum and chaos", <a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">decorum</a> represented by the ceremony chairmen and chaos the hecklers in the audience, with a diplomatic King or a Queen presiding over the battle to ensure fairness.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Christmas Sports included a form of comedy and satire based on local events and gossip.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahams1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahams1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were historically an important part of the Christmas celebrations in Nevis, performed on Christmas Eve by small troupes consisting of five or six men accompanied by string bands from different parts of the island. One of the men in the troupe was dressed as a woman, playing all the female parts in the dramatisations. The troupes moved from yard to yard to perform their skits, using props, face paint and costumes to play the roles of well-known personalities in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahams1_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahams1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of gossip about undesired behaviour that could surface in the skits for comic effect were querulous neighbours, adulterous affairs, planters mistreating workers, domestic disputes or abuse, crooked politicians and any form of stealing or cheating experienced in the society. Even though no names were mentioned in these skits, the audience would usually be able to guess who the heckling message in the troupe's dramatised portrayals was aimed at, as it was played out right on the person's own front yard. The acts thus functioned as social and moral commentaries on current events and behaviours in Nevisian society. This particular form is called "Bazzarding" by many locals. Abrahams theorises that Christmas Sports are rooted in the pre-emancipation Christmas and New Year holiday celebrations, when the enslaved population had several days off.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahams1_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahams1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American folklorist and musicologist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a> visited Nevis in 1962 in order to conduct long-term research into the black folk culture of the island. His field trip to Nevis and surrounding islands resulted in the anthology <i>Lomax Caribbean Voyage</i> series.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Nevisians recorded were <a href="/wiki/Chantey" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantey">chantey</a>-singing fishermen in a session organised in a rum shop in Newcastle; Santoy, the Calypsonian, performing <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypsos</a> by Nevisian ballader and local legend Charles Walters<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to guitar and <a href="/wiki/Cuatro_(instrument)" title="Cuatro (instrument)">cuatro</a>; and <a href="/wiki/String_band" title="String band">string bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fife_(instrument)" title="Fife (instrument)">fife</a> players and drummers from Gingerland, performing <a href="/wiki/Quadrilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrilles">quadrilles</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The island is also known for "Jamband music", which is the kind of music performed by local bands during the "<a href="/wiki/Culturama" title="Culturama">Culturama</a> Festival" and is key to "Jouvert" dancing. The sounds of the so-called "Iron Band" are also popular within the culture; many locals come together using any old pans, sinks, or other kits of any sort; which they use to create sounds and music. This form of music is played throughout the villages during the Christmas and carnival seasons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Museum_of_Nevis_History_-_Alexander_Hamilton_birthplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Museum_of_Nevis_History_-_Alexander_Hamilton_birthplace.jpg/220px-The_Museum_of_Nevis_History_-_Alexander_Hamilton_birthplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Museum_of_Nevis_History_-_Alexander_Hamilton_birthplace.jpg/330px-The_Museum_of_Nevis_History_-_Alexander_Hamilton_birthplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Museum_of_Nevis_History_-_Alexander_Hamilton_birthplace.jpg/440px-The_Museum_of_Nevis_History_-_Alexander_Hamilton_birthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Nevis_History" title="Museum of Nevis History">Museum of Nevis History</a> in Charlestown is housed in the restored <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> stone building which is near the mostly wooden building where <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> was born.</figcaption></figure> <p>A series of earthquakes during the 18th century severely damaged most of the colonial-era stone buildings of Charlestown. The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> stone buildings in Charlestown that are visible today had to be partially rebuilt after the earthquakes, and this led to the development of a new architectural style, consisting of a wooden upper floor over a stone ground floor; the new style resisted earthquake damage much more effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two important Nevisian buildings from the 18th century are Hermitage Plantation, built of <a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">lignum vitae</a> wood in 1740, the oldest surviving wooden house still in use in the Caribbean today, and the Bath Hotel, the first hotel in the Caribbean, a luxury hotel and spa built by John Huggins in 1778. The soothing waters of the hotel's <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot spring</a> and the lively social life on Nevis attracted Europeans including Antigua-based <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Nelson">Admiral Nelson</a>, and Prince William Henry, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence" title="Duke of Clarence">Duke of Clarence</a>, (future <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV of the United Kingdom</a>), who attended balls and private parties at the Bath Hotel. Today, the building serves as government offices, and there are two outdoor hot-spring bathing spots which were specially constructed in recent years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> for public use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to local <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, a destructive 1680 or 1690 earthquake and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> destroyed the buildings of the original capital Jamestown on the west coast. Folk tales say that the town sank beneath the ocean, and the tsunami is blamed for the escape of (possibly fictional) pirate <a href="/wiki/Red_Legs_Greaves" title="Red Legs Greaves">Red Legs Greaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gosse_-_Who's_Who_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosse_-_Who's_Who-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, archaeologists from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a> who have done excavations in the area have found no evidence for such a tsunami. They state that this story may originate with an over-excited Victorian letter writer sharing somewhat exaggerated accounts of his exotic life in the tropical colony with a British audience back home.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One such letter recounts that so much damage was done to the town that it was completely evacuated, and was engulfed by the sea. Early maps do not, however, actually show a settlement called "Jamestown", only "Morton's Bay", and later maps show that all that was left of Jamestown/Morton's Bay in 1818 was a building labelled "Pleasure House". Very old bricks that wash up on Pinney's Beach after storms may have contributed to this legend of a sunken town; however, these bricks are thought to be dumped ballast from 17th and 18th century sailing ships.