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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shaft bow</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bow of wood connecting shafts over horse</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pereslavl_Horse_Drawn_Sled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pereslavl_Horse_Drawn_Sled.jpg/220px-Pereslavl_Horse_Drawn_Sled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pereslavl_Horse_Drawn_Sled.jpg/330px-Pereslavl_Horse_Drawn_Sled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pereslavl_Horse_Drawn_Sled.jpg/440px-Pereslavl_Horse_Drawn_Sled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10200" data-file-height="6600" /></a><figcaption>Horse drawn sled with shaft bow, Russia 1964</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaft-bow-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shaft-bow-1.jpg/220px-Shaft-bow-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shaft-bow-1.jpg/330px-Shaft-bow-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shaft-bow-1.jpg/440px-Shaft-bow-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Horse in a <a href="/wiki/Troika_(driving)" title="Troika (driving)">troika</a> harness with a shaft bow</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>shaft bow</b> is an element of <a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">horse harness</a> that is attached to the front of the shafts of a <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">horse-drawn vehicle</a> and joins them by arching high above the neck of the horse. Use of the shaft bow is widespread in the area east of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and the eastern Baltic countries). A shaft bow is also used in traditional harness in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. It is seldom seen in other parts of the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaft_bow&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equestrian_sport_by_Dainis_Matisons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Equestrian_sport_by_Dainis_Matisons.jpg/220px-Equestrian_sport_by_Dainis_Matisons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Equestrian_sport_by_Dainis_Matisons.jpg/330px-Equestrian_sport_by_Dainis_Matisons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Equestrian_sport_by_Dainis_Matisons.jpg/440px-Equestrian_sport_by_Dainis_Matisons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Shaft bow harness in use at a <a href="/wiki/Combined_driving" title="Combined driving">combined driving</a> contest in <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A shaft bow may be used over a single horse, or over the middle horse in a <a href="/wiki/Troika_(driving)" title="Troika (driving)">troika</a>. </p><p>The shaft bow is well-suited for a light horse pulling a heavy load. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Finland">Eastern Finland</a> the shaft bow was traditionally used all year round, while in the flatter <a href="/wiki/Western_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Finland">Western Finland</a> area, it was reserved mainly for winter and <a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">sleigh</a> driving; in the summer a breastcollar was used, on its own or with a shaft bow. The shaft bow was used with <a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">horse breeds</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Finnhorse" title="Finnhorse">Finnhorse</a>, a light but strong breed, fast compared to the heavy draft horses of Western Europe. The shaft bow functions somewhat like a spring, allowing for a smoother start, thus making it easier for a horse to take off when pulling larger loads than it could without the shaft bow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_distribution">History and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaft_bow&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-322-2470-33,_Russland,_M%C3%A4nner_mit_Pferdgespann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-322-2470-33%2C_Russland%2C_M%C3%A4nner_mit_Pferdgespann.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-322-2470-33%2C_Russland%2C_M%C3%A4nner_mit_Pferdgespann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-322-2470-33%2C_Russland%2C_M%C3%A4nner_mit_Pferdgespann.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-322-2470-33%2C_Russland%2C_M%C3%A4nner_mit_Pferdgespann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-322-2470-33%2C_Russland%2C_M%C3%A4nner_mit_Pferdgespann.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-322-2470-33%2C_Russland%2C_M%C3%A4nner_mit_Pferdgespann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Russia, 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlov_Trotter_in_racing_sleigh_by_Sverchkov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Orlov_Trotter_in_racing_sleigh_by_Sverchkov.jpg/220px-Orlov_Trotter_in_racing_sleigh_by_Sverchkov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Orlov_Trotter_in_racing_sleigh_by_Sverchkov.jpg/330px-Orlov_Trotter_in_racing_sleigh_by_Sverchkov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Orlov_Trotter_in_racing_sleigh_by_Sverchkov.jpg/440px-Orlov_Trotter_in_racing_sleigh_by_Sverchkov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>An Orlov trotter raced in harness with a shaft bow</figcaption></figure> <p>The shaft bow is in common use in the areas east from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. Its area of distribution is contiguous; in addition to Finland and Estonia, it has been used by other <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Baltic Finnic peoples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The Russian adopted the shaft bow from Finland. In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the shaft bow has only been used by the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Finns" title="Forest Finns">Forest Finns</a> of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a>. In Western Europe and in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> the shaft bow is practically unknown. </p><p>According to the ethnologist and historian <a href="/wiki/Kustaa_Vilkuna" title="Kustaa Vilkuna">Kustaa Vilkuna</a>, the main factor connecting the Finnish horse driving culture is the shaft bow, and the first records of shaft bow usage are from Finland and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. In the ancient <a href="/wiki/Canto" title="Canto">cantos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a> the shaft bow is very commonplace, and the first literary record of the shaft bow is from the 1430s, in the death-lay of <a href="/wiki/Henry_(Bishop_of_Finland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry (Bishop of Finland)">Bishop Henry</a>. The first Estonian record is from 1494. Records from Russia occur at a later date. Shaft bows appear in Russian trade inventories in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They appear in Sweden later yet– the Swedish explorer and naturalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl von Linné">Carl von Linné</a> only saw his first shaft bow in Finland in 1732. </p><p>In old Finnish tax records, shaft bows were considered assets of the house. The Nyynäinen house in Lemu was recorded as possessing two painted shaft bows in 1549. Based on tax records from the 18th century, the shaft bow was widespread all over Finland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaft_bow&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shaft bow has different names in different languages and dialects. The commonly used, standard term in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> is <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">luokka</i></span> or <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">luokki</i></span>. <i>Luokki</i> is the form used in the eastern dialects of Finnish, <i>luokka</i> is used in the western ones. In Karelian, the shaft bow is called <span title="Karelian-language text"><i lang="krl">vemmel</i></span>, <span title="Karelian-language text"><i lang="krl">vempele</i></span> or <span title="Karelian-language text"><i lang="krl">vembel</i></span> depending on the region. In addition to Finnish, the word <i>luokki</i> also appears in <a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> (<span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">look</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>. In Russian the shaft bow is called simply an "arch", <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">дуга</span> (<i>duga</i>). In Finnish, the word <i>vemmel</i> is rarely in use but is recognised as a synonym for arch. The Finnish terms are ancient, and words like <i>vemmelsääri</i> (bowleg or <i>luokki</i> leg) to mean a <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a> in a playful context are still in use. </p><p>Historically, Finnish-English dictionaries have rendered <i>luokki</i> as <i>collar bow</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lönnrot_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lönnrot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <i>shaft bow</i> is both more precise<sup id="cite_ref-Lönnrot_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lönnrot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in general use. It appears in numerous translations of works by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sicily the shaft bow is called a <i>sellone</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaft_bow&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bending_device.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bending_device.JPG/220px-Bending_device.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bending_device.JPG/330px-Bending_device.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bending_device.JPG/440px-Bending_device.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Jig_(tool)" title="Jig (tool)">jig</a> for bending shaft bows, on the back wall of the stables of Tiainen tenant farm, <a href="/wiki/Puolanka" title="Puolanka">Puolanka</a>, Kalhamaperä.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Finland usually the shaft bow is made of springy wood, but in Russia cast iron versions are common.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The usual wood for making a Finnish shaft bow is <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis" title="Ulmus laevis">European white elm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tilia_cordata" title="Tilia cordata">small-leaved lime</a>, which are light, flexible, durable, and they keep their shape well. Other trees used for making shaft bows are <a href="/wiki/Rowan" title="Rowan">rowan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> and the northern, slowly growing <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a> was normally only used for a running repair if a shaft bow broke while working in the forest – it was made by bending and binding two willow rods together. </p><p>Nowadays shaft bows may be made of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminate">laminated</a> wood, or by the traditional method, of a single, bent piece of wood. The drawbacks of a metal shaft bow is that in very cold weather it might shatter, and the hard metal will wear the wooden shafts quickly. A wooden, so-called "pressed shaft bow" can be made of <a href="/wiki/Bird_Cherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird Cherry">bird cherry</a> (which is the most durable), lime or birch – all these trees grow slowly in the Finnish climate. The wood is softened by storing it in a dung heap for about a week, warming it by an open fire, steaming it, or using <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwaves</a>. After softening the shaft bow is bent using a <a href="/wiki/Jig_(tool)" title="Jig (tool)">jig</a> called a <i>paininpuu</i> or <i>paininpenkki</i>. Shaft bows (except for those made of lime) straighten out with time, especially if rarely used. To prevent this, shaft bows are often stored with the ends tied together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptation_to_other_uses">Adaptation to other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaft_bow&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adaptation to other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gavril_Ilizarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavril Ilizarov">Gavril Ilizarov</a>'s bone-setting invention known as the <a href="/wiki/Ilizarov_apparatus" title="Ilizarov apparatus">Ilizarov apparatus</a> was inspired by a shaft bow harness. His initial tests used a semicircular frame similar to the shaft bow; he soon switched to a full circular frame.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ilizarov apparatus in turn has inspired other medical devices for <a href="/wiki/External_fixation" title="External fixation">external fixation</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Spatial_Frame" title="Taylor Spatial Frame">Taylor Spatial Frame</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaft_bow&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Heikki Laakso: Suomenhevonen-näyttely Seinäjoen Maakuntamuseossa, 1990 (purilaat, itäinen ja läntinen reki sekä parireki) <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></li> <li>Lenni Huhtasen esitelmä Kurikan maatalousnäyttelyyn, 1936 <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></li> <li>Toivo Virrankoski: Nopankylän kärryseppiä ja rekimestareita, Ilmajoki-seura <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></li> <li>Kustaa Vilkuna: Luokkavaljastus <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></li> <li>Könnin sukukirja <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></li> <li>Petter Hälströmin sukukrjat 1-8 <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></li> <li>Martti Lahti: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006115743/http://www.idea-animaatiomlahti.fi/ajoneuvo/hoijakka.htm">Etelä-Pohjalaiset hevosajokalut</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></li> <li>Etelä-Pohjanmaan kuvahistoria <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHellie1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hellie" title="Richard Hellie">Hellie, Richard</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V1bCm-E251MC&q=duga"><i>The economy and material culture of Russia, 1600-1725</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 485, 576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-32649-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-32649-7"><bdi>0-226-32649-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+economy+and+material+culture+of+Russia%2C+1600-1725&rft.pages=485%2C+576&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-226-32649-7&rft.aulast=Hellie&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV1bCm-E251MC%26q%3Dduga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaft+bow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lönnrot-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lönnrot_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lönnrot_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElias_Lönnrot1963" class="citation book cs1">Elias Lönnrot, ed. (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kalevalaorpoemso00elia"><i>The Kalevala: or, Poems of the Kaleva District</i></a></span>. Francis Peabody Magoun (trans.). Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kalevalaorpoemso00elia/page/413">413</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-50010-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-50010-5"><bdi>0-674-50010-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala%3A+or%2C+Poems+of+the+Kaleva+District&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-674-50010-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkalevalaorpoemso00elia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaft+bow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Tolstoy1915" class="citation book cs1">Leo Tolstoy (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QldEAAAAIAAJ&dq=shaft+bow&pg=PA114"><i>War and peace</i></a>. Vol. 2. J. M. Dent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+peace&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent&rft.date=1915&rft.au=Leo+Tolstoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQldEAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dshaft%2Bbow%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaft+bow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Tolstoy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6CMKOnkXJEC&pg=PA91"><i>The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Master and Man</i></a>. Modern Library Classics. Ann Pasternak Slater (trans.). Random House, Inc. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-76099-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-76099-7"><bdi>0-375-76099-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Ivan+Ilyich+and+Master+and+Man&rft.series=Modern+Library+Classics&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-375-76099-7&rft.au=Leo+Tolstoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ6CMKOnkXJEC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaft+bow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Robert_Rozbruch,_Svetlana_Ilizarov2007" class="citation book cs1">S. Robert Rozbruch, Svetlana Ilizarov, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wxYt9aoztYoC&dq=shaft+bow&pg=PA3"><i>Limb lengthening and reconstructive surgery</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4051-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4051-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-4051-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limb+lengthening+and+reconstructive+surgery&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-4051-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwxYt9aoztYoC%26dq%3Dshaft%2Bbow%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaft+bow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaft_bow&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shaft_bow" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:shaft bow">shaft bow</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/kansatiede/histmaatalous/maanjaot/vetoelaimet.htm">Pictures of harness types used for oxen and horses in Finland</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">Coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_coach" title="Concord coach">Concord coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_(carriage)" title="Coupé (carriage)">Coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diligence (vehicle)">Diligence</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos-%C3%A0-dos_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dos-à-dos (carriage)">Dos-à-dos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (carriage)">Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droshky" title="Droshky">Droshky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiacre_(carriage)" title="Fiacre (carriage)">Fiacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_(carriage)" title="Fly (carriage)">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-in-hand_(carriage)" title="Four-in-hand (carriage)">Four-in-hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearse#History" title="Hearse">Hearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herdic" title="Herdic">Herdic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsebus" title="Horsebus">Horsebus/Omnibus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_(carriage)" title="Jingle (carriage)">Jingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karozzin" title="Karozzin">Karozzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibitka" title="Kibitka">Kibitka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_(carriage)" title="Landau (carriage)">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_coach" title="Mail coach">Mail coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_carriage" title="Marathon carriage">Marathon carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Drag">Park Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(carriage)" title="Phaeton (carriage)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_chaise" title="Post chaise">Post chaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Coach" class="mw-redirect" title="Road Coach">Road Coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockaway_(carriage)" title="Rockaway (carriage)">Rockaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(carriage)" title="Runabout (carriage)">Runabout (carriage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociable_(carriage)" title="Sociable (carriage)">Sociable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_phaeton" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider phaeton">Spider phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_wagon" title="Stage wagon">Stage wagon</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_coach" title="State coach">State coach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_coach" title="Gold coach">Gilded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_(carriage)" title="Surrey (carriage)">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantass" title="Tarantass">Tarantass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triga_(chariot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triga (chariot)">Triga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(carriage)" title="Victoria (carriage)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vozok" title="Vozok">Vozok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagonette" title="Wagonette">Wagonette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Two-wheeled<br />carriages and carts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandy_(carriage)" title="Bandy (carriage)">Bandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabriolet_(carriage)" title="Cabriolet (carriage)">Cabriolet</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_cart" title="Cape cart">Cape cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">Cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariot_(carriage)" title="Chariot (carriage)">Chariot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biga_(chariot)" title="Biga (chariot)">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triga_(chariot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triga (chariot)">Triga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">Quadriga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e_(cart)" title="Chasse-marée (cart)">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cidomo" title="Cidomo">Cidomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croydon_(carriage)" title="Croydon (carriage)">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curricle" title="Curricle">Curricle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogcart" title="Dogcart">Dogcart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dokar">Dokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekka_(carriage)" title="Ekka (carriage)">Ekka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(horse-drawn)" title="Float (horse-drawn)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gari_(vehicle)" title="Gari (vehicle)">Gari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharry" title="Gharry">Gharry</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_(carriage)" title="Gig (carriage)">Gig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governess_cart" title="Governess cart">Governess cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansom_cab" title="Hansom cab">Hansom cab</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunting_car" title="Jaunting car">Jaunting car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalesa" title="Kalesa">Kalesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">Limbers and caissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralli_car" title="Ralli car">Ralli car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_cart" title="Red River cart">Red River cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-horse_shay" class="mw-redirect" title="One-horse shay">Shay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cart" title="Sicilian cart">Sicilian cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjees" title="Sjees">Sjees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprung_cart" title="Sprung cart">Sprung cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanhope_(carriage)" title="Stanhope (carriage)">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulky" title="Sulky">Sulky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanga (carriage)">Tanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbury_(carriage)" title="Tilbury (carriage)">Tilbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(carriage)" title="Trap (carriage)">Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbrel" title="Tumbrel">Tumbrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheeled_calash" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-wheeled calash">Two-wheeled calash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un-sprung_cart" class="mw-redirect" title="Un-sprung cart">Un-sprung cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volante_(carriage)" title="Volante (carriage)">Volante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey (carriage)">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-wheeled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">Sled/sleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">Travois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troika_(driving)" title="Troika (driving)">Troika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wagons & freight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_wagon" title="Conestoga wagon">Conestoga wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_wagon" title="Covered wagon">Covered wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(horse-drawn)" title="Float (horse-drawn)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorry_(horse-drawn)" title="Lorry (horse-drawn)">Lorry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telega" title="Telega">Telega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_(horse-drawn)" title="Trolley (horse-drawn)">Trolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_and_lift_van" title="Trolley and lift van">Trolley and lift van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardo_(Romani_wagon)" title="Vardo (Romani wagon)">Vardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">Wagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carriage_builder" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage builder">Vehicle construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder#Horse-drawn_origins" title="Coachbuilder">Coachbuilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_axle_assembly" title="Front axle assembly">Front axle assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammercloth" title="Hammercloth">Hammercloth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shaft bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingletree" title="Swingletree">Swingletree/singletree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage#Undercarriage" title="Carriage">Undercarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wainwright_(occupation)" title="Wainwright (occupation)">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelwright" title="Wheelwright">Wheelwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whippletree_(mechanism)" title="Whippletree (mechanism)">Whippletree/double tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Harness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_rein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearing rein">Bearing rein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinkers_(horse_tack)" title="Blinkers (horse tack)">Blinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastplate_(tack)#Harness" title="Breastplate (tack)">Breast collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeching_(tack)" title="Breeching (tack)">Breeching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle#Harness_bridles" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_collar" title="Horse collar">Collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crupper" title="Crupper">Crupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_brass" title="Horse brass">Horse brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rein#Harness_reins" title="Rein">Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harness_saddle" title="Harness saddle">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terret" title="Terret">Terret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(tack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace (tack)">Trace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coachman" title="Coachman">Coachman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footman" title="Footman">Footman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postilion" title="Postilion">Postilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_club" title="Driving club">Driving club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem#Horse_driving" title="Tandem">Tandem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carriage_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of carriage museums">Museums and collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_use_of_roadways" title="Equestrian use of roadways">Equestrian use of roadways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carriages" title="Category:Carriages">Carriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carts" title="Category:Carts">Carts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coachbuilders" title="Category:Coachbuilders">Coachbuilders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carriage_museums" title="Category:Carriage museums">Carriage museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_driving" title="Category:Horse driving">Horse driving</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carriages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carriages">Images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ indicates vehicles that were used historically in public transport services</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaft_bow&oldid=1255025936">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaft_bow&oldid=1255025936</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a 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