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Anslyn" title="Arthur Anslyn">Arthur Anslyn</a>, marine expert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Arthurton" title="Keith Arthurton">Keith Arthurton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> player<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_L._Baker" title="Bertram L. Baker">Bertram L. Baker</a>, Majority Whip of the New York State Assembly (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, United States Supreme Court Justice<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a>, actor/comedian, founding member of the British comedy group <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Coker" title="Frances Coker">Frances "Fanny" Coker</a> (1767 – 1820) freed slave in Bristol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Crosse" title="Rupert Crosse">Rupert Crosse</a>, first African American to be nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> as Best Supporting Actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, statesman and one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runako_Morton" title="Runako Morton">Runako Morton</a>, cricket player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Nelson" title="Frances Nelson">Frances Nelson</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Nelson">Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalie_Spence" title="Eulalie Spence">Eulalie Spence</a>, pioneer playwright of the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a><sup id="cite_ref-lupino_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lupino-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whipping_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whipping-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elquemedo_Willett" title="Elquemedo Willett">Elquemedo Willett</a>, cricket player, inducted into the Nevis Sports Museum Hall of Fame in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Powell" title="Kieran Powell">Kieran Powell</a>, cricket player</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Leeward_Islands" title="Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands">Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis_Historical_and_Conservation_Society" title="Nevis Historical and Conservation Society">Nevis Historical and Conservation Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Deputy Governor-General of Nevis is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>, to assent or withhold assent to any bill passed by the Nevis Island Assembly and to perform other functions of the office of Governor-General on His Majesty's behalf relating to Nevis, as the Governor-General may specify. See Chapter III, Sections 23 of the Constitution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/StKittsNevis.html">"St. Kitts and Nevis: Islands, Parishes & Major Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"</a>. <i>citypopulation.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226104326/http://www.citypopulation.de/StKittsNevis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=St.+Kitts+and+Nevis%3A+Islands%2C+Parishes+%26+Major+Towns+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics+in+Maps+and+Charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FStKittsNevis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=361&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=86&pr.y=13">"Saint Kitts and Nevis"</a>. International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907123312/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=361&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=86&pr.y=13">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Kitts+and+Nevis&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2010%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D2007%26ey%3D2010%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D361%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%252CLP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D%26pr.x%3D86%26pr.y%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Kitts-and-Nevis">"Saint Kitts and Nevis | Culture, History, & People | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 19 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803155513/https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Kitts-and-Nevis">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Saint+Kitts+and+Nevis+%7C+Culture%2C+History%2C+%26+People+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSaint-Kitts-and-Nevis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubbard-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Vincent K. (2002). <i>Swords, Ships & Sugar: History of Nevis</i>. Corvallis, Oregon: Premiere, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891519-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-891519-05-0">1-891519-05-0</a>, pp. 20–23 (Captain Gilbert, Captain Smith), 25 (pearl diving), 41–44 (name Dulcina, treaty with Spain, first settlement), 69–70 (privateers, Captain Francis), 79–85 (Atlantic slave trade, Royal African Company, Queen of the Caribees), 86–102 (Caribs), 113–120 (d'Iberville, buccaneers), 138–139 (profits derived from West Indian sugar and slave trade, 1776 starvation), 194–195 (Alexandra Hospital), 211–223 (electricity, Anguilla in 1967, OECD blacklist).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel-vogue.co.uk/destinations/st-kitts-and-nevis/nevis.html">"Nevis Travel Guide"</a>. <i>Travel Vogue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316071123/https://travel-vogue.co.uk/destinations/st-kitts-and-nevis/nevis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+Vogue&rft.atitle=Nevis+Travel+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel-vogue.co.uk%2Fdestinations%2Fst-kitts-and-nevis%2Fnevis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2023" class="citation cs2">Corbett, Jack (9 May 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/46081/chapter/404582653">"Sovereignty"</a>, <i>Statehood à la Carte in the Caribbean and the Pacific</i> (1 ed.), Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 35–78, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780192864246.003.0002">10.1093/oso/9780192864246.003.0002</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286424-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286424-6"><bdi>978-0-19-286424-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statehood+%C3%A0+la+Carte+in+the+Caribbean+and+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Sovereignty&rft.pages=35-78&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780192864246.003.0002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-286424-6&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F46081%2Fchapter%2F404582653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-kitts-and-nevis/">"Saint Kitts and Nevis"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205061139/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/sc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Saint+Kitts+and+Nevis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsaint-kitts-and-nevis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Our Lady of the Snow"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Our_Lady_of_the_Snow">"Our Lady of the Snow" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Our+Lady+of+the+Snow&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arch.soton.ac.uk/Projects/default.asp?ProjectID=12">Nevis Heritage excavation reports, 2000–2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060708150627/http://www.arch.soton.ac.uk/Projects/default.asp?ProjectID=12">Archived</a> 8 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Samuel (1990). "The Prehistoric Settlement Pattern of Nevis, West Indies". <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Winter 1989), p. 427-450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honychurch-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honychurch_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honychurch_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Honychurch, Lennox (1997). "Crossroads in the Caribbean: A Site of Encounter and Exchange on Dominica". <i>World Archaeology</i> Vol. 28(3): 291–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nevisisland.com/nevis-history/">"Nevis History"</a>. <i>Nevis Tourism Authority</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726032757/https://nevisisland.com/nevis-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nevis+Tourism+Authority&rft.atitle=Nevis+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnevisisland.com%2Fnevis-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/irish-indentured-labour-in-the-caribbean/">"Irish indentured labour in the Caribbean"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322013117/http://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/irish-indentured-labour-in-the-caribbean/">Archived</a> 22 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nationalarchives.gov.uk. 11 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Calendar State Papers</i> (1676). Number 1152, 1676. The British Colonial Office Public Records. Qtd. in Hubbard, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watts, David (1987). <i>The West Indies: Patterns of Development, Culture and Environmental Change Since 1492</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurveyor/Mapper2021" class="citation web cs1">Surveyor/Mapper, Simeon Hill (28 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e85ad1ef2b544eb792af6703264de89e">"Nevis Heritage Sites (St. George)"</a>. <i>ArcGIS StoryMaps</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArcGIS+StoryMaps&rft.atitle=Nevis+Heritage+Sites+%28St.+George%29&rft.date=2021-04-28&rft.aulast=Surveyor%2FMapper&rft.aufirst=Simeon+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstorymaps.arcgis.com%2Fstories%2Fe85ad1ef2b544eb792af6703264de89e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/emancipation-day-saint-kitts-and-nevis">"Emancipation Day In Saint Kitts and Nevis | Loop Caribbean News"</a>. <i>Loop News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loop+News&rft.atitle=Emancipation+Day+In+Saint+Kitts+and+Nevis+%7C+Loop+Caribbean+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaribbean.loopnews.com%2Fcontent%2Femancipation-day-saint-kitts-and-nevis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goveia, Elsa H. (1965). <i>Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88258-048-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88258-048-5">0-88258-048-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bristol-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bristol_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bristol_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/showNarrative.php?sit_id=1&narId=214&nacId=822">Personal stories: Traders and Merchants – John Pinney</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927062325/http://www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/showNarrative.php?sit_id=1&narId=214&nacId=822">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <i>Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery</i>, a project by City Museum and the University of the West of England's Faculty of Humanities. Retrieved 8 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker Motley, Constance (1998). <i>Equal Justice Under Law. An Autobiography.</i> New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-14865-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-14865-1">0-374-14865-1</a>. An excerpt from the autobiography, describing her search in Nevis church records for her family's history during the era of slavery, is available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://partners.nytimes.com/books/first/m/motley-equal.html">The New York Times Book Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192223/http://partners.nytimes.com/books/first/m/motley-equal.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simmonds, Keith C. (1987). "Political and Economic Factors Influencing the St. Kitts-Nevis Polity: An Historical Perspective". Phylon, 48:4. 4th Qtr., 1987, pp. 277–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol.IV</i>. London: Charles Knight. 1848. p. 772.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Cyclopaedia+of+Useful+Knowledge%2C+Vol.IV&rft.place=London&rft.pages=772&rft.pub=Charles+Knight&rft.date=1848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Elecdata/Kitts/ref1998.html">"St. Kitts and Nevis: 1998 Referendum"</a>. <i>pdba.georgetown.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318212058/https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Elecdata/Kitts/ref1998.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pdba.georgetown.edu&rft.atitle=St.+Kitts+and+Nevis%3A+1998+Referendum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdba.georgetown.edu%2FElecdata%2FKitts%2Fref1998.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-63134338">"St Kitts and Nevis profile - Timeline"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213183029/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-63134338">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=St+Kitts+and+Nevis+profile+-+Timeline&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-63134338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qtd. in Hubbard, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Janet (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/sk&n/conference/papers/JBrown.html">"Early Childhood Investment in St. Kitts and Nevis: A Model for the Caribbean?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903214855/http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/sk%26n/conference/papers/JBrown.html">Archived</a> 3 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Caribbean Child Development Centre, School of Continuing Studies, UWI, Mona: "St. Kitts-Nevis has one of the highest levels of CXC passes in the region."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queencitynevis.com/NewsArticle.cfm/2277">"Education official calls on students to push beyond their comfort zones"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173027/http://www.queencitynevis.com/NewsArticle.cfm/2277">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nevis Government Information Service, 10 January 2007: "In 2002, Nevis captured the award for Most Outstanding School for the year in the Region. [...] In the May/June examinations of 2006, Nevis again recorded its name in the annals of CXC's when it captured two of the eight awards in Business Studies and Technical/vocational Studies. Nevis returned the best performance in Business Studies in the Region in two of the three years that the award had been offered". For results at individual schools, see Caines, Jaedee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stkittsnevisobserver.com/oct1305/news13a.htm">"Proud Moment For Lyn Jeffers School"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001033024/http://www.stkittsnevisobserver.com/oct1305/news13a.htm">Archived</a> 1 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Observer, 13 October 2005; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sknvibes.com/News/NewsDetails.cfm?Idz=%24%23!W%3D_%40++%0A">"Minister of Education to GSS 2005 graduands: The future of Nevis depends on you"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928122138/http://www.sknvibes.com/News/NewsDetails.cfm?Idz=$%23!W=_@++%0A">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>SKN Vibes</i>, 24 November 2005; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sknvibes.com/Education/NewsDetails.cfm/1783">Washington Archibald High School obtains highest CXC pass rate among 7 others</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216162821/http://www.sknvibes.com/Education/NewsDetails.cfm/1783">Archived</a> 16 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. SKN Vibes, 4 September 2006. Retrieved 7 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations (2000). "Saint Kitts and Nevis: Executive Summary". <i>Country Reports</i>. Committee on Science and Technology, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/lac/national/2000/saint_kitts_and_nevis-summary-eng.pdf">pdf file</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090804151915/http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/lac/national/2000/saint_kitts_and_nevis-summary-eng.pdf">Archived</a> 4 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 7 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=360040">"Nevis Peak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Nevis+Peak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D360040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=360040">"Global Volcanism Program | Nevis Peak"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618233609/https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=360040">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution+%7C+Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Global+Volcanism+Program+%7C+Nevis+Peak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D360040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geospatial_Conservation_Atlas_2024_j562-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geospatial_Conservation_Atlas_2024_j562_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geospatial_Conservation_Atlas_2024_j562_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geospatial.tnc.org/datasets/TNC::coral-reefs-2017/explore?location=17.166175%2C-62.558380%2C12.91">"Coral Reefs (2017)"</a>. <i>The Nature Conservancy Geospatial Conservation Atlas</i>. 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nature+Conservancy+Geospatial+Conservation+Atlas&rft.atitle=Coral+Reefs+%282017%29&rft.date=2024-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeospatial.tnc.org%2Fdatasets%2FTNC%3A%3Acoral-reefs-2017%2Fexplore%3Flocation%3D17.166175%252C-62.558380%252C12.91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_UWI_Seismic_Research_Centre_2000_g219-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_UWI_Seismic_Research_Centre_2000_g219_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwiseismic.com/island-profiles/nevis/">"Nevis"</a>. <i>The UWI Seismic Research Centre</i>. 30 October 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112065226/https://uwiseismic.com/island-profiles/nevis/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+UWI+Seismic+Research+Centre&rft.atitle=Nevis&rft.date=2000-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuwiseismic.com%2Fisland-profiles%2Fnevis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinney_length-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinney_length_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pinneys+beach/@17.1631873,-62.6103518,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x8c123d4f235d47b3:0xca8a5737c4396ee1!8m2!3d17.1581896!4d-62.6296306!16s%2Fm%2F03g_dsr?entry=ttu">"Pinney's Beach, Nevis map"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Pinney%27s+Beach%2C+Nevis+map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FPinneys%2Bbeach%2F%4017.1631873%2C-62.6103518%2C15z%2Fdata%3D%214m6%213m5%211s0x8c123d4f235d47b3%3A0xca8a5737c4396ee1%218m2%213d17.1581896%214d-62.6296306%2116s%252Fm%252F03g_dsr%3Fentry%3Dttu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="error"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonely_Planet_y152-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_y152_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/st-kitts-nevis/northern-nevis/attractions/pinney-s-beach/a/poi-sig/1396711/1331212">"Nevis, St Kitts & Nevis"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226235404/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/st-kitts-nevis/northern-nevis/attractions/pinney-s-beach/a/poi-sig/1396711/1331212">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Nevis%2C+St+Kitts+%26+Nevis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fst-kitts-nevis%2Fnorthern-nevis%2Fattractions%2Fpinney-s-beach%2Fa%2Fpoi-sig%2F1396711%2F1331212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._News_Travel_1970_z745-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._News_Travel_1970_z745_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._News_Travel_1970_z745_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.usnews.com/St_Kitts-Nevis/Things_To_Do/Pinney_s_Beach_22304/">"Pinney's Beach (Nevis) Reviews"</a>. <i>U.S. News Travel</i>. 1 January 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218001332/https://travel.usnews.com/St_Kitts-Nevis/Things_To_Do/Pinney_s_Beach_22304/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+Travel&rft.atitle=Pinney%27s+Beach+%28Nevis%29+Reviews&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.usnews.com%2FSt_Kitts-Nevis%2FThings_To_Do%2FPinney_s_Beach_22304%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindsay_2009-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay_2009_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsland_Resources_Foundation2009" class="citation report cs1">Island Resources Foundation (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irf.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/NevisPeakProtectedAreaTerrestrialBiodiversity_2009.pdf">Terrestrial Biodiversity Inventory and Status Assessment for the Proposed Nevis Peak Protected Area</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221084326/http://www.irf.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/NevisPeakProtectedAreaTerrestrialBiodiversity_2009.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Pinney's Beach is now heavily trafficked and the most developed on Nevis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Terrestrial+Biodiversity+Inventory+and+Status+Assessment+for+the+Proposed+Nevis+Peak+Protected+Area&rft.pub=Federation+of+St.+Kitts+and+Nevis&rft.date=2009-06&rft.au=Island+Resources+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irf.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2FNevisPeakProtectedAreaTerrestrialBiodiversity_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Telegraph_2020_o154-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Telegraph_2020_o154_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/caribbean/saint-kitts-and-nevis/articles/nevis-beaches/">"5 of the best beaches on Nevis, from secluded sands to party spots"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 3 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127034236/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/caribbean/saint-kitts-and-nevis/articles/nevis-beaches/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=5+of+the+best+beaches+on+Nevis%2C+from+secluded+sands+to+party+spots&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fcaribbean%2Fsaint-kitts-and-nevis%2Farticles%2Fnevis-beaches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_2012_e190-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2012_e190_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20032548">"St Kitts and Nevis country profile"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317165000/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20032548">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=St+Kitts+and+Nevis+country+profile&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-20032548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005000349/http://caribbeanvolcanoes.com/nevis-geology/">"Nevis Geology"</a>. <i>Caribbean Volcanoes</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caribbeanvolcanoes.com/nevis-geology/">the original</a> on 5 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Volcanoes&rft.atitle=Nevis+Geology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaribbeanvolcanoes.com%2Fnevis-geology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191050/http://uwiseismic.com/ScientificPapers.aspx">"Nevis Geological Profile"</a>. <i>The University of West Indies</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uwiseismic.com/ScientificPapers.aspx">the original</a> on 4 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+West+Indies&rft.atitle=Nevis+Geological+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuwiseismic.com%2FScientificPapers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vincent-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2002" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Vincent (2002). <i>Swords, Ships & Sugar</i>. Corvallis: Premiere Editions International, Inc. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781891519055" title="Special:BookSources/9781891519055"><bdi>9781891519055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swords%2C+Ships+%26+Sugar&rft.place=Corvallis&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Premiere+Editions+International%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781891519055&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht1966" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard (February 1966). <i>Community and Context in a Colonial Society: Social and Economic Change in Nevis, British West Indies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+and+Context+in+a+Colonial+Society%3A+Social+and+Economic+Change+in+Nevis%2C+British+West+Indies&rft.date=1966-02&rft.aulast=Frucht&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Samuel (1990). "The Prehistoric Settlement Pattern of Nevis, West Indies". <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Winter 1989), p. 428: "The breakup of the fringing reef has itself contributed to extensive and accelerating coastal erosion on the windward coast of the island, where sea cliffs of unconsolidated volcanic gravels as high as 25 m have developed."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP_2020_r296-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_2020_r296_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/staunching-flow-st-kitts-and-nevis-fight-keep-its-soil">"Staunching the flow: St. Kitts and Nevis' fight to keep its soil"</a>. <i>UNEP</i>. 24 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322144301/https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/staunching-flow-st-kitts-and-nevis-fight-keep-its-soil">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNEP&rft.atitle=Staunching+the+flow%3A+St.+Kitts+and+Nevis%27+fight+to+keep+its+soil&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fnews-and-stories%2Fstory%2Fstaunching-flow-st-kitts-and-nevis-fight-keep-its-soil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECLAC-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECLAC_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eclac.cl/publicaciones/xml/9/13229/lcarg749-12-Chapter09.pdf">"Chapter 9: St. Kitts and Nevis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926162940/http://www.eclac.cl/publicaciones/xml/9/13229/lcarg749-12-Chapter09.pdf">Archived</a> 26 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In Programme of Action for the sustainable development of small island developing States (SIDS POA). United Nations, 2003-09-29. Retrieved 28 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p684-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p684_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank" class="citation web cs1">Bank, Eastern Caribbean Central. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/currency">"Currency"</a>. <i>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=XCD+%28Eastern+Caribbean+Dollar%29%3A+What+it+Means%2C+How+it+Works&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fx%2Fxcd-eastern-caribbean-dollar.asp%23%3A~%3Atext%3DXCD%2520is%2520the%2520symbol%2520for%2CSaint%2520Vincent%2520and%2520the%2520Grenadines.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delbrb.ec.europa.eu/en/eu_and_country/stkitts_overview.htm">"EU & the Eastern Caribbean: St Kitts and Nevis Overview"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916125701/http://www.delbrb.ec.europa.eu/en/eu_and_country/stkitts_overview.htm">Archived</a> 16 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The European Commission's Delegation in Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDept2023" class="citation journal cs1">Dept, International Monetary Fund Western Hemisphere (31 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/002/2023/130/article-A001-en.xml">"St. Kitts and Nevis: 2023 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Kitts and Nevis"</a>. <i>IMF Staff Country Reports</i>. <b>2023</b> (130). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5089%2F9798400239748.002.A001">10.5089/9798400239748.002.A001</a> (inactive 2 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316073503/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/002/2023/130/article-A001-en.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IMF+Staff+Country+Reports&rft.atitle=St.+Kitts+and+Nevis%3A+2023+Article+IV+Consultation-Press+Release%3B+Staff+Report%3B+and+Statement+by+the+Executive+Director+for+St.+Kitts+and+Nevis&rft.volume=2023&rft.issue=130&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5089%2F9798400239748.002.A001&rft.aulast=Dept&rft.aufirst=International+Monetary+Fund+Western+Hemisphere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elibrary.imf.org%2Fview%2Fjournals%2F002%2F2023%2F130%2Farticle-A001-en.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-kitts-and-nevis/">CIA Factbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205061139/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/sc.html">Archived</a> 5 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2006). Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oualiebeach.com/">"Oualie Beach Resort - Nevis Hotel"</a>. Oualiebeach.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720002651/https://www.oualiebeach.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oualie+Beach+Resort+-+Nevis+Hotel&rft.pub=Oualiebeach.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oualiebeach.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000015/001529.htm">"Developers pay US$10m installment for Nevis land"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060808184040/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000015/001529.htm">Archived</a> 8 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Caribbean Net News, 9 May 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finance-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finance_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finance_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">As reported by the Premier at the official Web site for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nevisfinance.com/About.cfm?Idz=1">Nevis Financial Services Departments and the Ministry of Finance, Nevis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514180802/http://www.nevisfinance.com/About.cfm?Idz=1">Archived</a> 14 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queencitynevis.com/news2.asp?pressId=339">"Employment on Nevis increases"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (2006). Nevis Island Government Press Release, May 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See articles in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/806236.stm">BBC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222182151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/806236.stm">Archived</a> 22 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islandsun.com/archives/2001-January/100101/local1-v4i38.html">Island Sun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019074856/http://www.islandsun.com/archives/2001-January/100101/local1-v4i38.html">Archived</a> 19 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?Date=20020422&Category=BUSINESS&ArtNo=104220017&Ref=AR">The Royal Gazette</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630103641/http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?Date=20020422&Category=BUSINESS&ArtNo=104220017&Ref=AR">Archived</a> 30 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FATF2023List-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FATF2023List_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701063728/https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/countries/black-and-grey-lists.html">"Black and Grey Lists"</a>. <i>Fatf-gafi.org</i>. Financial Action Task Force. 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/countries/black-and-grey-lists.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fatf-gafi.org&rft.atitle=Black+and+Grey+Lists&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fatf-gafi.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fblack-and-grey-lists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, Fred (2002). <i>Commonwealth Caribbean Constitutional Law</i>. Cavendish Publishing, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84314-429-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84314-429-8">1-84314-429-8</a>, p. 136: "St Kitts and Nevis has broken new ground in creating a federal structure that is <i>sui generis</i>: a Federation not between St Kitts and Nevis, but between Nevis on the one hand and St Kitts and Nevis on the other."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgetown_University-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgetown_University_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgetown_University_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See section 3 and 4 about Nevis Island Legislature and Administration in <i>The Saint Christopher and Nevis Constitution Order 1983</i>. Published online by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Kitts/kitts83.html">Georgetown University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820122204/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Kitts/kitts83.html">Archived</a> 20 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and also by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/sk&n/centre/nevis.html">University of the West Indies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210085350/http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/sk%26n/centre/nevis.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevis Island Administration – Ministry of Finance (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nevisfinance.com/About.cfm?Idz=4">Quick Facts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620104351/http://nevisfinance.com/About.cfm?Idz=4">Archived</a> 20 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>About Nevis. Tax and Economic System.</i> Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2013/01/18/ccm-defeats-nrp.html">"CCM Defeats NRP in Nevis Elections"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127180017/http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2013/01/18/ccm-defeats-nrp.html">Archived</a> 27 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer, 23 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2010893355_apcbstkittselection.html?syndication=rss">"St. Kitts ruling party wins in early elections"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729122131/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2010893355_apcbstkittselection.html?syndication=rss">Archived</a> 29 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Seattle Times, 26 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert, Roy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nevisindependence.com/history.html">"A short historical look at the Relationship between St. Kitts & Nevis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718073555/http://www.nevisindependence.com/history.html">Archived</a> 18 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Historical Review. Nevis Independence, 4 February 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2004/01/040126_nevis-opposition.shtml">"Nevis: 'Reform before independence'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043147/http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2004/01/040126_nevis-opposition.shtml">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC Caribbean, online edition, 26 January 2004. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffiths, Ann Lynn and Karl Nerenberg (2002). <i>Handbook of Federal Countries</i>. Ed. Karl Nerenberg. Published McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2511-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2511-4">0-7735-2511-4</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>General Election in St Kitts and Nevis 3 July 1995: The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group</i>. Commonwealth Observer Group, Commonwealth Secretariat, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85092-466-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85092-466-9">0-85092-466-9</a>, p.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000020/002025.htm">"Independence for Nevis still on the agenda, says premier."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060808185131/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000020/002025.htm">Archived</a> 8 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Caribbean Net News</i>, 16 June 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Office of the Prime Minister (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stkittsnevis.net/media/march98.html">"PM Douglas Maintains 1983 Constitution is Flawed."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031022014943/http://www.stkittsnevis.net/media/march98.html">Archived</a> 22 October 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Media Release, 11 March 1998. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCM-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCM_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCM_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCM_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCM_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCM_70-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCM_70-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCM_70-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCM_70-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Concerned Citizens Movement (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.to/nevisisland">"The Way Forward For The Island Of Nevis." <i>Nevis, Queen of the Caribees</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715181412/http://go.to/nevisisland">Archived</a> 15 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nevis Island Administration, September 1996. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mondaq.com/x/4365/offshore+financial+centres/Secession+The+Way+Forward+For+Nevis+St+Kitts">"Secession – The Way Forward For Nevis & St. Kitts – Wealth Management – Nevis"</a>. <i>mondaq.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510103822/http://www.mondaq.com/x/4365/offshore+financial+centres/Secession+The+Way+Forward+For+Nevis+St+Kitts">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mondaq.com&rft.atitle=Secession+%E2%80%93+The+Way+Forward+For+Nevis+%26+St.+Kitts+%E2%80%93+Wealth+Management+%E2%80%93+Nevis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mondaq.com%2Fx%2F4365%2Foffshore%2Bfinancial%2Bcentres%2FSecession%2BThe%2BWay%2BForward%2BFor%2BNevis%2BSt%2BKitts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, Fred (2002). Commonwealth Caribbean Constitutional Law. Cavendish Publishing, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84314-429-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84314-429-8">1-84314-429-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>St. Kitts and Nevis Observer</i> July 16–22, 1995. Qtd. in The Concerned Citizens Movement. "The Way Forward For The Island Of Nevis." <i>Nevis, Queen of the Caribees</i>. Nevis Island Administration, September 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anckar, Dag (2001). "Party systems and voter alignments in small island states". In <i>Party Systems and Voter Alignments Revisited</i>. Eds. Lauri Karvonen and Stein Kuhnle. Routledge, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23720-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23720-3">0-415-23720-3</a>. p. 270: "To a historical rivalry between the islands must be added a structural economic imbalance".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: Duval, David Timothy (2004). <i>Tourism in the Caribbean: Trends, Development, Prospects</i>. Routledge, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30361-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30361-3">0-415-30361-3</a>, p. 102: "Nevis has claimed domination and exploitation by St Kitts and has come to view St Kitts as the 'larger omnipresent looming partner' (Premdas 2000). Such mistreatment (whether real or perceived), combined with the subordinate island's distinctive cultural and historical identity, has fostered an ambivalent relationship between internal core and periphery. These accusations and counter-attacks have been entrenched in the countries' collective memory and have, to some degree, permeated many aspects of society." See also: Phillips, Fred (2002). <i>Commonwealth Caribbean Constitutional Law</i> Cavendish Publishing, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84314-429-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84314-429-8">1-84314-429-8</a>: "In <i>Freedom in the Caribbean</i>, reference was made to the long history of grievance nurtured by Nevis against St Kitts [ever since] imperial legislation brought Nevis into the unitary state of St Kitts/Nevis/Anguilla in 1882."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, Everton (Ed.) (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nevisindependence.com/">"What Motivates Our Call for Independence"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614041920/http://www.nevisindependence.com/">Archived</a> 14 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nevis Independence. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hull, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nevisindependence.com/article.php?subaction=showfull&id=1080376868&archive=&start_from=&ucat=&">"Part I: Grabbing the Forgiven-debt Money."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515134454/http://www.nevisindependence.com/article.php?subaction=showfull&id=1080376868&archive=&start_from=&ucat=&">Archived</a> 15 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nevisindependence.com/article.php?subaction=showfull&id=1080376524&archive=&start_from=&ucat=2&">"On the Money Trail – PART II"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515134545/http://www.nevisindependence.com/article.php?subaction=showfull&id=1080376524&archive=&start_from=&ucat=2&">Archived</a> 15 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nevis Independence. See also Powell, Everton (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nevisindependence.com/disparities.htm">"Disparities in sharing"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618055453/http://www.nevisindependence.com/disparities.htm">Archived</a> 18 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nevis Independence. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nia.gov.kn/census-shows-a-7-4-percent-increase-in-the-population-on-nevis/">"Census shows a 7.4 percent increase in the population on Nevis"</a>. <i>NIA - Nevis Island Administration</i>. 26 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIA+-+Nevis+Island+Administration&rft.atitle=Census+shows+a+7.4+percent+increase+in+the+population+on+Nevis&rft.date=2024-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnia.gov.kn%2Fcensus-shows-a-7-4-percent-increase-in-the-population-on-nevis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevis Department of Culture (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nevisculturama.net/about_culturama.htm">Nevis Culturama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060713104618/http://www.nevisculturama.net/about_culturama.htm">Archived</a> 13 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 8 May 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olwig, Karen Fog (1993). <i>Global Culture, Island Identity: continuity and change in the Afro-Caribbean community of Nevis</i>. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahams, Roger D. (1983). <i>Man of Words in the West Indies: Performance and the Emergence of Creole Culture</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U P, 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahams1-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams1_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams1_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams1_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahams, Roger D. (1973). "Christmas Mummings on Nevis." North Carolina Folklore Journal (1973): pp. 120–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowley, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mustrad.org.uk/reviews/nevis.htm">"Caribbean Voyage: Nevis & St Kitts Tea Meetings, Christmas Sports, & the Moonlight Night"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070506220528/http://www.mustrad.org.uk/reviews/nevis.htm">Archived</a> 6 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Musical Traditions</i>, 1 November 2002. Retrieved 8 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahams, Roger D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1498145">"Charles Walters – West Indian Autolycus'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062618/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1498145">Archived</a> 27 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Western Folklore, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Apr. 1968), pp. 77–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeat2018" class="citation web cs1">Beat, Caribbean (1 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-152/charlestown-nevis-neighbourhood">"Charlestown, Nevis | Neighbourhood"</a>. <i>Caribbean Beat Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Beat+Magazine&rft.atitle=Charlestown%2C+Nevis+%7C+Neighbourhood&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft.aulast=Beat&rft.aufirst=Caribbean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbean-beat.com%2Fissue-152%2Fcharlestown-nevis-neighbourhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gosse_-_Who's_Who-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gosse_-_Who's_Who_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1924" class="citation book cs1">Gosse, Philip (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19564/19564-h/19564-h.htm"><i>The Pirates' Who's Who by Philip Gosse</i></a>. New York: Burt Franklin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216221651/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19564/19564-h/19564-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pirates%27+Who%27s+Who+by+Philip+Gosse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Burt+Franklin&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F19564%2F19564-h%2F19564-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Machling, Tessa (2002). "Jamestown, Morton's Bay and James Fort: Myth, Port and Fort". <i>Interim Report for the 2002 Season, Theme Two.</i> University of Southampton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/player/51110.html">"Keith Arthurton"</a>. <i>ESPN Cricinfo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040035/https://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/player/51110.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN+Cricinfo&rft.atitle=Keith+Arthurton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fwestindies%2Fcontent%2Fplayer%2F51110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/justice-breyer-robbed-by-machete-wielding-intruder-at-west-indies-vacation-home/">"Justice Breyer robbed by machete-wielding intruder at West Indies vacation home"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. Associated Press. 22 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021220608/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/02/13/justice-breyer-robbed-at-west-indies-vacation-home/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Justice+Breyer+robbed+by+machete-wielding+intruder+at+West+Indies+vacation+home&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fjustice-breyer-robbed-by-machete-wielding-intruder-at-west-indies-vacation-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2018" class="citation news cs1">McKay, Jessica (11 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/jul/11/so-disappointed-john-cleese-to-quit-uk-for-caribbean">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'So disappointed': John Cleese to quit UK for Caribbean"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27So+disappointed%27%3A+John+Cleese+to+quit+UK+for+Caribbean&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2018%2Fjul%2F11%2Fso-disappointed-john-cleese-to-quit-uk-for-caribbean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheim2018" class="citation news cs1">Oppenheim, Maya (11 July 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/john-cleese-uk-leave-brexit-nevis-caribbean-politics-a8442321.html">"John Cleese says he is leaving UK and moving to Caribbean in protest over 'awful' Brexit debate"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/john-cleese-uk-leave-brexit-nevis-caribbean-politics-a8442321.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=John+Cleese+says+he+is+leaving+UK+and+moving+to+Caribbean+in+protest+over+%27awful%27+Brexit+debate&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=Oppenheim&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fjohn-cleese-uk-leave-brexit-nevis-caribbean-politics-a8442321.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2003" class="citation journal cs1">White, Colin (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21533369.2003.9668331">"The Wife's Tale: Frances, Lady Nelson and the break-up of her marriage"</a>. <i>Journal for Maritime Research</i>. <b>5</b>. Greenwich, London: National Maritime Museum: 121–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21533369.2003.9668331">10.1080/21533369.2003.9668331</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-1957">1469-1957</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161384767">161384767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Maritime+Research&rft.atitle=The+Wife%27s+Tale%3A+Frances%2C+Lady+Nelson+and+the+break-up+of+her+marriage&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=121-142&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161384767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21533369.2003.9668331&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F21533369.2003.9668331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lupino-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lupino_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonati2013" class="citation book cs1">Donati, William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Whjb4eJKkHYC&pg=PT244"><i>Ida Lupino: A Biography</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4352-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4352-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-4352-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ida+Lupino%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-4352-1&rft.aulast=Donati&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWhjb4eJKkHYC%26pg%3DPT244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whipping-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whipping_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraconi2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Braconi, Adrienne Macki (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09Kn02VI6z4C&pg=PA134">"Eulalie Spence"</a>. In Young, Harvey (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to African American Theatre</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107017122" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107017122"><bdi>978-1107017122</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2013</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eulalie+Spence&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+African+American+Theatre&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=117-134&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1107017122&rft.aulast=Braconi&rft.aufirst=Adrienne+Macki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09Kn02VI6z4C%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParascandola2005" class="citation book cs1">Parascandola, Louis J. (2005). <i>Look for Me All Around You: Anglophone Caribbean Immigrants in the Harlem Renaissance</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2987-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2987-X"><bdi>0-8143-2987-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Look+for+Me+All+Around+You%3A+Anglophone+Caribbean+Immigrants+in+the+Harlem+Renaissance&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8143-2987-X&rft.aulast=Parascandola&rft.aufirst=Louis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CMC (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windiescricket.com/article.asp?ID=258732">"Willett for Nevis Sports Hall of Fame"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <i>West Indies Cricket Board</i>, 27 February 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Michener, James, A. 1989. <i>Caribbean</i>. Secker & Warburg. London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-436-27971-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-436-27971-1">0-436-27971-1</a> (Especially Chap. VIII. "A Wedding on Nevis", pp. 289–318). The book is a fictionalised account of Caribbean history, but according to the publisher, "...everything said about Nelson and his frantic search for a wealthy life is based on fact."</li> <li>Ordnance Survey, Government of the United Kingdom, 1984. <i>Nevis, with part of St. Christopher (Saint Kitts). Series E803 (D.O.S. 343), Sheet NEVIS, Edition 5 O.S.D. 1984</i>. Reprinted in 1995, published by the Government of the United Kingdom (Ordnance Survey) for the Government of Saint Christopher (St. Kitts) and Nevis.</li> <li>Robinson, David and Jennifer Lowery (Editors), 2000. <i>The natural history of the island of Nevis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Nevis_Historical_and_Conservation_Society" title="Nevis Historical and Conservation Society">Nevis Historical and Conservation Society</a> Press, Ithaca, New York.</li> <li>Keith C. Simmonds. "Political and Economic Factors Influencing the St. Kitts-Nevis Polity: An Historical Perspective." Phylon Vol. 48, No. 4 (4th Qtr., 1987), pp. 277–286</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevis&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nevis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nevis">Nevis</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nevis#Q207794" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Nevis">Nevis</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1879 <i><a href="/wiki/American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Nevis" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Nevis">Nevis</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Nevis"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Nevis">"Nevis" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XVII (9th ed.). 1884. p. 369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nevis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=369&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nia.gov.kn/">Nevis Island Administration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507062841/http://www.nia.gov.kn/">Archived</a> 7 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nevisisland.com/">Nevis Island Tourism Authority</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717074342/http://www.nevisisland.com/">Archived</a> 17 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> 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href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Nichola_Town_Parish" title="Christ Church Nichola Town Parish">Christ Church Nichola Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne_Sandy_Point_Parish" title="Saint Anne Sandy Point Parish">Saint Anne Sandy Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Basseterre_Parish" title="Saint George Basseterre Parish">Saint George Basseterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Capisterre_Parish" title="Saint John Capisterre Parish">Saint John Capisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Cayon_Parish" title="Saint Mary Cayon Parish">Saint Mary Cayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Capisterre_Parish" title="Saint Paul Capisterre Parish">Saint Paul Capisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Basseterre_Parish" title="Saint Peter Basseterre Parish">Saint Peter Basseterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Middle_Island_Parish" title="Saint Thomas Middle Island Parish">Saint Thomas Middle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Palmetto_Point_Parish" title="Trinity Palmetto Point Parish">Trinity Palmetto Point</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis"><img alt="Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/90px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/135px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/180px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nevis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Gingerland_Parish" title="Saint George Gingerland Parish">Saint George Gingerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Windward_Parish" title="Saint James Windward Parish">Saint James Windward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Figtree_Parish" title="Saint John Figtree Parish">Saint John Figtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Charlestown_Parish" title="Saint Paul Charlestown Parish">Saint Paul Charlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Lowland_Parish" title="Saint Thomas Lowland Parish">Saint Thomas Lowland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Nevis&#124;link=Nevis_Elections_and_referendums_in_Nevis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nevis_elections" title="Template:Nevis elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nevis_elections" title="Template talk:Nevis elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nevis_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nevis elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Nevis&#124;link=Nevis_Elections_and_referendums_in_Nevis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis"><img alt="Nevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> Elections and referendums in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nevis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nevis_Island_Assembly" title="Nevis Island Assembly">Island Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_Nevis_Island_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 Nevis Island Assembly election (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Nevis_Island_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 Nevis Island Assembly election (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Nevis_Island_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Nevis Island Assembly election (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_Nevis_Island_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 Nevis Island Assembly election (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_Nevis_Island_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 Nevis Island Assembly election (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nevis_Island_Assembly_election" title="2006 Nevis Island Assembly election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nevis_Island_Assembly_election" title="2011 Nevis Island Assembly election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nevis_Island_Assembly_election" title="2013 Nevis Island Assembly election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nevis_Island_Assembly_election" title="2017 Nevis Island Assembly election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nevis_Island_Assembly_election" title="2022 Nevis Island Assembly election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1977_Nevis_independence_referendum" title="1977 Nevis independence referendum">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Nevis_independence_referendum" title="1998 Nevis independence referendum">1998</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_elections" title="Template:Saint Kitts and Nevis elections">Elections in Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207794#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207794#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137198947">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1207154/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4207241-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79145320">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6062462">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557259005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1c209303-f95f-436d-861a-c1fc7d1666ff">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027864839">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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